TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Biodiversity in Nepal
1.1.2 Protected Areas and Buffer Zones in Nepal

2. OBJECTIVES

3. STUDY SITES
3.1 Chitwan National Park (CNP) and Its Buffer Zone (BZ)

4. METHODOLOGY

5. OBSERVATIONS

5.1 Artificial Breeding Centres in Chitwan

5.1.1 Gharial Breeding Centre (GBC)
5.1.2 Elephant Breeding Centre (EBH)
5.2 Bird watching
5.3 Research
5.4 Baghamara Buffer Zone Community Forest (BBZCF)
5.5 Khumros community forest
5.6 Some organizations in Chitwan
5.6.1 National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)

7.RESULT AND DISCUSSION

8. CONCLUSION
9. ANNEXES
9.1 References

1
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Nepal is a country of unique geographical features lying at southern slope of Himalaya.
About 83% of the country is high mountains and hills and remaining 17% is the Terai, flat
land. The total area is 147,181 sq. Km with east-west length 885 Km and width of 145 to 241
Km in north-south. The altitudinal variation in this short distance is amazingly high. The
lowest point is nearly about 60m and highest point is 8,848m, i.e. peak of the world (Mt.
Everest). It is land locked country and nearest sea point is Calcutta (India), 960Km away. Its
geographical position is 20o22’N to 30o27’N and 80o4’Eto 88o12’E longitude.

1.1.1 Biodiversity in Nepal

Diversity is the key word for defining Nepal. The country covers only about 0.1% of world’s
total land but due to its high altitudinal variation and diverse climatic condition within Nepal
make unique biogeography in the world. About 8.5% (857 including 6 pheasant species) of
birds, 4.2 %( 175 species) of mammals, 4.2 %( 50 species) of butterflies, 2.2 % (120 species)
of fishes and 2.2 %( 6,500 species) of flowering plants of the world are found here. Nepal is
not only biologically diverse; it is equally rich in culture from Serpas in high land to Tharus
in low land.

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety within the living world or simply it can say
biodiversity is the synonym of “all life on the Earth”. The biodiversity can be defined in
terms of Genetic diversity, Species diversity and Ecological diversity. Since every
Civilization is based on the biological diversity of nature and biological resources its value

2
can’t refers in terms of money. It provides direct and indirect needed materials for the
survival of human races.

Biological resources are renewable resources but if it is excessively used it may be perished
forever. Millions of plants, animals and micro organisms are maintaining the biodiversity.
The loss of biodiversity affects everyone on the earth. Unfortunately due to over exploitation
of natural resources, trade, tourism, infrastructures etc are causing the depletion of the
biological diversity. Management of biodiversity is challenging task of the present World.
However numbers of efforts and strategies are adopted and implemented for the conservation
of the biodiversity in world as well as in Nepal.

For the conservation of biodiversity, Nepal is taking various steps. National Conservation
Strategy (NCS) for Nepal is prepared. The policy and legislation are made for the
conservation of biodiversity. The Government is also implementing various conservation
methods. National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) has been prepared in accordance with
the Conservation on Biological Diversity (CBS). Since conservation is not only possible only
through rules, regulations and Army, the participation of people is essential for the
conservation of biodiversity. Also the endogenous knowledge is the good tools for the
conservation.

3
1.1.2 Protected Areas (PAs) and Buffer Zones (BZs) in Nepal.
Protected areas are widely held to be among the most effective means of conserving
biological diversity in situ. The Convention on Biological Diversity defines protected areas
as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve
specific conservation objectives”. IUCN the world conservation union defines protected
areas as "an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of
biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources, managed through legal
or other effective means".

Protected area management in Nepal received a real thrust in the 1970s. Not only protected
areas came to be added, but also action on both their protection and conservation was
intensified. The first organized approach to managing protected areas in Nepal dates back to
the year 1973 by establishing Chitwan National Park. Now, the protected areas in Nepal
include nine national parks, three wildlife reserves, one hunting reserve and three
conservation areas and eleven buffer zones covering an area of 26971 sq. km that is 18.33%
of the total area of the country.

Protected areas in Nepal are:

National Parks Area (km2)
a. Chitwan National Park. (1973) 932
b. Langtang National Park(1976) 1710
c. Rara National Park(1976) 106
d. Sagarmatha National Park(1976) 1148
e. Shey-Phoksundo National Park(1984) 3555
f. Khaptad National Park(1984) 225
g. Bardiya National Park(1984) 968
h. Makalu-Barun National Park(1991) 1500
i. Shivapuri National Park(2002) 144

• Conservation Areas
a) Annapurna Conservation Area(1992) 7629
b) Kanchanjunga Conservation Area(1997) 2035
c) Manaslu Conservation Area(1998) 1663

• Wildlife Reserve
a) Suklaphata Wildlife Reserve(1976) 305
b) Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve(1976) 175
c) Parsa Wildlife Reserve(1984) 499

• Hunting Reserve

4
 a) Dhor-patan Hunting Reserve (1987) 1325
Total: 23919 sq km

Buffer Zone is a specified area designated around NPs and Wildlife Reserves for local people
in order to provide the facilities to utilize forest product in sustainability. In other word
Buffer Zones are the peripheral area of national parks or reserve and include villages,
settlements or hamlets. Villages, hamlet or settlement means overall structure of households
situated in a specific area of any VDCs, Municipalities or Ward carrying within the BZ. The
Buffer Zone is defined as per the fourth amendment of NPWC Act as an area surrounding a
park or a reserve encompassing forests, agriculture lands, settlements, village open space and
many other land use forms (Government of Nepal 1996).

Buffer Zones of Nepal are: Area (km2)

a) Chitwan National Park.(1996) 750
b) Bardiya National Park(1996) 328
c) Langtang National Park(1998) 420
d) Shey-Phoksundo National Park(1998) 449
e) Makalu-Barun National Park(1999) 830
f) Sagarmatha National Park(2002) 275
Total 3052 sq km

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1 To study the biodiversity of CNP and its conservation actions.

2.2 To visit and study community
2.3 To study the birds of Chitwan by watching.
2.4 To determine biomass and diversity of trees in Beeshazari taal.
2.5 To measure the dbh of Kumros community forest

3. STUDY SITES

3.1 Chitwan National Park and Its Buffer Zone

3.1 Chitwan National Park (CNP) and Its Buffer Zone (BZ)

The world renowned CNP was established in 1973 as a first national park in
Nepal after 101 years of establishment of Yellowstone national park in USA(1872). The
unique natural beauty, flora, fauna and Culture are the special features of CNP. It is habitat of
many endangered wildlife and the rich wealth of Churia and Inner Terai valley ecosystem
situated in the lowland or dun valley of Sothern central Nepal. UNESCO designated CNP as

5
a World Heritage Site in Nov. 1984 under the world Convention recognizing its unique
biological resources and its maintenance.

The biological richness of the Park is outstanding with 8 Ecosystem types, 6 Grassland types,
5 Wetland types and 3 River system habitats. The faunal diversity consists of 50 species of
mammals, 526 species of birds, 49 species of reptiles and 120 species of fishes. The total
diversity of Park consists of more than 600 plants species which include 3 Gymnosperm, 13
Pteridophytes, 415 Dicotyledons, 137 Monocots, 16 species of Orchids. The Park contain the
rare tree fern, cycos, screwpine, and many endangered animals such as Asian One Horned
Rhinoceros, Asian Elephant, Bengal Tiger, Gaur, Gangatic Dolphin, Giant Hornbill, Bengal
Florican, Gharial, Black Stork, And White Stork.

The CNP is located between 27o34’ to 27o68’ north latitude and 83o87’ to 84o74’ east
longitude while the BZ extended further at 27o28’ to 27o 70’ north latitude and 83o83’ to
84o70’ east longitude. CNP and its BZ is extended in four districts namely Chitwan,
Makawanpur, Parsa And Nawalparasi covering of 735 VDCs and 2 Municipalities (233
wards, approximately 510 settlements) with 36193 households having a total estimated
population of 223,260. The area inhabited by assortment of indigenous and migrant people.

4. METHODOLOGY

For the fulfillment of the objectives of the tour many methods were used for achieve as
possible as more knowledge on the related topics. Some of the methods used are:
a) Direct Observation Method
b) Literature Review
c) Interview Method
d) Sampling Method etc.

For the systematic study, the time schedule were given and it was strictly followed. Very first
day the study was concerned on the variation of vegetative pattern with altitude, study of
river confluences and the Bioengineering practiced on Prithivi highway. On the second day,
the popular Ramsar site Beeshazari taal, headquarter of CNP (Kasara) and crocodile breeding
center were visited and the information were collected by direct observation accordance the
teachers and related field experts instruction. Also the gathered information was analyzed
with group discussion.

6
The third day was spent in sampling survey in Tikauli forest. For it the two sites of 20*20
were selected and the DBH (diameter base height) of the tree, canopy covered were
measured with the help of Clinometer and measuring tape. The observed data were noted and
further calculation was done. The plants found in Tikauli forest were identified and collected
for preparation of hervarium. Same day Baghmara CF were visited with Elephant riding. The
wildlife inside the forest and community forest management was studied.

Similarly, the day after third, the Tharu museum, NTNC, Elephant Breeding Centre and
Tharu cultural program were visited and studied. On fifth day the bird of Chitwan were
observed and identified through binocular with the help of Guide. The day before departure
from Chitwan the case study on “Environmental Ethics Adopted by the Pubs of the Rapti
River Bank” Were done. For the case study schedule were prepared and questions were asked
to the local people, pub owners and workers of pubs.

5. OBSERVATIONS
The fully growth Sal forest is found in Chitwan National Park. In this forest Khair, Sisoo and
Saaj are also found. And also in this altitude the evergreen trees like Chaap and desideous
tree Simal can see in non riverine area. Chitwan valley is lies at the altitude of (110-850m).
Due to the presence of Rapti and Narayani most of the forest is riverine forest with Sal
dominant. But many other species like Saaj, Veller (its fruit is favorite food of Rhino) are
also significantly found here.

5.1 Artificial Breeding Centres in Chitwan

Many of the species in the world had already extinct from the earth due to the unfavorable
conditions. Many are on the verge of extinction. Artificial breeding is a successful technique
to increase the number of such population. For it the suitable environment for the breeding is
prepared artificially in the lab or any controlled condition. These ex situ conservation are
done for those species which are hard or not possible to conserve in their natural condition
due to many natural or anthropogenic conditions. In this technique the species are cared for
certain stage and later it is left in natural condition. In Chitwan there are two artificial
breeding centers namely GBC and EBC.

5.1.1 Gharial Breeding Center (GBC)

Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) are fascinating creatures with characteristic elongated, narrow
snout. The bulbous growth on the tip of the male's snout is called a 'Ghara' (meaning pot) and
is found in adults. It has several functions attributed to it: a vocal resonator (which produces
a loud buzzing noise during vocalization), a visual stimulus to females, and the production of
bubbles associated with sexual behavior. The elongated jaws lined with many interlocking,
razor-sharp teeth are its major attraction. It is also one of the largest shaped of all crocodilian

7
species - males reach at least 5 meters in length. Although it has poor terrestrial locomotion,
it is agile in water possessing extensive webbing.
Gharial crocodiles are key components of running freshwater ecosystem. They help to
maintain the populations of fishes. They are important wetland species of predatory type.
They eat fishes and other smaller aquatic and amphibian animals and help in maintaining the
balance of wetland ecosystem. They also help to distribute nutrients from the bottom of the
river bed to surface water. So they are important member of biodiversity.
Gharial is the oldest and most primitive reptiles among the crocodilian. They are more
adapted to an aquatic lifestyle in the calmer areas of deep, fast-moving rivers. It usually only
lives the water to bask and nest, both of which usually occur on sand banks. Beside 1960s
gharils were wide spread in major river systems of Nepal- Koshi,Narayani,Karnali,Babai,and
Mahakali rivers.As many as 235 gharials were known to occur in Narayani river between
Narayanghat and Triveni.
As gharial faced near extinction during the late 1970s, the government of Nepal with the
support of Frankfort zoological society, WWF Nepal and the other conservation partners
initiated gharial conservation breeding centre at Kasara,Chitwan in 1978. It was established
with thw aim of re-stocking the near extinct gharial in the wild.
The conservation breeding centre started collecting and incubating gahrials eggs naturally
and after the baby gahrials hatched they were reared till they reached and sized attainable for
releasing into the wild(>1.5m).
The gharial conservation centre not only serves as a gene bank but also an informative centre
where visitors can learn about crocodile conservation in Nepal.

5.1.2 Elephant Breeding Center (EBC)

Elephants are an integral part of Nepalese culture and Nepal has a long history of
domestication of wild elephants for various purposes. Hindu religious books are replete with
stories about elephants. Elephants are described as all terrain and all weather vehicles. They
are also the symbol of strength and status. In the earlier days trained elephants were kept as a
means of transport or for big game hunting. Rulers of Asian countries capitalized on the
versatility of trained elephants and used them in war, timber trade, transportation of goods,
and for religious ceremonies.
1 Elephant Breeding Centre in Khorsar.
Traditionally captive elephants were not raised for breeding in Nepal because elephant with a
calf needs to be laid off from work for at least 3-4 years. It is not only a daunting task to train
the calves but also expensive. The availability of young elephants from the wild for recruiting
until a few decades ago didn’t require breeding elephants in captivity. The establishment of
elephant breeding centre has provided an opportunity to retain traditional skill of training
elephant and their handlers eith this objective in mind, government of Nepal established an
elephant breeding centre at khorsor in 1986.
The breeding program begin with 20 elephant out of which 16 elephant were recived from
the government of india while 4 were gifted-2 from the Government of Myanmar and 2 from
the Government of Thailand. These elephants are used foor breeding purpose.

8
In the beginning, captive bulls were used as stud but recently wild bulls visiting the centre
are contributing significantly in reproducing off springs. Since 1987, 34 calves has born at
this centre.
Long ago,Nepal low land had dense forest and the human population was scanty. At that time
the old elephant population was abundant due to deforestation and expanding human
population,the number of wild elephant is now decresing. Their conservation has become
essential today through implementing various activities. The elebhant breeding centre was
established with the objectivity of conserving genetics,research and produce working
elephant in the country.

5.3 Bird watching

Birds are excellent environmental indicators because they live in every climate and show
quick respond to environment at charge in their habitat and are easy to trace and count. Birds
in the nature are of great importance. They include helping control populations of rodents and
insects, pollination of variety of flowering plants, spreading plants throughout their habitats
and scourging dead animals. In the environmental impact assessment process also study of
birds are taken as important factor because the small change in environment can cause the
extinction of birds' species.

In the world, approximately 8,965 species of birds are listed. Nepal consists nearly its 10%
(867 species) and among them 559 species can found in Chitwan valley only. Due to the
presence of many wetlands and suitable climatic condition for birds many migratory birds
come here in (autumn and spring) from Tran Himalaya even from Siberia. Chitwan valley
has 154 residential species with 29 globally threaten species. In Chitwan, within the short
area the large numbers of birds habitats are become possible due to their selective feeding,
that minimize competition for food.

Birds have also the recreational value. They are the most beautiful creatures in the earth. The
colorful feather, melodious sound and their activities pull human towards them. Hence the
bird watching is being an important part of eco tourism. The feelings of bird watching are
beyond the words. Silent and careful walk with bird checklist and focusing the binocular is
really an adventurous. These adventure then sometime cause to find new bird species or
sometime cause to know new thing about a bird.
Bird Watching in River Bank of Bhudi Rapti

Bird watching is not an easy job. Patient and bird identification technique are the two
essential things in the bird watching. Guidance for the identification of the bird is as:-

1. Color
In many bird species, males are brighter than females. The females need camouflage when
nesting and male have to defend their territory and attack female.
2. Sound

9
Sound is the good way to identify the birds. Sometime the sound may be conditional. With
the help of sound the bird is known without watch it.
3. Parts of the body
Tail, bill, throat, chin, rump, vent, crown, breast, etc are the important part to identify the
birds.
5. Behavior
The way the stand or move, swim or fly, sing, feed, etc also help to identify birds.
6. Habitat
Different type of habitat is suitable for different birds such as the bird found in wetland and
residential area may different.
7. Flight
To identify the birds in air their flight is observe. The height of flight, speed, flaps of wings
etc can tell the type of bird.
8. Shape
The size of the birds is also varying which is an important factor for bird identification.

Observation
The birds which were found inDhungre Rapti river in are as follows:

S.No. Common name

1. Darter
2. Cattle egret
3. White breasted water hen
4. Yellow footed green pigeon
5. Orange breasted green pigeon
6. Chestnut headed bee eater
7. Palm headed pyarakit
8. Orange breasted green pigeon
9. Peacock
10. Stroke bill
11. Crow
12. Little ring plover
13. Purple swarn
14. Long bill crow
15. Spiny babbler
16. Copper smith barbit
17. Rudyshelduck
18. Collrade falconade
19. Robindayal
20. Oriented pit hornbill
21. Weaver
22. Raffose treepie

10
5.4 Research
Elephant Breeding Centre
Introduction
Traditionally, domesticated elephants were not raised for breeding in Nepal because
elephant with a calf needs to be laid off from work for at least three to four years. It is not
only a daunting task to train the calves but also fairly expensive. The availability of young
elephants from the wild for recruiting until a few decades ago did not require breeding
elephants in captivity. The establishment of elephant-breeding center provides an opportunity
to retain traditional wisdom of training elephants and their handlers. With this objective in
mind Government of Nepal established an Elephant Breeding Center at Khorsor near CNP in
1986 (2044 BS) in an area of 4 bighas.
Domesticated Elephants in Nepal from 1903-1973
Initially this breeding centre was started with 20 elephants. During the year of 1977 to 2004,
24 calves were birth in which 8 were died before born. The EBC of CNP at Khorsor has been
utilizing the free breeding service of wild males for years to help its domesticated females
conceive. The much of the breeding role is played by wild visitors. Currently there are 24
Asian elephants and 35 staff in this breeding centre and it is managed by NTNC. The female
can give birth since 10 years and mensuration cycle is completed in about 16 weeks. Its
gestation period is about 22 to 24 months which is long and so the reproduction is naturally
slow.

Objectives:
 To know human and elephant reletaionship
 To kno diseases
 To know about training procedure
 To know physcological and feeding behavior
 To list name of elephant

Methodology
Interview/Questionnaire
Observation

5.5 Beeshajar Taal

Watershed area: 100 ha
Location: 27o37’04.6”N
Longitude: 84o26’11.3”E
Altitude: 286m from sea level
Ramsar designated date: 13-08-2003

Flora: Ceratophyllum demersum (hydrilla), Ipomoea aquatica (forssk),

Potamogeton crispus, Alternathera sessilis (Alligator plant),

11
In surrounding of lake- Shorea robusta (Sal), Terminalia alata(Saj),Terminalia
chebula(Harro), Terminalia bellerica(Barro), etc.

Fauna: Crocodilus palustris (marsh crocodile), Python molurus, Varanus flavescens, Axis
axis, Ardeola grayii, Bubo nepalensis, Anas crecca etc.

Beeshazar taal
Introduction
Beeshajar taal is an Ox-bow typed lake situated along the Kageri canal amidst (mid) the
Tikauli forest surrounded by the dense Sal forest. IUCN has classified 6; 10 wetland type for
this lake, i.e. permanent fresh water lake; permanent fresh water lake on marshes and
swamps. The source of the water for this lake is precipitation during the Monsoon and inflow
of the Kageri canal. The water of lake is supply to the canal and the stream during the dry
season. The catchments area of the lake helps to control flooding on Khageri River and
recharges the ground water.

The lake is very much importance on biological diversity and scenic/landscape beauty. It is
also high importance on wildlife habitat and important on scientific value. In this area 21
species of mammals of which 4 are threatened and 1 is protected, 13 species of reptiles are
thought to occur including 2 endangered species and 17 species of fishes are known from this
site including 2 species which is considered to have a limited range are recorded. Beside this
lake is the habitat of large number of migratory and residential birds. Since it is situated in
the inner Terai valley (dun) of central Nepal in between the Mahabharat range to the North
and siwalik range to the South, this forest wetland provides excellent habitat as a water hole
and corridor for wildlife species.

Objectives
 To determine biomass and diversity of trees in Beeshazari taal
 To determine the dissolved oxygen (DO)
 To identify the aquatic plants
Study area
Beeshazari Lake, the wetland which covers an area of 3,200 ha (7,900 acres) at an altitude of
286 m (938 ft), and situated between the Mahabhara tmountain range to the north and
the Siwalik range to the south located in the middle of jungle, was taken as study site.

Methodology
1. Field survey
2. Direct observation

Observation

12
 Table1
TO DETERMINE BIOMASS AND DIVERSITY OF TREES IN BEESHAZARI TAAL
S.N. Name of plant species DBH (cm) Height (m) Biomass (kg)
1 Shorearobusta 76.6 13.3 4051.76
2 Shorearobusta 63 10.7 2204.95
3 Shorearobusta 60.3 15 2831.79
4 Shorearobusta 50.6 14.2 1887.66
5 Shorearobusta 53 14.3 2085.56
6 Shorearobusta 48.6 17.2 2109.29
7 Shorearobusta 50.5 18 2383.36
8 Shorearobusta 60 22 3547.53
9 Shorearobusta 40 16 1081.52
10 Terminalitomentasa 60 22 3547.53
11 Shorearobusta 70 19 4170.14
12 Shorearobusta 62.5 22 3849.31
13 Shorearobusta 79.3 25 7041.85
14 Shorearobusta 10.1 7.5 34.27
15 Shorearobusta 68 30 6213.55
16 Shorearobusta 64 28 5137.1
17 Shorearobusta 41 25 1882.4
18 Shorearobusta 73 28.5 6802.85
19 Shorearobusta 74 29.5 7935.79
20 Shorearobusta 57 30 4365.88
21 Shorearobusta 63 27 4800.05
22 Shorearobusta 65 28 5298.9
Total

Table 2
S.N. Name of plant species ni ni/N ln ni/N ni/N X ln ni/N Biomass (tons/hec)
1 Shorearobusta 21 0.95 -0.05 -0.05 351.09
2 Terminaliatomentosa 1 0.05 -2.95 -0.149 21.63

Determining dissolve oxygen

Table no: 1

S.N. Sample Vol. of Burette reading

collection site sample
taken Initial Final Difference Concurrent
reading reading reading

13
1 Beeshazaari 100 0 2.3 2.3
lake 2.3
2 Beeshazzari 100 2.3 4.6 2.3
lake

Observed aquatic plants

 Persicariahydropiper
 Ranuncalus
 Potamogetum
 Ceratophylum
 Leersia
 Lemna
 Spirodella
 Alternantherasessilis
 Hydrorhiza
 Bladder worth
 Trapa
 Azolla
 Echorniacrassiaes
 Ipomoea fistulosa
 Syzgiumcerasoides
Terrestrial plant species
 Saj(Terminalitormentosa)
 Sal(Sorearobusta)
 Camuna
 vellar
Animal species
 Eagle
 Stroke
 White breasted king fisher
 Magar crocodile
 Cormorant
 Barking deer

14
Calculation of D.O.
D.O. = vol× (N) of titrant×8×1000
V2 (V1-V)
V1

= 2.3×0.025×8×1000
50(300-4)
300
= 9.32mg/l

5.6 Baghamara Buffer Zone Community Forest (BBZCF)

Realizing the nature protection required the support of the surrounding community forest that
depends upon the forest resources, the BZ concept was raised. Under this concept, the
surrounding land of CNP was earmarked for community forest managed by villagers
themselves. The first community forest in Nepal was established in 1972 in Sindhupalchok.
However only in 1989, NTCN and DDC of Chitwan lunched the pilot Baghamara
Community Forest project. By 2000 AD more than 300 ha of highly degraded land
surrounding CNP have been revived as Community Forest by initiating the Community
Forest programme in 11 other sites on BBZCF. BBZCF was handed over to user group in 26
June 1996.

About 822 households of Bachauli VDC (ward 1, 2, 3 and 4) are the user group of Baghmara
Community Forest. 250 ha area of the community Forest among them 163 ha is purely a
regenerated site is now not cover with forest but it is rich in wildlife varieties. Within this
small area 218 species of birds, 15 butterfly species, 15 fishes species, 5 snake species, 26
grass species, 3 deer species, 50 orchid species and two leopard species (snow and spotted
leopard) can found. Also the main significant tree species are Vellor, Sisoo, Simal, Tuni,
Chaap, Khair, Dumri etc. The density of the wildlife is also high.

Baghmara community foreste is successful community forest in the world, which is proved
by its achievement in national and international prizes in the field of conservation. The
economic status of this community forest is also strong. Tourists' and elephant riders' entry
fee, Boating, Jungle Safari, Camping, Machan, which are running by this community forest
and national parks donation, are its main sources of income. Nearly 30,000 tourists from
different countries visited BBZCF in 2000. This year it earns Rs. 54 lakhs as yearly income.
The income of this community forest is distributed to various developmental and
conservation activities.

Rhinos and Spotted deer in Bhagmara Community Forest

15
Increasing number of wildlife sometime destroying and injure the people. However due to
people awareness they are keeping the wildlife. 7 people; 2 in night and 5 in day are guarding
the forest and forest is bounded with the electric fence of 12 V, which control the escaping of
wildlife from forest. The training programmes for improve life quality, developmental
activities and conservation activities in this community forest are running with active people
participation. And people are also getting fodder, fuel woods and other facilities from
community forest.
Kumrose Community Forest
Kumrose is a town in Khairhani Municipality in Chitwan District in the Narayani Zone of
southern Nepal. Kumrose is 190 km south-west of the Kathmandu valley stationed in the
Rapti valley, also known as the Inner Terai or Dun. The village is situated at an altitude of
1000 ft above the sea level surrounded by two mountain ranges; the mahabharat ranges of
hills on the north and the churiya siwalik hills on the south.Main point of attraction is the
Chitwan National Park which today stands as a successful testimony of nature conservation
in south Asia Region. Historically it was established in 1973 as the first national park of the
Nepal to preserve a unique ecosystem significantly valuable to the whole world en routing
this area on the world heritage site list in 1984.

Objectives
 To study tree species composition.
 To analyze the vegetation in Kumroz community forest

Study area
Kumroz community forest consists of 1,300 hectors of land which is connected to Chitwan National
Park was taken as study site. In the community forest animal species including deer, sambar, chital,
and barking deer, are found throughout the forest.. Other mammalian species includes Bengal tigers,
leopards, sloth bears, small Indian civets, and wild boars.Kumroj is a largely agricultural based
community.

OBSERVATION TABLES
TABLE 1
S.N. Name of plant species DBH (CM) Basal area (cm2)
1 Trewianubiflora 3.2 8.04
2 Trewianubiflora 6.4 32.15
3 Trewianubiflora 8.9 62.18
4 Trewianubiflora 6.4 32.15
5 Trewianubiflora 8.9 62.18
6 Trewianubiflora 8.9 62.18
7 Bombaxceiba 27.05 574.39
8 Trewianubiflora 8.6 58.05
9 Bombaxceiba 28.97 658.82

16
10 Litreumonopetala 3.2 8.04
11 Bombaxceiba 2.28 4.08
12 Bombaxceiba 44.56 1558.69
13 Dalbergiasisoo 44.56 1558.69
14 Bombaxceiba 34.059 1197.60
15 Dalbergiasisoo 28.65 644.35
16 Trewianubiflora 6.37 31.87
17 Trewianubiflora 9.55 71.63
18 Dalbergiasisoo 29.92 703.09
19 Dalbergiasisoo 21.33 357.33
20 Bombaxceiba 20.054 315.86
21 Bombaxceiba 35.014 27.49
22 Trewianubiflora 9.55 71.63
23 Dalbergiasisoo 20.37 325.89
24 Trewianubiflora 28.01 616.19
25 Bombaxceiba 21.01 346.69
26 Trewianubiflora 7.003 38.52
27 Bombaxceiba 35.33 980.34
28 Bombaxceiba 19.7 304.65
29 Bombaxceiba 36.1 1023.02
30 Dalbergiasisoo 26 530.66
31 Dalbergiasisoo 24.6 475.05
32 Bombaxceiba 16.4 211.13
33 Bombaxceiba 30 706.5
34 Dalbergiasisoo 30.5 730.25
35 Dalbergiasisoo 31.5 778.91
36 Bombaxceiba 40 1256
37 Bombaxceiba 20 314
38 Dalbergiasisoo 16 200.96
39 Dalbergiasisoo 20 314
40 Bombaxceiba 19 283.39
41 Bombaxceiba 24.2 459.73
42 Dalbergiasisoo 22.7 404.50
43 Bombaxceiba 27.6 597.98
44 Bombaxceiba 15.4 186.17
45 Dalbergiasisoo 19.9 310.87
46 Bombaxceiba 46.3 1682.80
47 Bombaxceiba 35.01 962.66
48 Trewianubiflora 25.46 509.10
49 Bombaxceiba 23.87 447.5
50 Trewianubiflora 38.19 1145.48

17
51 Trewianubiflora 22.28 389.87
52 Trewianubiflora 28.64 644.22
53 Trewianubiflora 14 153.94
54 Trewianubiflora 39.78 1242.85
55 Trewianubiflora 39.78 1242.85
56 Bombaxceiba 122.23 19733.98
57 Litreumonopetala 38.19 1145.48
Total

TABLE 2
S.N. Name of plant species Total no. Density (m2/ha) Basal area (m2/ha)
1 Trewianubiflora 19 300 2.77
2 Bombaxceiba 23 225 6.71
3 Litreumonopetra 2 25 0.52
4 Dalbergiasisoo 13 125 35.22

18
5.13 Some organizations in Chitwan

5.13.1 National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)

The National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) previously known as King Mahendra
Trust for Nature Conservation (KMTNC) was established in 1982 by the Legislative Act,
mandated as an autonomous, non-profit and non-governmental organization, to work in the
field of nature conservation in Nepal. The Trust is governed by the Board of Trustees of
eminent national and international personalities in nature conservation and sustainable
development. The Trust is supported by a network of international partners. Currently there
are seven NTNC’s partners in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada,
Germany, France, Netherlands and Japan.

Mission Statement of NTNC

"To promote, conserve and manage nature in all its diversity balancing human needs with the
environment on a sustainable basis for posterity - ensuring maximum community
participation with due cognizance of the linkages between economics, environment and
ethics through a process in which people are both the principal actors and beneficiaries."

NTNC's Activities
For nearly two decades now, NTNC has successfully under taken over 100 small and large
projects on nature conservation, biodiversity protection, natural resource management and
sustainable rural development programmes. The Trust's experience over the years has shown
that the conservation efforts in poor and over populated country, such as Nepal, cannot be
successful, much less sustainable, unless it addresses the needs and welfare of the local
people. Holistic and integrated conservation and development program with active people
participation aimed at promoting local guardianship, thus, have been the focus of all NTNC's
activities.
Projects of the Trust are divided into three geographical areas - the Terai Environment
Program focusing on the lowland, the Mountain Environment Program focusing on the mid
hills and high mountains, and the Kathmandu Valley. The Trust's activities in the lowland are
based in and around the Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) and the Royal Bardia National
Park (RBNP) located in the central and western regions of Nepal, respectively. Similarly, the
Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) and the Manaslu Conservation Area Project
(MCAP) are two major projects in the mountain environment. The management of the
Central Zoo is the only project of the Trust in the Kathmandu Valley. Currently, there is about
500 staff working for the Trust.
5.13.2 Bird Education Society (BES)
The Bird Education Society (BES) is a grass root organization concerned with the
conservation of birds and wildlife in Nepal. BES carries out awareness programs in villages
and educational activities in schools and also conducts bird surveys and research programs

19
all across Nepal. BES was established in 1994 as registered NGO (charity no. 56/052/053)
with objective to create awareness about bird conservation to school children and far flung
village communities through bird surveys, studies, publications and public meetings. BES
looks forward to building a stronger, vibrant society through partnership with all
conservation organizations that will safeguard birds and wildlife in Nepal. BES has been
registered to Social Welfare Council (regd. no. 45118). BES is also an honorary member of
Oriental Bird Club (OBC) of UK.

Objectives
• Generate awareness by organizing activities related to the conservation of birds and
their habitat in both schools and communities.
• Conduct bird surveys and publish the reports based on the information gathered.
• Discourage illegal activities such as hunting, trapping and poisoning which threaten
the bird population.
•
Emphasize and support activities related to environmental protection and wildlife
conservation.
Activities of Bird Watching Society
BES is doing various bird surveys and monitoring programs in Nepal. Bird Watching
Program is continuing and it covers wide area of different habitats: grassland, forest and
wetlands. The data thus gathered would be helpful to update the information on faunal
diversity in the Chitwan Valley. With this information, BES has already published second
edition of Bird Checklist Chitwan that includes 509 bird species, and total species is still
rising. BES is conducting Barandabhar Bird Survey in the Barandabhar Forest Corridor in
every two years with collaboration of Resources Himalaya. Other notable research programs
include:

a) Galliformes Survey in the Chitwan Valley

b) Koshi Tappu Bird Tour
c) Bird Survey in Parsa Wildlife Reserve
d) Bird Monitoring in Shaktikhor
e) Bird Survey in Community Forests
f) Bird Survey in Far Western Nepal

Beside the bird watching BES has also organized bird conservation programs for teachers,
college students, journalists and volunteers. It also generates the awareness programs in
schools and the communities.

20
6.7 Recommendations

7. Result and .

8. CONCLUSION

9. ANNEXXES
9.1 References
1. Shrestha, A. M., conservation education in RNCP(1990)
2. Miller, J. T., living in the environment
3. Basukala, K. R., A field visit to RCNP
4. Booklets of CNP and BBZCF.

21
22