RELIGION

The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God
or gods. Religion is a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices,
morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that
relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements. A particular
system of faith and worship.

Islam

is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah), and
that Muhammad is a messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with
over 1.9 billion followers or 24.4% of the world's population,[4] commonly known
as Muslims. Aside from the theological narrative, Islam is historically believed to have
originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, Muslims believe that Islam is the
complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before
through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, and the Quran in
its Arabic to be the unaltered and final revelation of God Like other Abrahamic religions,
Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded in paradise and
unrighteous punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of
Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which
touches on virtually every aspect of life and society,
from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The Islamic Golden
Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century,
during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was
experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing, Islām (Arabic: ‫ )إسالم‬is a
verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M which forms a large class of words
mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, sincerity, safeness, and peace.
The five pillars of islam are testimony, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Belief in
the "Day of Resurrection", Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabic: ‫ )يوم القيامة‬is also crucial for
Muslims. They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man.
The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran
and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of scholars. The Quran emphasizes bodily
resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death. Sharia is
the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious
precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the
term sharīʿah refers to God's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its
scholarly interpretations. The manner of its application in modern times has been a
subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists.

Catholic

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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest
Christian church, with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017
As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has
played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation. The
church is headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the pope. Its central administration
is the Holy See. The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are based on the Nicene Creed.
The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church
founded by Jesus Christ in his Great CommissionOf its seven
sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The
church teaches that through consecration by a priest the
sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin
Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven,
honoured in dogmas and devotions. Its teaching includes Divine
Mercy, sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic
social teaching, which emphasises voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the
afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the
largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. The Catholic
Church shared communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East–West
Schism in 1054, disputing particularly the authority of the Pope. Before the Council of
Ephesus in AD 431 the Church of the East also shared in this communion, as did
the Oriental Orthodox churches before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, all
separating primarily over differences in Christology. In the 14th century,
the Reformation and Counter Reformation lead to further divisions with historic
consequences.
The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the
sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the
church. The hierarchy of the Catholic Church is headed by the Bishop of Rome, known
as the pope (Latin: papa; "father"), who is the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.
The current pope, Francis, was elected on 13 March 2013 by papal conclave.

Judaism

Judaism (originally from Hebrew ‫יהודה‬, Yehudah, "Judah" via Latin and Greek) is
the ethnic religion of the Jewish people, comprising the
collective religious, cultural and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people.
Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of
the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel. It encompasses a wide
body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The Torah is
part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible, and supplemental oral
tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. With between
14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the
world. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin,
eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and
Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a
more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A
typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general

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guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is
required of all Jews. Judaism has its roots as an organized religion in the Middle
East during the Bronze Age. It evolved from ancient Israelite religions around 500 BCE,
and is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions.
The Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as "Jews" in later books of the
Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title "Children of
Israel".Jews are an ethnoreligious group including those born Jewish, in addition
to converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about
14.3 million, or roughly 0.2% of the total world population. About 43% of all Jews reside
in Israel and another 43% reside in the United States and Canada, with most of the
remainder living in Europe, and other minority groups spread throughout Latin America,
Asia, Africa, and Australia. Thus, although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism
(Kabbalah), Rabbinic scholar Max Kadushin has characterized normative Judaism as
"normal mysticism", because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through
ways or modes that are common to all Jews.[31] This is played out through the
observance of the Halakha (Jewish law) and given verbal expression in the Birkat Ha-
Mizvot, the short blessings that are spoken every time a positive commandment is to be
fulfilled.

Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of li widely practised in the Indian
subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion
in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, "the
eternal tradition", or the "eternal way", beyond human history. Scholars regard Hinduism
as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and
no founder. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300
CE, after the end of the Vedic period (1500 to 500 BCE), and flourished in the medieval
period, with the decline of Buddhism in India. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include
the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life,
namely Dharma (ethics/duties), Artha (prosperity/work), Kama (desires/passions)
and Moksha (liberation/freedom from the cycle of death
and rebirth/salvation) karma (action, intent and consequences), Saṃsāra (cycle of death
and rebirth), and the various Yogas (paths or practices to attain moksh. Hindu practices
include rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, japa, meditation, family-
oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Some Hindus
leave their social world and material possessions, then engage in
lifelong Sannyasa (monastic practices) to achieve Moksha. Hinduism prescribes the
eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (ahimsa), patience,
forbearance, self-restraint, and compassion, among others. The four
largest denominations of Hinduism are
the Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism. Hinduism is the world's third
largest religion; its followers, known as Hindus, constitute about 1.15 billion, or 15–16%
of the global population Hinduism is the most widely professed faith
in India, Nepal and Mauritius. It is also the predominant religion in Bali, Indonesia.
Significant numbers of Hindu communities are also found in the Caribbean, Southeast
Asia, North America, Europe, Oceania, Africa, and other countries. The word Hindū is
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derived from Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root Sindhu. the term "Hindu" was coined in position to
other religions and used to describe those that were not of the other religions. Thapar
states that the word Hindu is found as heptahindu in AvestaHinduism includes a
diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no
unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding
holy book; Hindus can choose to
be polytheistic, pantheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, henotheistic, monotheistic, monisti
c, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.

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Assignment in
religions
By: Jessica pagantian
To: teacher Farhana lintangi