LESSON 14

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

Exponential growth (decay): “The rate of increase or decrease of any substance or material is
proportional to the amount present at any time.”
Let P = the amount of any substance present at any time t
Po = the initial amount of the substance
𝑑𝑃
= the rate of increase or decrease of the material
𝑑𝑡

According to the law, the rate of increase is directly proportional to the amount present thus,
𝑑𝑃
∝𝑃
𝑑𝑡

removing the proportionality symbol, we get

𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑃

where k is the proportionality constant. Integrating we will get

ln 𝑃 = 𝑘𝑡 + C1
thus,

𝑃 = 𝑒 (𝑘𝑡+𝐶1 ) = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (14.1)
since P = P0 when t = 0
therefore C = P0

hence 𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (14.2)
substitute in equation (14.1) we obtain

𝑃1 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡1

solving for ek we get

1
𝑘 𝑃 𝑡
𝑒 = (𝑃1 ) 1
0

substitute this value in equation (14.2) to obtain

1
𝑃 𝑡
𝑃= 𝑃0 (𝑃1 ) 1 (14.3)
0
 𝑃
ln⁡( )
𝑃0
𝑡 = 𝑡1 𝑃 (14.4)
ln⁡( 1 )
𝑃0

When time t is given and the present amount is unknown, use equation (14.3) however, if the
amount is given and the time is unknown use equation (14.4).

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1
The population of the Philippines has doubled in the last 50 years. The population of the
Philippines in 1948 was 35 million. On what year will our population triple?
Given:
P = P0 t 0 = 0(1948)
⁡⁡⁡P1 = 2P0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡t1 = 50⁡years(1998)
Required:
Time t when the population triples

Solution.
Since the amount is given and the unknown is time use equation (14.4)
Thus,
𝑃
ln⁡( )
𝑃0
𝑡 = 𝑡1 𝑃1
ln⁡( )
𝑃0

3𝑃0
ln⁡( ) ln 3
𝑃0
𝑡 = 50 2𝑃0 = 50 ln 2 = 79.25⁡years (after 79 years the population triples)
ln⁡( )
𝑃0

Therefore: The population will approximately triple in the year 2027.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
Bacteria in a certain culture increase at the rate proportional to the number of bacteria
present. If the original number increases by 50% in 0.5 hour, how long will one expect three
times the original number?
P = P0 when⁡t = 0
Given:
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡P = 150%P0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡when⁡t = 0.5⁡hours
Required:
The time to expect three times the original number (t if P = 3P0)

Solution.
Since the unknown is time t use equation (14.4)
 𝑃
ln⁡( )
𝑃0
𝑡 = 𝑡1 𝑃
ln⁡( 1 )
𝑃0

3𝑃0
1 ln⁡( 𝑃0 ) 1 ln 3
𝑡= = 2 ln 1.5 = 1.36⁡hours
2 ln⁡(1.5𝑃0 )
𝑃0

Therefore, the time needed to expect three times the original number of bacteria is 1.36 hours.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 3
Radium decomposes approximately at a rate proportional to the amount present. If 100 g
2
now will be 98 g hundred years later, find a) the half-life of radium and b) the times it takes for 3
amounts.
Given:
R 0 = 100g⁡when⁡t = 0
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡R1 = 98g⁡when⁡t1 = 100⁡years
Required:
1
a) R = 2 R 0 ⁡; ⁡when⁡t =?
2
b) R = 3 R 0 ⁡; ⁡when⁡t =?

Solution.
a) use equation (14.4)
𝑅
ln (𝑅 )
0
𝑡 = 𝑡1
𝑅
ln (𝑅1 )
0
1
𝑅0
ln (2 ) 1
𝑅0
ln (2)
𝑡 = 100 = 100 = 3430.96⁡years
98 49
ln (100) ln ( )
50
Therefore,

t ≈ 3431⁡years is the half-life of the radium.

2
b) If R = 3 R 0 use equation (14.4) to obtain the time
 𝑅
ln (𝑅 )
0
𝑡 = 𝑡1
𝑅
ln (𝑅1 )
0
2
𝑅0
ln (3𝑅 ) 2
0 ln (3)
𝑡 = 100 = 100 = 2006.98⁡years
98 49
ln (100) ln ( )
50
2
t ≈ 2007 years, it takes 2007 years for the 3 of the amount to decompose.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 4
The rate of change of a certain substance is proportional to the amount of substance is 10
grams at the start and 5 grams t the end of 2 minutes. Find the amount of substance remaining at
the end of 6 minutes.
Given:
S0 = 10⁡grams
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡S1 = 5⁡grams⁡when⁡t1 = 2⁡minutes
Required:

S =? when⁡t = 6⁡minutes
Solution.
Use equation (14.3) to obtain the amount of substance after 6 minutes.
Thus,
6
5 2 1 3 5
𝑆= 10 (10) = 10 (2) = 4 grams

Therefore:

𝑆 = 1.25 grams of substance is the remaining amount at the end of 6 minutes.

CODE NUMBER: ____________________________________ SCORE: _________________
DATE: __________________
Seatwork No. 14
A bacteria culture grows exponentially so that the initial number has doubled in 2.5
hours. How many times the initial number will be present after 15 hours?
 WORKSHEET NO. 14
Find the solution of the following problems. Identify the given, required, and the formula
to be used.

SET A
1. The population of a certain country doubles in 50 years. When will be the population be
tripled? Assume a law of growth to hold.
2. The population growth of a certain colony of mosquitoes follows the uninhabited growth
equation. If there are 1,500 mosquitoes initially, and there are 2,500 mosquitoes after 24
hours, what is the size of the mosquito population after 3 days?
3. If the half-life of radium is 1700 years, what percentage radium may be expected to
remain after 50, 100, and 200 years?
4. The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is proportional to the amount present. If half
of a given deposit of a substance disappears in 1,455 years, how long will it take for 25%
of the deposit to disappear?
5. A piece of charcoal is only 11% or 14C of its original amount and the half-life of 14C are
2,300 years. When was the tree cut from which the charcoal came from?
6. A radioactive substance decreases from 10 g to 9 g in one hour. Find its half-life.
7. In a chemical transformation, substance A changes into another substance at a rate
proportional to the amount of A unchanged. If initially there was 40 grams of A and one
our late there was 12 grams left, when will 90% of A be transformed?
8. In a culture of yeast, the amount of active ferment grows at a rate proportional to the
amount present. If the culture doubles in one hour, how many times the original amount
may be anticipated at the end of 2.75 hours?
9. If 30% of the radioactive substance disappears in 10 days, how long will it take for 90%
to disappear?
10. The amount of radioactive isotope C14 present in all living organic matter bears a constant
radio to the amount of the stable to isotope C12. An analysis of fossils remains of dinosaur
shows that the ratio is only 6.24% of that living matter. Assuming the half-life of C14 is
approximately 5600 years; determine how long ago the dinosaur was alive.
 WORKSHEET NO. 14
Find the solution of the following problems. Identify the given, required, and the formula
to be used.

SET B
1. The population of a suburb doubled in size in an 18-month period. If this growth
continues and the current population is 8,000, what will the population be in 4 years?
2. At any time t, the rate of increase in the area of a culture of bacteria is twice the area of
the culture. If the initial area of the culture is 10, then what is the area at time t?
3. A substance decomposes at the rate proportional to the quantity of substance present. If in
36 years only 2.3% of it has decomposed, determine its half-life.
4. A paleontologist discovered an insect preserved inside a transparent amber, which
happened to be a tree pitch, and the amount of 14C present in the insect was determined to
be 20% of its original amount. Use the fact that half-life of 14C is 59,000 years to
determine the age of the insect at the time of discovery.
5. Bacteria in a certain culture increase at a rate proportional to the number present. If the
original number increases by 50% in ½ hour, in how many hours can be one expect three
times the original number and five times the original number?
6. Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present, if the half-life is 1600
years, that is, if half of any given amount is decomposed in 1600 years, find the
percentage remaining at the end of 200 years.
7. Find the half-life of a radioactive substance if 25% of it disappears in 10 years.
8. Find the time required for a sum of money to double itself at 5% per annum compounded
continuously.
9. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hours. Find how long it takes for
90% of the radioactivity to be dissipated.
10. A bacterial population B is known to have a rate of growth proportional to itself. If
between noon and two in the afternoon the population triples, at what time, no controls
being exerted, should B becomes 100 times?
 LESSON 15

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

Sir ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727), a great English physicist and mathematician,
became a professor at Cambridge in 1669 and Master of the Mint in 1699. He and the German
mathematician and philosopher GOTTFRIED WILDHELM LEIBNITZ (1646-1716) invented
(independently) the differential and integral calculus. Newton discovered many basic physical
laws and created the method of investigating physical problems by means of calculus. His
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy,
1687) contains the development of classical mechanics. His works is of greatest importance to
both mathematics and physics.
Physical Information. Experiments show that the time rate of change of the temperature T
of the ball is proportional to the difference between T and the temperature of the surrounding
medium (Newton’s Law of Cooling).

Solution.
Step 1 – Modeling
For our physical system, the mathematical formulation of Newton’s Law of Cooling is
Let T be the temperature of the body
θ be the temperature of the surrounding
T0 be the initial temperature
t be the time
dT
∝ (T − 1) (15.1)
dt
dT
= −k(T − 1)
dt

where we denoted the constant of proportionality by –k in order that k > 0.

Step 2 – General Solution

The general solution of (15.1) is obtained by variables separable; we find T − θ = Cekt

Step 3 – Use of Initial Condition

The given condition is if the temperature T = T0 when t = 0 min, then the particular
solution satisfying this condition is

T − θ = Cekt
T0 − θ = C
thus,

T − q = (T0 − q)ek (A) Mathematical model

Step 4 – Use of Further Information
The constant k can be determined from the given information that the temperature T = T1
attained whent = t1 . Hence we obtain,

𝑇1 − 𝜃 = (𝑇0 − 𝜃)𝑒 𝑘𝑡1

𝑇1 −𝜃
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑡1
𝑇0 −𝜃
1
𝑘 𝑇 −𝜃 𝑡
𝑒 = (𝑇1 −𝜃) 1
0

Using the value of ek we see that the temperature T of the ball at any time is
1
𝑇 −𝜃 𝑡
𝑇 = (𝑇0 − 𝜃) (𝑇1 −𝜃) 1 (B) Newton’s Law of
0
Cooling Model
If t is given and the temperature T is unknown, we use the equation below,
𝑇−𝜃
ln( )
𝑇0 −𝜃
𝑡 = 𝑡1 𝑇 −𝜃 (C)
ln( 1 )
𝑇0 −𝜃

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1

A steel ball is heated to a temperature of 100°C and then placed immediately in a place,
which is maintained at a temperature of 40°C. At the end of 2 minutes, the temperature of the
ball drops to 80°C. When will the temperature of the ball be 60°C?

Given:
q = 40°C
T0 = 100°C
T1 = 80°C when t1 = 2 minutes

Required:

Time t when T = 60°C

Solution.
Using equation (C)
T−θ 60−40 1
ln( ) ln( ) ln( )
T0 −θ 100−40 3
t = t1 T −θ =2 80−40 =2 2 = 5.4192 min.
ln( 1 ) ln(
100−40
) ln( )
3
T0 −θ

Therefore,

T = 5.42 minutes when the temperature of the ball will be 60°C.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
Use Newton’s Law of Cooling to determine the current temperature of a body in air
temperature of 40°C if 30 minutes ago the boy was 150°C and 10 minutes ago it was 90°C.

Let T = temperature of the body at present

T1 = temperature of the body at the first time
T2 = temperature of the body at the second time
t = time
q = temperature of the surrounding
𝑑𝑇
= rate of change
𝑑𝑡

Given:

T1 = 150°⁡@⁡t1 = 30 minutes ago

T2 = 90°⁡@⁡t 2 = 10 minutes ago
Required:
T =? @ t =? at present

Solution.
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡

Substitute: θ = 40
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 40)
𝑑𝑡

Using Variable Separable

𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘⁡𝑑𝑡
(𝑇−40)

We get
ln(T − 40) = kt + C
(1) Newton’s Law of
(T − 40) = Cekt
Cooling Model

But take the initial temperature to be T = 150°C

And t = 30 minutes ago to be t = 0

Substitute in Newton’s Law of Cooling Model

(150 − 40) = Cek(0)

C = 110
So,

(T − 40) − 110ekt (2)

the change in temperature from 150°C to 90°C

T2 = 90° and the change in time will be t1 − t 2 = 30 − 10 = 20 minutes

Substitute T2 = 90° and t = 20 minutes in (2)

(90 − 40) = 110ek(20)

50 = 110ek(20)
50
= ek(20)
110

we get,
1
k 50 20
e = ⌊110⌋

Substitute ek to (1)
1
50 20
(T − 40) = 110 ⌊110⌋ (A) Mathematical model

Because T =? if the time t after 30 minutes it was 150°C, time elapsed will be 30 minutes. So,
substitute t =30 minutes in the Mathematical Model
30
50 20
T − 40 = 110 [110]
3
50 2
T − 40 = 110 [110]
3
50 2
T= 110 [110] + 40

We get,

T = 73.71° is the current temperature of the body after 30 minutes.

CODE NUMBER: ____________________________________ SCORE: _________________
DATE: __________________
Seatwork No. 15

At a certain time, a thermometer reading 158°C is taken outdoors where the temperature
is 59°C. Five minutes later, the temperature reading is 113°C. After another 5 minutes, the
thermometer is brought back indoors where the temperature is fixed at 158°C. What is the
temperature reading 10 minutes after the thermometer brought back indoors?
 WORKSHEET NO. 15
Solve the following problems and identify the given. Write your solution on separated
answer sheets.

SET A

1. If the thermometer is taken from a room in which the temperature is 75°C into the open,
where the temperature is 35° and the reading of the thermometer was 65° after 30
seconds.
a. How long after the removal will the reading be 55°?
b. What is the thermometer reading 3 minutes after the removal?
2. A metal object at 120°F is set on an insulating pad to cool. The temperature falls from
120°F to 100°F in 12 minutes. The surroundings are 65°F. Find the time required for that
object to continue to cool from 98°F to 80°F. Assume negligible conduction and radiation
losses in both cases.
dT
3. Assume that the body cools according to Newton’s Law of Cooling dt = −kθ, where t is
the time and q is the difference between the temperature T of the body and that of the
surrounding air. Find the temperature T at time t a boiler of water cools in air at 0°C if the
water is initially boiling at 100°C and the temperature dropped 10°C during the first 20
minutes. Also, find the time for the temperature of water to drop from 90°C to 80°C and
the temperature of water after 90 minutes.
4. Water at temperature 100°C cools in 10 minutes to 80°C in a room temperature of 25°C.
a) Find the temperature of the water after 20 minutes and, b) When will the temperature
be 40°C?
5. An object cools from 120°F to 95°F in half an hour when surrounded by air whose
temperature is 80°F. Find the temperature at the end of another half an hour.
6. A pot of liquid is put on the stove to boil. The temperature of the liquid reaches 170°F
and the pot is taken off the burner and placed on the counter in the kitchen. The
temperature of the air in the kitchen is 76°F, after two minutes the temperature of the
liquid in the pot is 123°F. How long before the temperature of the liquid in the pot will be
84°F?
 WORKSHEET NO.15
Solve the following problems and identify the given. Write your solution on separated
answer sheets.

SET B

1. A glass of milk at 100°C is brought in a room where the temperature is maintained at

20°C. After 15 minutes the temperature goes down to 90°C. Find:

a. The temperature of the glass of milk after 15 more minutes?

b. The time it takes until the temperature goes down to 37°C.

2. A body is 300°K is brought to a room with air temperature equal to 350°K. After 1
minute in the room, the body is already 315°K. After how many minutes will be the body
becomes 340°K?
3. Water at temperature 10°C takes 5 minutes to warm up to 20°C in a room of 40°C
temperature. a) Find the temperature after ½ hour b) When will the temperature be 25°C?
4. A thermometer reading 75°F is taken out where the temperature is 20°F. The reading
30°F 4 minutes later. Find a) the thermometer reading 7 minutes after it was brought
outside, and b) the time taken for the reading to drop from 75°F within a half degree of
the air temperature.
5. If the temperature of the air is 290°K, a certain substance cools from 370°K to 330°K in
10 minutes. Find the temperature after 40 minutes?
6. The rate at which the substance cools in moving air is proportional to the difference
between the temperature of the substance and that of the air. If the temperature of the air
is 30°K and the substance cools from 370°K to 340°K in 15 minutes, when will the
temperature be 310°K?
7. When the thermometer reads 36°F, it is placed in the oven. After 1 and 2 minutes, it reads
60°F to 82°F. What is the temperature of the oven?
 LESSON 16

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1
A skydiver jumps from an airplane, the resistance he encountered is proportional to its
velocity and his limiting velocity is equal to 10 fps. After 20 minutes, he opens his parachute, at
that moment the resistance increases trice to its original velocity. If he landed after 35 minutes,
what is the altitude of the plane the moment the skydiver jumps from it? Assume its second
limiting velocity is 4 fps.
Given:
v1 = 10⁡fps
V2 = 4⁡fps
t1 = 20⁡min.
t 2 = 35⁡min.
R1 = kV
R 2 = kV
Required:
Altitude of the plane (H)
Figure:
Solution.
I. Without parachute
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑣
𝑊 − 𝑅1 = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
𝑤𝑑𝑣
𝑊 − 𝑘𝑣 = 𝑔𝑑𝑡

Since 𝑉 = 10⁡𝑓𝑝𝑠,
𝑑𝑣
= 0 (acceleration is zero when the velocity is constant)
𝑑𝑡

Thus,
𝑠 − 10𝑘 = 0
𝑠 = 10𝑘
𝑤
𝑘 = 10
𝑤 𝑤𝑑𝑣
𝑤 − 10 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑑𝑣
1 − 10 = 𝑔𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑔
∫ 10−𝑣 = ∫ 10 𝑑𝑡
𝑔
− ln(10 − 𝑣) = 10 𝑡 + 𝐶1
𝑔𝑡
10 − 𝑣 = 𝐶𝑒 −10
but v = 0 when t = 0, thus, C = 10 (1)
gt
10 − v = 1 − e−10
gt
v1 = 10 (1 − e−10 )

dv
We know that v = (2)
dt
𝑔𝑡
𝑑𝑠1
= 10 − 10𝑒 −10
𝑑𝑡1
𝑔𝑡
−
∫ 𝑑𝑠1 = 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑡1 − 10 ∫ 𝑒 10 𝑑𝑡1
𝑔𝑡
100
𝑠1 = 10𝑡 + 𝑒 −10 + 𝐶2
𝑔

But s1 = 10, t = 0 (the skydiver is still in the airplane)

100
𝐶2 = − 𝑔

100 −𝑔𝑡 100

𝑠1 = 10𝑡 + 𝑒 10 − (3)
𝑔 𝑔

If t = 20⁡mins. = 1200⁡secs.
Then
(32.2)(1200)
100 100
𝑠1 = 10(1200) + 32.2 𝑒 − 10 − 32.2

𝑠1 = 11,996.89⁡ft.
With parachute
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑊𝑑𝑣
𝑠1 − 3𝑣 = 𝑔𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑖𝑓⁡𝑣 = 4𝑓𝑝𝑠, 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑠1 − 12 = 0
𝑠1 = 12
12𝑑𝑣
12 − 3𝑣 = 𝑔𝑑𝑡
4𝑑𝑣
4 − 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑔
∫ 4−𝑣 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑔
− ln(4 − 𝑣) = 4 𝑡 + 𝐶3
𝑔𝑡
4 − 𝑣 = 𝐶𝑒 − 4
Since v = 10⁡when⁡t = 0 (limiting velocity

4 − 10 = C⁡ (4)
C = −6
𝑔𝑡
4 − 𝑣 = −6𝑒 − 4
𝑔𝑡
𝑣2 = 2⁡2 + 3𝑒 − 4 (5)
𝑑𝑠
but =𝑣
𝑠𝑡
gt
ds2
= 4 + 6e− 4
dt2
gt
− (6)
∫ ds2 = 4 ∫ dt 2 − 6 ∫ e 4 dt 2 ⁡
gt
24 −
s2 = 4t + e 4 + C4
g

Since s2 = 0, t = 0
24
C4 = − g

Then
24 −𝑔𝑡 24
𝑠2 = 4𝑡 + 𝑒 4 − (7)
𝑔 𝑔
If t = 15 min = 900⁡secs.
(32.2)(900)
24 24
s2 = 4(900) + 32.2 e− 4 − 32.2
s2 = 3,599.25⁡ft
Hence,
H = S1 + S2
is the altitude of the plane when the skydiver jumps from it.
H = 15,596.14⁡ft
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
The landing speed of an airplane is 200 mph when it touches down, it puts on its brake
and reverses its engine. The retardation on its speed is two times the square root of its speed.
Determine:
a. time elapsed in seconds from point of touchdown until the plane comes to a complete
stop.
b. length of runway in feet from the point of touchdown until it comes to a complete stop.
Given:
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡V = 200⁡mph
1
R = 2V 2

Required:
A) Time at V = 0
B) Distance

Solution.
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑎⁡(𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑣
= −𝑎
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑑𝑡 = −2√𝑣
𝑑𝑣
⁡∫ 2 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√𝑣
1
⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑣 2 = 𝑡 + 𝐶
ft
a) v = sec
200⁡mi 5280⁡ft 1⁡hr
v= ( ) (3600⁡sec)
hr mi
ft
v = 293.33 sec
√v = −t + C,⁡⁡⁡@⁡t = 0
√293.33 = 0 + C
C = 17.13
 √v = −t + 17.13
When v = 0, t =?
√0 = −t + 17.13
t = 17.13⁡sec, the airplane will stop completely

b) When t = 0, s = 0, v = 200⁡mph
ds
v = dt
ds
= (−t + 17.13)2
dt
∫ ds = ∫(−t + 17.13)2 dt
1
s = − 3 (17.13 − t)3 + C2
but s = 0⁡when⁡t = 0⁡thus,
C2 = 1675.524699
Therefore;
1
s = − 3 (17.13 + t)3 + 1675.53
@⁡t = 17.13⁡sec. , s =?
−(−17.14+17.13)3
s= + 1675.524
3
s = 1675.524⁡ft. is the length of runway from the point of touchdown until it comes to a
complete stop.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 3
A car traveling at a horizontal path encounter a resistance four times its velocity. If the
engine thrust 400 lbs to the direction of motions and the car weighs 660 lbs, at what time the car
can attain a velocity of 99 ft/sec and at that moment, how far is the car from its starting point?
Given:
T = 400⁡lbs
R = 4v
Required:
a) t when v = 99⁡fps
b) s1 from the starting p
Solution.
Fnet = ma
𝑤 𝑑𝑣
400 − 4𝑣 =
𝑔 𝑑𝑡
by variable separable
𝑑𝑣 𝑔
∫ 4(100−𝑣) = ∫ 𝑤 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑔𝑡
− 4 ln(100 − 𝑣) = + C1
𝑤
4𝑔𝑡
−
100 − 𝑣 = C𝑒 𝑤 (1)
Since v = 0⁡when⁡t = 0, thus
C = 100
Therefore
 4𝑔𝑡
𝑠1 = 100(1 − 𝑒 − 𝑤 ) (2)
a) If v = 99⁡fps
4𝑔𝑡
99
= 1 − 𝑒− 𝑤
100
4𝑔𝑡
1
𝑒 − 𝑤 = 100
4𝑔𝑡 1
− = ln
𝑤 100
600 ln 100
𝑡= 4(32.2)
𝑡 = 23.59 seconds
ds
b) Since v = dt
4𝑔𝑡
𝑣 = 100 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝑤 )
4𝑔𝑡
𝑑𝑠
= 100 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝑤 )
𝑑𝑡
4𝑔𝑡
−
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = 100 ∫ (1 − 𝑒 𝑤 ) 𝑑𝑡 (3)
4𝑔𝑡
25𝑤 −
𝑠 = 100𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑤 + C2
𝑔
Since
𝑆 = 0⁡when⁡𝑡 = 0⁡then
25
C2 = − 𝑔 𝑤
Hence
4𝑔𝑡
25𝑤 25
𝑠 = 100𝑡 + 𝑒− 𝑤 − 𝑤 (4)
𝑔 𝑔
if t = 23.59⁡seconds⁡then,
(25)(660) −(32.2)(23.59) (25)(660)
𝑠 = 100(23.59) + 𝑒 660 − = 1,846.578⁡ft.
32.2 32.2
CODE NUMBER: ____________________________________ SCORE: _________________
DATE: __________________
Seatwork No. 16
A paratrooper and parachute weigh 200 lbs, at the instant the parachute opens; he is
traveling vertically at 40 ft/sec. If the air resistance varies directly as the instantaneous velocity
and the air resistance is 80 lbs when the velocity is 20 ft/sec. a) Find the limiting velocity and b)
determine the position and velocity at any time.
 WORHSEET NO. 16
Solve the following problems.
1. A mass of 25 grams falls from rest under the influence of gravity. a) Set up a differential
equation and condition for the motion, b) find the distance traveled and velocity attained 3
seconds after the motion has begun, and c) how far does the mass travel between the 3rd and 4th
second? Between the 4th and 5th second?
2. An oil droplet, mass 0.2 grams, falls from rest in air. For a velocity of 40 cm/sec the force due
to air resistance is 160 dynes. Assuming air resistance force is proportional to instantaneous
velocity: a) Find the velocity and distance traveled as a function of time, b) Find the limiting
velocity.
3. A man and his boat have mass of 150 kg. If the force exerted by the oars in the direction of
motion is equal to thirty times the speed, find the speed 15 seconds after the boat start from rest.
4. A body moves in a straight line so that its velocity exceeds by 2 in its distance from the fixed
point of the line. If v = 5⁡when⁡t = 0, find the equation of the motion.
5. A 10 lb-object is dropped vertically downward from a very high cliff. The law of resistance in
the fps system is given by 0.001v2, where v is the instantaneous velocity. Determine a) the
velocity as the function of the distance, b) the velocity as the function of time and, c) the velocity
of the object after having fallen 500 ft, d) the limiting velocity, and e) the distance traveled after
10 seconds.
6. An object weighing 1000 lbs sinks in water starting from rest. Two forces act on it, a buoyant
force of 200 lbs, and a force of water resistance which in pounds is numerically equal to 100v,
where v is in ft per second. Find the distance traveled after 5 seconds and the limiting velocity.
 LESSON 17

SIMPLE CIRCUIT
The student learned how to formulate differential equations arising from certain problems
involving electric circuits however, the case where a resistor (R), capacitor (C), and inductor (L)
were connected in series with a battery or generator (EMF) was not considered. In this section
we shall treat this case.
Consider the series circuit of Figure 6, when the key or switch S is closed, an
instantaneous current will flow. If we call Q the instantaneous charge on the capacitor C, then by
Kirchhoff’s law,
S R

L
E(t)
C

Figure 6

𝑑𝐼 𝑄
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 + 𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑡) (17.1)
where 𝐸(𝑡), the EMF may depend on time, but where we assume L, R, C are constants. Since,
𝑑𝑄
𝐼 = 𝑑𝑡 (17.1) becomes
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑡) (17.2)
Upon comparison with the general solution of A*
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑡) (A*)
𝑊
(where 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = 𝛽, 𝑐 = 𝑘), and the equation is sometimes called equation of forced
𝑔
vibrations. We notice the striking analogy between the mechanical and electrical quantities.
Charge Q correspond to position x.
𝑤
Inductance L corresponds to mass m or 𝑔 .

Resistance R corresponds to damping constant b.

 1
Inverse capacitance C corresponds to spring constant k.

Electromotive force 𝐸(𝑡) corresponds to applied external force 𝐹(𝑡).

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑥
Current 𝐼 = corresponds to velocity 𝑣 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Because of the remarkable analogy between those mechanical and electrical quantities,
which holds in even more complicated cases, most of the statement made for mechanical systems
apply to electric systems and vice versa. In fact, the analogy is often made use in the industry in
studying a mechanical system, which may be too complicated or too expensive to build or
perhaps the consequences may be too dangerous.
In particular, the phenomenon of resonance occurs in electrical systems. However,
contrary to the dangerous effects, which may result in mechanical resonance, the effects of
electrical resonance are mainly very useful. The fields of radio, television, radar, and
communications would virtually be impossible if it were not for electrical resonance. In such
instances the current and consequently the power generated may build up to large amounts
necessary in these fields. It is because of electrical resonance that we need to tune our radio to
the frequency of the transmitting radio station is order to get reception.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1
An inductor of 0.5 henry is connected in series with a resistor of 6 ohms, a capacitor of
0.02 farad, a generator of having alternating voltage given by 24 sin 10𝑡 , t ≥ 0, and a switch S
(Fig. 7).
(a) Set up a differential equation for the instantaneous charge on the capacitor.
(b) Find the charge and current at time t if the charge on the capacitor is zero when the
switch S is closed at 𝑡 = 0.

S R = 6Ω

E(t)= 24 sin 10t L=0.5 H

C= 0.02 F

Figure 7

Mathematical Formulation. Voltage drop across resistor is 6I. Voltage drop across inductor is
𝑑𝐼 𝑄
0.5 𝑑𝑡. Voltage drop across capacitor is 0.02 = 50𝑄.

Hence, by Kirchhoff’s law,

 𝑑𝐼
6𝐼 + 0.5 𝑑𝑡 + 50𝑄 = 24 sin 10𝑡
𝑑𝑄
or since 𝐼 = ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑑𝑄
0.5 𝑑𝑡 2 + 6 𝑑𝑡 + 50𝑄 = 24 sin 10𝑡
or
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑑𝑄
+ 12 𝑑𝑡 + 100𝑄 = 48 sin 10𝑡 (17.3)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑄
The conditions are 𝑄 = 0⁡and 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 = 0⁡at⁡𝑡 = 0.
Solution. The complimentary solution of (17.3) is
𝑚2 + 12𝑚 + 100 = 0
−12±√1444(1)(100)
𝑚= = −6 ± 8𝑖
2
−6𝑡
𝑄 = 𝑒 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑡)
2
Assuming the particular solution is 𝑄 = 𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑡 + 𝐵⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑡, we find 𝐴 = 0, 𝐵 = − 5. Hence,
2
the general solution of (17.3) is 𝑄 = 𝑒 −6𝑡 (𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑡 + 𝐵⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑡) − 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑡
2 3
From the initial conditions we find A = 5 ,⁡⁡⁡B = 10. Hence, the required solution is
1 2
𝑄 = 10 𝑒 −6𝑡 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑡) − 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑡
It will be noted that the term with 𝑒 −6𝑡 is the transient solution; it soon becomes
2
negligible. The term 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑡 is the steady-state solution; it remains after the transient term has
virtually disappeared. The student should compare this with the example and graph.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
A capacitor of 0.005 farad is in series with a 25-ohm resistor and an EMF of 50 volts. If
there is no charge initially, then find the charge after 2 seconds.

S R= 25Ω

E(t)= 50 volts L= 0.0 H

C= 0.005 F

Given:
⁡E = 50⁡volts
R = 25⁡ohm
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡C = 0.005⁡farad
Required:

Find C after t = 2⁡sec

Solution.
𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 = 𝐸 (1)

Substitute the given value in equation (1)

dQ Q
25 dt + 0.005 = 50

dQ
+ 8Q = 2
dt

Transpose 8Q on the right side and apply separation of variables to obtain

𝑑𝑄
∫ (1−𝑄) = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡

1
− 4 ln(1 − 4Q) = 2𝑡 + 𝐶

Multiply both sides by -4 to get:

ln(1 − 4Q) = −8t + 4C1

(1 − 4Q) = Ce−8t (2)

if Q = 0; when⁡t = 0

C=1
Substitute the value of C in (2)

(1 − 4Q) = e−8t

4Q = 1 − e−8t
Divide both sides by 4
1
𝑄 = (1 − 𝑒 −8𝑡 ) (3)
4

If t = 2 seconds
Therefore:
Q = 0.25⁡Coulomb
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 3
An EMF of 20 volts is applied to a circuit consisting of an inductor of 2 henries and a 40-
ohm resistor, if the current is zero at t = 0, find when the current will be 0.30 ampere.
 S R= 40Ω

E(t)= 20 V L= 2 H

C= 0.0 F

Solution.
By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
𝑑𝐼
𝑅𝐼 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸

Substitute the values of R, L, and E to obtain

𝑑𝐼
40𝐼 + 2 𝑑𝑡 = 20
𝑑𝐼
2 𝑑𝑡 + 40𝐼 = 20

Divide both sides by two

𝑑𝐼
+ 20𝐼 = 10 (Linear Differential Equation of Order One)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐼
⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑡 = 10 − 20𝐼
𝑑𝐼
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑡 = −10(2𝐼 − 1)
𝑑𝑡
= −10𝑑𝑡
2𝐼−1
1
ln|2𝐼 − 1| = 10𝑡 + 𝐶1
2
ln|2𝐼 − 1| = −20𝑡 + 2𝐶1
2𝐼 − 1 = 𝐶𝑒 −20𝑡
1
𝐼 = 2 [1 + 𝐶𝑒 −20𝑡 ]

Linear with respect to I

P(t) = 20 Q(t) = 10
the integrating factor is,

𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 20𝑡
Then,
 𝐼𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 . 𝑄(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑒 20𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 20𝑡 10𝑑𝑡
1
𝐼𝑒 20𝑡 = 2 𝑒 20𝑡 + 𝐶

Dividing both sides by e20t

1
𝐼 = 2 + 𝐶𝑒 −20𝑡

At t = 0, I = 0, thus,
1
𝐶 = −2

Therefore, the current equation at any time t,

1
𝐼 = 2 (1 − 𝑒 −20𝑡 )

If I = 0.30 amperes then to obtain the time t, substitute the value of I in the current equation to
obtain
− ln(0.40)
𝑡= = 0.046 Second in the time when the current in the circuit is 30 amperes.
20

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 4
1
Find the constant EMF E if C = 20⁡farad, R = 20 ohms, Q = 0⁡if⁡t = 0⁡and⁡Q = 2
coulomb if t = 1 sec.

S R= 20 Ω

E (t) =? Volts L= 0 H

C= 0.05 F

Q = 2⁡if⁡t = 1 sec
Required: electromotive force (E)
Solution. By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
𝑄
𝑅𝐼 + 𝐶 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑄
But 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑄 𝑄 𝐸
+ 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅⁡ (Linear Differential Equation of Order One)
𝑑𝑡
the integrating factor is,

𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡
The general solution is
𝐸
𝑄(𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 = 20 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶

But Q = 0⁡when⁡t = 0
Then,
E
C = − 20
𝐸
𝑄(𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 = 20 (𝑒 𝑡 − 1)
𝐸
𝑄(𝑡) = 20 (1 − 𝑒 𝑡 )
If⁡Q = 2⁡when⁡t = 1⁡sec
Therefore,
𝐸
2 = 20 (1 − 𝑒 −1 )
40
𝐸 = 1−𝑒 −1
𝐸 = 63.279⁡volts
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 5
Find the resistance R if L = 0.5 Henry, E = 40 volts, I = 0 ampere when t = 0 second I = 2
amperes when t = 0.05 second and there is no capacitor in the circuit.

S R=? Ohms

E(t)= 40 V L= 0.5 H
C= 0.0 F

Given:
I = 2 amperes when t = 0.05 seconds
Required: R = resistance
Solution.
By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼 𝑅𝐼 𝐸
+ =
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐼
+ 2𝑅𝐼 = 80
𝑑𝑡

The resulting equation is an example of Linear Differential Equation of Order One, thus the
integrating factor is:

𝑒 ∫ 2𝑅𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑅𝑡
Hence;

𝐼(𝑡)𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 = ∫ 80𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 𝑑𝑡

40 (1)
𝐼(𝑡)𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑅

Solving for the value of C

If⁡I = 0⁡when⁡t = 0
40
𝐼(𝑡)𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅 𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 + 𝐶
40
(0)𝑒 2𝑅(0) = 𝑒 2𝑅(0) + 𝐶
𝑅
40
𝐶=− 𝑅

Substitute the value of C in (1) to obtain

40
𝐼(𝑡)𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 = (𝑒 2𝑅𝑡 − 1)
𝑅
40
𝐼(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑅𝑡 ) (2)
𝑅

Using equation (2) in solving for R where I = 2 ampere when t = 0.05 seconds, then
40
2= [1 − 𝑒 −2𝑅(0.05) ]
𝑅
2𝑅
= [1 − 𝑒 −0.01(𝑅) ]
40

R = 15.9 ohms is the resistance of the circuit.

CODE NUMBER: ____________________________________ SCORE: _________________
DATE: __________________
Seatwork No. 17
An EMF of 500 volts is in series with a 20-ohm resistor, a 4-henry inductor and a 0.008-
farad capacitor where t = 0 and charge Q and current I are zero.

(a) Find Q and I at any time 𝑡 ≥ 0.

(b) Indicate the transient and steady – state terms Q and I.
(c) Find the charge and the current after a long time.
 WORKSHEET NO. 17
Solve the following problems.

SET A
1. A 0.1-henry inductor, a 4 x 10-3-farad capacitor, and a generator having EMF given by
180 cos 40t volts 𝑡 ≥ 0 are connected in series. Find the instantaneous charge Q and
current I if 𝐼 = 0, 𝑄 = 0⁡at⁡𝑡 = 0.
2. A 10-ohm resistor and a 5-henry inductor are connected to a 50-volt source at time t = 0.
Find (a) the current as a function of time (b) the equation of the voltage across the
inductor.
3. An inductance of 1 Henry and a resistance of 2Ω are connected in series with an EMF of
100 volts, if the current is initially zero what is the maximum current?
4. An inductance of L henries and resistance of 10Ω are connected in series with an EMF of
100 volts. If the current is initially zero and equal to 9 ampere after 1 second, find L.
1
5. Find the constant EMF E if C = 20farad, R = 20 ohms, q = 0 when t = 0 and q = 2
coulomb when t = 1 second.
6. A 20-ohm resistor is connected in series with a capacitor of 0.01 farad and an EMF in
volts given by40𝑒 −3𝑡 + 20𝑒 −6𝑡 . If Q = 0 at t= 0, what is the maximum charge in the
capacitor?
7. An inductor of 0.5 henries is connected in series with w resistor of 5 ohms, and a
capacitor of 0.08 farads. At t = 0, the current is 10 amp and the charge on the capacitor is
zero. Show that the charge builds up to a maximum in 0.2 second and determine the value
of the maximum.
8. The circuit has R ohms, C farads and E volts in series with a switch, the quantities R, C,
E being constants. The initial charge on the capacitor is zero. If the switch is closed until
the charged is 99% of its theoretical maximum and E is then suddenly reduced to zero,
find Q thereafter.
9. A 20-ohm resistor and 5-henry conductor are in series in an electric circuit in which there
is a current flow of 20 amps at t = 0. Find the current for ≥ 0 if the emf is zero for >0.
10. A 20-ohm resistor is connected in series with a capacitor of 0.01 farad and an emf volt
given by 40e−et + 3−6t . Ifθ = 0, t = 0, show that the maximum charge on the capacitor
is a 0.25 coulomb.
 WORKSHEET NO. 17
Solve the following problems.

SET B
1. A resistor of 50 ohms, inductor of 2 henries and a 0.005-farad capacitor are in series with
an EMF of 40 volts and an open switch. Find the instantaneous charge and current after
the switch is closed t 𝑡 = 0, assuming at that time the charge on the capacitor is 4
coulombs.
2. A constant inductance of 1 henry and a variable resistor R are connected in series with
1
constant EMF of E volts. If R = 1+𝑡 ohms at time t seconds, and if the current is initially
zero, what value of E will make the current 24 ampere after 4 seconds?
3. A coil of inductance 10 henries and a negligible resistance is connected in series with a
capacitance of 5⁡x⁡10−6 farads and EMF of E = 500 v, when t = 0, and Q = 0 and I = 0.
Find Q and I at any time t.
4. A capacitor of 0.005 farad is in series with a 25-ohm resistor and EMF 50 volts. If there
is no change initially, find the charge after 2 seconds.
5. At t = 0 an EMF of 100 sin 10t is applied to a circuit consisting of an inductor of 2
henries in series with a 40-ohm resistor. If the current is zero at t = 0, what is it at any
time 𝑡 ≥ 0?
6. A capacitor of 10-3 farad is in series with an EMF of 20 volts and an inductor of 0.4
henries. A 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 0, 𝐼 = 0. Find the maximum charge and current.
7. Given an R-C circuit with E = 70 volts, R= 30 W, C = 6 x 10-4 farad, assume when the
switch is closed (t = 0) the charges on the capacitor is 0.025 coulomb. Find the initial
current in the circuit.
8. An inductor of < henries varies with time and seconds according to <⁡= 0.25 +
0.001t, 0 ≤ +≤ 1000. It is connected in series with a 40-volt emf and a 10-ohm resistor.
If I = 0 at t = 0, find a)I(t), t > 0, b) the theoretically maximum current.
9. At t = 0 an emf of 20 volts is applied to a circuit consisting of an inductor of 2 henries
with a 40-ohm resistor. If the circuit is zero at t = 0, what is it at any time t ≥ 0?
10. A < ohm resistor and an inductor at 1 henry are connected in series with a voltage
100e−4t cos 50t , t ≥ 0. Find 1(t)if⁡I = 0⁡at⁡t = 0.
 LESSON 18

CHEMICAL SOLUTION
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1
A tank contains initially 2,500 liters of 50% salt solution, water enters the tank at the rate
of 25 liters per minute and the solution flows out at the rate of 50 liters per minute. Find the
percentage of the salt after 20 minutes.
Given:
25 L/ min
2500 L

50 L/ min

Let
s = amount of salt (in % age) at any time t
ds
= rate of flow with respect to time
dt

t = time

Solution.
liters
ds lbs liters (s⁡lbs)(50 )
min
dt
= (0 liters) (25 min
)− 2,500⁡liters

ds s
= − 50
dt

By variable separable
ds dt
= − 50
s

Integrating both sides, we obtain

1
ln s = − 50 t + C

thus,
𝑡
s = Ce−(50) (1)
From the given:
When t = 0; s = 0.5
Thus;
C = 0.5
Substitute C in (1) to obtain
t
0.5e−50
Hence
t = 20⁡min; s =?
t
s = 0.5e−50
s = 0.3352⁡x⁡100
Therefore:
There is 33.52% salt solution in the tank after 20 minutes.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
In a tank there is 100 liters of brine containing 64 kilograms of dissolved salt. Pure water
enters the tank at a constant rate and the resulting mixture runs out at the same rate. After 50
minutes, the dissolved salt resulted to 16 kilograms. Determine the rate of inflow.
Let
Q0 = constant rate of outflow
Q1 = constant rate of inflow
𝑑𝑠
= rate of flow
𝑑𝑡
t = time
s = dissolved salt
Given:

s = 64⁡kgs, t = 0 Q0

s = 16⁡kgs, t = 50⁡min

Q1

Required:
Q1 = the rate of inflow
Solution.
ds liters lbs liters (s⁡lbs)
= (Q0 ) 0 liter − (Q1 )
dt min min 100⁡liters

Since inflow = outflow (𝑄1 = 𝑄0 )

ds Q1 (s)
=
dt 100

By variable separable and integrating both sides:

ds Q1 dt
∫ = ∫−
s 100

We get
Q1 t
ln s = − + ln C
100
thus,
Q1 t
s = Ce−(100)
At t = 0; s = 64⁡kgs.
From (1) we obtain
C = 64
Hence,
Q1 t
s = 64−100
At t = 15⁡min. s = 16⁡kgs. from (1) substitute the value of C to obtain,
Q1 (50)
16 = 64e− 100
ln 0.25
Q1 = −0.5

We get:

Q1 = 2.77⁡liter/min.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 3
Tank A initially holds 100 gallons of brine that contains 100 lbs of salt while tank B
holds 100 gallons of water. Two gallons of water enter tank A each minute and the mixture
assumed uniform. The water flows from A to B at the same rate and the mixture in tank B also
kept uniform. The mixture runs out of tank B at the rate of 2 gpm. How much salt is in tank B at
the end of 1 hour?
Given:
2 gpm

X Y

BRINE WATER

100 gal 100 gal

Tank A Tank B
Let
x = amount of salt in tank A
y = amount of salt in tank B
Consider tank A only:
dx gal lbs gal x⁡lbs
= [2 ] [0 ] − [2 ] [ ]
dt min 100⁡gal min 100⁡gal
dx x
=− ;
dt 50

By variable separable and integrating both sides

dx dt
∫ x = − ∫ 50
t
x = Ce−50 (1)
but x = 100⁡when⁡t = 0
Thus,
C = 100
hence,
t
x = 100e−50 (2)
Consider tank B only:
dy gal x⁡lbs gal lbs
= [2 min] [100⁡gal] − [2 min] [y 100⁡gal]
dt
dy x y
= 50 − 50 (3)
dt

substitute (2) in (3) to get

t
dy y
= 2e−50 − 50
dt
t
dy y
dt
+ 50 = 2e−50 (4)
Equation (4) is form of linear differential equation of order one. Thus, we obtain the integrating
factor:
dt t
e∫50 = e50
The general solution of linear differential equation of order one is
t t −t
ye50 = ∫ e50 [2e50⁡dt (5)
t
ye 50 = 2t + C2
but y = 0⁡when⁡t = 0 (because tank B contains pure water)
Hence,
t
y = 2te−50 (6)
If t = 60 min. then
60
y = 2(60)e−50
y = 36.143 lbs. is the amount of salt in tank B at the end of one hour.
CODE NUMBER: ____________________________________ SCORE: _________________
DATE: __________________
Seatwork No. 18
Fresh water is poured into tank A at a rate of 2 gallons per minute and whose volume is
100 gallons, which initially contains a salt solution with a concentration of 0.5 lb/gal. The stirred
mixture flows out from tank A into tank B at the same rate and which initially contains 100
gallons of fresh water. The mixture in tank B is also stirred and flows out from tank B at the
same rate.
a. Find the initial-value problem that describes the amount of salt in the first tank.
b. Find the amount of salt in the first tank at any time.
c. Find the initial-value problem that describes the amount of salt in the second tank.
d. Find the amount of salt in the second tank at any time.
e. At what time will tanks A and B have the same amount of salt?
 WORKSHEET NO. 18
Solve the following problems.

SET A
1. A tank containing 100 gallons of brine made by dissolving 80 lbs of salt in water. Pure
water runs out into tank at the rate of 4 gpm and the mixture kept uniform by stirring runs
out at the same rate. Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time.
2. Brine from first tank runs into a second tank at 2 gallons per minute and brine from the
second tank runs into the first tank at 1 gpm. Initially, there are 10 gallons of brine
containing 20 lbs of salt in the first tank and 10 gallons of fresh water in the second tank.
How much salt will the first tank contain after 5 minutes? Assume that the brine in each
tank kept uniform by stirring.
3. A tank contains 50 gallons of water, brine containing 2 lbs per gallon of salt flows into
the tank at the rate of 2 gpm. The mixture kept uniform by stirring runs out at the same
rate. How long will it take before the quantity of the salt in the tank will be 50 lbs?
4. A tank has 60 gallons of pure water. A salt solution with 3 lbs. of salt per gallon enters at
2 gal/min. and leaves at 2.5 gal/min. a) Find the concentration of the salt in the tank at
any time, b) find the salt concentration when the tank has 30 gallons of salt water, c) find
the amount of water in the tank when the concentration is greatest and, e) determine the
maximum amount of salt present at any time.
5. Chemical C is produced from a reaction involving chemical A and B. the rate of
production of C varies as the product of the instantaneous amounts of A and B. the
formation requires 3 lbs of A for every 2 lbs of B. If 60 lbs each of A and B are present
initially and 15 lbs of C are formed in 1 hour find: a) the amount of C at any time, b) the
amount of C after 2 hours and, c) the maximum quantity of C which can be formed.
 WORKSHEET NO. 18
Solve the following problems.

SET B
1. Brine containing 2 lbs of salt per gallon runs into a tank at 2 gpm, brine solution from the
from first tank runs into the second tank at the rate of 3 gpm. Initially, the first tank
contains 10 gallons of brine with 30 lbs of salt and 10 gallons of fresh water in the second
tank. Assuming uniform concentration in each tank, find the quantity of salt in the second
tank at the end of 5 minutes.
2. Brine from a first tank runs into a second tank at 5 gallons per minute, and brine from the
second tank runs into the first tank at 4 gpm. Initially, there are 13 gallons of brine
containing 23 lbs of salt in the first tank and 13 gallons fresh water in the second tank.
How much salt will the first tank contain after 10 minutes? Assume that the brine in each
tank is kept uniform by stirring.
3. Chemical A is transformed into chemical B. The rate at which B is formed varies directly
as the amount of A present at any instant. If 10 lbs of A is present initially and if 3 lbs is
transformed into B in 1 hour, how much of A are formed after 2 hours? In what time is
75% of chemical A transformed?
4. A tank initially contains 200 liters of fresh water. Brine containing 2 N/L dissolved salt
enters the tank at 5 L/min. and the resulting mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find
the salt concentration in the tank after 5 minutes.
5. A tank contains initially 2,500 liters of 50% salt solution; waters enter the tank at the rate
of 25 liters per minute. Find the percentage of salt in the tank after 30 minutes.