Homework No.

1. List the similarities and differences of pollution control systems for solid PM and gaseous
components.
Ans: Air pollutants are generated by nearly every facet of the industrial process, including raw
material sourcing, product manufacturing, maintenance and repair services, and distribution.
There are several different types of air pollution control equipment available for air pollutants
produced by both mobile and stationary sources across a wide range of industries.
In an industrial setting, air pollution control equipment is an umbrella term referring to
equipment and systems used to regulate and eliminate the emission of potentially hazardous
substances—including particulate matter and gases—produced by manufacturing, process
system, and research applications into the air, atmosphere, and surrounding environment

Control equipment has applications in a wide range of industries, preventing the release of
chemicals, vapors, and dust and filtering and purifying the air within the work environment.

 Combustion (i.e., destroying the pollutant)

 Conversion (i.e., chemically changing the pollutant to a less harmful compound)
 Collection (i.e., removing the pollutant from the waste air before its release into the
environment and atmosphere)

Some types of air pollution control equipment applied to industrial applications and which utilize one or
more of the methods of air pollutant removal or reduction mentioned above include:

 Scrubbers
 Air Filters
 Cyclones
 Electrostatic Precipitators
 Incinerators
 Biofilters

2. You wish to design a bag house to clean 3000 m3 at a filter ratio of 3 m3 /m2 of cloth. The filter
bags are 15 cm in diameter by 3 m long. If you design a “square” bag house with the bags on 30
cm centers, what would be the exterior dimensions, neglecting ductwork? An alternative system
uses 15 mm-diameter porous plastic tubes 1 m long on 25 mm centers. For the same filter ratio
and flow, what would be the exterior dimensions for a “square” enclosure?
Ans: Case 1
Total area of filter = air flow rate/filter ratio = 3000 /3=1000 m^2cloth
Area of one bag = π d L= π ×0.15×3=1.41 m2
Number of bags =1000/1.41=709.22=710

For square bag house: 30 cm centers, the dimension of the square is 2×centers× number of
in each row or column
n=N^0.5=710^0.5=26.6=27
 Dimension of square = 2×0.3×27=16.2 m
Total no of bag: 27*27=729
Case 2:
Area of one bag = π d L=π ×0.015×1=0.047 m2
Number of bags N = 1000/0.047=21276.60=21277
n=N^0.5=21277^0.5 = 146
Dimension of square = 2×0.025×146=7.3 m
Total number of bags is 146*146 = 21316
3. For a given cyclone collector, plot centrifugal force as a function of particle specific gravity (0.50
- 3.00), gas velocity (175–1750 m/ min), and radius of curvature (30 - 250 cm).
Ans: Particle specific gravity = density of particle/ density of water= ρ/1000 kg/m3= M/v/1000
V=gas velocity, R = Radius of curvature

𝑀𝑉2
𝐹=( ) = (𝜌 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑉2 )/𝑅
𝑅

Plot centrifugal force as a function of particle specific gravity

Density of particle Gas velocity Radius of curvature Radius of curvature F/V (KG/M2
Particle specific
(kg/m3) (m/min) (cm) (m) MIN2)
gravity

0.5 500 175 30 0.3 5.10E+07

1 1000 175 30 0.3 1.02E+08
1.5 1500 175 30 0.3 1.53E+08
2 2000 175 30 0.3 2.04E+08
2.5 2500 175 30 0.3 2.55E+08
3.0 3000 175 30 0.3 3.06E+08

PARTICLE SPECIFIC GRAVITY Vs F/V (KG/M2 MIN2)

6.00E+07
5.00E+07
F/V (KG/M2 MIN2)

4.00E+07
3.00E+07
2.00E+07
1.00E+07
0.00E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
PARTICLE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
b. Plot centrifugal force as a function of gas velocity

Density of particle Gas velocity Radius of curvature Radius of curvature F/v (kg/m2
Particle specific
(kg/m3) (m/min) (cm) (m) min2)
gravity

0.5 500 175 30 0.3 5.10*10^7

0.5 500 490 30 0.3 4.00*10^8
0.5 500 805 30 0.3 1.08*10^9
0.5 500 1120 30 0.3 2.09*10^9
0.5 500 1435 30 0.3 3.43*10^9
0.5 500 1750 30 0.3 5.10*10^9

6.00E+07
Centrifugal force/volume

5.00E+07
F/V (KG/M2 MIN2)

4.00E+07
3.00E+07
2.00E+07
1.00E+07
0.00E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Gas Velocity (m/min)

c. Plot centrifugal force as a function of radius of curvature

Particle Density of Gas velocity Radius of Radius of F/v (kg/m2
specific particle (m/min) curvature curvature (m) min2)
gravity (kg/m3) (cm)

0.5 500 175 30 0.3 5.10*10^7

0.5 500 175 74 0.74 2.10*10^7
0.5 500 175 118 1.18 1.30*10^7
0.5 500 175 162 1.62 9.45*10^6
0.5 500 175 206 2.06 7.45*10^6
0.5 500 175 250 2.5 6.15*10^6

6.00E+07
Centrifugal force/volume

5.00E+07
F/V (KG/M2 MIN2)

4.00E+07
3.00E+07
2.00E+07
1.00E+07
0.00E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
RADIUS OF CURVATURE (M)
4. List the advantages and disadvantages of using a bag house, wet scrubber, or ESP for particulate
collection from an asphalt plant drying kiln. The gases are at 250°C and contain 450mg/m3 of
rock dust in the 0.1 - 10 μm size range. Gas flow is 2000 m3 /min. Consider initial and operation
cost, space requirement, ultimate disposal, etc
Ans:
Bag house
Advantages Disadvantages
Dry collection Bag failure
High collection efficiency Space requirement

No resistivity Explosion hazard

Moderate capital and operating cost Temperature dependence
Wet Scrubber:
Small space required High power requirement
Handle gas with high humidity and high corrosion
temperature
No secondary source required for dust Water disposal problem
Very low fire and explosion hazard Difficult product recovery
Ability to collect gases and particulate matter Higher operating cost
ESP (Electrostatic precipitator):
Allow higher operating temperature Needs equipment transport and installation
Processing large gas range Periodic maintenance required
Automatic control operation Specific dust selectivity
Small resistance loss Change in humidity resistance
High purification efficiency Practical influence of design and requirement
is not achievable

5. Suppose a gaseous process effluent of 30 m3 /min is at 200°C and 50% relative humidity. It is
cooled to 65°C by spraying with water that was initially at 20°C. What volume of saturated gas
would you have to design for at 65°C? How much water per cubic meter would the system
require? How much water per cubic meter would you have to remove from the system?

Ans: Dry air mass balance:

mg1=mg2=mg
mg = gas flow rate / Specific Volume
Water mass balance
mg1 w1 + mg2 w2 + mw mw = mg (w1-w2)
mg1 and mg2 are inlet and outlet flow rate, respectively.
w1 and w2 are inlet and outlet specific humidity, respectively.
Using psychometric online calculator
At 200 C and 50% humidity specific volume = 0.71 m3/kg, w1 = 2.5 kg kg
mg = gas flow rate / Specific Volume= 30 /0.71 =42.25kg/min
 At 65 ᴼC and 100% humidity
w2 = 0.17 and specific volume = 1.06 m3/kg
Water removed from the system = 2.5 – 0.17 = 2.33 kg water/kg gas
mw = 42.25 (2.5−0.17)= 98.44 kg/min
mw = 98.44 /1000 =0.1 m3/min
6. Suppose a gaseous process effluent of 30 m3 /min is at 200°C and 50% relative humidity. It is
cooled to 65°C by spraying with water that was initially at 20°C. What volume of saturated gas
would you have to design for at 65°C? How much water per cubic meter would the system
require? How much water per cubic meter would you have to remove from the system?
Ans: Overall removal efficiency = 1-(1-effiency of ESP 1) × (1- efficiency of ESP 2)
Overall removal efficiency = 1- (1-0.9) × (1-0.9) = 0.99

According to Table 32.4 [1], the individual ESP for excellence removal ranges between 42 to 46 US$/year
m3 [1]. For two ESP, the cost is double.
Usually ESPs are designed for air purification in combination with air conditioning systems. They are
usually used for smaller and lower volume applications. In addition, they are usually applied to
submicron sources emitting oil mists, fumes, smokes, or liquid aerosols.
Applications and media types of ESPs include:
 Coolant
 Explosive medium
 Fine powders
 Metalworking chips & fluids
 Toxic medium
 Welding fumes
 Abrasive

7. The gaseous effluent from a process is 30 m3 /min at 65°C. How much natural gas at 8900 kg
cal/ m3 would have to be burned per hour to raise the effluent temperature to 820°C? Natural
gas requires 10m3 of air for every cubic meter of gas at a theoretical air/fuel ratio. Assume the
air temperature is 20°C and the radiation and convection losses are 10%.
Ans: Assume excess air 5%
Heat input = consumption flow rate× (1+excess air %/100) ×heating value /100%− losses%
= 30 × (1+5100) ×8900/ 0.9=3.11 ×10^5 kg cal/min
Assume typical excess air 5%, stoichiometric air kg/GJ as fired for natural gas is 318
Combustion air requirements = 3.11×10^5 ×4184 ×10^−9×318=414 Kg/min.
At 20 C, density of air is 1.2754 kg/m3
Combustion air requirements = 414/1.2754 =325 m^3/min
Natural gas = combustion air ×1 /10^3=325×1 /10^3air=3.25 ×10^−1m3 /min=19.5 m3/ h