G11 Periodicity 2 November

2019 [27 marks]

Physical properties of elements vary according to atomic number. Sections 6 to 9
of the data booklet list some of these properties.

1a. Deduce, giving a reason, the group of elements in the periodic table [2 marks]
most likely to undergo sublimation.

Markscheme
group 18/noble gases [✔]
smallest difference between melting and boiling points
OR
weakest intermolecular forces «in that period» [✔]

Note: Accept “group 17/halogens”.

1b. Describe the density trend across periods 4 and 5 of the periodic table. [1 mark]

Markscheme
density increases «to a maximum in the transition elements» AND then
decreases [✔]

1c. Suggest, with a reason, whether the lanthanoids or actinoids of the f-block[1 mark]
would have the higher density.

Markscheme
actinoids AND density increases down all groups «due to large increase in
atomic mass for small increase in atomic volume»
OR
actinoids AND «much» greater atomic mass with similar type of bonding
OR
actinoids AND density «of actinoids» atomic number 90 to 95 is greater than
corresponding lanthanoids [✔]

Note: Accept “actinoids AND on graph actinoids have «much» greater density
than lanthanoids”.

1d. Compare the ease of oxidation of s-block and d-block metals to their [2 marks]
melting points and densities. Use section 25 of the data booklet.
 Markscheme
Alternative 1:
«metals with» low densities oxidize easier [✔]
«metals with» low melting points oxidize easier [✔]

Alternative 2:
in s-block «metals with» high densities oxidize easier
OR
in s-block «metals with» low melting points oxidize easier [✔]
in d-block «metals with» low densities oxidize easier
OR
in d-block «metals with» low melting points oxidize easier [✔]

Note: Award [1 max] for “s-block metals more easily oxidized” OR “s-block
metals have lower melting points” OR “s-block metals have lower densities”.
Accept “have greater activity” for “oxidize easier”.

1e. Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic[1 mark]
radius.
 Markscheme

[✔]

Note: Accept any negative sloping line.

Do not award mark if line touches either axis.

Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the
elements in the periodic table.

2a. Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl. [2 marks]

Markscheme
nuclear charge/number of protons/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on
the outer electrons» ✔
same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔

Accept “atomic number” for “number of protons”.

2b. Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na+, is smaller than the radius [2 marks]
of the oxide ion, O2−.

Markscheme
isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔
more protons in Na + ✔
2c. State a physical property of sodium oxide. [1 mark]

Markscheme
Any one of:
brittle ✔
high melting point/crystalline/solid «at room temperature» ✔
low volatility ✔
conducts electricity when molten ✔
does not conduct electricity at room temperature ✔

Do not accept soluble in water.

Ignore any chemical properties.

3a. Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl. [2 marks]

Markscheme
nuclear charge/number of protons/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on
the outer electrons» ✔
same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔

Accept “atomic number” for “number of protons”.

3b. Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na+, is smaller than the radius [2 marks]
of the oxide ion, O2−.

Markscheme
isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔
more protons in Na + ✔
3c. Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization [2 marks]
energies of boron.

Markscheme

Sketch showing:
largest increase between third and fourth ionization energies ✔
IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 < IE5 ✔

3d. Predict, giving your reasons, whether Mn2+ or Fe2+ is likely to have a [2 marks]
more exothermic enthalpy of hydration.
 Markscheme
Fe2+ AND smaller size/radius
OR
Fe2+ AND higher charge density ✔

stronger interaction with «polar» water molecules ✔

M1 not needed for M2.

Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.

4a. Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the [2 marks]
period 3 elements, Na to Ar.

Markscheme
increasing number of protons
OR
increasing nuclear charge
«atomic» radius/size decreases
OR
same number of shells
OR
similar shielding «by inner electrons»
«greater energy needed to overcome increased attraction between nucleus
and electrons»

4b. Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease [2 marks]
down the group.
 Markscheme
atomic/ionic radius increases
smaller charge density
OR
force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases
Do not accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and
nucleus for M2.
Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.

4c. State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P4O 10 (s), with [1 mark]
water.

Markscheme
P4O 10 (s) + 6H2O (l) → 4H3PO4 (aq)
Accept “P4O 10 (s) + 2H2O (l) → 4HPO3 (aq)” (initial reaction).

4d. Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«series of» lines
OR
only certain frequencies/wavelengths
convergence at high«er» frequency/energy/short«er» wavelength
M1 and/or M2 may be shown on a diagram.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019

International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®

Printed for Shanghai Singapore International School