12

PRINSIP DASAR
PEMODELAN HIDROGEOLOGI

12.1.Prinsip Pemodelan Ikonik dalam Hidrogeologi

12.2.Prinsip Pemodelan Numerik dalam Hidrogeologi
12.3.Prinsip Pemodelan Aliran Airtanah

Dosen :
Prof. Dr. Ir. Deny Juanda Puradimaja, DEA. (ITB)

GL - 3181
Program Studi Teknik Geologi
Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
KULIAH HIDROGEOLOGI UMUM
Institut Teknologi Bandung MINGGU – 12
 DATA

Data adalah kumpulan angka, fakta,

fenomena diperoleh dari pengamatan
atau pengukuran
JENIS-JENIS MODEL : -MODEL IKONIK
-MODEL ANALOG
-MODEL SIMBOLIK ATAU MATEMATIK

MODEL IKONIK : MEMBERIKAN VISUALISASI ATAU PERAGAAN

DARI MASALAH YANG DITINJAU

CONTOH MODEL IKONIK-1 : FOTO UDARA

Masalah letak bangunan, pertamanan, ruang parkir, sistem lalulintas

dan sebagainya, dengan memeriksa foto udara dapat lebih cepat ditinjau.

CONTOH MODEL IKONIK-2 : MAKET

Maket memberikan gambaran bentuk bangunan yang akan dibuat,

Tata letak dan hubungan fungsional antara bagian-bagian bangunan

CONTOH MODEL IKONIK-3 : GRAFIK

CONTOH MODEL IKONIK-4 : PIE CHART

12.1.Prinsip Pemodelan Ikonik dalam
Hidrogeologi
CONTOH MODEL IKONIK
DALAM HIDROGEOLOGI
SEJARAH HIDROGEOLOGI: ZAMAN PRA SEJARAH

6
Tiga Sistem Tata Aliran Air Alami

(Castany, 1982)
 WHAT IS SOURCE WATER?
• Types of Source Water
– Surface water bodies
such as lakes, rivers,
streams, estuaries,
reservoirs
– Groundwater from
natural underground
layers of sand or gravel
that contain water
called aquifers

Sumber:Harris Corporation,USA.
 SOURCE WATER
• Surface and
groundwater are
interconnected
– Aquifers may flow
water into streams or
lakes (base flow) or
through springs,
wetlands or wells
– Surface water may
percolate into the
aquifer
Sumber:Harris Corporation,USA.
Cekungan Hidrologi dan Hidrogeologi

(Mandel, 1991)
 Primary and secondary permeability
Fluid flow through intact rock and fractured rock
Intact rock: small scale (Rock matrix)
Low K
Fluid in Fluid out

Rock mass: Large scale

High K
Fluid in Fluid out (Discontinuities)
 Simulation model for JRM
Extremely Porous Rock

Porosity
CO2 Injection
Pumice

Permeability

Scoria Oil and Gas reservoir

 Hydrogeological diversity

Unconsolidated rocks: Consolidated rocks: Consolidated rocks:

• Primary Porosity • Secondary fracture porosity • Karsts (enlarged fractures)
• Large storage • Small storage • Moderate storage
•Locally high permeability •Low permeability •High permeability
12.2.Prinsip Pemodelan Numerik
dalam Hidrogeologi
 PEMODELAN KUANTITATIF :
MATEMATIKA DAN STATISTIKA

MODEL STATISTIKA:
FENOMENA STOKASTIK

MODEL MATEMATIKA:
FENOMENA DETERMINISTIK
MODEL & MATEMATIK: Term

Konstante Tipe
Variabel Parameter
Likelihood

Dependent Populasi
Probability

Independent Analitik
Maximum
Sampel
Simulasi
Regressor
 BEBERAPA PENGERTIAN

MODEL DETERMINISTIK: Nilai-nilai yang diramal (diestimasi,

diduga) dapat dihitung secara eksak.
MODEL STOKASTIK: Model-model yang diramal (diestimasi, diduga)
tergantung pada distribusi peluang

POPULASI: Keseluruhan individu-individu (atau area, unit, lokasi dll.)

yang diteliti untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan.
SAMPEL: sejumlah tertentu individu yang diambil dari POPULASI
dan dianggap nilai-nilai yang dihitung dari sampel dapat mewakili
populasi secara keseluruhan

PARAMETER: Nilai-nilai karakteristik dari populasi

KONSTANTE, KOEFISIEAN: nilai-nilai karakteristik yang dihitung dari SAMPEL

VARIABEL DEPENDENT: Variabel yang diharapkan berubah nilainya disebabkan

oleh adanya perubahan nilai dari variabel lain

VARIABEL INDEPENDENT: variabel yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya

perubahan VARIABEL DEPENDENT.
DYNAMIC MODEL

MODELLING

Dynamics SIMULATION Equations

Computer FORMAL

Language
ANALYSIS

Special General

DYNAMO BASIC
CSMP
CSSL
 MODELLING PROCESSES

VALIDATION

Verification Critical Test Sensitivity

Analysis
Subjectives
Uncertainty
Analysis
Resources
Objectivities
Experiments Interactions

Reasonableness
CONTOH MODEL MATEMATIK
DALAM HIDROGEOLOGI
 Darcy’s Law

• Henry Darcy (or D’Arcy?)

• (1803-1858), Hydraulic Engineer.
The ”discoverer” of Darcy’s
Law, 1856.

His law is a foundation stone

for several fields of study
including ground-water
hydrology, soil physics, and
petroleum engineering.
 Darcy’s Law

DH Hydraulic Gradient

Q=KAー
L Q
L
DH
Q Medium(cross-sectional area,A)

Hydraulic Conductivity
Seepage condition in the in-situ rock mass
 The Two Fundamental Equations
of Ground Water Flow

“First Law of Hydrogeology”

Basic Form Full Form


Darcy’s Law: K dh q   K  h
v 3-D, Flux Vector
n dl
Average Linear Velocity

“Second Law of Hydrogeology”

Basic Form Full Form

Flow Equation: d 2h   K  h
0 h
dx 2
 Ss
1-D, Steady State t
3-D, Transient
Storativity (storage coefficient)
Water is released from storage via:
1. decrease in fluid pressure
2. increase in pressure from
overburden
Storativity (storage coefficient)
Specific Storage (elastic storage coeff.)
(def): The volume of water that a unit volume
of aquifer releases from storage under a
unit decline in hydraulic head.

Ss * b = S
Compressibility and Effective Stress
Compressibility (general)

Stress = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
12.3.Prinsip Pemodelan Aliran
Airtanah
 A Powerful Tool
for furthering our understanding of
hydrogeological systems

Importance of understanding ground water flow models

Construct accurate representations of hydrogeological systems
Ground Water Flow Modeling
Understand the interrelationships between elements of systems
Efficiently develop a sound mathematical representation
Make reasonable assumptions and simplifications ( a necessity)
Understand the limitations of the mathematical representation
Understand the limitations of the interpretation of the results
 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
Hydrogeology is ,University of Toledo

Three Dimensional
Vertical flow is important in field investigations vy vh
Vertical flow of contaminants
vx
Delineation of recharge and discharge
v
Ground-water/surface-water interactions vz
Interactions between aquifers
Finite difference models are constructed in 3 (or 2) dimensions
3-D Darcy’s Law
Vectors quantities divided into 3 orthogonal components
Many calculations done in each dimension separately
Components are then summed to calculate resultants and
Used for particle tracking and display of results (post processing)
 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo

3-D Darcy’s Law

 Vector
Velocity* Vectors and Components
The Velocity
vy y vh
v x  vx x
  
v  ( v x , v y , vz )   v y  v
v  vzz
 z

Horizontal Vertical
Component (Vh) Component (Vz)
vh

vz
v
vx

*Average linear ground water flow velocity

 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo
3-D Darcy’s Law (cont.)

v (i.e., the velocity vector

q= n scaled by porosity, a scalar)
 Volumetric Flux* Vector 
qy
• The Velocity
qx  Vector qx
  
q  ( q x , q y , qz )   q y  q
q  qzz
 z

Horizontal Vertical
Component (qh) Component (qz) qh

qz
q
qx

*a.k.a. Specific discharge or Darcy flux

 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo
The Ground Water Flow Equation

Mass Balance Objective of modeling: represent h=f(x,y,z,t)

A common method of analysis in sciences
• For a “system”, during a period of time (e.g., a unit of time),
Mass In – Mass Out = Change in Mass Stored

Assumption: Water is incompressible

– Mass per unit volume (density, r) does not change significantly
– Volume is directly related to mass by density V=m/r
– In this case water balance models are essentially mass balance models
divided by density
Volume In – Volume Out = Change in Volume Stored

Dividing by
Qi(t) – Qo(t) = dVw/dt
unit time gives: Qi – Qo = DVw /Dt

If Q is a continuous function of time Q(t) then dv/dt is at any instant in time

 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo
The Flow Equation (cont.)

Example 1: Storage in a reservoir

Qi Qo
Qi(t) – Qo(t) = dVw/dt dVw/dt

• If Qi = Qo, dVw/dt = 0  no change in level, i.e., steady state

• If Qi > Qo, dVw/dt > 0 +filling If Qi < Qo, dVw/dt < 0  -emptying

 m1  Q1  m 2  Q2  t
dV
Q E.g., Change in storage due to
linearly varying flows dt

 dV  m1  Q1  m 2  Q2  t dt
V t

Q1 Vo 0

 t2 
V  Vo  m1  Q1  m 2  Q2  
2
Q2 dV/dt = 0
V t   Vo  C t 2
dV/dt > 0 dV/dt < 0
0 t
 The Flow Equation (cont.)

Example 1: Storage in a reservoir

Qi Qo
Qi(t) – Qo(t) = dVw/dt dVw/dt

• If Qi = Qo, dVw/dt = 0  no change in level, i.e., steady state

• If Qi > Qo, dVw/dt > 0 +filling If Qi < Qo, dVw/dt < 0  -emptying

Q V
dV/dt > 0 dV/dt < 0
Q1 dV/dt = 0

V t   Vo  C t 2

Q2 dV/dt = 0
dV/dt > 0 dV/dt < 0
0 t t
 Flow Modeling
Predicting heads (and flows) and
Approximating parameters
h(x,y,z,t)?
Solutions to the flow equations
Most ground water flow models are
solutions of some form of the ground
water flow equation
x
The partial differential equation needs
to be solved to calculate head as a q
function of position and time, K
i.e., h=f(x,y,z,t)
ho x
“e.g., unidirectional, steady-state flow x h(x)
x
within a confined aquifer
Darcy’s Law Integrated 0 x
dh q h q x qx qx
dx

K
 h0 dh   K  0
dx  h  h0  
K
h( x )  h0 
K
 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo

Case Study
 The Layered Modeling Approach
Specified Fluxes
Recharge due to infiltration of precip.
Pumping wells
Specified Flux BC
No Flow
Bound.
Stream Stage
Qstreams
Streambed Conductance

Head, BCs: Uniform Head & No Flow

Aquifer Transmissivity: T=K*b

Aquitard Conductance
Qaquitard
Confined Aquifer Specified Head
 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo

Developing a Conceptual Model

 Settling Pond Example*

A company has installed two settling ponds to: (Significance)
Settle suspended solids from effluent
Filter water before it discharges to stream
Damp flow surges
Questions to be addressed: (Objectives)
How much flow can Pond 1 receive
without overflowing? Q?
Pond 2
How long will water (contamination)
Pond 1

658
take to reach Pond 2 on average?v?
652
N How much contaminant mass will enter
0 5000 ft Pond 2 (per unit time)? M?

*This is a hypothetical example based on a composite of a few real cases

 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo

Conceptual Model (cont.)

 Develop your conceptual model

Water flows between ponds through
Pond 1 Pond 2 the saturated fine sand barrier driven
1510 ft

by the head difference

Outfall
W

Overflow
Elev.= Elev.=
658.74 ft 652.23 ft
Sand Dx =186 Q? v? M?
Dh=6.51 ft K
b=8.56 ft
Contaminated
Pond Dx =186 ft
b
Clay Dx
Not to scale
 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo
Case Study
 An unconfined sand aquifer in northwest Ohio
• Conceptual Model
 Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
,University of Toledo
Case Study
 An unconfined sand aquifer in northwest Ohio
• Surface water hydrology and topography
Boundary Conditions
 GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step1: Delineate the source water assessment area - Groundwater
• Arbitrary fixed radius method
• Calculated fixed radius method
• Analytical method (computer model)

Sumber;Harris Corporation,USA.
 GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 3: Identify loss of recharge resulting from
existing or proposed land uses

Sumber;Harris Corporation,USA.
SELAMAT BELAJAR DAN BERLATIH
SECARA MANDIRI

Contact :
Prof. Dr. Ir. Deny Juanda Puradimaja, DEA (ITB).
HP/WA:0811-234- 6057
Email:denyjuanda@gmail.com