Reaksi di Larutan Air

Bab 4

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 SEBUAH larutan adalah campuran homogen dari 2 atau lebih zat The zat

terlarut adalah (adalah) substansi (s) hadir dalam jumlah yang lebih

kecil (s) pelarut adalah hadir zat dalam jumlah yang lebih besar

Larutan Pelarut zat terlarut

Minuman ringan ( l) H 2 HAI Gula, CO 2

Air ( g) N2 HAI 2, Ar, CH 4

larutan air
Lembut Solder ( s) Pb sn dari KMnO 4

2
Sebuah elektrolit adalah zat yang, ketika dilarutkan dalam air,
menghasilkan solusi yang dapat menghantarkan listrik. SEBUAH nonelektr
adalah zat yang, ketika dilarutkan, hasil dalam solusi yang tidak
menghantarkan listrik.

nonelektrolit lemah elektrolit elektrolit kuat

3
 Menghantarkan listrik dalam larutan?

Kation (+) dan Anion (-)

Kuat Elektrolit - 100% disosiasi

H 2 HAI
NaCl ( s) Na + ( aq) + Cl- ( aq)

Lemah Elektrolit - tidak sepenuhnya dipisahkan

CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO- ( aq) + H + ( aq)

4
 Ionisasi CH asam asetat 3 COOH

CH 3 COO- ( aq) + H + ( aq)

SEBUAH reversibel reaksi. Reaksi dapat terjadi

di kedua arah.

Asam asetat adalah lemah elektrolit karena ionisasi

dalam air tidak lengkap.

5
Hidrasi adalah proses di mana sebuah ion dikelilingi oleh molekul air
diatur dengan cara tertentu.

d-

d+

H 2 HAI 6
Nonelektrolit tidak menghantarkan listrik?

Tidak kation (+) dan anion (-) dalam larutan

H 2 HAI
C 6 H 12 HAI 6 ( s) C 6 H 12 HAI 6 ( aq)

7
 Reaksi presipitasi

Endapan - larut padat yang memisahkan dari solusi

mengendapkan

Pb (NO 3) 2 ( aq) + 2NaI ( aq) PBI 2 ( s) + 2NaNO 3 ( aq)

persamaan molekul

Pb 2+ + 2NO 3- + 2na + + 2I- PBI 2 ( s) + 2na + + 2NO 3-

persamaan ion

Pb 2+ + 2I- PBI 2 ( s)
PBI 2
persamaan ion bersih

na + dan tidak 3- adalah penonton ion

8
Pengendapan Timbal Iodida

Pb 2+ + 2I- PBI 2 ( s) PBI 2

9
Kelarutan adalah jumlah maksimum zat terlarut yang akan larut dalam
jumlah tertentu pelarut pada suhu tertentu.

10
Contoh larut Senyawa

CdS PbS Ni (OH) 2 Al (OH) 3

11
 Menulis Persamaan Ionik
1. Tuliskan persamaan molekul seimbang.
2. Tuliskan persamaan ionik menunjukkan elektrolit kuat benar-benar
dipisahkan menjadi kation dan anion.
3. abaikan ion-ion pada kedua sisi persamaan ion
4. Periksa bahwa biaya dan jumlah atom yang seimbang dalam persamaan ion
bersih

Tuliskan persamaan ionik total untuk reaksi perak nitrat dengan natrium
klorida.

AgNO 3 ( aq) + NaCl ( aq) AgCl ( s) + NaNO 3 ( aq)

Ag + + NO 3- + na + + Cl- AgCl ( s) + na + + NO 3-

Ag + + Cl- AgCl ( s) 12
 Kimia In Action:
Sebuah tidak diinginkan Reaksi Pengendapan

-
ca 2+ ( aq) + 2HCO 3 ( aq) CaCO 3 ( s) + BERSAMA 2 ( aq) + H 2 O ( l)

BERSAMA 2 ( aq) BERSAMA 2 ( g)

13
 Sifat Asam

Memiliki rasa asam. Cuka berutang rasanya menjadi asam asetat. Buah jeruk mengandung
asam sitrat.

tumbuhan.

Bereaksi dengan logam tertentu untuk menghasilkan gas hidrogen.

karbon dioksida perubahan warna gas Penyebab zat warna

2HCl ( aq) + mg ( s) MgCl 2 ( aq) + H 2 ( g)

Bereaksi dengan karbonat dan bikarbonat menghasilkan

2HCl ( aq) + CaCO 3 ( s) CaCl 2 ( aq) + BERSAMA 2 ( g) + H 2 O ( l)

larutan asam berair menghantarkan listrik.

14
 Sifat Basa

Memiliki rasa pahit.

Terasa licin. Banyak sabun yang mengandung basa.

Warna penyebab perubahan dalam pewarna tanaman. solusi

dasar air menghantarkan listrik.

contoh:

15
Arrhenius asam adalah zat yang menghasilkan H + (H 3 O +) dalam air

dasar Arrhenius adalah zat yang menghasilkan OH- dalam air

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ion hidronium, terhidrasi proton, H 3 O +

17
 SEBUAH Brønsted AC id adalah donor A proton Brønsted mendasarkan

adalah akseptor proton

mendasarkan AC id AC id mendasarka

Sebuah Brønsted AC id harus mengandung setidaknya satu proton terionisasi!

18
monoprotik asam
HCl H + + Cl- elektrolit kuat, kuat elektrolit kuat

HNO 3 H + + NO 3- asam, kuat elektrolit lemah, asam

CH 3 COOH H + + CH 3 MENDEKUT- lemah

diprotik asam
H 2 BEGITU 4 H + + HSO 4- elektrolit kuat, kuat elektrolit lemah,

HSO 4- H + + SO 42- asam lemah

triprotik asam
H 3 PO 4 H + + H 2 PO 4- elektrolit lemah, asam lemah

H 2 PO 4- H + + HPO 42- elektrolit lemah, asam lemah

HPO 42- H + + PO 43- elektrolit lemah, asam lemah

19
20
Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base, or both. (a) HI,
(b) CH 3 COO-, (c) H 2 PO 4-

HI ( aq) H+ ( aq) + I- ( aq) Brønsted acid

CH 3 COO- ( aq) + H+ ( aq) CH 3 COOH ( aq) Brønsted base

H 2 PO 4- ( aq) H+ ( aq) + HPO 42- ( aq) Brønsted acid

H 2 PO 4- ( aq) + H+ ( aq) H 3 PO 4 ( aq) Brønsted base

21
 Neutralization Reaction

acid + base salt + water

HCl ( aq) + NaOH ( aq) NaCl ( aq) + H 2 O

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H 2 O

H+ + OH- H2 O

22
Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak
Electrolyte

weak acid + base salt + water

HCN ( aq) + NaOH ( aq) NaCN ( aq) + H 2 O

HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H 2 O

HCN + OH- CN- + H 2 O

23
 Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas

acid + base salt + water + CO 2

2HCl ( aq) + Na 2 CO 3 ( aq) 2NaCl ( aq) + H 2 O +CO 2

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO 32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H 2 O + CO 2

2H+ + CO 32- H 2 O + CO 2

24
 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(electron transfer reactions)

2Mg 2Mg 2+ + 4e- Oxidation half-reaction (lose e-)

O 2 + 4e- 2O 2- Reduction half-reaction (gain e-)
2Mg + O 2 + 4e- 2Mg 2+ + 2O 2- + 4e-
2Mg + O 2 2MgO 25
26
 Zn ( s) + CuSO 4 ( aq) ZnSO 4 ( aq) + Cu ( s)

Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- Zn is oxidized Zn is the reducing agent

Cu 2+ + 2e- Cu Cu 2+ is reduced Cu 2+ is the oxidizing agent

Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal. What is the
oxidizing agent in the reaction?

Cu ( s) + 2AgNO 3 ( aq) Cu(NO 3)2 ( aq) + 2Ag ( s)

Cu Cu 2+ + 2e-

Ag+ + 1e- Ag Ag+ is reduced Ag+ is the oxidizing agent

27
 Oxidation number

The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if
electrons were completely transferred.

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of

zero.

Na, Be, K, Pb, H 2, O 2, P 4 = 0

2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on

the ion.

Li+, Li = +1 ; Fe 3+, Fe = +3 ; O 2-, O = -2

3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2 . In H 2 O 2

and O 22- it is –1 .
28
4.4
 4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when
it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these cases, its
oxidation number is –1 .
5. Group IA metals are +1 , IIA metals are +2 and fluorine is
always –1 .
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion
is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion.

7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers. Oxidation number

of oxygen in the superoxide ion, O 2-, is –½ .

HCO 3-

What are the oxidation numbers of all the O = –2 H = +1

elements in HCO 3- ?
3x( –2) + 1 + ? = –1

C = +4 29
The Oxidation Numbers of Elements in their Compounds

30
What are the oxidation numbers of all the IF 7
elements in each of these compounds?
F = -1
NaIO 3 IF 7 K 2 Cr 2 O 7
7x( -1 ) + ? = 0

NaIO 3 I = +7

Na = +1 O = -2
K 2 Cr 2 O 7
3x( -2 ) + 1 + ? = 0
O = -2 K = +1
I = +5
7x( -2 ) + 2x( +1 ) + 2x( ?) = 0

Cr = +6
31
 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Combination Reaction
A+B C
0 0 + 3 -1
2Al + 3Br 2 2AlBr 3

Decomposition Reaction

C A+B

+ 1 +5 -2 + 1 -1 0
2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O 2
32
 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Combustion Reaction

A + O2 B

0 0 + 4 -2
S + O2 SO 2

0 0 + 2 -2

2Mg + O 2 2MgO

33
 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Displacement Reaction

A + BC AC + B

0 +1 +2 0
Sr + 2H 2 O Sr(OH) 2 + H 2 Hydrogen Displacement

+4 0 0 +2

TiCl 4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl 2 Metal Displacement

0 -1 -1 0
Cl 2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br 2 Halogen Displacement

34
The Activity Series for Metals

Hydrogen Displacement Reaction

M + BC MC + B

M is metal BC is
acid or H 2 O
B is H 2

Ca + 2H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 + H 2

Pb + 2H 2 O Pb(OH) 2 + H 2

35
The Activity Series for Halogens
F 2 > Cl 2 > Br 2 > I 2

Halogen Displacement Reaction Cl 2 + 2KB

0 -1 -1 0
2KCl + Br 2

I 2 + 2KBr 2KI + Br 2

36
 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Disproportionation Reaction

The same element is simultaneously oxidized and

reduced. Example:

reduced

0 +1 -1

Cl 2 + 2OH- ClO- + Cl- + H 2 O

oxidized

37
 Classify each of the following reactions.

Ca 2+ + CO 32- CaCO 3 Precipitation Acid-Base Redox

NH 3 + H+ NH 4+ (H 2 Displacement)

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2

Ca + F 2 CaF 2 Redox (Combination)

38
 Chemistry in Action: Breath Analyzer

+6
3CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 8H 2 SO 4

+3

3CH 3 COOH + 2Cr 2( SO 4)3 + 2K 2 SO 4 + 11H 2 O

39
 Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a
given quantity of solvent or solution.

M = molarity = moles of solute

liters of solution

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a

2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume of KI solution moles KI grams KI

2.80 mol
soln x 1 L 1000 mL xKI 1 L
500. mL 166 g KI 1 mol=KI232
x g KI

40
Preparing a Solution of Known Concentration

41
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a
more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute Moles of solute

before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)

Mi Vi = Mf Vf 42
 How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO 3
from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO 3?

Mi Vi= Mf Vf

M i = 4.00 M M f = 0.200 M V f = 0.0600 L V i = ? L

Vi= Mf Vf = 0.200 M x 0.0600 L = 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL

Mi 4.00 M

Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume of 60.0 mL.

43
 Gravimetric Analysis
1. Dissolve unknown substance in water

2. React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate

3. Filter and dry precipitate

4. Weigh precipitate

5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine amount of

unknown ion

44
 Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is added
gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the
chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete.

Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the

equivalence point

Slowly add base to

unknown acid
UNTIL the
indicator changes
color
45
Titrations can be used in the analysis of

Acid-base reactions

2H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4

Redox reactions H 2 SO 4 + 2NaOH

5Fe 2+ + MnO 4- + 8H+ Mn 2+ + 5Fe 3+ + 4H 2 O

46
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required to titrate 25.00
mL of a 4.50 M H 2 SO 4 solution?

WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

H 2 SO 4 + 2NaOH 2H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4

M rxn M
volume acid moles red moles base volume base
acid coef. base

4.50 mol H 2 SO 4 2 mol NaOH 1 1000 ml soln

25.00 mL x = 158 mL
1000 mL soln x mol H 2 SO 4 1.420 mol NaOH x

47
16.42 mL of 0.1327 M KMnO 4 solution is needed to oxidize 25.00 mL
of an acidic FeSO 4 solution. What is the molarity of the iron solution?

WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

5Fe 2+ + MnO 4- + 8H+ Mn 2+ + 5Fe 3+ + 4H 2 O

M rxn V
volume red moles red moles oxid M oxid
red coef. oxid

16.42 mL = 0.01642 L 25.00 mL = 0.02500 L

0.1327 mol KMnO 4 5 mol Fe 2+ 1

0.01642 L x x = 0.4358 M
1Lx 1 mol KMnO 4 0.02500 L Fe 2+
48
 Chemistry in Action: Metals from the Sea
CaCO 3 ( s) CaO ( s) + CO 2 ( g)

CaO ( s) + H 2 O ( l) -
Ca 2+ ( aq) + 2OH ( aq)

-
Mg 2+ ( aq) + 2OH ( aq) Mg(OH) 2 ( s)

Mg(OH) 2 ( s) + 2HCl ( aq) MgCl 2 ( aq) + 2H 2 O ( l)

Mg 2+ + 2e- Mg

2Cl- Cl 2 + 2e-

MgCl 2 ( aq) Mg ( s) + Cl 2 ( g)

49