Running head: CHAPTER SIX AND SEVEN QUESTION ANSWERS1

Chapter Six and Seven Question Answers

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CHAPTER SIX AND SEVEN QUESTION ANSWERS 2

Chapter Six and Seven Question Answers

Chapter Six Question Answers

The same population may be affected by multiple micronutrient deficiencies, although people

at different life stages and certain socioeconomic or geographic groups may be more

vulnerable to individual nutrient deficiencies. Discuss ways in which single-micronutrient

deficiency prevention strategies might be combined, integrated, or coordinated to achieve cost-

effective control.

A population can be affected by various micronutrient deficiencies though it may be at

personal levels due to variations in social, geographic groups, and economic factors. These

deficiencies can be prevented by establishing a cost-effective approach for single-micronutrient

deficiency prevention strategies that can be combined, integrated, and coordinated. Little

attention has been given to the consequences of micronutrient deficiencies which at times are

severe. For instance, some of the serious deficiencies in the past have been compared to lenitive

symptoms of xerophthalmia of the eye. In the recent years, advances on potential health concerns

have directed their attention on certain micronutrients such as iodine, iron, vitamin A, and zinc

(Beaglehole & Bonita, 2010). Total concentration on these micronutrients has resulted in the

neglect of other essential micronutrients such as folate, selenium, Vitamin B6, B12 and Vitamin

D.

The body requires micronutrients in small amounts rich in vitamins and minerals to

perform various molecular and cellular functions such as respiration, differentiation, tissue

growth, cellular signaling, growth, development among other functions. The combination,

integration, and coordination can be achieved by diversifying the population diet through

consumption of variety and quality foods rich in other nutrients. Expanding on a diet will enable
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members of the population to take in various nutrients at the same time hence making significant

reductions in the cost of distribution (Merson, Black & Mills, 2012).

A lower-middle-income country may be afflicted with both high rates of childhood under

nutrition and a rising epidemic of obesity among its lower socioeconomic groups

while undergoing a nutrition transition. Discuss the challenges that this situation poses for

the country’s government in developing food and nutrition policies as well as national

dietary guidelines for healthy eating.

While undertaking a nutrition transition, lower or middle-income countries may suffer

from both high rates of childhood undernutrition and the rise of obesity among the lower

socioeconomic groups. The biggest problem that such a condition poses to the government is the

logistical problem. Many nations in nutrition transition face the dual burden problem in which

more than one group stretches the health continuum extreme ends due to the existence of diet-

related tends. For instance, a country has a fixture foot of malnutrition and under-nutrition. As

such as country develops, diseases affecting its population may shift from the primarily

infectious to mainly non-communicable.

Low or middle-income countries may have children being under-nourished and over-

nourished considering that each situation has its consequences. When children are under-

nourished, they are exposed to various nutrition diseases due to poor diet and neglect over time,

and when they get over-nourished, they have excess energy stored in the form of fats. Working

to improve on the two extremes is a challenge. By establishing integrated prevention strategy

policies, for children and the other group of people under-nourished and over-nourished, the

problem can be mitigated (Beaglehole & Bonita, 2010).

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The Ministry of Health of a lower-income country has decided to institute a national nutrition

surveillance system to monitor the country’s most pressing child and maternal-nutrition

problems. Discuss the kinds of nutritional problems, target groups,approaches to assessment,

options for routinecontact in the community, and types ofagencies to organize into a

surveillance systemto guide the ministry.

If the Ministry of Health of a lower income country decides to put in place a national

nutrition surveillance system to control the country’s most malnutrition and child problems, it

has to identify the most common problems, target groups, appropriate approaches to assessment

options, and the agency types. Every nutrition problem has its origin that leads to a certain

deficiency disease. The main target groups will be children and women. The focal point should

be infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating mothers. Consideration of these groups should be

an essential part of solving nutrition problems, making nutrition advancements, and preventing

other nutrition problems. The ability of the Ministry of Health to predict the occurrence of

nutrition problems makes the prevention more realistic.

Chapter Seven Question Answers

What are the leading risk factors that contribute to death and disability in low- and middle-

income countries, and how do they differ from those found in high-income countries?

The leading risk factors that contribute to death and disability in both the low and middle-

income countries are similar. These factors include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and

chronic respiratory diseases. Both the low income and middle-income countries are exposed to

various risks factors that result in the above diseases. The common risk factors among the two

types of countries are: poor sanitation and hygiene, unsafe water, overweight and obesity,

alcohol consumption, tobacco use, high blood pressure, physical inactivity. Many of these factors
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are related to lifestyle. Therefore, the main difference between the lower income and, middle-

income countries with high-income countries is the difference in lifestyles.

Which policies and actions taken over the next decade at national and international levels

could influence these trends, and which factors might facilitate their implementation?

Appropriate policies and actions can be taken both at the national and international levels

over the next decade to influence the trends and factors that contribute to death and disability in

both the low income and middle-income countries. Implementation of global governance to

communicable diseases presentation, treatment, and control, would eliminate and reduce the

communicable diseases effects. Key factors that influence this trend may include ignorance,

poverty, and inequality. Global governance is the primary factor that might improve global

health. Policy coherence can only be achieved through global governance (Merson, Black &

Mills, 2012).

Describe how globalization could be positively harnessed for chronic disease prevention.

In doing so, consider how public–private partnerships involving major

multinational corporations could play a more effective role in health promotion and chronic

disease prevention.

Globalization provides many countries with an opportunity for prevention of chronic

diseases and many other diseases. In the world, there are considerable expertise in academic

institutions more so in the high-income countries such the United States and the United

Kingdom. Globalization makes many experts and solutions available. Globalization supports

resource mobility which simplifies the shipment of drugs and other public health and personal

health equipment across various borders to aid in the prevention of chronic diseases.

Globalization has made it simple to formulate and eventually implement health policies across
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the world which could not have been possible without globalization (Merson, Black & Mills,

2012). Partnerships between the private and public institutions could play a significant role in

promoting health through corporate social responsibility or by providing resources for research

and logistics or by having direct investments (Beaglehole & Bonita, 2010).

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References

Beaglehole, R. & Bonita, R. (2010). What is global health?. Global Health Action, 3(0).

Merson, M., Black, R., & Mills, A. (2012). Global Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and

Policies(3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.