ANIMAL CELL

Structures and Their Functions

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 Lecture Outline
• Cell Theory
• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
• Cellular Structure and Function
– Cell Membrane
• Structures and Their Functions
– Cytoplasm
• Structures and Their Functions
– Nucleus
• Structures and Their Functions
 Cell Theory
• States that;
1. All living
organisms are
composed of one
or more cells.
2. Cell is the most
basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise
from pre- Figure 1. Human cancer cells with
existing, living nuclei stained blue.
cells.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
CELL MEMBRANE
Structure and Function

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 Fluid-Mosaic Model
• States that the plasma membrane is a phospholipid
bilayer in which a variety of protein molecules are
embedded.
 Fluidity of the Membrane

FIGURE 2-1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Mosaic Property of the Membrane

• Integral Proteins
• Transmembrane Proteins
• Peripheral Proteins
• Cryofracture
• Lipid Rafts
FIGURE 2–2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
 Integral Proteins

Form and function of integral proteins.

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 Carbohydrates
Glycocalyx/cell coat is the molecular fingerprint of
each cell type.

Recognition signals for interaction between cells

Enables the cell to be recognized by

other cells

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 Functions of the Plasma Membrane

5. Intercellular connection:

FIGURE 2-3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Selective Permeability
• Regulates entry and
exit of ions,
nutrients, and waste
molecules in and out
of the cell.

• Types of Transport
1. Membrane Transport
a. Passive
b. Active
2. Vesicular Transport
a. Bulk
 • Passive Transport
• Simple Diffusion: gases
• Osmosis: water via aquaporins
• Facilitated Diffusion
1. Channel-mediated: Eg. Na+ channels
2. Carrier-mediated: Glucose transporters

FIGURE 2-5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

• Active Transport
• Primary: Na+/K+ Pump
• Secondary
1. Symport: Na+/glucose transport
2. Antiport: Na+/H+ transport

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 Bulk Transport
A. Endocytosis:
ingestion of solid
or fluid material
by the cell
B. Exocytosis:
materials
packaged in
vesicles are
secreted from a
cell
 Phagocytosis
Also known as cell eating.
 Pinocytosis
Also known as cell drinking.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Uses receptors during the transport process.
 Membrane Trafficking
Membrane movement and recycling for cell maintenance.

FIGURE 2-7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Exocytosis
1. Constitutive: used for products that are released continuously, eg. procollagen
2. Regulated: occurs in response to signals, eg. enzymes from pancreatic cells
 CYTOPLASM
Components and Their Functions

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 Cytoplasm
1. Membranous Structures
a. Endomembrane System
- endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus
b. Membrane-bound Organelles
- mitochondrion, lysosome, peroxisome,
vacuole
2. Non-membranous Structures
a. Ribosome
b. Cytoskeleton
3. Cytoplasmic Inclusions
 Ribosomes
• With four segments of rRNA and approx. 80 different proteins.
• Small and large subunits
• Polyribosomes or polysomes
• Proteasomes and ubiquitin

FIGURE 2-9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Endoplasmic Reticulum

FIGURE 2-10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Protein segregation
• Protein modification
• Protein transport

FIGURE 2-11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions
• Lipid biosynthesis
• Steroid synthesis
• Detoxification of
potentially harmful
compounds
• Sequestration of Ca2+
ions.
Location
 Golgi Apparatus

FIGURE 2-14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Secretory Granules
• Zymogen granules: with dense contents of digestive enzymes.

TEM of pancreatic acinar cell showing mature secretory granules.

FIGURE 2-15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
 Lysosomes
• Primary
– Emerge from
Golgi bodies
containing inactive
enzymes
• Secondary
– Fuse with
endosomes
• Residual Bodies
– Indigestible
• Autophagy
– Autophagosome
FIGURE 2-17
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Mitochondrion
• Outer Membrane
– Perforated with
porins
• Inner Membrane
– Folded into cristae
with various
membrane proteins
• Matrix
– Oxidative enzymes
for TCA and β-
oxidation
• Cytochrome c and
Apoptosis
FIGURE 2-20
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3-Parent Baby Technique in UK

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 Peroxisomes
• Oxidase: oxidizes free radicals • Metabolism of lipids and others
• Peroxidase: detoxifies H2O2 • Synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids

FIGURE 2-21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments
– Consist of thin, linear
structures assembled from the
protein, actin.
• Myosin
– Help the entire cell or parts of
the cell to contract
– Stabilize cell shape
– Involved in
• Cytoplasmic streaming
• Pinching contractions that
divide an animal cell into two
daughter cells (cytokinesis)
Cytoskeleton
• Intermediate Filaments
– Made up of fibrous
proteins
• Keratins or cytokeratins
• Vimentins
• Desmins
• Neurofilaments
• Lamins
– Organized into tough,
ropelike structures
– Stabilize cell structure by
helping to anchor certain
organelles and resist tension
Figure 2-27
Intermediate filaments of keratin tonofibrils.
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 Cytoskeleton
• Microtubules
– Long, hollow, unbranched
cylinders assembled from tubulins
– Form a rigid internal skeleton for
some cells
– Act as framework on which
motor proteins can move
structures in the cell
• Kinesins
• Cytoplasmic dyneins
– Form essential parts of the
structure of cilia and flagella
– Radiate from a microtubule-
organizing center, the centrosomes
 Centrosome

FIGURE 2-24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Cytoplasmic Inclusions

1. Glycogen
2. Pigments
a. Lipofuscin
b. Hemosiderin
3. Lipid
Droplets
4. Crystals
 NUCLEUS
Structure and Function

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 Components of the Nucleus

FIGURE 3-2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Nuclear Envelope
• Outer Nuclear Membrane • Nuclear Lamina
• Inner Nuclear Membrane • Nuclear Pores

FIGURE 3-4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Cryofracture of nuclear envelope showing nuclear pores.
FIGURE 3-6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
 Chromatin
• DNA
• Nucleosomes
– Histones
• Chromatin
– Heterochromatin
• Barr Body
– Euchromatin
• Chromatid
– DNA molecule
• Chromosome
– Two replicated DNA
molecules bound together
FIGURE 3-9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
 Chromosomes

Chromosome territories of a human fibroblast nucleus. Fluorescence

in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used with a combination of labeled
probes, each specific for sequences on different chromosomes.

FIGURE 3-7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

FIGURE 3-10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
 Nucleolus
• Fibrillar Centers
– Contains DNA
sequences for
rRNA genes
• Fibrillar Material
– rRNA transcripts
• Granular Material
– Large and small
ribosomal
subunits
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies FIGURE 3-11