6. A spacer is used in reciprocating compressors to introduce clearance volume. A refigerant manufacturer wishes to standardize the components of a reciprocating compressor for refrigeration systems of capacities of 2 KW and 2.5 KW by varying only the spacer. Both the systems use the same refrigerant, which. has an isentropic index of compression of 1.116 and operate over a pressure ratio of 5. The operating temperatures are also same for both the systems. If the required clearance factor for the 2.5 kW system is 0.03, what should be the clearance factor for the 2.0 kW system? Ans.: Given: Pressure ratio, fp = 5 and index of compression y = 1.116 for both the compressors. The clearance factor for the 2.5 KW compressor ¢25 = 0.03 ‘When all other parameters are same except the capacity, then: (Qg.25/Qs20) = 2.5/2.0 = 1.25 = (my25/M,20) = (v2s!Mv20) where Q, is the refrigeration capacity, m, is the refrigerant mass flow rate and ny is the clearance volumetric efficiency of the compressor. Substituting the expression for volumetric efficiency; substituting the values of pressure ratio, index of compression and the clearance factor of 2.5 KW compressor in the above expression, we obtain: t20= 0.086 (Ans.) 7. Water is used in a Standard Single Stage (SSS) vapour compression refrigeration system. The system operates at an evaporator temperature of 4.5°C. (pressure = 0.8424 kPa) and a condenser temperature of 38°C (pressure = 6.624 kPa). Assume that the water vapour behaves as an ideal gas with cp/cv and calculate the discharge temperature if compression is isentropic. Also calculate COP and volumic refrigeration effect if the refrigeration effect is 2355 kJ/kg. Molecular weight of water = 18 kg/kmol, Universal gas constant = 8.314 kJ/kmol.K Ans.: Given:Evaporator temperature, T. = 4.5°C = 2775K Evaporator pressure, P, = 0.8424 kPa Condenser temperature, Te = 38°C = 311K Condenser pressure, P, = 6.624 kPa isentropic index of compression, y = cp/cy = 1.322 Refrigeration effect, q. = 2355 kJ/kg Gas constant, R = 8.314/18 = 0.462 kJikg.K RT, ‘Specific volume of refrigerant at compressor inlet, v. = (Fs =152.19m? /kg a) Discharge temperature, Ta y1 Ty -1.{ | Y 2 458.6K e b) Work of compression, we . weer : yo1 —1)= 343.45 kJ/kg ¢) COP: cop =4 = 6.36 We d) Volumic refrigeration effect, qu: wW -(Se]-154 ksim? 8. An ammonia based refrigeration system with a refrigeration capacity of 100TR (1TR=3.5167 KW) operates at an evaporating temperature of —36°C (saturation pressure = 0.8845 bar) and a condensing temperature of 30°C (saturation pressure = 11.67 bar). Assume the system to operate on a single stage saturated (SSS) cycle. The compression process may be assumed to be isentropic. Under ‘these conditions, the following property data are available: Enthalpy of saturated vapour at the exit of evaporator, hy = 1414 kJ/kg Enthalpy of saturated liquid at the exit of condenser,hg = 341.8 kJ/kg Isentropic index of compression, ; = 1.304 The compressor is an 8-cylinder, reciprocating type with a clearance ratio of 0.05 and speed of 1750 RPM. The stroke-to-bore ratio is 0.8. In the absence of superheat data, the refrigerant vapour may be assumed to behave as a perfect gas. The molecular weight of ammonia is 17.03 kg/kmol. Fnd:a) Power input to the compressor b) COP and cycle (second law) efficiency c) Compressor discharge temperature, and d) Compressor dimensions (diameter and stroke length) Ans.: Given: Refrigeration capacity, Qe = ogee 351.67 KW 36 Condenser pressure, P, = 11.67 bar = 1167 kPa Molecular weight , M = 17.04 kg/kmol Gas constant, R = 8.314/17.04 = 0.4882 kJ/kg K Speed of compressor, N = 1750 RPM Clearance factor, 0.05 No. of cylinders, n= 8 ‘Stroke-to-bore (L/D) ratio, = 0.8 a) Power input to compressor, W,: W, =M,.W, where the mass fiow rate mr is given by: m={ Ge ]=0s2aKa's work of compression, w, is given by: ot =rt,{ 7} {Pe}? -aJ= we=Rt (#) 1|= 409.6 kJ/kg e ‘Substituting these values, we find that the power input to the compressor is given by: We = 134.35 kW b) COP and second law efficiency Se La ate fe COP = Second law efficiency, nuCOP Carnot c) Discharge temperature, Ta: Tg = {pe d) Compressor dimensions, L and D Swept volume, Vow is given by y, Vow ==D?LNn = =D?.oNn=—= 4 4 ny The volumetric efficiency n. is given by: The actual volumetric flow rate of refrigerant at compressor inlet, Ve is given by: RTe Ve =M,-Ve= 0.4293 m3 Js Substituting these values in the expression for swept volume Vow, we obtal Vou = 0.6235 m*/s, and D=0.162 mand L=0.8D = 0.1296 m_ (ans.) 3. A reciprocating compressor is to be designed for a domestic refrigerator of 100 W cooling capacity. The refrigerator operates at an evaporator temperature of -23.3°C and a condensing temperature of §4.4°C. The refrigeration effect at these conditions is 87.4 kJ/kg. At the suction flange the temperature of the refrigerant is 32°C and specific volume is 0.15463 m‘/kg. Due to heat transfer within the compressor the temperature of the refrigerant increases by 15°C. The indicated volumetric efficiency of the compressor is 0.85 and the leakage loss factor is 0.04. The rotational speed of the compressor is 2900 RPM. Find a) The diameter and stroke of the compressor in cms; b) Find the COP of the system if the actual mean effective pressure of the compressor is 5.224 bar.Given: Cooling capacity, Qe = 100 W = 0.1 kW Evaporator Temperature, Te = -23.3°C Refrigeration effect, qe = 87.4 kJ/kg Temperature at suction flange, Ts = 32°C Sp. vol. of vapour at flange, vs = 0.18463 m/kg Temperature rise in compressor = 15°C Indicated volumetric efficiency, nvn = 0.85 Leakage losses, 1 = 0.04 Mean effective pressure, mep = 5.224 bar Rotational speed of compressor, N = 2900 rpm Find: a) Diameter and stroke length of compressor b) COP Ans: a) The mass flow rate of refrigerant, m m = refrigeration capacity/refrigeration effect = (0.1/87.4) = 1.1442 X 10° kg/s Volumetric flow rate at suction flange, V; V, =m X vs = 1.7693 X 104 m/s Required compressor displacement rate, Vsw = Vi/ny,act Actual volumetric efficiency, ny act: e, =0,85 (278-15 +32) oa L = AO tS) 0,04 = 0.77 (273.15 + 32+15) NV, act =NV,t .7693 X 10“/0.77 = 2.298 X 10 m/s Required compressor displacement rate, Vsw = Vi/ny,act The compressor displacement rate is equal to: (|g) 218)where n is the number of cylinders and 6 is the stroke-to-bore ratio (L/D) Since the refrigeration capacity is small, we can assume a single cylinder Assuming a stroke-to-bore ratio @ of 0.8 and substituting the input values in the above expression, we obtain: 0.01963 m 0.8D 1.963 cm, and 1.5704 cm Diameter of cylinder, D Stroke length, L b) COP: Actual power input to the compressor, We We. = mep X displacement rate = 5.224X100X2.298X10 = 0.12 kW Hence, COP = (0.1/0.12) = 0.833.8. Saturated R134a vapour is compressed isentropically from -18°C (Psat=144.6 kPa) to a pressure of 433.8 kPa in a single stage centrifugal compressor. Calculate the speed of the compressor at the tip of the impeller assuming that the vapour enters the impeller radially. Ans.: From the refrigerant property data, the enthalpy and entropy of ammonia vapour at the inlet to the impeller are 387.8 kJ/kg and 1.740 kJ/kg.K, respectively. At an exit pressure of 433.8 kPa and an entropy of 1.740 kJ/kg.K (isentropic compression), the exit enthalpy of the vapour is found to be 410.4 kJikg. For radial entry, the velocity of ammonia vapour at the tip of the impeller (uz) is given by: uz? = (Nexit-hiniet) = 410.4-387.8 = 22.6 kJ/kg = 22600 Jikg => U2 = 150.3 m/s (Ans.) 9. A 2-stage centrifugal compressor operating at 3000 RPM is to compress refrigerant R 134a from an evaporator temperature of 0°C to a condensing temperature of 32°C. If the impeller diameters of both stages have to be same, what is the diameter of the impeller? Assume the suction condition to be dry saturated, compression process to be isentropic, the impeller blades to be radial and refrigerant enters the impeller axially. Given: Refrigerant =R 134a Evaporator temperature = 0°C Condensing temperature = 32°C Inlet condition = Dry saturated Compression process = lsentropic (reversible, adiabatic) Number of stages =2 Rotational speed = 3000 RPM Impeller blades = Radial Tangential velocity at inlet = 0 m/s Diameter of impeller = Same for both stagesAMS From refrigerant property data: Enthalpy of refrigerant at compressor inlet, h; = 398.6 kJ/kg Enthalpy of refrigerant at compressor exit, he = 419.8 kJ/kg Since the blades are radial with no tangential velocity component at inlet, the enthalpy rise across each stage, Ahy = Alp = uy? = Afistage = enthalpy rise across the compressor, (he-hi) = Ahy+Ahz = 2ANstage => Aistage = (he-hi)/2 = (419.8-398.6)/2 = 10.6 kU/kg Uz = (Afistage)"? = (10.6 X 1000)" = 103 mis Up = w.12 @ = 2n X 3000/60 = 100x rad/s fg = 2.U2/@ = 0.3279 m => impeller diameter = 2r, = 0.6558 m (Ans.) 10. A backward curved centrifugal compressor is to compress refrigerant R134a. The diameter of the impeller is 0.6 m and the blade angle is 609. The peripheral area is 0.002 m2 and the flow coefficient (ratio of normal component of velocity to tip speed) is 0.5. If the pressure and temperature of refrigerant at the exit of the impeller are found to be 7.702 bar and 40°C, find the specific work and power input to the compressor. The impeller rotates at 9000 RPM. The tangential component of velocity at the inlet to the impeller may be assumed to be negligible. Ans.: Given: Refrigerant R134a Diameter of impeller = 0.6m Blade angle, B 60° Peripheral flow area,A;, 0.002 m2 Flow coefficient (Vj.2/U2) 0.5 Impeller speed 9000 RPM Exit pressure 7.702 bar Exit temperature 40°CTo find: Specific work input (w) and power input (W) When the tangential component of velocity at the impeller inlet is negligible and the slip factor is unity, then the power input to the compressor is given by: Vp2 cot WearnugVyq-=mug*{1-Maacete | U2 The tip speed. u is obtained from the RPM (N) and the impeller diameter (d) as: Up =2n(N/60)(d/2)=2n(9000/60)(0.6/2)=282.74m/s Since the flow coefficient is given as 0.8, the normal component of velocity at the exit of the impeller, Vnz is given by: Vp2 0.5Uy =141.37m/s The mass flow rate of refrigerant is obtained from the normal component at the tip (Vn2), peripheral area (Atp) and the specific volume of refrigerant at the exit (V2; obtained from exit pressure and temperature) as: Vn2A ma Mn2Atp _141.37X0.002_4 ss0kg/s v2 0.1846 Substituting the values of mass flow rate, tip velocity, normal component of velocity at the impeller exit and the blade angle in the expression for power input, we obtain: Power input to the compressor, W = 87117 W = 87.117 kW (Ans.) Specific work = W/m = 56.865 kJ/kg 7. The average condensing heat transfer coefficient for a refrigerant condensing ‘on a single horizontal tube is found to be 4000 W/m?.K. Now another tube is added directly below the first tube. Assuming everything else to remain constant, what will be the new average condensing heat transfer coefficient? Ans.: From Nusselt’s correlation for condensation heat transfer coefficient on the outside of a horizontal tube, we find that when everything else remains constant: Ad. how [a where N is the number of tubes in a vertical row.8. A refrigeration system of 55 kW cooling capacity that uses a water-cooled condenser has a COP of 5.0. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the condenser is 450 Wim?.K and a heat transfer area of 18 m?. If cooling water at a flow rate of 3.2 kg/s enters the condenser at a temperature of 30°C, what is the condensing temperature? Take the specific heat of water as 4.18kJ/kg_K. Ans.: The Heat Rejection Ratio of the system is equal to: HRR = 1+ 1/COP = 1.2 Hence condenser heat rejection rate, Q, Q. = Refrigeration capacity x HRR = 66 kW Hence the LMTD of the condenser is equal to: LMTD = Q,/(U.A) = 8.148°C The exit temperature of water, Ty,e = Twi + Qol(tmyxep) = 34.93°C. From the expression for LMTD; LMTD = (Tw,e-Tw,i)/[In(Te-Tw,i)/(Te-Tw,e)] We find condensing temperature, T, = 40.86°C (Ans.) 9. Find the length of tubes in a two pass 10 TR ShellLand-Tube R-22 based, water-cooled condenser with 52 tubes arranged in 13 columns. The Heat Rejection Ratio (HRR) is 1.2747. The condensing temperature is 450C_ Water let and outlet temperature are 30°C and 35°C respectively. The tube outer and inner diameters are 14.0 and 16.0 mm respectively. Ans.: Average properties of R 22 and water are: Water R22 diy =7.73x104kgIm-s —— wp=1.8x 10-4 kgim-s kw =0.617 Wim-K Af = 0.0779 Wim-K pw = 995.0 kg/m? pf = 1118.9 kgim3 =4.19 kJiko-K fg = 160.9 kJikoThe fouling resistance on water side and thermal conductivity of copper are: R",, = 0.000176 m2-KW Key = 390 Wim-K -Heat transfer rate in condenser, Qc (Qc = HRR.Qe = 1.2747 X 10 X 3.5167 = 44.83 kW +Reauired mass flow rate of water. mw Qc = MwCp,w(Tw,o-Tw,i) my=Qc/C p,w(Tw,o-Tw,i) = 44.83/4.19X5 = 2.14 kg/s Since it is a 2-pass condenser with 52 tubes, water flow through each tube is given by: Mw,i = My/26 = 0.0823 kgis Reynolds number for water side, Rew Rew = 4myy,i!(wdjuyy) = 4682.8 (=Turbulent flow) Heat transfer coefficient on water side, hj «From Dittus-Boelter Equation: Nuw = (hidi/ky) = 0.023Rew0-8Pry0.4 = 68.96 hj = Nu X ky/dj = 3039 Wim2.K Condensation heat transfer coefficient, No Nussett's correlation will be used to estimate h,: Number of tubes per row, N = 52/13 = 4 Substituting the above and other property values in Nusselt's correlation, we obtain:No = 2175/ATU2 AT = Tref-Ts is not known a priori, hence, a trial-and-error method has to be used For water-cooled condensers. without fins; the overall heat transfer coefficient is. given by: Substituting the values of various parameters, we obtain: 0.0005781+ a Uo he First trial: Assume AT = 59C Then condensation heat transfer coefficient, Ing = 2175/AT0.25 = 1454.5 Wit Then the overall heat transfer coefficient is given by: (1/Uo) = 0.0005781+(1/ho) = 0.0012656 m2KiW Hence, Up = 790.2 Wim2.K Qc = UpAgLMTD = 44.83 kW LMTD = (Tw,o-Tw,i)/[In(T ¢-Tw i)(Tc-Tw,o)] = 12.33 K Therefore, Ag = 4.6 m2 Now we have cross-check for the initially assumed value of AT = 50C: AT = Qc/(ho.Ao) «Substituting the value; ATeae = 6.7KSince the calculated value is not equal to the assumed value, we have to repeat ‘the calculation with AT = 7 K (Second trial) Repeating the above calculations with AT of 7K, we obtain ATcalc = 6.96 K Since, this value is sufficiently close to the and guess value of 7K, it is not necessary to repeat the calculations. For 7 K temperature difference, we obtain the value of Up to be 754 Wim2.K From the values of Up, LMTD and Qc, we obtain; Ag = 4.82 m2 Now, Ao = 56mdoL Hence, length of each tube, L = 1.713 m (Ans.) 10. Determine the required face area of an R 12 condenser for 5 TR refrigeration plant. The condensing temperature is 40°C, the system COP is 4.9 and refrigeration effect is 110.8 kJ/kg. Air at an inlet temperature of 270C flows through the condenser with a face velocity of 2.5 m/s. The inside and outside diameters of the tubes are 11.26 and 12.68 mm, respectively. Fin efficiency is 0.73. Other dimensions with reference to Fig. 22.12 are: B= 43 mm; C = 38 mm, D = 3.175 mm, t = 0.254 mm Ans.: Various heat transfer areas are: 41.Bare area, Ap: (m2 per row per m2 face area) D-t ‘3.175 - 0.254 - Ap =Fp Me = pears 24 199(12.68) = 0.852. 2. Fin area, Af: (m2 per row per m? face area) 3. Min.flow area, Ac:(m2 /row per m2 face area) Ag ot al =0.6487Total area, Ao: (m2/row/m2 face area) Ao = AbtAg= 22.94 Internal area, Aj: (m2/row/m2 face area) Aj = ndi/B = 0.82266 «Hydraulic diameter, Dp: (m) Area ratios: Ag! Aj =27.885 Ap /Ap=0.03859 ‘Condenser heat rejection rate, Qc: Qc = HRR.Qe = (1#1/COP).Qe = 21.17 KW Mass flow rate of refrigerant, m,: mr = Qe/retrigeration effect = 0.15869 kg/s From the properties of R12 at 40°C: We find: Prandtl number, Pr; = 3.264 Reynolds number of vapour, Reg = 1385X10° Reynolds number of liquid, Rer= 74.8X10° Ta find condensation heat transfer coefficient inside tubes, we use Dean, Ackers and Crosser's correlation, which assumes complete condensation and uses a madified Reynolds number Rem Substituting various property values and Re,, We obtain:Reynolds number, Rem = 431383. The Nusselt number is found to be, Nu = 1265.9 Then the Condensation heat transfer coefficient, hj = 8206.7 Wim2.K Air side heat transfer coefficient, hp: umax = 2.5/Ac = 3.854 mis Reynolds number, Re = UmaxDp/v= 983.6 NU = No Dp/k = 0.117 Re0.65 prt/3 = 7.835 Heat transfer coefficient, ho = 51.77 Wim2-K Overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo: 4 Ba, Aa tlnite it A. i kw (Apne + Ano, ‘Substituting the values; Up = 31.229 Wim2-K -Since outlet temperature of air is not then n, assume this value to be 350C; Hence, total heat transfer area, Aot is Aot = Qe/[Uo-LMTD) = 21.17 X 1000/(31.229 X 8.3725) = 80.967 m? Taking the number of rows to be 4; Aor= Aface X number of rows x Ag Aface = 90.967/(22.94 x 4) = 0,882 m2«Mass flow rate of air is given by: Marr = pAtooe-V = 1.1774 x 0.8824 x 2.5 = 2.5973 kg/s Check for guess value of air outlet temperature (35°C): Qc = MairCp AT = AT = 21.171(2.5973%1.005) = 8.11 OC = Tair,out = 35.119 Since the guess value (359C) is close to the calculated value (35.110C), we may stop here. For better accuracy, calculations may be repeated with 2nd guess value of 5.10C (say). The values obtained will be slightly different if other correlations are used for hi. 7. Air enters a direct expansion type, fin-and-tube evaporator at a temperature of 17°C and leaves the evaporator at 11°C. The evaporator operates at a constant temperature of 7°C and has total refrigerant side area of 12 m?, while the bare tube and finned areas on airside are 10 m* and 212 m’, respectively. Find the refrigeration capacity of the evaporator assuming only sensible heat transfer on airside and counterflow type arrangement. Neglect fouling and resistance offered by the tube wall. The fin effectiveness for airside is 0.75. The average heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant and airside are 1700 Wim? and 34 Wim7K, respectively. Ans.: Neglecting fouling and resistance of the tube wall, the value of ‘UA’ of evaporator is given by: 1 1 Jt. t « UA [h(Agns + Apo HA ‘Substituting the values of airside and refrigerant heat transfer coefficients (nh. and hy), bare tube (Ap), finned surface (A;) and refrigerant side areas and fin efficiency (m= 0.75) in the above expression, we obtain: UA = 4483 WIK From the values of airside and evaporator temperatures, the LMTD of the evaporator is given by:(7-11) at) LMTD= =6.55°C 1-7, Hence, refrigeration capacity, Q, = UA.LMTD = 29364 W = 29.364 KW = (Ans.) & The following are the values measured on a shell-and-tube ammonia condenser. Velocity of water flowing through the tubes, V(mis) | 122 | 0.67 ‘Overall heat transfer coeffieient, U, (Wim=K) za00_|_ 1570 ‘Water flowed inside the tubes while refrigerant condensed outside the tubes. The tubes were 51 mm OD and 46 mm ID and had a conductivity of €0 Wim.K. Using the concept of Wilson's plot, determine the condensing heat transfer coefficient. ‘What is the value of overall heat transfer coefficient when the velocity of water is 0.244 mis? Ans. From the data given in the table, the following straight line equation can be obtained: cys Se Us via The values of C; and Ce for the given data are found to be: ©, = 1.605 x 104 mK and C, = 3.223 x 104 m“ KAW The constant C; is equal to: cc, — falntolnd 1 4 605.10 kw ig ‘Substituting the values of internal and extemal radii (rand ra) and the value of conductivity of the tube kW, we obtain the value of extemal heat transfer coefficient (condensation heat transfer coefficient, hy) asc hy = 8572.9 Wim?.K (Ans.)The value of overall heat transfer coefficient Uo when the velocity of water is 0.244 mis is given by: “4 y+ 4 16050 4 2228210 4567 x10 Uo ye o2aaee =U, =864.5 Wim2K = (Ans)