DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING

INCREMENTAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY 1

DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLDS OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY

DURING INCREMENTAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY?

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DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
INCREMENTAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY 2

Abstract

The anaerobic edge is usually measured by either blood (lactate edge) or

ventilatory gasses (ventilatory edge); conversely, the correlation between these two

approaches is not definitive. The lactate limit has been portrayed at either a static or

variable blood lactate concentration (BLa). Resent researches have demonstrated a

particular blood lactate focus for every person who reflects the inter-individual varieties

in lactate energy, individual anaerobic threshold, ensuing either an interminable,

exponential pattern or an intermittent, and threshold like reaction. The ventilatory limit is

evaluated using an assortment of ventilatory parameters, a considerable lot of which

show a threhold like reaction amid dynamic activity. In spite of the obvious causal

relationship between the incitement of the ventilatory chemoreceptors and eventually

the ventilatory reaction and the collection of protons in the circulating blood, proof exists

which invalidates such relationship. Such proof supporting a coincidental relationship

analyses no substantial change in ventilation with noteworthy increments in blood

lactate concentration. Alternately, prove from patients with McArdle's infection shows

that although no lactic acidic is created, these people do encounter a limit like

ventilatory reaction amid incremental activity. The capacity to perform at the anaerobic

edge is currently perceived as a necessary part of continuance occasions.

DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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INTRODUCTION

Lactate acid abbreviated as LT is defined by Gastin (2001) as 'the purpose of

unexpected escalation of blood lactate' and as indicated by Riley, M. et al. (1998) LT

ensues due to analogous blood lactate accretion concentration of nearly 2 mmol.l-1 or

applying a fixed lactate acid of 4 mmol.l-1 (Gastin, 2001). The concrete procedure of LT

buildup though originates from using the lactic acid system exactly when the body

surpasses the anaerobic threshold. This implies the body cannot use oxygen

proficiently, and as scarce glycogen is stored, the body breaks pyruvate to discharge

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with LT being formed as a byproduct.

LITERATURE

There are different techniques to find out the occurrence of LT. However, the

most customary subjective strategy is recognized as a breakpoint (Riley et al., 1998).

This includes distinguishing the point where lactate accumulation on a blood lactate

versus workload chart begins to increase steeply. Whereas this strategy has been

criticized for being subjective as well as for the distress in deciding the exact point on

the graph, the breakpoint technique has been tried and frequently led to substantial

results. There are different techniques which have been actualized in past studies;

OBLA or D-max. OBLA, for instance, takes the point as being four mmol.l to 1 on the
DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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graph and relates this to everybody. Not everybody's LT is at the same point and hence

OBLA can be assumed. D-max utilizes numerical equations to find out the start and end

point of LT accumulation yet has been reprimanded in light of the fact that a few

people's blood plasma concentration can at first decrease from resting levels to the

beginning of activity (Riley et al., 1998).

Ventilatory Threshold, in contrast, is defined by Faude, Kindermann, Meyer

(2009) as the adjustment of CO2 creation to leave a non-linear increment in ventilation

and the proportionate O2 consumption. The incremental acceleration in ventilation

during activity is not just because of the requirement for extra O2 however similarly the

need to lapse the extra volume of CO2. The body tries, however, to neutralize the

additional acidity from the LT system by "supplying" sodium bicarbonate; this thusly

reacts with lactate to build CO2 levels. At the point when insufficient O2 is available, AT

is exceeded, and the levels of CO2 are no more in a direct relationship to that of O2.

As indicated by McIntosh (2003), Numata, T et al. (2010), and Vallier (2000), VT

and LT take place at the same time and Reybrouck, Ghesquiere, Cattaert, Fagard, and

Amery (1983) reasoned that 'SV 2 corresponds with SL 2 determination. The ventilatory

gas takes up or rather exchange technique can assess the lactate accumulation

threshold in the body of participants'. All things considered, GASKILL (2001) criticized

the utilization of VT for predicting LT as the two limits do not occur simultaneously in

healthy grown-ups. Further studies done on various populaces have discovered proof in

aid of these controversies (Gastin, 2001). VT, for instance, can be acquired with the
DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
INCREMENTAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY 5

body delivering lactic acid when people are carrying infections, for example, McArdle's

Syndrone.

The information of a person’s VT and LT is utilized in body activities. Human

beings utilize their Heart Rate (HR) to build perseverance, LT specifically, and if VT is

fundamentally comparable, it will be used to quantify enhancements in performance, to

figure out if VT and LT take place simultaneously (Riley et al., 1998). There have been

inadequate comparative studies to achieve a firm conclusion yet in view of most of the

research discoveries; the accompanying speculations have been connected:

LT and VT will take place at the same time during incremental cycle ergometry (H1)

Null hypotheses LT and VT will not happen at the same time during incremental cycle

ergometry (H0)

METHOD

The design of the study was a quasi-experimental design.

Apparatus

The list of equipment used in this study were a timer, nose clip, mouthpiece,

rubber gloves, auto clix, cycle ergometer, gas analyser, lactate analyser with strips, dry

gas meters, sterile swabs, breathing valves, heart rate monitor, sharps bin, clinical

waste bags, Douglas bags, tissues and a computer with SPSS Data Software.
DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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All the subjects were volunteers to participate in this research; each subject had to

complete a consent form called Exercise Participation Health Screening Questionnaire.

Procedure

The first thing that was done was to ask the subject to complete the Exercise

Participation Health Screening Questionnaire, then the resting heart rate and the resting

blood pressure of the subject were measured using a heart monitor, and both of the

values were recorded. The measurements of the heart rate and blood pressure were

repeated twice again in every three minutes. Then all the values were examined include

the questionnaire to check for any problem that could stop the subject to participant in

the research.

The participants were requested to sit the cycle ergometer and adjust the saddle

height in order for the angle of the participants knees will be around 160 degrees. Each

subject started cycling with an intensity of 90 watts with an increment of 30 watts added

each three minutes.

Each workload lasted three minutes and during the last minute of each workload

the investigators recorded the expired gas sample and the heart rate every 15 seconds,

and during the last 30 seconds a sample of capillary blood was collected and recorded.

This procedure was repeated at each workload until subjects reach exhaustion and ask

to stop the exercise. When all the data were collected, tables were done at each work
 DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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load about the blood lactate concentration and the pulmonary ventilation, then a graphic

of the VE evolution for each subject of and another for the blood lactate concentration

evolution for each produced. Then the investigators used a breakpoint methods to

determinate the lactate threshold and ventilator threshold.

RESULTS

The purpose of this study was to determine if lactate thresholds and ventilator

threshold occurred simultaneously during the incremental cycle ergometer exercise, the

hypothesis of this study support this.

Figure 1

Physiological data of subject 8

Workload Heart Rate VO2 VO2 VCO2 VE Blood Lactate

Concentration

(W) (beats.min-1) (L.mi (%max) (L.min (L.min- (mmol.L-1)

n-1) -1) 1)

90 110 1.4 37.9 1.2 31.3 2.1

120 159 1.9 51.4 1.7 42.5 2.4

 DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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150 170 2.5 65.7 2.3 58.7 2.9

180 179 3.0 80.5 3.2 79.6 3.6

210 189 3.6 96.9 4.0 114.7 5.4

240 195 3.7 100.0 4.2 131.4 6.3

Post 5-min 8.4

TABLE 2. Physiological data of subjects 12

Workload Heart Rate VO2 VO2 VCO2 VE Blood Lactate

Concentration

(W) (beats.min-1) (L.mi (%max) (L.min (L.min- (mmol.L-1)

n-1) -1) 1)

90 110 1.4 37.9 1.2 31.3 2.1

120 159 1.9 51.4 1.7 42.5 2.4

150 170 2.5 65.7 2.3 58.7 2.9

180 179 3.0 80.5 3.2 79.6 3.6

210 189 3.6 96.9 4.0 114.7 5.4

240 195 3.7 100.0 4.2 131.4 6.3

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Post 5-min 8.4

This table represents the data collect for subject 8, who performed this exercise

by using the method explained above. These thresholds are readily at the table

expressed against factors including the heart rate (beats.min-1), at which VE (L.min-1),

at which VO2 (L.min-1), at VO2 (%Max), at which VCO2 (L.min-1) and at which

workload (W) of the subject eight only.

Table 3. Evolution of the lactate concentration depending on the workload.

DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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Table 4. Evolution of the pulmonary ventilation depending on the workload.

Figure 1 and 2 were graphics made to determine the two thresholds by using the

breakpoint method. These two graphics represent the evolution of the blood lactate

concentration and the evolution of the ventilation during the increase of the workload.
DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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Figure 5

Mean LT Mean VT SIG

Workload 172.5 ±42 180 ±36 0,563

Heart rate 158.1 ±23 164 ±13 0,413

VO2 2.6 ±0.6 2.4 ±0.4 0,501

VO2 (%) 73.6 ±10 70.5 ±14 0,597

VCO2 2.6 ±0.7 2.4 ±0.4 0,557

VE 66.2 ±15 62.5 ±11 0,584

Table 5.

Mean LT Mean VT SIG

Workload 172.5 ±42 180 ±36 0,563

Heart rate 158.1 ±23 164 ±13 0,413

VO2 2.6 ±0.6 2.4 ±0.4 0,501

VO2 (%) 73.6 ±10 70.5 ±14 0,597

VCO2 2.6 ±0.7 2.4 ±0.4 0,557

VE 66.2 ±15 62.5 ±11 0,584

DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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This table shows the means of the lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold of

all the participants referring to the heart rate (beats.min-1), At which VE (L.min-1), at

which VO2 (L.min-1), at VO2 (%Max), at which VCO2 (L.min-1) and at which workload

(W). The table also shows the significance value of the lactate threshold and the

ventilatory threshold; these data were obtained after running a paired sample T-test of

the lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold’s mean of paired data. This T-Test was

conducted using SPSS data Software in a computer. The table also shows that the

mean of the lactate threshold and the ventilatory threshold are respectively 175.5 (±42)

and 180 (±36).

As the significance value was at 0.05 per cent and according to figure 5,

investigators could only draw that all the values such as the heart rate (0.05<0.413), the

VO2 (0.05<0.501), the VO2 in percentage of VO2max (0.05<0.597), the VCO2

(0.05<0.557) and the VE (0.05<0.584) shows no significant different between the lactate

threshold and ventilatory threshold.

DISCUSSION

From the data that have been gathered during this study, the result shows no

correlation between the lactate threshold and the ventilator threshold. It shows that

none of the treads were above 0.05 which indicate that they were not significant during

the incremental cycle ergometry exercise. The anaerobic thresholds concept in this
DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
INCREMENTAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY 13

study could be explained by a change in the evolution of the ventilator and blood lactate

at the same time and with a link of cause with an effect between the two variables. The

breakpoint method was used during this investigation to find the thresholds. However,

Cheng in 1992 identified the D-max method as better methods than the breakpoint to

dertermine the lactate threshold and the ventilator threshold (Cheng et al. 1992)

The results of this study seem to match with the previous study reflecting the

simultaneous no correlation between lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold.

Chicharro in 1997 found on incremental exercise LT and VT occur at different

intensities. (Chicharro,1997). Another study that finds a no correlation between LT and

VT was during Riley’s study in 1998 with subject suffering with McArdles syndrome; this

involves the inability to produce lactic acid (Riley, 1998).

The investigators hypothesis was surprisingly not matched according to the result

of this study as many types of research seem to show a correlation between these

lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold. Jeff Burke carries out a similar study in 1994

proving the link between lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold during incremental

exercise (Burke,1994). In 1982 Vincent Caiozzo study consisted of determining the

most accurate indices between them four methods. In the methods related to

incremental cycle ergometer, the investigators find out that there is a strong correlation

between the lactate threshold and VE/VO2 variable. (Caiozzo,1982). However, Gaskill

in 2001 used a similar treadmill than Caiozzo and His study determined reliability
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between the lactate threshold and the ventilatory threshold for each of determination

methods he used to determinate the ventilatory threshold.

Goussard approached this matter differently as he claims that the reason that

several types of research have found contradictory results was because the dissociation

between the Lactate Threshold and ventilatory threshold depends on the situation

(Goussard, 1999). This was later supported by valliers in 2000 as he states in his study

that certain diet and certain syndrome can influence the relation between the lactate

threshold and the ventilatory threshold (Valliers, 2000).

LIMITATIONS

The limitation of this study was the fact that the was only eight subject used

during the study, that few number of participant had an influence on the result as it

wasn’t representative enough, even more so as the eight subject were all sportive with a

different background. Another limitation was that the whole eight subject were male, this

again wasn’t representative enough, and it certainly affected the result. The limitation of

this study could allow the investigators of this study to justify the result as it went against

their hypothesis.

CONCLUSION
DO THE LACTATE AND VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING
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The aim of this study was to find out if lactate and ventilation thresholds occur

simultaneously during incremental cycle ergometry. The results have shown that there

is sufficient evidence to show that the hypothesis Lactate acid will take place at the

same time with at the time of incremental cycle ergometry. The result determined that

there is no correlation between the Lactate Threshold and ventilatory threshold so to

determine an anaerobic threshold to find the thresholds, the Lactate Threshold, and

ventilatory threshold can’t be correlate and Jenkins (2005) went even further by saying

that the Lactate Threshold and ventilatory threshold are not explained by the same

mechanism (Jenkins, 2005)

However, most of the researches carried out in this matter seem to disagree with

these results as they have found a good correlation between Lactate Threshold and

ventilatory threshold. They are then explaining it by the state that it a production of

acidosis with the lactate which increases the ventilator (Burke, 1994).
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interval-training. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 28 (1), 18-21.

CAIOZZO, V. D. (1982). A comparison of gas exchange indices used to detect the

anaerobic threshold. The American Physiological Society, 1184-1189.

Cheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder AC, Keizer HA, Jeukendrup A, Hesselink M. (1992,

October 13). International Journal Of Sports Medicine . A new approach for the

determination of ventilatory and lactate thresholds., pp. 518-22.

Faude O., Kindermann W., Meyer T. (2009). Lactate threshold concepts: how valid

are they? Sports Med. 39 (6), 469-90.

GASKILL, S. R. (2001). Validity and reliability of combining three methods to

determine the ventilatory threshold. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,

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Gastin, P.B. (2001). Energy system interaction and relative contribution during

maximal exercise. Sports Medicine. 31 (.), 725-741.

Jenkins, S. P. (2005). Sports science handbook. 2. I - Z. Brentwood: Multi-Science.

Riley, M. et al (1998). Respiratory gas exchange and metabolic responses during

exercise in McArdle's disease. Journal of Applied Physiology. 75 (2), 745 -

754.
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McIntosh, B.R. (2003). Canada Journal of Applied Physiology. Anaerobic threshold:

the concept and methods of measurement. PP. 199-323.

Numata, T et al. (2010). Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.

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T. Reybrouck, J. Ghesquiere, A. Cattaert, R. Fagard, and A. Amery. (1983).

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term exercise, pp. 1694-1700.

Vallier, J. B. (2000). Determination des seuils lactiques et ventilatoires. Position de

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