Spata Vol. 1

SPATA
STANDARDS FOR SWIMMING POOLS I
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL
VOLUME 1
0 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

The SPATA Construction and Installation Standards are the minimum standards laid down by the
Swimming Pool and Allied Trades Association for its members. They concem pools specifically built
for swimming and leisure bathing, and Volume 1 concentrates upon the pool shell (or tank), the
installation on or in ground, and the main finishes, fittings, and equipment forming part of the main
pool shell construction. Where necessary, reference is made to other Standards and Codes of Practice
concerning structure, ancillary equipment, accessories, watercare systems, and related buildings.
The standards contained in this booklet are recommendations in the absence of any legal regulations.
They are designed to complement the required rules, regulations and standards of:-
The Health and Safety Executive

The English Sports Council (Sport England)
Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG)
Federation Intemationale (FINA)
Amateur Swimming Association (ASA)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
As such SPATA recommend that designs of all Swimming Pools either domestic or commercial are
based on the parameters indicated as an aid to the goal of achieving, safe healthy construction,
operation and maintenance.
To facilitate understanding of these Standards any residential or private pool used solely by one family
a
and its invited guests is classed as a Domestic Pool.
ALL other pools, whether school pools, hotel pools, club pools, health club pools, therapy pools or
leisure pools fall into the category of Commercial (Public) Pools.
In the absence of regulations the standards have been formulated using the experience and knowledge
of a committee of SPATA members. During formulation it was found that in certain areas and for
certain formulae, several quite valid variants were available and in these circumstances the standards
shown are modal. It may be however, that in the interests of design, other formulae than the standards
shown may be applied correctly.
These standards therefore do not preclude the use of alternative formulae or procedures where a
specialist design may require such. SPATA acknowledge that with advances in technology new
products and design innovations will of necessity be introduced and procedures are in place to provide
for consideration of these within future amendments to these standards.
It should be noted that in any design for swimming pools either private or public these standards can
only offer recommendations for guidance purposes. Notwithstanding anything contained in these
standards, responsibility for specific Health and Safety issues and compliance with legislation of
COSHH, CORGI, HSE etc, must be taken into consideration in relation to any contract during design,
a
construction and operation and will remain the responsibility of the parties involved. The importance of
defining the requirement, the specification and the responsibilities (for the pool) rest with the reader.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the facts and figures in SPATA Swimming Pool Standards
are correct, no individual member nor the Council of SPATA nor SPATA as a corporate entity, can
accept any responsibility for any errors or omissions. Nor does SPATA assume any responsibility to
those who supply/provide/purchase/acquire/distributeor use products or systems which comply with or
purport to comply with these standards. SPATA is a trade association. It does not hold itself out to be a
regulatory body.
~ ~~
SPATA Standards Volume One (2000)
STANDARDS FOR SWIMMING POOLS DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL -

VOLUME 1 - CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION
CONTENTS
1 POOL CRITERIA
Pool Depths and Dimensions
Profiles and Gradients
Access
Competitive Equipment & Competition Requirements
Underwater Lighting
Accessories
2 SWIMMING POOL TYPES

Swimming Pool Designs
- Pool Shell Design
Construction Methods
- Construction Diagrams - Pool Walls
Specialist Pools - Equine, Canine etc.
3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS

Basic Requirements
Tolerances
Water Tightness
WUB Test
Balance Tanks and Level Deck Systems
4 POOL SHELLS
Construction - Concrete
- Sprayed
- WetMix
- DryMix
- Testing
- curing
- Steel Reinforcement
Vinyl Liner
Prefabricated and Fibreglass
Pool Finishes
Adhesives and Grout
Marblite
Pool Paints
Liner Finishes
Liner Fitting
Liner Care
Pool Surrounds
Above Ground
swimming Pool Kits
5 DIVING AND SLIDE EQUIPMENT CRITERIA

Diving Safety Requirements - Domestic Pools
- Cage of Safety Diagram
- Slide Safety Requirements
- Water Depth Markhgs
- Slide diagram
Diving Safety Requirements - Commercial Pools
- Minimum Dimensions
- Enclosures
Contents Page (i)
6 ASSOCIATED BUILDING WORKS

a
Plant Rooms
Pool Halls
Structural Design Guidelines
Structure Interior Finishes
Structural Insulation
Pool Hall Roof Vapour Barrier
Pool Hall Air Migration
Cold Bridging
Floor Drainage Channel
Roof Lights
Stretched Ceilings
Glazing
Roof
Window, Doors Skirtings etc.
Ceilings
Adjacent Rooms
Pool Surround
Carpet Types
Changing Facilities
- Residential Pools
- Commercial Pools
- Number of Changing Spaces
- Table 1 - calculation
- Rule of Thumb Method
- Design of Changing Spaces
- Other Facilities
7 CONTRACTORS RESPONSIBILITIES
Provisions
Quotations and Warranties - Residential Pools
The Contract
Guarantees
Commissioning and Maintenance
8 COMMISSIONING, DEMONSTRATION AND HANDOVER

Operation and Maintenance Manuals
Responsibilities
Code of Ethics for SPATA Members
GLOSSARY OF SWIMMING POOL TERMS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES
a
Page (ii) Contents
SECTION 1
POOL CRITERIA
POOL CRITERIA
Before design, standard criteria should be established to ensure the finished pool will meet the
requirements expected.
These criteria include:-
Usage - leisure, swimming, competition or specialist
Shape and size - length and width
Datum - water and construction depths
Profile - gradients of pool floor
Circulation system - freeboard or level deck
Bathing loads - maximum users
Temperature requirements
Water Treatment - suitability according to mains water analysis
Drainage availability - capacities etc
Plant - situation and area
Excavation - Water Table, rocks, disposal of spoil etc
Budget restrictions
0
Section 1 Page 1
Pool Criteria
POOL DEPTHS AND DIMENSIONS
These Standards suggest basic requirements for pool dimensions. Different types of pool apply:
(see note below).
Domestic pools. No recommendations are made as to shape or size. Most swimming strokes
require a water depth of approximately 1.lm and this should be taken into account during design.
For diving see Cage of Safety section 5.
Paddling pools. No recommendation as to shape or size. Maximum depth of 60Omm. When set
alongside a swimming pool, consideration shall be given how to prevent children gaining access to
the main pool. There must be provision for supervision at all times.
Teaching pools. Recommended depth 50- minimum to 120Omm maximum.
Special pools. No recommendation as to shape or size. Various designs exist for hydrotherapy
pools or spas or special treatment baths to include access ramps, upstand walls, massage bays, (see
Volume 2 & 3). In general, however, special pools shall be designed to meet the specific needs of
the users, and to conform to local authority and national requirements.
Commercial pools. TUS recommendations and/or ASA regulations shall apply. (see Bibliography)
Competition pools. Dimensions and profiles of International and National standard swimming and
diving pools shall be in accordance with the recommendations laid down by ASA, FINA and TUS,
for respective activities.
PROFILES AND GRADIENTS
Pool Floor
0 The design of the pool floor must take into account the usage of the pool.
0 Children and non swimmers will require to be able to stand at all times and a water depth of
between 8oOmm and lOOOmm should be advised for them.
0 Swimmers can swim satisfactorily in a depth of no more than 1.2m but if turning, jumping in or
side dives are indicated, this depth should be increased.
Page 2 Section 1
Pool Criteria
Profiles and Gradients (cont ...)
0 Shallow diving should not be permitted into a water depth of less than 1.5m with an available
forward length of 7.6m. Board diving should not be permitted except in accordance with the
requirements shown in Section 5.
In all design, the transition between shallow and deep water should be maintained at a maximum
of 1:15. Where in short lengths it may be needed to increase this gradient, markings, signage or
protection by means of buoys and lines should be provided.
Note: Refer to Section 5 DIVING AND SLIDE EQUIPMENT CRITERIA on respective diving
profiles; in the interests of safety the maximum depth in the shallow end should be maintained.
ACCESS
Apart from in situ steps built into the pool shell, stainless steel ladders or recessed steps and grab rails
may be provided according to the requirements of each pool type. In public pools, there shall be at least
one set of steps for every 25m of pool perimeter.
In other pools, the number of steps or ladders so provided shall depend on the pool’s dimensions and
type of use. For example, a long narrow pool would require egress from each end, and a diving section
would require egress close by the boards, but outside of the diving area (see Cage of Safety Section 5).
Treads on both recessed steps and ladders shall provide a non slip surface and shall be designed and
installed so that they cannot trap or injure the swimmer.
Special pools designed for handicapped bathers may be provided with ramps to accommodate
wheelchairs or pool side equipment to lift users into and out of the pool.
Hand rails to assist bathers may be provided in accordance with the client’s requirements. Pool side
barriers and pool hand railing shall be located and fixed to prevent the possibility of bathers being
trapped..
Section 1 Page 3
Pool Criteria
COMPETITIVE EQUIPMENT & COMPETITION REQUIREMENTS
In Commercial pools, water depth and racing lanes shall be clearly marked in accordance with the
current requirements of ASA, FINA and TUS. Racing lanes and starting blocks, when supplied, shall
also meet competitive swimming requirements. Racing lane floats shall be designed to reduce water
turbulence to a minimum.
Racing lanes should be a minimum of 2m in width for internal lanes with 2.25m or 2.5m to both outer
lanes according to pool width.
UNDERWATER LIGHTING
All lighting shall have comprehensive installation instructions provided by the manufacturer and shall
be clearly marked as suitable for underwater use.
The electrical supply to underwater lighting shall not exceed 18 AC v (see Volume 2 and latest IEE
regulations for full electrical requirements).
All underwater lights shall be properly sealed and made completely water tight. The junction of the
supply cable to the flexible light cable in the deck box, shall be sealed completely with suitable water
proofing and insulating compound.
In the interest of additional safety, it is a pre requisite that a ‘fail safe’ current operated device (RCD)
be incorporated in the circuit, operating in the event of any leakage to earth of more than 30ma.
On level deck pools the siting of the deck box should be designed to ensure the light internals can be
easily changed.
ACCESSORIES
Filtration, heating and ancillary services and equipment shall be in accordance with Standards laid
down in the appropriate sections of Volume 2.
Page 4 Section 1
Pool Criteria
SECTION 2
SWIMMING POOL
TYPES
SWIMMING POOL TYPES
Commercial Pools: municipal, community, leisure and club, senior schools, hotels, large
apartments, multiple housing units, pools ancillary to club facilities (high or medium bathing
loads).
Competition Pools: international, national and regional swimming contests (moderate bathing
load). Generally full Olympic - 5Om x 25m or Half Olympic - 25m x 13m.
Teaching Pools: shallow depth for training of non swimmers (high bathing load).
Treatment Pools: special, therapeutic and hydrotherapeutic, spa and hot tub (high bathing load
with special problems).
Paddling Pools: very shallow or shelving waters for children (very high bathing load presenting
special problems).
Diving Pools: alongside competition pools (low bathing loads).
Domestic Pools: garden and indoor, above ground and in ground (low bathing loads - owner,
family and guests only).
SWIMMING POOL DESIGNS
Datum:
The pool shell may be set:-
- into the ground (in ground, below ground or level grade)
- on to the ground (on ground, freestanding or above ground)
- half in ground
a
Section 2 Page 1
Swimming Pool Types
POOL SHELL DESIGN
Concrete
The pool shell design can fall into 2 main circulation categories:-
1. Freeboard - Where skimmer units are provided to accept return water to the filtration system. The
freeboard (area between the surface of the water and the pool edge tile) should be a minimum
distance of 75mm up to 15Omm or more when a slatted cover or split level copings are fitted. The
skimmer should be sited to ensure the water level operates half way up the mouth of the skimmer.
2. Level Deck - This system allows for increased water circulation by providing for the pool water to
flow over the top edge of the pool into a drainage channel and then into a balance tank.
The freeboard system will tend to be simpler and less expensive to construct but is not recommended
by SPATA for large commercial pools where difficulty can be experienced in siting sufficient
skimmers to achieve correct circulation (see Volume 2).
The level deck system whilst permitting a high circulation rate, will impose on the pool engineer the
necessity of high quality workmanship as without sufficient care or experience the following problems
can 0ccur:-
1. Water overflowing at one part of the perimeter only.

Reason - Pool perimeter is not level - accuracy is paramount.
2. Surge of pool water on to pool surround.

Reason - Incorrectly sized perimeter channel/pipework and/or insufficient outlets.
3. Flooded balance tank.

Reason - Incorrectly sized balance tank.
In a static (unused) situation, water flow over the perimeter should be no less than 90% of the total
linear perimeter.
In normal operation (used) water flow must be 100%.
Page 2 Section 2
Swimming Pool Types
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Swimming Pools are water retaining structures however constructed or fabricated. They shall be
designed and installed to be capable of meeting water tightness criteria laid down in Section 2 in these
standards.
The following are methods of construction in general use:
Steel Reinforced concrete blocks or reinforced patent blockwork construction.
Cavity block wall containing reinforced concrete.
Traditional reinforced poured concrete using formwork or concrete blockwork as built in

shuttering.
0 Pneumatically placed concrete; gunite, shotcrete etc.
0 Solid block wall for liner pools.
0 Remforced liner pools (freestanding and in ground) to include timber/steel/aluminium/ glass

reinforced plastic, prefabricated and on site constructed systems.
Handpacked concrete onto reinforced steelwork mesh.
0 Fibreglass pool shells.
New methods of construction should meet the criteria laid down in these Standards.
Section 2 Page 3
Swimming Pool Types
~ DIAGRAMS- OF TYPSAL STRUCTURAL
-- - - __ FOR
- .- ~ _____
-METHOE
- POOL WALL CONSTRUCTION -
0 HOJlW
- BIDCK.-_ REINFORCEQ
7 - 3___
CONCRETE INFILL WALL.-

-
- _-
0-
~
SHUTTERED REINFORCED
.-* @ REINFORCED SPRAYED .*
___
CONCRETE
-- .WALA _CONCRETE WALL.
BRACED PANEL WALL

@ SOLID
LINER-
_
-.. -
BLOCK WALL FOR
POOL
- _L
692METAL
FOR LINER POOL .L
Page 4 Section 2
Swimming Pool Types
SPECIALIST POOLS
Equine Pools
Equine pools are for the exercise and hydrotherapy of horses. The pool shape is usually round with
either one or two sloped access ramps with a central island. Because of the usage, the maximum depth
is in the order of 3 metres.
The ramp should be padded with rubber flooring and sheeting to protect the animal and the internal
finish is usually paint due to the risk of damage from hooves. For this reason liners are not an option
and tiles are too much at risk.
e Filtration is usually medium rate with a large filter bed area. Whilst it is unusual for horses to defecate
while swimming there is a risk on entering and leaving via the ramp. Due to the make up and the large
quantity of faeces and body contaminants it is advisable to increase the size to surface skimmer baskets
in order to catch hay/straw etc. Consideration should also be given to an additional inline strainer
before pumps.
Pool water heating, if required, is as normal. Treatment control systems are to be encouraged although
operators are to be conversant with shock, hand dosing.
In treadmill pools access is usually by a ramp in, a short flat area of approximately 3 - 4 metres and a
ramp out. Depth usually being in the order of 1.5 - 2 metres. This type of pool is smaller in volume but
because of increased problem of faecal contamination due to the animal standing and not swimming
filtration and treatment systems must be oversized.
Concrete construction of the shell is necessary for Equine Pools.
Pools can be of single ring (polo) or double ring (figure 8) or straight design with ramp access and a
central handling island.
A continuous perimeter surface debris trough (variation on the traditional scum trough) circulation
system is advisable.
Particular care should be taken in siting both Flow and Return fittings to ensure these do not create a
hazard to the animal.
Internal finish should be durable, slip resistant and no sharp edges or extensions should be permitted
within the shell or immediate access areas.
Section 2 Page 5
Swimming Pool Types
.
Specialist Pools (cont ..)
Specific requirements may need to be addressed but generally water depths should fall to
approximately 3m from the ramp.
Temperatures should be within the range of 65°F- 75°F maximum.
Canine Pools
Much of the information for equine pools applies to canine pools but, of course these pools are much,
much smaller and access ramps are not necessary. Heated water is much more likely and the risk of
faecal contamination is almost nil.
Page 6 Section 2
Swimming Pool Types
SECTION 3
CONSTRUCTION AND
INSTALLATION
SPECIFICATIONS
CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A POOL SHELL
All pools shall conform to the following:
a. In ground pool shells shall be designed and constructed to meet the internal and external water
pressures, as well as withstand soil forces from additional structures or separate foundations which
may be imposed upon them. Necessary provision shall be made for hydrostatic forces (sub soil
water pTessure) whether by underfloor and general drainage, hydrostatic relief valve, mass
concrete, pool side sump well or a combination of all or some of these methods.
9
b. Design provision shall help protect an outdoor pool shell, fixtures and fittings against frost. It must
be appreciated that correct wintensing procedure is necessary to prevent frost damage. The
contractor should instruct the client as to the method of winterisation he recommends for his type
I
of pool.
c. Freestanding pools shall be designed and constructed to withstand internal forces placed upon the
shell.
TOLERANCES TO POOL DIMENSIONS
Except where dimensions are laid down by international (FINA) or national (ASA) competitive
i swimming authority, the following shall be the maximum construction tolerances in accordance with
BS5606:1990 and BS5385 Part 4.
Deviation for 15m of length or width + 25mm

-
0.75111water depth + 25mm
-
(.. 1SOm water depth -+ 4omm
3.OOm water depth + 5omm
-
15m measure across levels + lomm
-
See also diagrams in Section 5 covering diving and sliding.
Section 3 Page 1
Construction and Installation Specifications
WATER TIGHTNESS
The maximum drop in water level over a period of seven days excluding evaporation losses shall not
exceed 12mm. This tolerance is the minimum standard accepted by SPATA, but where other tolerances
are laid down they shall be clearly stated in the specifications.The structure shall be acceptable for
water tightness providing losses do not exceed this rate. Additional allowance shall be made for losses
due to evaporation, when regard shall be paid to the amount of bathing activity, the temperature and
humidity throughout the test period. In the case of outdoor pools, degree of exposure of the site to wind
and sunshine should also be taken into account.
Note: 5OOmm of pool water evaporates from an average outdoor site every year: winter evaporation
rankes from 0 to lOmm per month; spring and autumn from 10 to 6Ommper month; and
summer 60 to 95mm for unheated open water, a seven day average evaporation varies from
0 to 2Omm based upon the following monthly rates (Kew, London):
Jan. Omm Apr. 6Omm Jul. 9Omm Oct. 15mm

Feb. lOmm I May. 85mm Aug. 7Omm Nov. 5mm
Mar. 3Omm Jun. 94mm Sep. 4Omm Dec. Omm
BS8007 states that the tank be constructed to hold water without the lining.
BS8110 states that tanking is provided by rendering throughout with a waterproof agent.
W U B Test
This test can be applied to confirm whether or not the tank is leaking. Fill a washing up bowl with pool
water and float on the pool water. Mark both the pool wall and the bowl to indicate the level of water.
At the end of 24 hours examine the water loss. If evaporation is the cause then the pool and bowl will
have lost the same amount of water.
I
Visible leaks
The water loss described above is on the assumption that the pool shell is in the ground and that all
the flow control pipes are underground. Where pipework or the pool shell is exposed, say where
there is an undercroft, obvious running leaks do not fall within this recommendation and must be
stemmed.'
Page 2 Section 3
BALANCE TANKS AND LEVEL DECK SYSTEMS
Because of the nature of water, correct operation of a level deck system depends on accuracy. The
surge channel at the perimeter must be constructed level. 2 2mrn is the maximum tolerance on a 25m
length pool. Any greater will be inviting problems during pool use with water surge beyond the
capacity of the surge channel at lower points.
The channel itself should be designed and sized to accept the top circulation ratio together with
calculated surge and an additional safety percentage. The outlets from ths channel must also be of
sufficient size and number to ensure that water can pass through to the balance tank at these rates.
(See Volume 2).
A safety measure of incorporating additional outlets above the balance tank can be incorporated.
The balance tank itself should be constructed to the same strengths as the pool and finished with a
water resistant screed or water proof lining with consideration to future maintenance and cleaning.
It is advisable that the tank is the same depth as the deepest end of the pool as a shallow tank can, when
at low level, cause entry of air to the circulation system.
e
Section 3 Page 3
~~
Page 4 Section 3
e
e SECTION 4
POOL SHELLS
POOL SHELLS
CONSTRUCTION - (DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)
The choice of construction methods and the specification of materials associated with the build up of
finishes to swimming pools and ancillary areas is wide and varied, however the goals to be achieved
for a successful swimming facility are:
1. Safety inuse
2. Long performance of finishes
3. Technical performance of a specialist facility
4. Aesthetic appearance
A swimming pool complex will generally consist of a mix of different areas each of which, due to their
usage, will require the careful consideration of different design and performance criteria if, in arriving
at the eventual construction specification,the above mentioned goals are to be achieved.
The typical swimming pool complex will be made up of areashsages utilising tiled surfaces which will
fall into the following generic categories:
a. Water Retaining Structureshersed Surfaces

b. Wet Trafficked Areas
c. Dry Traffkked Areas
The actual mix of area usages and the extent of each will be a direct response to the type of facility to
be designed.
Pools can vary from simple water retaining tanks to complex combinations of different water area types
and experiences and these standards offer guidance on the construction techniques most commonly
used to cover requirements.
The normal methods of construction are:
- Reinforced concrete blocks

- Cavity wall construction containing reinforced concrete or reinforced patent blockwork which
when rendered becomes part of the watertight construction
- Reinforced poured concrete using formwork or blockwork as the shuttering
- Pneumatically placed concrete either wet mix or dry mix (Shotcrete, Gunite)
Section 4 Page 1
Pool Shells
Construction (cont...)
Whichever method is used it is essential that the type of pool and the finish is known at the design
stage e.g.:
- Competition pool
- Activity pool
- Of freeboard or deck level design
- Tiled finish - type, size and thickness
- Mosaic finish - type, size and thickness
- Direct or indirect fixing
- Suspended pool tanks
- Any other relevant consideration
a
Special consideration must be given for deck level types of pools and particular attention must be given
to:
- size of ovefflow channel and finish
- width of beach area
- type of beach area
- the avoidance of cut tiles
Note: Structural movement joints within the pool shell should be avoided ifpossible unless there are
overriding reasons.
It is also important to know at the outset if timing pads will be used as this needs to be taken into
account in order to establish the actual size of the pool tank to be constructed.
0
Consideration should be given at this stage to the usage of the pool and to any feature or equipment to
be incorporated into the pool such as:
- moveable floors
- booms
- starterblocks
- water features
- heated benches
- bubble seats and communal seats
- aqua sports, gymnasium and sports equipment, eg polo, canoeing, aqua and sub aqua equipment
- ground supported or suspended shell
Page 2 Section 4
Pool Shells
Construction (cont ...)
Other items that need to be taken into account are:
- Recessed rest ledges

- Types of pool ladders
- recessed into pool tank
- built in and tiled
- Starting platform upstands
- Automatic covers
- Counter current units
- Lighting etc.
CONCRETE (freestanding and in ground)
The following standard, codes and recommendations are useful reference:
- BS8 110 Design of concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids

- BS8007 Part1 1985
- CPllO The structural use of concrete
- Code of Practice for the spraying of concrete by the dry process otherwise known as
Gunite or Shotcrete. (Sprayed Concrete Association).
- Cement and Concrete Association construction booklet Concrete Swimming Pools
(ISBN 0 7210 1265 5).
Summarised, the major points are:-
1. The importance of restraining cracking to avoid leakages.
2. Adequate reinforcement in sections where tension may occur i.e. at the bottom of the stem and at
the corners. Tensile stresses due to direct tensile forces and those due to bending must be designed
for. The reinforcement must extend well beyond where it is required to resist the tensile stresses,
particularly the face in contact with the water.
Section 4 Page 3
Pool Shells
Concrete (cont.. .)
The design should consider the cases where the structure is full of liquid and when it is empty.
Since the passive resistance of the earth is never certain, it should be ignored when designing the
structure when it is full of liquid.
When filling for the first time, it should be done slowly. Slow filling permits stress re-distributions
to occur which will greatly reduce the extent of cracking. British Standards recommend 75Omm
per day. Emptying should be at the same rate.
In members up to 2oOmm thick reinforcement should be placed near the surface of the concrete in
the tension side, but the minimum cover should not be less than 4Omm. Up to 2OOmm thick the
main reinforcement should be one layer in thickness. Above 20Omm thick the main reinforcement
should be equally divided so that there is a layer adjacent to each face, crack reinforcement should
be in both faces (ie if mesh is used, the horizontal members will resist cracking).
Members of SPATA shall conform to the following Standards for concrete pools when submitting
quotations:
a. The specification shall be drawn in accordance with recognised Codes of Civil Engineering and
Building Practice. (BS8 110 or BS8007)
b. Design calculations and structural drawings prepared by a qualified structural engineer shall be
available to the client on his request at a commercial charge.
c. All works shall be supervised and carried out by the contractor in accordance with recognised
good civil engineering and building practice.
d. Recommendations as far as design, workmanship and materials of the appropriate British

Standards Institution’s Code of Practice shall be observed at all times.
e. All pool shells shall conform to basic requirements as stated in Section 2.
f. All pool shells shall have an adequate underpool drainage system constructed, dependent on soil
conditions likely to occur.
g. Pool shells must not be sited where damage to the footings of existing buildings could occur; nor
must they be located near to any trees where roots might disturb the structure.
Page 4 Section 4
Pool Shells
Concrete (cont ...)
h. Excavations shall be carried out to a high degree of accuracy with hand trimming as necessary.
1. All pool fittings (skimmers, inlets, outlets, underwater lights etc) shall be installed in accordance
with manufacturers instructions. All pipework must be installed and secured against possible
movement so that settlement cannot take place.
1. Areas of overdig shall be brought back to correct levels using dry lean concrete to avoid possible
subsidence.
k. Backfilling must be carried out with 25mm down rejects, or fine pea gravel or similar, to provide
free draining backfill with no possibility of settlement. Spoil should not be used.
1. Where a diving board is to be fitted, the floor profile shall conform to the Cage of Safety minimum
diving depths (see section 5 ) .
m. All works shall be undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the Health and Safety At Work
etc. Act 1984 (See Section 7).
Where reinforced concrete pool shells are required to be built in accordance with BS8007: 1987, this
requirement is usually limited to commercial pools or those where absolute water tightness is of
paramount importance (e.g. where the pool is installed above or immediately adjacent to other
habitable accommodation).
Whilst this standard of construction may be desirable in certain installations compliance can be very
costly and unnecessary in the case of the majority of smaller pools.
In such cases a reinforced concrete pool shell will be deemed to comply with SPATA Standards
provided that:-
a. It can be shown by calculation to be stable in both the full and empty condition.
b. It is capable of withstanding the normal stresses arising from seasonal changes, soil movement or
the superimposed loads created by enclosing or adjacent structures.
c. Suitable precautions have been taken to prevent damage or flotation due to hydrostatic pressure.
Section 4 Page 5
Pool Shells
Concrete (cont.. .)
d. The shell is lined with a suitable material such as PVC, GRP, or waterproof cement rendering
finished in terrazzo, tile or mos&, to ensure that the water loss from the pool does not exceed the
permissible limits indicated in Section 2.
Section 2 figures 1 to 4,show various forms of pool construction which may comply with SPATA
Standards although not necessarily with BS8007.The four illustrations shown indicate commonly
employed methods of construction within the Swimming Pool Industry but should not be construed as
in any way inhibiting the development of new methods so long as they meet the above criteria.
SPRAYED CONCRETE (GUNITE/SHOTCRETE)
Wet Mix
Wet process sprayed concrete consists of a mixture of cement and aggregate, weight or volume batched
and mixed with water prior to being pumped through a hose or pipe to a discharge nozzle. High
velocity air is used to propel the mixture into position and this supply of high pressure air is introduced
at the nozzle and the resultant velocity propels the concrete into position where it is compacted by its
own momentum.
With the wet process the waterkement should be accurately controlled and with water reducing
plasticisers, waterhement ratios as low as 0.4 can be reasonably achieved.
Concrete strength requirements can be specified in a similar manner to traditional concrete although in
the wet process high strengths are usually achieved due to the cement rich characteristic. It is usual for
wet mix designs to use cement contents in the range of 350kg to 450kg per cubic metre. The resulting
cube strengths will normally be between 35N/mm2and 55N/mm2at 28 days.
Due to the high bond characteristics of sprayed concrete traditional construction joints are not
necessary and in most cases a water bar is not required. Wet sprayed concrete is a structural material
not a decorative finish. Sharp returns and fine details are not advisable but where they are specifically
required they should be clearly defined by the engineer in the specification.
Whereas tolerances of & 10 millimetres over a 3 metre length are readily attainable on plain flat
surfaces, special provisions will be required in respect of more complicated shapes or difficult
locations.
Page 6 Section 4
Pool Shells
Sprayed Concrete (cont ...)
. Where an alignment similar to traditional concrete is required it is usual for the concrete to be placed
slightly proud of the required alignment and carefully ‘sawed’ back with a timber straight edge. After
the concrete has reached its initial set a further layer is applied, aligned with a timber straight edge and
is then rubbed up with a wooden trowel. A finish similar to a normal rendered surface will be achieved.
On thin coatings trowelling is undesirable as it can disturb the impaction bond.
Dry Mix
In dry process sprayed concrete a pre determined ratio of cement and aggregate is batched and mixed
without added water. The mixture is placed in a purpose designed machine wherein it is pressurised;
and even flow of the mixed material in introduced into a high velocity air stream and conveyed through
flexible hoses to a discharge nozzle. At this nozzle a finely atomised spray of water is added to the
stream of materials in sufficient quantity to hydrate the mix and to provide the right consistency so that
the uninterrupted stream of materials can be projected at high velocity into place where the impact
compacts the material. Because water or admixtures are not required to give workability during
transporting or to achieve compaction, dry process sprayed concrete with suitable aggregates and
aggregate:cement ratio can be placed at low water: cement ratios, with no slump characteristics.
Admixtures can be introduced in powder form into the dry premix, in liquid form with the added water
at the discharge nozzle or as a separate injection at that nozzle. Steel and other fibres can be
incorporated in the pre-mix.
The technique is very flexible, capable of wide variation in throughput, able to handle virtually all
types of cement and a wide variety of conventional and lightweight aggregates. Aggregate sizes up to
lOmm and sometimes 2Omm maximum size can be used but there is normally no advantage in using
material over 1Omm.
The range of aggregate:cement ratio mixes that can be sprayed is limited and the range used is typical
3.5:1 to 4.0: 1 by weight. Because the rebound is mainly aggregate, the placed mix will be richer in
cement than the batched premix. The performance characteristics of dry process sprayed concrete are
good density, high strength (typically 40 to 50Nmm2) and very good bond to a suitable substrate. The
intrinsic properties tend to be more variable than conventional concrete or wet process sprayed
concrete.
Section 4 Page 7
Pool Shells
Sprayed Concrete (cont ...)
Overall Design
Because the designer can achieve almost any shape, adequate plans with detailed dimensions should be
provided to ensure that the contractor can accurately assess the specifier’s requirements.
Strength
The strength of sprayed concrete should be specified as follows:
Grade Characteristic strength at 28 days

30 30N/m2
40 40N/m2
50 50N/mm2
1. The contractor should achieve the specified characteristic strength, and ensure that the gradation of
fine and coarse aggregates is such that the mix can be pumped without the occurrence of
‘bleeding’ within the pumping lines.
2. Cement. Except where otherwise specified the cement should be Ordinary Portland Cement
complying with the requirements of BS.12.
3. All cement should be fresh and after delivery should be stored in a dry area or in a purpose made
bulk silo.
4. Aggregate should consist of sharp washed sand graded in accordance with BS882 (1984). Medium
Grade is preferable. Where Medium Grade is not readily available other fine aggregates may be
employed if the contractor can demonstrate that the specification can be achieved.
5. Coarse aggregate should comply with BS882 and in general should not exceed 16mm.
6. Some aggregates, such as proprietary lightweight aggregates that can only be pumped in a high
slump condition, should not be specified without reference to the specialist contractor.
7. Water should be clean and free from harmful matter. Where tests are required they should be in
accordance with the requirements of BS3 148.
Page 8 Section 4
Pool Shells
Sprayed Concrete (cont .) ..
8. Admixtures - Plasticisers, water reducing agents and admixtures, such as accelerators, may be used
with the approval of the engineer but the method of introduction and concentration should be left
to the specialist contractor’s discretion.
9. Pumping and delivery equipment should be specifically designed for sprayed concrete work and
should be capable of delivering a continuous even flow of material to the nozzle. The equipment
shall be inspected and cleaned at least twice a day.
10. The nozzleman should be competent and experienced in such work and have a working knowledge
of concrete practice.
11. Sprayed concrete should not be placed on to a frozen substrate. It should not be placed when air
temperature falls below 3°C. It should be maintained at not less than this temperature until the final
set is achieved.
12. A proportion of sprayed concrete will rebound and measures shall be taken to prevent it from
being incorporated in the finished work. The amount of rebound will vary according to the parent
surface and the type of reinforcing.
13. In general the sprayed concrete should be cured in accordance with the recommendation set out in
BS8110 and BS8007. Where the ambient temperature exceeds 25°C or in exposed conditions
where air movement may cause a rapid drying of the concrete surface, as the spraying proceeds the
work shall be immediately protected by wet hessian or a fog spray system. In these conditions no
surface shall be exposed for longer than one hour.
14. Testing
As the material has been premixed prior to entering the system, day to day quality control shall be
by test cubes taken in accordance with BS1881, Part 108. If warranted by the size and nature of the
contract, subject to notice at tender stage, sample test panels shall be constructed incorporating
typical reinforcement to demonstrate nozzle techniques and reinforcement bond. Similar panels
should be used for routine quality control. Such test panel should be 75Omm x 75Omm x lOOmm
thick and should be sprayed in the same location and same plane as the main work. The test panels
should be marked, cured, cored and tested in compression in accordance with BS1881, Part 4.
Alternatively the properties of the sprayed concrete may be established in situ by the use of
generally approved testing methods, such as coring.
Section 4 Page 9
Pool Shells
Sprayed Concrete (Cont ...)
15. Safety
Reasonable measures shall be adopted in accordance with the requirements of the Health and
Safety at Work Act 1984 or other relevant legislation. In particular lighting, ventilation and
protective clothing shall be adequate for the safe and proper execution of the work.
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Steel calculations should be undertaken by a Qualified Structural Engineer with design to accord
with BS8110 or BS8007.
e
Main bars (vertical) and Distribution Bars (horizontal) should generally be constructed in high
yield deformed steel bar at centres no greater than 175mm according to design and care should be
taken to avoid rusty or dirty components.
Work should be undertaken by experienced steel workers, working with awareness of the Health
and Safety risks involved.
Steel mesh can be used in the base of the pool subject to design.
Wall ties and starter bars will be required in all cases.
Testing
Before curing, (provided water supplies are available), a water tightness test can be undertaken by
filling the pool to maximum capacity at a rate not exceeding 75- per 24 hours. Ideally the pool
should be left full for 7 days before slowly draining. Not only does this test the water tightness but the
procedure assists in correct curing and can be accepted as part of the required curing time.
Page 10 Section 4
Pool Shells
~~
Curing
To achieve full design strength correct curing is imperative. In accordance with British Standards
SPATA recommends a curing period no less than 6 weeks from completion of a concrete shell during
which time the surface should be allowed to dry out slowly. If water testing is not undertaken, the shell
should be wetted thoroughly for a minimum of 7 days, this wetting procedure reducing throughout the
next 3 days until no wetting is required after 10 days. The shell can then be left to dry slowly unless
very hot weather occurs when wetting should be continued at a reduced rate. Curing periods for
commercial pools should be allowed at intervals during construction as follows:-
1. Between completion of shell and renderhcreed - 6 weeks
2. Between completion of renderbcreed to tile fixing - 3 weeks
3. Between completion of tile fixing and grouting - 3 days
4. Between completion of grouting and filling - 3 weeks
VINYL LINER POOLS (In ground)
These should conform to the following construction standards and also to all Pool shell
recommendations.
a. All liner pool wall structures shall be capable of withstanding internal pressures. Should ground
0 conditions be such that they may jeopardise the pool structure when the pool Is emptied, the client
should be advised of such danger.
b. All liner pools shall have adequate ring beam, and underpool drainage; extra care must be taken to
install adequate underpool drainage in high water table areas.
c. The interior dimensions, depths, and floor profile to be very precise to ensure a well fitting wrinkle
free liner without undue stress in any area.
d. The fmal floor screed (5Omm) shall be composed of fme loam sand 6: 1 cement DAMP MIX, well
tamped, floated and trowelled to a perfect flat, smooth finish. In wet muddy conditions the floor
shall be excavated to allow approximately 75mm of 18:1 dry lean mix concrete to provide a clean
well drained consolidated floor.
Section 4 Page 11
Pool Shells
Vinyl Liner Pools (in ground) (cont .) ..
e. All walls and floor to have a perfect finish without pits or protrusions and to be smooth, all to be
thoroughly swept and vacuumed before the liner is fitted.
f. Some manufacturers advise a cushioning material between liner and structure; care must be taken
that this is expertly fitted with no jointing gaps or wrinkles, and that only cushioning materials
recommended by liner manufacturers are used.
VINYL LINER POOLS (Partially or completely out of ground)
Where an in ground liner structure is constructed above ground, or partially above ground, extra
stresses on the structure will be exerted when the pool is full, without the compensating benefit of
backfill. In these circumstances,the manufacturer or a structural engineer must give written
recommendationsto ensure the future safety of the pool.
LINER POOLS (Above ground manufactured)
Above ground manufactured pools should be erected strictly in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions.
The site must be perfectly flat and level, and care must be taken that the pool is not erected on made up
ground.
Above ground pools are not considered suitable for full or partial inground installation.
Page 12 Section 4
Pool Shells
~~ ~~~
PREFABRICATED AND FIBREGLASS POOLS
Fibreglass pools fall into 2 categories-

Prefabricated modular shells
Reinforced surface membranes
The former is a one piece shell moulding which is prefabricated in a workshop, possibly including the
flow control fittings, and then transported to site. The latter is a one piece lining, which is site applied
onto an existing pool shell.
In principle the fibreglass formulation will be, basically, the same for each but will be amended
according to the use and application of the finished article. Chemically resistant marine epoxy or
polyester resins are used with a glass filament of between 300 - 450 dm’. Gel coats for finishing
should be thixatropic to prevent sagging on vertical surfaces and to assist hand application.
Temperature plays a big part in these processes both during application and use. Ideally working
temperature for application should be between 15°C - 20°C and swimming pool water should not
exceed 3 1°C- 32°C. In both cases failure to adhere to these temperatures will result in spots of cobalt,
present in the resins, appearing on the surface in the form of a black spot. Epoxy resins are particularly
susceptible to temperature fluctuation.
In both cases the internal finish must have a uniformity of colour, be free from sharp pointed resin
spikes and where necessary have a slip resistant surface worked into the gel/top coat.
Dark colours are to be avoided as thermal shock on hot days can cause a colour variation to become
visible. Where tiles are fitted they should be applied and grouted with silicone based adhesives and
grout to minimise the problems of differential expansion.
Prefabricated Modular Shells
Multiple sections joined on site are rarely successful except where the fmal process of fibreglassing is
carried out there. Consequently one piece shells are to be recommended.
It must be clearly stated, by the manufacturer, whether the shell is free standing or requires support.
The shell design should avoid angular projections and sudden large changes of water depth.
Section 4 Page 13
Pool Shells
Prefabricated Modular Shells (cont ...)

a
During installation care must be taken to ensure that all cavities below the shell are filled and, as much
as is required by the manufacturer, support the structure. B.ackfilling the side must also reflect this but
in both cases the drainage around the pool must not be compromised and hydrostatic relief must be
fitted.
Reinforced Surface Membranes
These membranes are mainly suitable l,x the h a l finish or for the renovation of concrete pools. Due to
their inherent lack of elasticity they are not suitable for pools with highly porous floors. They do have a
great degree of flexibility and with appropriate additional reinforcement will move with minor cracks
and movement joints.
a '
As the application effectively sticks the membrane to the structure it will only be as good as that upon
which it is applied. As it will only be 2-3 mm thick it will easily be worked into corners and variations
in shape. The top edge should be either laid over the top of the wall and covered with the coping stone
or finished into a small cut recess similar to the liner lock principle.
Therefore the internal surface of the pool shell must be flat and even without ridges or indentations. It
must not have any hollow patches, which could eventually fail. These must be cut out and filled with
render or appropriate filling. Newly rendered surfaces over an area of 5mzmust cure for at least 28
days to prevent the GRP from releasing due to the cure of the render.
Once the application is finished it must be exposed to the atmosphere for sufficient time for the styrene
monomer to evaporate, usually 3-5 days in cool conditions, otherwise the pool will be contaminated.
POOL FINISHES
Render and Screeds
Rendering to Pool Walls
Rendering should only be undertaken after the shell has been fully cured and the walls have been
thoroughly dried and cleaned off. The use of a water resistant bonding agent (not polv vinvl acetate) in
accordance with BS5385 Part 2 is recommended and a curing period of 3 weeks should be allowed
before tiling or finishing works commence.
Page 14 Section 4
Pool Shells
Screeding to Pool Floors
It is recommended that immertiatelv prior to screeding the pool floor a coat of a water resistant
bonding agent is applied at 4Omm at all points using a mix proportion suitable
to ensure full compaction i.e. ktween 1:3 and 1:4.5 cement/skd. Water addition should be as low as
possible although sufficient for correct workability. All plastering and rendering should be in
accordance with BS8000/5385.
CONCRETE POOL FINISHES

I
Concrete pool shells which are not constructed under BS8007 can be made water retaining by finishing
with waterproof rendering as detailed above.
Where stress relief joints are considered absolutely necessary in construction, they must be sealed on
the water face and a'water bar provided. Full movement joints are not needed for stress relief in normal
operating conditions; stress being accommodated within the concrete. When tiles or mosaics are laid, a
compromise movement joint can be taken through the tiling bedding, and through the screed to the pool
shell surface. Construction or expansionjoints in the pool shell should always coincide with tile
movement joints. A good bond joint is essential with durable sealant.
The final surface finish can be achieved with:

a Tiling
b. Mosaics
c. Marblite (recognised finish with white cement and marble chips/dust mix for top coat rendering).
d. Paint (applied to a properly prepared surface in accordance with manufacturers instructions).
Outdoor tiling should be frost resistant. Marblite should only be used when correct water balance can
be assured to prevent pitting or staining.
ADHESIVES AND GROUT
Adhesives
All adhesives should be water resistant and cementitious or suitable organic adhesives are
recommended in accordance with BS5385. Sand and cement is only suitable if a semi-dry mix is used
in conjunction with a slurry bonding layer to the base. All adhesive should be suitable for continuous
immersion in accordance with BS5980.
Section 4 Page 15
Pool Shells
-_. .-
._ ._ . .
Adhesives and Grout (cont ...)
Tiling
All tiles and components should be fully vitrified ceran$ specifically manufactured for use in
swimming pools. Whenever outdoor tiling is specified tiles must be Class A1 or B1 in accordance with
BS643 1 Part 1 and be reasonably free from crazing, of low porosity and guaranteed by the
manufacturer as frostproof. Tiles must be solid bedded (BS5385)when fixed with adhesive.
Mosaics
I
Where full mosaic is not used a band of mosaic or frostproof tiles is recommended set around the top of
the pool shell for easier removal of grease, dirt and scum at the water level. This tiled band, usually
blue, increases the blueness of clear filtered pool water.
Either a scum band is inset at water level around the pool, or mosaics can be applied fully to pool walls
andor pool floor. Mosaics shall be properly bedded and tesserae set evenly to prevent sharp edges
being exposed. Grouting shall comply with tilig requirements.
Grout
A curing period of 3 days should be allowed following tiling and before grouting. Grout should be
selected to meet the standards required. Water resistant grout specifically recommended for continuous
immersion can be suitable in many situations but where excessively soft water is to be used or the pool
will be subjected to heavy water pressures, an Epoxy resin grout may be preferred. It should be noted
(and client should be made aware) that pool water balance is imperative to the durability of grout.
Cementitious grouts are particularly likely to be affected by poor pH control.
Marblite
A recommended Marblite mix comprises 1 to 1.5 parts white marble chippings (including 50%
proportion fines mix) with 1 part white cement: the render shall be not less than 6mm thick after
sanding to finish.
It is essential that the mixing is carried out with dry ingredients and done on a clean, dry working
surface. The mix must be blended thoroughly before adding clean water to obtain a workable
consistency.
Page 16 Section 4
Pool Shells
i @
Adhesives and Grout (cont ...)
The Marblite is applied by stainless steel or plastic float (in a similar manner to normal rendering), to
the prepared Portland render surface of the pool shell. Joints in the Marblite render (necessitated by day
to day working) should not occur over joints in the Portland render but should oversail by about 0.5m.
Mechanical sanding takes place to remove any small high spots or trowel marks and provides a more
even texture to the Marblite surface.
Sanding may take place as soon as the Marblite render has hardened sufficiently to accept such
treatment - usually a 24 hour period - but possibly slightly longer in low temperature conditions.
Pool Paints
Before application of a paint finish, the render should be cured for 28 days.
Painting swimming pools and their surrounds presents special problems. To ensure satisfactory and
troublefree coating, only materials specifically designed for pools shall be used. Manufacturers
instructions should be strictly followed.
There are three types of coatings normally used on concrete pools: chlorinated rubber, emulsion and
two pack epoxy resin. Whichever type is used, a good quality coating and reputable manufacturer with
specialised experience in pool paint is essential.
Cement type paints shall not be used as swimming pool coatings.
It is advisable to acid wash new render before painting.
Painting is generally a short term application.
Application of Paints
Manufacturers instructions vary for drying times between coats and before pool filling after painting.
A good quality original coating after careful preparation needs only a freshening top coat periodically
for maintenance. Frequency of re-coating will vary considerably according to usage and water
conditions.
0
Section 4 Page 17
Pool Shells
Repainting
Where the paint coating is unbroken and in sound condition, the pool shell surfaces shall be thoroughly
cleaned down to remove dirt and dust, and allowed to dry out thoroughly before painting. Where epoxy
coatings have been used, the original paint shall be abraded before a new coat is applied.
Where changing from one type of paint coating to another, the manufacturer of the paint intended for
use should be consulted. Inter-coat adhesion between different types of paint varies; it is often
extremely difficult and inadvisable to change from one paint to another.
Premature paint breakdown results from application of an unsuitable material or an unstable surface
resulting from inadequate preparation.
In some areas, hard water causes a deposit to form on the coating which must be removed by cleaning
with hydrochloric acid or a proprietary descaler.
Should a fibreglass pool require painting, an epoxy coating is likely to give the best results. Specialist
pool paint manufacturers should be consulted before such refurbishing painting is undertaken.
Marblite is not a suitable base for mint finishes.
LINER POOL FINISH
Installation of a PVC liner will provide necessary waterproofing, and also a decorative interior finish.
Liners are supplied custom made in one piece or if heavy duty will be site applied. They are attached to
the top of the pool into a linerlock tracking. Liners can be supplied in different colours and thicknesses.
Accuracy of measurements for liner manufacture is essential for a perfect fit.
SPATA members shall conform to the following standards and recommendations.

a. The liner thickness shall be 20 thou minimum (or .05mm).
b. The liner shall incorporate a fungicide to inhibit the growth of algae.
c. The liner fabrication shall be by high frequency welding, with all welds being over-lapped by a
minimum of 6mm. The depth of weld shall never exceed the thickness of the material used at any
point.
d. Liners are susceptible to excessive heat and manufacturers should be consulted regarding
maximum permissible water temperature (normally 85"F/3OoC)
Page 18 Section 4
Pool Shells
Liner Fitting
1. Before fitting the liner, the installer shall check the material for any damage which may have
occurred during transit.
2. Always lift the liner in its delivery box and provide some form of protection upon which to unroll
the liner (plastic sheeting is ideal).
3. If the temperature is below 10°C (50°F) wait for warmer weather, or provide some additional
heating to warm the liner.
4. Handle the liner with care, especially when lifting it into position.
5. Protect and cover sharp edges of the pool shell with masking tape.
6. Enter the pool without boots or shoes.
7. Before filling the pool with water, ensure the liner fits perfectly and is wrinkle free. Vacuum fitting
can make this simpler.
8. Any creases, particularly at the shallow end, must be smoothed out before the water reaches
lOOmm in depth.
9. Under no circumstances may a liner be dragged along the ground or snagged by the pool wall
system; there must be no stones nor sharp material under the liner.
10. Inlet, skimmer or underwater light fittings must not be cut until covered with rising water.
11. All liners should be well fitting and wrinkle free.
Section 4 Page 19
Pool Shells
Care and Maintenance of Finishes
The prime factor in correct maintenance of the internal finish of any pool is correct chemical water
balance. (See Volume 4).
Poor pH control will erode the grout and possibly even the tile glaze. Hand dosed chemicals should not
be allowed to lie on the internal finish and debris which could cause staining, rust etc. should be
removed as soon as possible. Correct water treatment together with regular vacuuming and cleansing
with a recommended specialised cleaner at water lines or other grease collection areas should be
instituted.
It should be noted that incorrect water balance can also affect pipework and equipment and emphasis,
(training, demonstration etc.) should be laid on correct maintenance and water treatment.
Liner Care
The pool must be kept full of water at all times; if emptied (providing sub soil conditions permit)
for rectification, it must be refilled immediately.
0 When emptying, check the underpool drainage system to ensure there is no water under the liner
before draining.
Use only smooth, round edged cleaning equipment recommended for liner type pools.
0 Never overheat the pool water: 30°C (85°F) is considered the maximum temperature for liners.
0 Manufacturers of GRP pools and step units also specify 30°C (85°F) as a maximum temperature
for normal life span. If temperatures above 30°C (85°F) are required consult your liner
manufacturer, when a special high temperature liner material is available.
0 Leaves must not be allowed to lie on the pool floor for a prolonged period as these could stain the
liner.
0 Do not allow the pH to drop below 7.2; a low pH will deteriorate the liner material.
Page 20 Section 4
Pool Shells
Liner Care (cont ...)
Be very careful when adding chemicals, especially large doses when the water is cold. Dry or
granular chemicals should be dissolved before adding to the pool, as lumps of chemical can bleach
the liner and cause deterioration. Never allow chemicals to be added to the water unless the filter is
operating.
On a hopper pool with steep sides, do not encourage standing on slopes, playing basket ball or
similar games. In warm water when the liner is pliable, a sudden jump can cause a wrinkle in the
liner, which will necessitate lowering the water level to correct.
Do not allow the use of boats or model boats as these can damage the liner. Flippers cause marks
which can be difficult to remove.
Never use acid cleaners, abrasive materials, or wire brushes to clean dirt from the waterline.
POOL SURROUNDS
Perimeter
The pool shell perimeter should be capped with a purpose made, non slip coping or equivalent
edging (preferably bull nosed for easy handhold) and which shall be designed to shed water away
from the pool unless there is provision for perimeter overflow return.
Upstanding pool edges

A design of a pool where there is a low change in level between coping surround and the
immediate paved deck area is not recommended. In normal circumstances, there should be at least
l m of level decking beyond the coping before such a step. Low upstands at the pool edge unless
very clearly presenting a barrier, can cause pool users, particularly children, to trip and injure
themselves.
Unless obvious steps, platforms or parapets are required for technical reasons (e.g. to house
automatic floating pool cover or act as a partitioning freestanding pool wall), any necessary change
in level shall, wherever possible, be graded or radiussed off. Where this is not possible, the change
in level shall be clearly indicated or marked or coloured.
Section 4 Page 21
Pool Shells
Pool Surrounds (cont ...)
Surrounds
Paving, decking or tiling surrounds for swimming pools shall be non slip and laid to drain water
away from the pool at a gradient of no steeper than 1:35. Adequate drainage provision to waste is
required for covered pools.
Adequate paved area for domestic pools shall be provided around the entry point and the diving
board. It is recommended that paved areas for pools shall be in accordance with the general layout
and requirements dictated by different bathing loads and uses; for example, public open air pools
may require 3 or 4 times the pool water area for paved surround, while public indoor pools may be
suitable provided with a minimum 2m walkway. Where entrance from changing rooms leads
directly to the deep end of a commercial pool, protective balustrading is recommended to prevent
accidental falling into the pool.
IMPORTANT NOTE: EVERYCONSIDERATION SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE DESIGN OF THE POOL

PERIMETER AND POOL SURROUND SO AS TO PRESENT NO HAZARD.ADEQUATE
SIGNAGE WCLUDING PROHIBlTION OF DIVING, RUNNING ETC. SHOULD BE
PROVIDED. WATER DEPTHS SHOULD BE INDICATED.
0 PoolSteps
Where integral access steps are formed either internally or externally to the pool shell, the treads
should be of uniform height (not exceeding 30Omm) and width (not less than 2OOmm). Tread
surfaces should be finished with a non slip finish and each tread should have a contrasting/defmed
edge with no sharp edges or protrusions.
SWIMMING POOL KITS
SPATA Standards for the construction of swimming pools, and the supply and installation of filtration,
heating, ancillary equipment and buildings, shall also apply to swimming pools supplied in kit form.
The kit supplied shall be of good quality and fit for the purpose for which it is sold. The supplier shall
issue to the installer a comprehensive instruction manual for the assembly and building of the kit. There
shall also be notice of the supplier’s limitation of legal liability (if any).
Page 22 Section 4
Pool Shells
Swimming Pool Kits (cont .) ..

Self build pool kits approved by SPATA shall provide a specification and suitable drawings to illustrate
the method of construction or assembly, recommended building materials, filtration plant and
accessories, all meeting the objectives of SPATA Standards.
Swimming pools built from kits, or supplied as prefabricated liner pools or unit GRP pools, should
comply with SPATA Standards, except insofar as the supplier has no control over the installation.
Kit Components
The following components shall be regarded as normal requirements to be included in the quotation by
SPATA members for all pool kits.
Filter pump and motor with pool pipework and valves suitably sized for the pool capacity and the
system’s head pressure in accordance with the SPATA Filtration Standards.
Skimmer weir(s), Main drain(s), outlet and flow inlet(s), the size and number in accordance with
design criteria for the filter and pool.
Pool shell components or building provisions/instructions.
Coping stone or equivalent pool edging.
A basic supply of chemicals, pool cleaning and pool care equipment.
Provision for access into the pool by ladder or steps.
Instruction books of the filter, all ancillary equipment and chemical dosing requirements.
Section 4 Page 23
Pool Shells
Page 24 Section 4
Pool Shells
e SECTION 5
DIVING AND SLIDE
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA
e
DIVING AND SLIDE CRITERIA
Readers are advised to consult the IsRh4 publication ‘Diving in Swimming Pools’ and Volume 2 of
these standards, in conjunction with these notes.
0 In the interests of safety, it is recommended by SPATA that the profile drawings set out in
Cage of Safety diagram, be accepted by the prospective client.
Diving equipment shall be installed and used only in accordance with the criteria set out in
these Standards and as specified by the various international and national authorities.
0 There shall be no underwater protrusions, extensions, means of entanglement or other obstructions
that can entrap a bather.
0 In commercial pools where there is no specific diving pool, any area with a water depth of less
than 1.5m should be isolated by means of removable floatlbamiers.
Note. Whilst these recommendations impose no legal liability whatsoever upon the prospective
installing contractor, any departure from these recommendations must be on the clients
specific written instructions and accepted entirely at the clients own risk.
IMPORTANT: STANDARDS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED FOR YOUR PROTECTION

AS WELL AS FOR YOUR CLIENT’S SAFETY.
Categories of Diving for Swimming Pools
Category 1 0.5 metre semi rigid diving board for domestic pools (see ‘Cage of Safety’
diagram)
Category 2 0.5 metre semi rigid diving board for smaller public pools (hotels, clubs, schools,
holiday camps)
Category 3 1.O metre semi rigid diving board for smaller public pools (hotels, clubs,
OR schools, camps)
1.O metre rigid diving platform
Category 4 1.O metre spring board for all pools from private to public -but
Because of demanding minimum standards
It is usually impractical in private pools on
grounds of cost
Category 5 All spring boards and diving for installation only in senior sports clubs and
Platforms above 1.Omin height public authority pools - and in most cases, only
on a separate diving pool within the complex
Section 5 Page 1
Diving and Slide Equipment Criteria
MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF THE

-CAGE OF SAFETY-
FOR THE APPROPRIATE CATEGORY OF DIVING
I SECTION A-A
--- .-.A- - ._. - . . . B.-.--
Page 2 Section 5
Categories of Diving for Swimming Pools (cont ...)
Minimum recommended water depth at deepest point within the ‘Cage of Safety’ for the pool:
Category 1 - 2.13m (7ftOin)
Category2 - 2.44m (Sft Oh)
Category3 - 2.59m (Sft 6in)
Category4 - 3.0Om (9ft 10 Yi in)
Category5 - As per ASA Regulations for each board (3m spring, and 5 and 1Om
Diving platforms)
All the following measurements for the respective ‘Cage of Safety’ are based on diving taking place
ONLY from the respective diving board.
Cage of Safety
The ‘Cage of Safety’ is an area of water of sufficient size and depth within the deep end of a pool of
minimum dimensions that allows normal deck level diving with safety. Irrespective of the shape or
profile of the pool, the ‘Cage of Safety’ shall be maintained.
Slide Safety Requirements (for slides not exceeding 2m in height)
For slides exceeding 2m in height refer to BS1069.1996
0 ‘A’ dimension shall be the height of slide above the deck or ground on which the slide rests.
0 0 ‘B’ dimension is the distance that the minimum depth of water shall be maintained. This distance
shall be equal to one and one half times the height of the slide (B=l.SxA).
‘C’ dimension is the minimum distance of water that shall be maintained in front of the end of the
slide. This distance shall be equal to two times the height of the slide. (C=2xA).
0 ‘D’ dimension is the minimum depth of water.
As the angle of incidence of the slide is critical
this must be a variable.
0 Additional study is being made of the required
minimum depth and therefore no Standard is laid
down at this time. It is recommended that the
manufacturers advice be sought on this and that
advice adhered to.
Section 5 Page 3
~ ~ ~~~
Water Depth Markings
Pool depths of water shall be correctly, clearly and conspicuously marked in metric units.
0 Metric measurements shall be marked for 1 place of decimals. Water depths below 1.Om shall
show a zero before the decimal point.
0 Except for depths of less than 1.Om,

where the markings may need to be more frequent, the depth
of water shall be marked at each end of the pool; at sudden changes of depth, and elsewhere at
each increase of 0.3m.
0 The additional use of symbols, words or other methods of indicating depths, providing the
meaning is clear and conspicuous.
DIVING SAFETY REQUIREMENTS PUBLIC POOLS -

Information Notes
TUS recommend no diving shall be permitted in public swimming pools. Separate diving pits
should be provided for diving activity.
0 In public pools where diving facilities already exist, provision should be made to allow only one
activity to take place at a time.
Diving Equipment - Fixed Board and Spring Board
Commercial
Competition pools - diving equipment shall be in accordance with the Standards laid down by
ASA and FINA.
0 Public pools - diving equipment shall be installed in public pools in accordance with the
requirements of TUS.
0 Teaching pools - no diving equipment permitted.
0 Domestic pools - diving equipment and slides shall be designed and installed in accordance with
the diagrams from Section 5 (Cage of Safety and Slide).
Page 4 Section 5
Diving Safety Requirements - Public Pools

COMPETITION DIVING POOL MINIMUM DIMENSIONS
ASA recommendations per " U S DATA sheet
This drawing is extracted fiom the Sports Council,

TUS Bulletin 1, Public Indoor Swimming Pools including L ' k
e- c -I --- --A--- -- _._
3-
+j:L *".
I
TUS Data Sheet 4 with amendments from TUS handbook. B
0 A f0.1 metre tolerance is permissible on nominal board height.

All dimensions should relate to a central point at the fiont end
of the diving board(s).
0 The tabled depth should be maintnined inside the dotted area on -.+p.*
0 the plan and the floor may be sloped outside the dotted area at a
8
maximum 30' degree angle. The floor should not be sloped

towards the board end of the pool.
Designers should consider the current standards specifiedby
FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur) if the
pool is to be used for Natiordhternational standard events. k
Spring boards Fired boards

m m m m
A Board height above water 1.0 3.0 5.0 10.0
' B Clearance forward 7.5 9.0 10.25 13.5
C Clearance sides 2.5 3.5 3.8 4.5
D Clearancebehind 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.5
E Centre of adjoining board 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
F Clearance overhead 4.6 4.6 3.0 3.4
G Depth of water at plummet 3.0 3.5 3.8 4.5
I H Depthmaintainedforward 5.3 6.0 6.0 10.5
I Depth maintainedat sides 2.2 2.7 3.0 3.0
J Distance in front of plummet
over which Height F is maintained 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 -
K Distance to each side of and behind

plummet over which height F is
maintained 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75
L Length of board 4.8 4.8 5.0 6.0
M Width of board 0.5 0.5 2.0 2.0
Consider ASA variable profiles for fixed diving boards.
Section 5 Page 5
Enclosed Pool Clearances
There shall be no obstruction extending from the wall or the floor into the clear area of the diving or
sliding portion of the pool. There shall be an unobstructed clearance in the case of recreational diving
boards of 3m above the board. This area shall extend at least 2.5m behind, 2.5m to each side, and 5m
ahead.
Public pools with diving facilities exceeding 3m in height, or pools designed for high platform diving,
shall comply with international and national dimensions (see ASA and FINA regulations and TUS
recommendations).
SAFETY IS THE PRIORITY
Leisure activities can be dangerous.
The swimming pool area must be designed to suit the use or activity, especially where recreational
diving and sliding is involved. Pools for the general public must be supervised: strict design standards
apply to competitive diving, activity accessories such as sliding or fluming and wave making, and to
hygiene controls.
Although modern design of facilities may be highly satisfactory, it is nearly always the misuse of
equipment and provisions that causes accidents.
It is the responsibility of the pool owner or pool management to prevent accidents by appropriate
planning and by providing effective supervision at all times. Pools when not in use need to be securely
locked.
Refer also to the relevant sections of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act Volume 2.
Page 6 Section 5
SECTION 6
ASSOCIATED
BUILDING WORKS
ASSOCIATED BUILDING WORKS
Correct siting of the plant room can reduce installation costs and promote ease of future maintenance.
Ideally the plant room design should meet the following criteria:-
1. As near to the pool as possible. A level deck pool with a balance tank is most economical and
efficient with a plant room near to the deep end so that the balance tank lies between the pool and
plant room.
2. Of sufficient size and height to enable plant to be fitted with good access for maintenance.
3. Sufficient access should be provided for future plant replacement and siting of equipment within
the plant room should bear this in mind.
4. Ease of access for chemicals.
Note: A separate chemical store is advisable and this should be sited to ensure ease of
chemical delivery together with necessary ventilation.
5. In commercial plant rooms it may be prudent to install an automatic sump pump to a central drain
for emergency purposes and cleaning.
6. The plant room should be selected wherever possible to permit a flooded suction to the pumps. A
mains water tap should be incorporated but note should be made that regular use is required to
ensure water is not contaminated.
7. Sufficient ventilation should be provided for equipment and staff.
8. Noise attenuation should be addressed and adequate lighting provided..
9. Wherever possible pipework should be accessible for inspection.
Section 6 Page 1
Associated Building Works
~
PLANT ROOM SPACE REQUIREMENT
Frequently insufficient space is allowed for the plant room area. The equipment necessary to deal
with the requirements of an indoor pool is considerable - pumps, filters, boilers, air handling units etc.
Sufficient space must be provided for all the equipment together with adequate space for service and
maintenance.
If the plant room is to be used as a plenum chamber for the pool hall air i.e. the pool hall air is drawn
into and through the plant room, then the plant room must be thermally insulated to the same high
standards as the main pool hall. In addition, only fuel boilers fitted with a balanced or double flue, as
opposed to a conventional flue, can be positioned within the same area. Care must also be taken with
the storage and use of chemicals.
The plant room equipment will obviously produce a level of noise during operation. Consideration
must be given to potential noise and vibration transfer. For example, the plant room should not be
located near to bedrooms and should ideally be positioned away from occupied areas. Be aware that
vibration can also be transmitted through walls, ceilings and ducting. Some noise will invariably be
transferred into the pool hall area, how intrusive this will prove is dependent largely on the acoustics of
the pool hall.
POOL HALLS
Design
0 High insulated value

0 Double glazing - triple glazing or Low y glass preferred
0 Avoid roof lights if possible - particularly the recessed type
0 Where possible windows should be flush with inner surface and not recessed
0 Glazed frames should incorporate a thermal break
0 Avoid cold bridging by structural members (steel or concrete)
Incorporate suitable vapour barriers where appropriate (polythene is not generally considered
adequate for a corrosive atmosphere).
Because of the aggressive nature of air within a pool hall, it has specific hazards. Primarily, these are
condensation from the humidity created by the pool and chemical attack which can easily be under-
estimated. The hall must also provide adequate lighting, sound-proofing and cater for not only heat
loss but solar gain. The latter factors are dealt with in more detail in Volume 2 (Heating and
Dehumidification)but the design of the pool hall and selection of internal finishes can assist in control
of this problem to a great extent.
Page 2 Section 6
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
Building Structure Interior Finishes
The selection of materials used for indoor swimming pools is critical as they are continuously exposed
to higher levels of moisture than in other interior applications.
In rare cases, for instance in the event of a power cut or if the environmental control equipment is being
serviced, the interior fabrics may be exposed to saturated air.
The interior fabrics used must therefore be able to resist excessively humid conditions over a short
period of time without deteriorating.
As a rule the materials used for internal finishes should be of the same specification as these used for
exterior use. For instance plaster, plasterboard and artex finishes are unsuitable due to their
hydroscopic nature, whereas waterproof render, tiling and treated timber are far more suitable finishes.
Any timber used must be conditioned for use in damp areas or, if kiln dry timber is used, allowance
must be made for expansion under pool hall conditions.
Paint While reasonably economical, paint, with the exception of chlorinated rubber paint, is not
particularly suitable. An emulsion type paint will not withstand the chemical attack or
humidity of the atmosphere. A gloss type paint, being impermeable, will attract condensation
causing damage not only to the base material but to any adjoining surface.
Glass can be hazardous, and particular care should be taken on siting this away from possible
danger areas. Overglazing can cause condensation, heat loss and solar gain. All can be
controlled to some extent but in particularly extreme climate, either a harsh winter or hot
summer, the cost of this is prohibitive and the unit provided for normal day to day use may not
be able to cope.
The reflective nature of glass should also be taken into account during design. Good vision is necessary
for safety and teachers, divers and swimmers may all experience problems if the design of the glass
allows sunlight to obscure vision.
Where incorporated, it is advisable to ensure double or even triple glazing is used.
Section 6 Page 3
I Associated Building Works
Building Structure Interior Finishes (cont .) ..
Tiles Fully vitrified ceramics and water resistant adhesive and grout as fixed within the pool shell
are ideal and patterns, smooth finishes, designs etc. are virtually unlimited.
Brick Modem bricks are attractive and have a porosity that allows them to absorb moisture when the
atmosphere is humid and release it back into a dry atmosphere - to breathe.
Dependent on the brick used, they can be economical, they are also virtually maintenance free,
quickly and easily constructed, hardwearing and virtually vandalproof. They can also be
incorporated well into a design using glass, timber or tile.
Timber All timber used in the building must be adequately treated with wood preservative and both
design and workmanship should ensure that no interstitial condensation can occur. A good
hard wood or pine is recommended.
The British Standards Institution have 3 codes covering the uses of timber in swimming pools:
BS1204 - part 1 covers Synthetic resin additives for wood

BS5268 - part 5 covers The structural use of timber - preservative treatments for
contractual timber
BS5598 - covers The preservation of timber
All these should be taken into account.
Columns, beams and portal frames can be solid laminated or box members. If laminated or
box structure the adhesive should be WPD/GF (weather and boil proof gap filling) in
accordance with BS1204 Part 1.
e
Varnish on laminated beams and columns is effective and pleasing but it is probably best to
avoid the very hard types such as polyurethenes which will again attract condensation.
Exterior stain finishes are more permeable than paint and less prone to blistering and peeling
than varnish but they are also less resistant to abrasion.
Two final points to bear in mind when considering maintenance of internal pool hall finishes are:-
1. The pool should be covered when not in use. This will not only reduce condensation but will save
energy and reduce running costs of the heating and dehumidification system.
2. The heating and dehumidification system when designed should be able to cope with the particular
design features. One of the most important aspects is the incorporation of glass. A glass roof or a
high proportion of glass windows/walls will, although achieving a pleasing finish and possibly an
easily maintained internal surface, increase the running costs considerably. e
Page 4 Section 6
~~ ~~
Building Structural Insulation
Pool halls are normally maintained at temperatures significantly higher than those normally
experienced in domestic dwellings. Therefore, in order to conserve energy and light condensation, it is
important to ensure that the structure is insulated to a level which is at least equal to or greater than the
current building regulations.
The roof/ceiling should have at least 15Omm of glass fibre insulation or equivalent.
0 All cavity walls should have insulation between the two skins.
0 All glazing should be at least double glazed. Ideally triple glazed should be used, but the capital
cost often proves prohibitive. Internal doors and windows should also be well sealed to prevent the
pool hall air migrating into the adjoining areas.
0 The building should be well sealed to prevent cold air seeping through gaps around doors and
windows etc.
Although the overall structure may be well insulated and thus condensation free, there can be points
where structural members such as lintels or RSJ’s cause cold bridging, resulting in localised
condensation forming on the interior of the fabric. When designing the structure, this can be averted by
adding additional insulation and vapour sealing to problematic areas.
Pool Hall Roof Vapour Barrier
To prevent the moisture in the pool hall air from penetrating through the ceiling insulation and
condensing in the cold sectors of the roof, provision must be made for the inclusion of an effective
vapour barrier.
Notes:
1. A material that is waterproof is not necessarily vapour (gas) proof
2. The method of installation should ensure that the vapour seal is complete and secure
3. Care should be taken to ensure that individual trades do not penetrate the vapour barrier with
fixings etc.
4. If using pre-assembled insulation sheeting already fitted with an approved vapour barrier, it is
essential that the joints between the separate panels are also completely vapour sealed and
insulated.
0
Section 6 Page 5
~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~
Pool Hall Roof Vapour Barrier (cont .) ..

In practice no vapour barrier will be totally effective as a small amount of moisture can still be passed
through the insulation to cooler areas of the roof. It is therefore essential to provide space above the
insulation which can breathe to the ambient air,allowing the moisture to escape and not concentrate.
Pitched roofs must have ventilation provision (building regulations). Flat roofs can either have
breathers in flat surfaces or ventilation through the edges.
This will ensure that the insulation remains dry and effective and that the roof structures will not be
subject to condensation and mould growth etc.
Pool Hall Air Migration

a
Ideally, there should be a pressure differential between the pool hall and any adjoining areas to help
prevent the pool hall air from migrating into these areas.
Cold Bridging
Although the structure may be well insulated, there may be areas where structural members such as
Lintels, RSJ supports etc. create a direct bridge from outside. A ‘cold bridge’ will expose a cold
internal surface to the pool hall air and result in condensation. In the building design this can be averted
with the use of insulation and a vapour check.
e
Floor Drainage Channel
A saturated pool surround can contribute as much moisture to the pool hall atmosphere as the pool
itself. A drainage channel installed in the pool surround with correct falls will ensure that this surface
water runs away as quickly as possible.
Roof Lights
The use of roof light glazing is discouraged as they can often become a trap for localised condensation.
In addition, it is difficult to provide a good seal between the vapour barrier and the roof light, making
the surrounding areas vulnerable to condensation.
e
Page 6 Section 6
Roof Lights (cont ...)
If roof lights are required it is strongly recommended that they be triple glazed with thermal breaks in
the frames.
If twin or triple polycarbonate sheeting is to be used, condensation can be expected during the winter
months. Care should be taken to ensure that the edging of the sheets are properly sealed. The very high
levels of solar gain that such materials can produce should also be considered.
Stretched Ceilings
A plastic stretched type ceiling offers a number of benefits and provides an excellent vapour barrier.
However such ceilings are prone to movement in level when exposed to the normal air pressure
differentials which a typical ventilation system may be expected to produce. Therefore:
If any cables or lights are incorporated within the ceiling, due allowance should be made for
movement in the length of the cables.
The roof structure behind the stretched ceiling should be at a sufficient distance from the ceiling to
ensure that the two do not come into contact should the ceiling level move upwards.
0 The fixing supporting the ceiling should be sufficiently strong to cope with any pressure load
which the ventilation system may place upon the area of the ceiling.
Glazing
The majority of indoor pools are fitted with full height patio doors, which are generally the most
vulnerable points for condensation.
Even if the pool hall environment is correctly controlled some surface condensation can still be
anticipated on double glazing during the coldest winter months. (See enclosed condensation prediction
graph). If this is not acceptable the use of triple glazing should be advised.
Due to the comparatively poor thermal insulation value of glass, the overall heating costs for the
project will largely depend on the amount of glazing within the design.
0
Section 6 Page 7
..
Glazing (cont .)
In order to minimise surface condensation and to make the most effective use of the warm air curtain
effect from the ducting channel, the following points should be noted:
All glazing used in swimming pools should consist of sealed double glazing units and not
secondary glazing added to existing single glazing.
The window frames should not be made of soft wood, but aluminium or ideally PVC which will
not be affected by condensation from the glass.
All window frames MUST be fitted with thermal breaks.
In order to maximise the effect of a warm air curtain and minimise condensation, the glazing
should ideally be level with the inside surface of the walls.
The use of Georgian style double glazing should be discouraged as the design of the frames can
prevent the warm air curtain effectively reaching the actual glazing.
Recessed windows of any description should be avoided as it is difficult to acheve effective air
distribution into the recessed area resulting in increased condensation.
With sliding patio doors the seal should be air tight, as cold air entering through gaps in the seal is
often the cause of condensation on the glass.
It is recommended that any external glazing positioned in close proximity to a spa should be triple
glazed due to high localised humidity levels in such areas.
Fully glazed conservatory type enclosures are often an attractive, convenient and comparatively
inexpensive alternative to a conventional construction.
However, consideration must be given to the characteristicsof such an enclosure.
0 During the summer period, due to the considerable effects of solar gain, these structures tend to
overheat and become uncomfortably warm if not effectively cooled through ventilation.
0 During the winter period the high heat loss through the glazing will be reflected in the heating
costs of the enclosure. Therefore the requirement for the use of a pool surface cover is enhanced.
Page 8 Section 6
Glazing (cont ...)
0 Surface condensation is often more apparent on the glazing during cold weather, due to the
difficulties involved in covering such a large area of glass with a curtain of air from the ducting
channel.
0 The roofing materials will also be particularly prone to condensation under such conditions.
0 Increased condensation can be anticipated on the window frames of some enclosures as they are
often not fitted with thermal breaks.
0 Cold bridging through the main supporting structure of some enclosures may also result in
condensation.
0 Increased heat loss and condensation can also be experienced as a result of the difficulties involved
in completely sealing some enclosures.
The design of the roof can assist the preservation of the internal finishes and requires careful attention.
A flat roof will be the most prone to problems due to the impervious nature of the weathering of the
multi-fit. It is therefore essential to have an effective vapour barrier as near to the inside surface as
possible and sufficient insulation to prevent the dew point temperature being reached in very cold
weather.
Alternatively, a ventilated plenum purged with warm dry air can be used, preferably in conjunction
with the dehumidificationand heating system.
Heated roofs provide for better control of problems but if of cold roof design (i.e. with insulation at the
ceiling level), it is important to pay attention to the vapour barrier layer. Any holes or loose laps will
make this ineffective.
The most common roofs are flat or low pitched roofs but unfortunately, this can create greater design
problems. They should never be of a cold roof design unless sufficient insulation is provided in the
void above.
Section 6 Page 9
..
Roof (cont .)
It is very difficult to ensure natural ventilation in a roof of this type and this is aggravated by the needs
to incorporate cavity fire barriers.
The design is preferably the warm roof with insulation placed immediately under the roof covering and
over the decking. A vapour barrier is essential - as near to the warmer face as possible and care should
be taken that the dew point be kept above the vapour barrier.
Windows, Doors, Skirtings etc
With all these excessive decay may occur due to the condensation problem and several elementary
safeguards should be taken as the preservatives which will prevent decay may not necessarily
overcome the other effects.
Glazing should be external using beads and a non setting mastic.
All areas around window frames, doors etc. should be sealed with non setting mastic in a joint not
less than 6mm. A damp proof membrane between the joinery and masonry should be installed.
Plywood facings must be protected from water ingress by adequate protective varnish or paint.
Self closing doors are recommended.
Ceilings
If a suspended ceiling is to be provided, it should be in accordance with BS Standards and it is essential

to provide for adequate ventilation within the void above as the build up of warm air within this void
can aggravate the condensation problem. Wherever possible ventilation slats should be incorporated.
Adjacent Rooms to Pool Hall
Provision must be made for adequate heating and ventilation of any rooms adjoining the pool hall such
as changing, toilet or storage areas to prevent localised condensation.
Page 10 Section 6
Pool Surround
The most important consideration to be given to the pool surround is safety. A non slip surface is
essential but other aspects should be addressed. The following criteria should be examined:-
1. Non slip surfacing
2. Levels to fall away from the pool or into a drainage gully to prevent re-entry of contaminated
water.
3. Surround to be attractive and match ambience of pool hall
4. The possibility that tiling must line through
5. The incorporation of any features such as wall columns, hand rails, barriers etc
6. Cleaning. The use of covings to enable cleaning right into the corners
The choice then can generally be selected from a range of:-
a) Tiles
b) Specialised vinyls/rubberised flooring
c) Carpeting
d) A paved or slabbed finish
Carpet Type Finishes
These must be designed for use in pool areas. This means they are water resistant and non slip in that
the texture is coarse and “open weave”. They must also be laid with a specialised waterproof carpet
adhesive.
Heat curtains - the use of heat curtains at the border of wet and dry facilities can prevent heat loss and
protect against humidity damage.
Section 6 Page 11
CHANGING ROOM FACILITIES
Domestic Pools
SPATA suggest that suitable changing facilities are considered at the design stage of all pools.
It may be possible for an outdoor domestic pool to be positioned to permit access of swimmers directly
to a changing area and WC without the problems and associated hazards of wet swimmers walking
through dry carpeted areas to a bathroom or the slippery, when wet, floors of a kitchen.
Alternatively consideration should be given to the provision of a chalet or similar outdoor building to
provide both a plant room and a changing area.
An indoor domestic pool should consider the provision of a changing area within the building. In all
cases the use of electricity within this area should be in accordance with the current wet area
regulations.
Commercial Pools
SPATA recommend that guidance is sought within the publication ‘Changing and Related Amenities in
Public Indoor Swimming Pools’ published by the English Sports Council. Excerpts are shown below
for assistance.
The Number of Changing Spaces
The number of changing spaces required for a particular pool is determined by the maximum of people
likely to want to change simultaneously. This is not as obvious as it may seem. It may relate to:
0 Steady-state conditions - that is, when there is a steady flow of people into and out of the pool
0 The pressure of the changing area when a particular group of people are called out of the pool to
make way for others (referred to as call out groups)
The needs of schools or other groups
0 The methodology for assessing the number of changing spaces required is described in the Sports
Council’s Handbook of Sports and Recreational Building Design. Table 1 gives worked examples,
based on four counts. e
Page 12 Section 6
~~ ~
TABLE 1
Calculating the Number of Changing Spaces for Both Single Sex and Mixed Sex Changing Areas
~~
Step 1: Steady state conditions 25 x 10.5m main pool 13 x 7m learner pool 600m2
(262.5m2) (91m’) leisure pool
(a) At one time pool capacity =

Water area/2m2 131 46 300
(b) Assume time in pool

Hall (hours) 0.75 0.75 1
(c) Number changing per

Hour = (a)/(b) I 175 61 300
(d) Number of spaces required

= (c)/4.5 39 14 67
~~ ~
Step 2: Accommodating
Call out groups
(e) Number of groups

(management policy) 5 5 6
(f) Number in call out group

=(Me) 26 9 50
(8) Discount call out groups

By 20% = (f) x 80% 21 7 40
(h) Add 50% of (d)

I 2o I 7 34
(i) Number of spaces required

= (8) + (h) 41 14 74
Ster, 3: Sr,aces out of use
U) Add 10%for spaces out of

Use = (i) ./. 10 4 1 7
(k) Total spaces required =

0 ) + U) 45 15 81
Step 4: Decide the disposition

Of changing spaces
(1) Mixed sex areas single

Cubicles required = (k)/3 15 5 27
Two person cubicles required
= (kY3 15 5 27
(m)Single sex areas

Ensure that the arrangement has flexibility to accommodate different proportions of males and
females eg. One third male, one third female, one third flexible or ‘buffer’ areas. If the buffer area
is split into two rooms it may be used by school classes.
(n) Determine the need for addition group changing rooms.
Section 6 Page 13
A Rule of Thumb Method
This is a simplified method for calculating the total number of changing spaces for a mixed sex, all
cubicle or single sex, open plan changing arrangement.
For every 5.5m2 of water area in a main,training or learner pool, provide one changing space. This
assumes an average swim time of 45 minutes and five call out groups.
For every 7m2 of water area in a leisure pool, provide one changing space. This assumes an
average swim time of one hour and six call out groups.
For a mixed sex, all cubicle layout, the number of single and double cubicles provided shall be
equal.
The total number of cubicles required shall be:
0 Single cubicles = total number of changing spaces divided by three
0 Double cubicles = total number of changing spaces divided by three
For school or club use, two group changing rooms for about 20 users each are recommended in
addition to the above accommodation. These can also help to cope with numbers during peak periods.
The number of changing spaces calculated from this method will be very approximate, so it should be
used only at the early design stage.
This method is based on an assessment of the changing requirements of a wide range of pool sizes,
using the approach given in Table 1. Whenever possible, assumptions about the average swim time and
number of call out groups should be discussed with the pool provider.
Page 14 Section 6
THE DESIGN OF CHANGING SPACES
Open Plan Group Rooms
Benching in open plan group rooms should allow 50Omm width per changing space, with a seat height
of 375mm and a minimum depth of 30Omm. Ideally, each changing space should have at least one coat
hook above it so that users do not have to put dry clothes on what may be a wet seat.
Cubicles
The minimum preferred size for a single person cubicle should be 1 x lm, although 1 x 1.2m is better.
Two person cubicles should be at least 50% larger (i.e. 1-1.2 x 1.5m). For family and wheelchair use a
cubicle about 2m square is desirable.
All cubicles should have a seat about 375mm high and not less than 2oOmm deep, and at least one -
preferably two - coat hooks. Coat hooks should not be mounted above seats so that they catch the head
of a child standing on the seat.
Two parallel rows of cubicles require a central aisle at least 1.2m wide, although up to 1.5m is
desirable.
In mixed sex areas it may be necessary to have a horizontal panel over the top of the cubicle seat area
to prevent someone in one cubicle standing on the seat to look into the next. Some manufacturers
supply mirrors in cubicles, but they do encourage users to spend longer in the cubicle, creating
congestion in the changing area. It is better to provide a separate grooming area (see under Other
Facilities).
To facilitate cleaning, cubicle partitioning should stop at least 15Omm above finished floor level.
Cubicle walls should be of material in which it is not easy to bore holes, and their f i s h should allow
them to be easily cleaned.
Section 6 Page 15
Baby Changing
It is undesirable to have baby changing facilities in circulation or other open areas. If there is no
designated baby changing room, about 10%of cubicles should be designated (and signed) as baby
changing cubicles. They should have either an easily cleaned, removable, dished baby changing table,
or a baby changing shelf about 75Omm high and designed so that babies cannot easily roll off. Nappy
disposal facilities with instructions should be provided..
Family Changing Rooms
Family changing rooms may be provided instead of family cubicles. If so, they should be equipped
with a bench seat along one long wall, a baby changing shelf and possibly a wash hand basin.
a
Cubicles for the Disabled
The building regulations for England and Wales give details of changing and showering facilities for
people with disabilities. Disabled people using group or other changing rooms will require a bench 3m
long, 750-9oOmm wide and about 5oOmm high.
Clothes Storage
The total number of clothes storage units (normally lockers) required is not, like changing spaces,
determined by the time people are in the pool or the time they take to change; it is simply a function of
the number of people wearing swimwear or in the act of changing, at any moment. Ignoring the small
number of people en route from reception to the changing area at any time, if there are 100 people in
the pool hall and changing area they will need 100 clothes storage units.
This assumes that every swimmer uses one locker. In reality, sharing means that number can be
reduced by about 2530%. Sharing is common with locker units of all sizes, but larger lockers are
preferred - as they are by many single users - to minimise the crumpling of clothes.
Allowing for a proportion of lockers out of use because of breakage or lost keys therefore, the number
of clothes storage units required will be about 70-75% of the at one time capacity of the pool, plus the
number of people likely to be in the changing room, plus 10%.
Page 16 Section 6
Locker Layout
Lockers may be dispersed throughout the changing area or concentrated in a locker area. Dispersal
gives a better circulation pattern because users do not have to walk through the changing area with their
clothes: while grouping allows better staff supervision and security. With a changing village, either
arrangement gives flexibility in that every locker may be used by either male or female. Single sex
areas demand a mixed sex locker area in order to achieve the same degree of flexibility.
In changing villages, banks of lockers are often placed opposite rows of cubicles across an aisle at least
1.2m wide. This can be particularly convenient, as many users choose a locker before a changing space
when first entering the changing area. Having selected a locker they then choose the nearest changing
cubicle. Because many users may choose to towel off at their locker after swimming, however, a wider
aisle of around 1.5m is desirable.
Scale of Toilet Provision
The minimum level of toilet provision in relation to changing spaces should be set out in BS 6465,
Table 11
0 WCs (two minimum): 1 per 20 male changing spaces

1 per 10 female changing spaces
urinals: 1 per 20 male spaces
0 Wash hand basins: 1 per 15 spaces (both sexes)
There must also be at least one WC suitable for use by disabled people in each toilet area. When
assessing toilet requirement for mixed sex areas, the designer should remember that the area can be
used exclusively by one sex at times.
There toilets are intended to cater only for users who have changed into swimwear. Additional toilets
will be required in the main circulation areas of the complex for clothed users and spectators.
Section 6 Page 17
Showers
Dirt, bacteria, body fat and cosmetics accumulate on the body. In order to minimise pollution .in the
pool, the use of chemicals and the risk of spreading infection, swimmers should be encouraged to
shower before entering the pool. It has been shown to have a significant impact on water quality.
Traditionally, most British swimmers shower after swimming, relatively few before. So preswim
showers are best located where they will catch the attention of all bathers (except possibly some
disabled users, who may change and shower in a special room) as they move from the changing area to
the pool hall.
Scale of Shower Provision
British Standard 6465, Table 11 gives a minimum of one shower for every eight changing spaces.
There is widespread agreement among pool managers that this is seriously inadequate because users
leaving the pool dominate the use of showers; few users entering the pool are willing to wait for a free
shower before entering the pool. Accordingly, designers should consider adding at least 50% and
ideally 100%to the BS recommendations. Where cost has to be minimised, such as at small local
pools, showers can be concentrated in one area, possibly at the poolside - but at large pools it is worth
providing some single sex, enclosed showers for post swim use. The basic BS6465 provision can be in
the form of open, poolside showers for pre-swim use and the balance in single sex areas for post-swim
showering.
Pre-Swim Showers
There is a growing trend towards having pre-swim showers on the poolside. This has three main
0
advantages.
1. The showers are mixed sex, so plumbing and drainage are simpler than for two sets of single sex
showers.
2. Disabled users are not hampered by changes of level on their way from changing to pool hall.
3. Constant visual supervision by poolside staff prevents the vandalism and horseplay which are
common in more enclosed shower areas.
Page 18 Section 6
Pre-Swim Showers (cont ...)
When poolside showers are to be provided for both pre-swim and post swim showering, designers must
ensure that their waste water will not contaminate the pool with soap and shampoo. Ideally, designers
should provide waste receptacles for empty shampoo bottles and sachets close to the showers, although
it can be difficult to integrate them discreetly into the design of the area at the same time as making
them obvious to users.
For safety reasons, poolside and pre-swim showers, and therefore the access from changing areas to the
pool hall, should always be adjacent to shallow water.
Post-Swim Showers
Pre and post swim showers should be separate wherever possible, but at small local pools they may be
combined to minimise capital costs.
In large complexes there is a case for providing two or three enclosed shower cubicles for post swim
use by those who wish to shower nude. At least one should have a control for water temperature,
because some users like a cold shower after swimming. It is also necessary to provide shower
compartments for disabled people, and it may be possible to combine these with facilities for those who
wish to shower nude.
Section 6 Page 19
OTHER FACILITIES
e
Footbaths
There is no evidence that footbaths are a realistic means of achieving their aim of removing dirt and
controlling any foot infection; indeed, it is possible that they are more of a source of infection than a
cure for it.
Footbaths also stop wheelchair users getting to the poolside. Accordingly it is recommended that
footbaths should not be provided.
Drinking Water
It is normally desirable to provide a drinking water fountain in the changing area.
Grooming Areas
In all but the smallest pool it is desirable to have an area in which users may dry and tidy their hair.
Ideally, it should be off the main circulation route, outside the changing area, because this will bring it
to the attention of users on their way into the changing area and help to minimise the time they spend in
the changing area after swimming.
It should be equipped with approximately one hair dryer for every 10-12 changing spaces, and as many
mirrors - all located over a shelf unit for bags, etc. Some hair dryers should be wall mounted at a
suitable height for children, but adults - particularly women - prefer hand held dryers for hair styling.
Page 20 Section 6
SECTION 7
CONTRACTORS
RESPONSIBILITIES
CONTRACTORS RESPONSIBILITIES
MEMBERS OF SPATA ARE REQUIRED TO COMPLY WITH THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS:
Provisions
a. Disposal of excavated soil and the cost of removing it should form part of the quotation if the
contractor is to carry out the work. Agreement for disposal off site should be arrived at beforehand,
otherwise excavated spoil shall be stockpiled near to the pool for landscaping, if suitable.
b. Pools shall not be built on made up ground unless concrete foundations are laid to solid sub soil.
C. The installing contractor’s price shall include for full installation with filtration plant, circulation
equipment and accessories specified. The contractor shall clearly state what electrical services and
material he is providing and also what must be provided by an electrical contractor. Provision of
main services will not form part of the contract normally, and shall be brought to the plant room
under separate contract.
d. The datum point (proposed finished level) and setting out (shape and position) of the pool shall be
agreed before excavation commences.
e. Diving facilities shall be restricted in accordance with the Cage of Safety, see parameters set out in
Section 5 .
‘ 0 f. Installation of filtration, heating and other ancillary equipment shall be in accordance with the
SPATA Standards. Pipework shall be sized to meet design requirements of the pool circulation
system. Pumps shall be sized to match the turnover period required for the stated pool bathing
load. Hydraulic calculations shall take into account friction head loss throughout the circulation
system. All pipelines of the circulation system should, wherever possible, be set below water level
of the pool in order to keep them flooded throughout their length. Ideally, flooding should include
the pump and the filter. But where flooding is not possible or practical, the pipeline set above
water level should be kept to a minimum. Pipe should rise vertically to the pump in order to
minimise the volume of air in unflooded parts of the pipeline.
Section 7 Page 1
Contractors Responsibilities
Provisions (cont .)..

g. Electrical installations shall be carried out by a NICEIC approved contractor working to current
IEE requirements. Electric motors of ‘/z hp or more shall be protected from damage by a suitable
starter or thermal overload device. Adjustable starters shall be set at the appropriate recommended
starting amperage. In three phase installations, protection against ‘single phasing’ shall be
incorporated in the starter or thermal overload device. In no circumstances shall direct connection
be made to 13 amp socket outlet. Mains supply to the plant room shall terminate at an isolating
switch. A ELCB or RCCB rated at no more than 3OmA must be installed for safety.
h. The supplier of a pool kit shall provide the client with comprehensive written instructions on
installation, equipment, pool maintenance, chemical treatment, filtration operation and
winterisation.
i. No swimming pool product shall be used or offered for sale unless it has been shown that the
effectiveness and safety of the product meets current published standards.
j. All persons involved in the manufacture, marketing, sale or use of swimming pool products shall
be aware of their responsibilities under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974. They must, in
particular, ensure that the product is safe and fit for the purpose for which it is intended and meets
current published standards.
Quotations and Warranties (Domestic Pools)
a. General specification of the work and materials such as pool dimensions, water capacity, filter
performance, turnover period, ancillary equipment, etc, shall be detailed.
b. Filtration and ancillary equipment shall be supplied and installed in accordance with the Standards
given in Volume 2.
c. Quotations shall give full details of basic requirements and pool components, together with
optional items that the client may require.
Diving boards, underwater lights and heating, not all of which are usually required, vary in their choice
and should be considered as optional extras to be shown separately from basic quotation.
Provision for overcoming special ground conditions and water problems should be clearly described by
the contractor.
Page 2 Section 7
The Contract
Working drawings shall be submitted to the client by the contractor if requested, prior to
commencement of the contract.
It is the client’s responsibility to establish whether Planning Permission, Building Regulations

consent, or other approvals are required and, if so, to seek such approval. If the client requires the
contractor to obtain such approvals, this responsibility must by clearly resolved between the parties
prior to commencement of work.
SPATA as an associated body can offer a specific form of contract, copies of which are available
from SPATA but does require in any event that terms and conditions be fair to both parties, and
comply with the Contract and Unfair Terms Act 1978, and in the case of commercial contracts or
contracts where the pool contractor is a sub-contractor to a main contractor, the Housing Grants,
Construction and Regeneration Act 1996, Part II.
Guarantees
The pool structure must be guaranteed for a minimum period of six years. The pool finish, mosaic,
marblite or liner and pool copings should be guaranteed for a minimum period of 2 years
(excluding painted finishes). All remaining pool equipment should carry the manufacturers
guarantees, usually one year.
The Contractor should undertake to replace or repair, free of charge, any defect arising from faulty
design, workmanship or raw materials within the stipulated period. The Guarantee does not cover
the following:-
frost damage caused by incorrect winterisation of pool or equipment

damage to equipment and pool lining caused by incorrect pH
bad pool chemistry
undissolved chemicals thrown directly into pools
if the pool is emptied without prior consultation with the Contractor
the guarantees exclude consequential losses of any kind whatsoever
Operator error resulting in undue wear and tear, damage to equipment, pipework or internal
pool surfaces.
Section 7 Page 3
Commissioning and Maintenance
When the pool is finished in all respects the contractor shall commission the plant and instruct the
client, or his agent, in operation of the installed equipment, in proper water treatment and maintenance
procedures, as well as providing details of where future service may be obtained.
The contractor shall provide equipment to carry out pool maintenance, and hand over the installation to
the client in a clean and tidy condition.
Page 4 Section 7
SECTION 8
COMMISSIONING,
DEMONSTRATION &
HANDOVER
COMMISSIONING, DEMONSTRATION AND HANDOVER
COMMISSIONING
Where a contract provides for the supply only of equipment for installation by others the supplier
shall provide full written instructions for the safe and correct installation of the equipment together
with instructions for its operation for onward transmission to the end user.
0 Where a contract provides for the supply and installation of equipment forming a part of a
complete pool plant installation the installer must ensure that the equipment is suitable for its
purpose and is installed in accordance with the makers instructions and all relevant standards and
codes of practice.
0 Where a contract provides for the complete installation of a pool with its associated water
treatment system the contractor must ensure that all equipment is properly installed, in working
order and fully commissioned before attempting to hand over the installation to the end user. In the
case of a swimming pool this means ensuring that (save only for minor ‘snagging items’):-
- The walls and floor of the pool are thoroughly cleaned.

- The water is clear and free from suspended matter.
- The pool water chemistry is correctly adjusted and balanced.
- The filter is operating correctly and has been recently backwashed.
- The water heater (if fitted) is operating and (unless otherwise agreed with the client) has raised
the water to the required temperature.
- The chemical dosing system (if fitted) is fully charged with appropriate reagents and working
correctly.
- The environmental control system (if fitted) is working correctly and has achieved the
required air temperature and relative humidity in the pool hall.
DEMONSTRATION
The Contractor should provide a fully operational demonstration to the Client/Client’s Agent before
handover. This demonstration should include a thorough introduction to all elements of the pool
equipment, pool water, pool area and health and safety requirements. The Operation and Maintenance
Manual should be available for familiarisation and any questions should be fully explained (in writing
if required).
Section 8 Page 1
Commissioning, Demonstration & Handover
HANDOVER
1. Before any handover is attempted all goods and services, maintenance equipment and water
treatment chemicals required by the Contract must be delivered to site and (where appropriate)
installed and working.
2. The Contractor shall then provide such oral and written instruction as may be necessary to ensure
that the client or the client’s agent understands all aspects of the operation of the pool and its
associated equipment and chemical dosing system.
3. Written instructions must be in a coherent form specially drafted and appropriate for the complete
installation in question. On completion of the handover the contractor and client shall sign and
exchange duplicate copies of a ‘Handover Certificate’ in a form not less satisfactory than the
standard SPATA Handover Certificate. This certificate shall list any minor snagging work which
remains outstanding and the contractor’s proposals for its completion and should constitute
‘practical completion’ insofar as Insurance cover, maintenance liability and warranties are
concerned.
4. The contractor shall, where appropriate, include in the Operation and Maintenance Manual copies
of the Electrical Completion Certificate in the form specified by BS7671 (The IEE Wiring
Regulations) together with evidence of Consents under Planning and Building and any other
relevant Regulations.
5. In the case of public swimming pools, the contractor should, unless totally satisfied that the Plant
Operating Engineer has sufficient relevant past experience, require and request the Client to
provide satisfactory basic training in plant operation (ideally the Pool and Plant Operators Course
by the ISRM) and water treatment before fmal completion of the handover.
6. In commercial pool contracts the contractor shall also supply to the Client required safety
information for inclusion in the Project Safety File. This information should include:-
- Risk Assessments
- COS” Data Sheets
- Emergency Procedures
In so far as they apply to the pool and plant.
7. Further risk assessment, COS” assessment and emergency procedures are required to be
developed and instituted by the operator taking into account specific peculiarities of the operation.
Page 2 Section 8
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS
A comprehensive Operation and Maintenance Manual should be supplied to the Client on handover. A
private pool should be provided with a single copy and a public pool with 4 copies. Each manual
should be specific to the installation and bound in a looseleaf, hardwearing binder and should contain:-
1. Specificationof contract equipment including serial numbers and manufacturers name & address
2. Specificationof pool with dimensions and capacity and construction detail
3. Day to day running instructions in a concise and understandable format
4. Maintenance requirements
5. Servicing requirements
6. Emergency plant procedures
7. Manufacturers guides and maintenance manuals
8. Water treatment guide with testing procedures
9. Notice of chemicals to be used
10. Guarantees and warranties
Manuals for public pools should also contain:-
1. As built drawings
2. Spares requirement list
3. Safety file with safety data sheets
4. Copies of all test certificates
Commercial Contracts must also be supplied with a Safety File containing:-
1. Risk Assessments for any potential hazard

2. COS" Safety Data Sheets for all chemicals likely to be used
3. Safety procedures and precautions
During demonstration the Operation and Maintenance Manual should be made available to the pool
plant operator and the contents explained in detail. One set in plant room and one set in managers
office.
It is recommended that a subsequent visit after sufficient time has lapsed for the operator to familiarise
himherself with the contents of the manual and the pool equipment should be made.
Section 8 Page 3
RESPONSIBILITIES
Manufacturer and Suppliers Responsibility
It is a requirement that all manufacturers or suppliers of filters or filtration ancillary equipment to

supply with their filters and/or equipment the following:-
1. Name and address of manufacturers and/or supplier or service agent.
2. Full operating instructions for the specific equipment with schematic drawings and performance
curves etc.
3. Maintenance instructions with identification of spare parts.
4. Guarantees and warranty details.
Responsibility of the Pool OwnerlOperator
Although the following requirements are not enforceable of the owner, neither the manufacturer nor the
installer can accept any responsibility for damage, accident or injury arising from the owner’s failure to
conform with these recommendations. It is therefore recommended that the following requirements are
reproduced and explained within the Operation and Maintenance Manuals.
The owner, or his agent or his representative should read the Operation and Maintenance Manual
including the manufacturers operating and maintenance instructions carefully, and attend a
demonstration of the normal operating procedure with the installer before taking over the operation
of the pool.
He should pay particular care to chemical treatment of the water with special regard to chlorine
limits and control of pH values. Where automatic or semi automatic chlorine addition is provided
it is essential that this only occurs when the pump is running, otherwise high concentrations build
up in the pipework and heating plant.
Pool chemicals must be stored in a dry position away from the heating and electrical equipment.
Water leaks from pipework or fittings must be attended to at once.
Page 4 Section 8
Responsibility of the Pool Owner/Operator (cont .) ..
5. Heaters must not become cluttered up with oddments which can restrict ventilation or cause
overheating and fire risk, as can happen if the heater is used to dry out clothing or towels.
6. Maintenance should be carried out regularly in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
7. The equipment of outdoor pools should be fully winterised each year as described by the supplier
and in accordance with SPATA recommendations.
8. The identificationplate details should be quoted when communicating with the manufacturer.
9. Running costs are entirely in the hands of the owner. For maximum economy of fuel or power, the
owner should consider the regular use of a pool cover.
10. Where the installer, or owner, shall decide to use heating equipment not specifically designed or
adapted for swimming pool heating (or where equipment is used which does not comply with these
standards) they shall assume the responsibility of the manufacturer as set out above and shall
ensure that the final installation is so adapted as to comply with these standards.
11. No electrical appliances other than specialist swimming pool equipment correctly installed by a
qualified Electrician in accordance with IEE Regulations should be permitted in the pool hall area.
12. The owner has a ‘Duty of Care’ under the 1932 Act to ensure the safety of any persons coming
into contact with the swimming pool. SPATA recommend therefore that suitable signage should be
provided to prevent danger or accident which may be caused by slipping, tripping, broken glass or
other debris, and general use of the pool. e.g. No Diving etc.
I
I
Section 8 Page 5
CODE OF ETHICS FOR SPATA MEMBERS
To maintain the high quality of workmanship and materials, SPATA members offer a warranty and
bond scheme which can be undertaken by contractors to provide insurance for clients should problems
arise during construction. SPATA also require members to adopt a code of ethics as shown below.
1. At all times to trade ethically both with the public generally and the industry in particular.
2. At all times to abide by the Rules and Byelaws of the Association and to comply with these
Swimming Pool Standards in the provision of swimming pools, ancillary equipment, and other
goods, services or equipment allied or adjacent to the construction and installation.
3. Generally to quote in accordance with these Standards (in the absence of any other Standards
specifically laid down in an invitation to tender).
4. To comply generally in all respects with the Trades Description Act, 1968, Supply of Goods
(Implied Terms) Act, 1973, and any other subsequent Acts amending or replacing the same so far
as goods of the Members own manufacture are concerned.
5. To advertise and market so that the validity and extent of the products and services advertised and
offered by the Company is fully understood by the prospective client, and at no time to use the
technique of ‘selling up’. And at all times to comply with requirements of the Advertising
Standards Authority.
6. Where a kit for the construction or erection of a pool is supplied either direct to a member of the
public, or to a pool contractor, there shall be supplied sufficient specifications,instructions,
working drawings, and information generally, as to the proper construction or erection of that pool
and the installation of any equipment to be used therewith, together with an offer of supervision of
the works (at a fee if such supervision is required).
7. Not unjustifiably to be derogatory in any way about a competitors products or services.
8. To use ones best endeavours to fulfil all contractual obligations.
9. To offer a reasonable warranty of products and services and to perform on such warranties, where
justifiable claims are made, with reasonable expedition.
10. At no time, knowingly to do any act that could reasonably be construed as bringing the Member
Company into disrepute an consequently the industry generally and the Association in particular.
11. To operate at all times in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work etc Act, 1984. The
Construction, Design and Management Regulation and the Duty of Care Act 1932.
Page 6 Section 8
e
e GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY OF SWIMMING POOL TERMS
The text of these Standards refers to and explains many of the terms used in connection with swimming
pool construction and installation. The following glossary is included however to give a handy non
technical reference to terms in common use.
BACKWASH - The process of reversing water flow through a filter to clean and restore it to the
normal clean running condition of filtering where there is minimum resistance to flow through the
media.
BROMINE - Chemical element with similar chemical properties to chlorine and used as a pool water
disinfectant. (See Volume 4).
CAGE OF SAFETY - Area of water of sufficient size and depth within the deep end of the pool
prescribing minimum dimensions for normal deck level diving with safety (see also Diving Area).
CHLORINE - Chemical element widely used for swimming pool water disinfection. (See Volume 4).
CIRCULATION SYSTEM - The complete water flow arrangement of fittings, pipework and
equipment.
COPING - Perimeter edging surrounding a pool.
CUP ANCHOR - A flush fitting which is set into the pool walls during construction to enable the
fixing of racing lanes, safety division ropes or other such devices.
CYANURIC ACID - A chemical compound which reduces the loss of chlorine caused by sunlight
attack. It is said therefore to stabilize the chlorine residual. Often referred to as stabiliser or conditioner.
DATUM - A prescribed, fixed starting point from which levels and lengths, depths and heights may be
measured accurately.
DECKING - Hard surfaced surround to a pool (also referred to as pool surround).
DECK LEVEL - Pools where the water level is equal to the deck surround and overflows into a
channel.
DISINFECTION - The destruction of bacteria and micro organisms to a level not normally
considered harmful to health.
DIVING AREA - Area of the pool designed for diving (Note: Diving Areas are defined in detail in
these and various other standards, such as ASA or FINA Regulations etc).
DIVING BOARD - A board designed to simulate spring action. Typically a non rigid board used for
recreational diving as opposed to competitive diving.
DIVING PLATFORM - Rigid stand or support used for diving.
DIVING STAND - Any stand or supporting device for a diving board or diving platform.
DRAINAGE - System to carry away surplus water particularly external to the pool shell.
FILTRATION - The removal of suspended solids from water by passing it through a bed of insoluble
filter medium.
FLOOR SLOPE - The slope in the pool floor, usually expressed as ratio of vertical rise to horizontal
distance (see also Pool Profile).
FLOW GRILLE - See inlet.
Glossary Page (i)

Glossary (cont ...)
FREEBOARD - Height between pool water surface level and the surrounding deck.
FREEFORM - Freely adapted pool shape.
FREESTANDING - A pool shell set above ground and self supporting.
GUNITE - Pool shell constructed by spraying concrete mix to form floor and walls.
HANDRAILS - Railing - usually stainless steel - fixed to the pool walls near to the water level for the
purpose of hand hold.
HOPPER - Deep end water basin with all four sides sloping to the deepest area for diving (see also
Cage of Safety).
HYDROSTATIC RELIEF VALVE - One way valve built into the pool shell to help relieve external
water pressure outside of the pool shell.
IN GROUND or BELOW GROUND POOL - Pool shell inset into the ground.
INLET or FLOW GRILLE - Fitting for return of the pool water from the circulation system.
LINER - Waterproof membrane for pool - usually flexible vinyl.
MAIN DRAIN or MAIN OUTLET (Sump Outlet) - Fitting at the deepest point of a swimming pool
through which the main flow of water passes out to the recirculating pump.
MARBLITE - Plaster lining of marble granules/white cement mix applied to concrete pools to finish
the interior surface.
OVERFLOW SYSTEM (Draw off') - Method by which surface pool water is collected for removal to
the filter system.
pH - Algorythrmc scale measuring degree of acidity or alkalinity of water measured by units 0-14,
swimming range being pH 7.2-7.8 ideally 7.4 - 7.6.
PLANT ROOM - Location housing pool operational equipment.
POOL DEPTH - The vertical distance between the pool floor level and the normal or operating water
level when the pool is in use.
POOL LEVEL - Pool position by location of water surface in relation to the ground around; main
levels are termed above or on ground, in or below ground, or half in ground.
POOL PROFILE - The shape of the walls and floor viewed cross section from shallow to deep end.
POOL SHELL - The combined wall and floor structure.
SAFETY ROPE ANCHORS - (see also Cup Anchors).
SCREED - Surface preparation render. To receive liner, tiles or other finish.
SELF BUILD - Scheme providing technical advice and equipment to install a pool.
SHOTCRETE - Pool shell constructed by spraying concrete mix to form floor and walls.
SKIMMER - An overflow device across which the pool surface water flows into the circulating
system (usually self adjusting for water level changes).
SPA - A body of water which is heated to 40°C, filtered and chemically treated to provide a
therapeutic circulation by hydrojets and airjets. (See Volume 3).
SPRING BOARD - A board designed to produce spring action diving.
Page (ii) Glossary

Glossary (cont ...)
SUMP OUTLET - (see Main Drain).

SWIMMING AREA - That area of the pool in excess of lm (3.3ft) in depth which is devoted to
swimming.
TRANSITION POINT - The point where the floor slope changes from shallow to deep area and
bathers must swim to remain above water.
TURNOVER RATE - The period of time, usually measured in hours, required to circulate a volume
of water equal to the pool capacity.
UNDERWATER VACUUM CLEANER - Suction water sweeper for cleaning pool floor.
WADING AREA - That area of the pool less than lm (3.3ft) in depth devoted to activity of non
swimmers.
WALL SLOPE - The inclination from vertical in a pool wall, expressed in degrees or in linear
measurement of horizontal distance in a given depth.
Glossary Page (iii)

Page (iv) Glossary

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY - Pool Construction and Installation General Requirements
Publications and Standards providing further informationfor reference on

swimming pool construction and installation.
SPATA Standards for Swimming Pools

Water and Chemicals 1980
Spa Pools Installation, Chemicals & Water Treatment 1984
Residential and semi public Construction & Installation 1985
Systems Supplement; Volume Two 1998
Supplementary SPATA publications:
Enclosing your swimming pool
Winterising guide for swimming pools
Practical guide to swimming pool maintenance
Practical guide to swimming pool heating
Pool Owners Handbook
Hygiene for spa pools 1994
ACI Recommended practice for shotcreting (American Concrete Institute
NO 505-66)
ASA Swimming Pools - notes for the guidance of designers
(ASA Loughborough 1977)
ASA Swimming Pools - requirements for competitions
(ASA Loughborough 1977)
CP111 Structural recommendations for load bearing walls
CP114 The structural use of reinforced concrete in buildings
Dawes, John Design & Planning of Swimming Pools (Architectural Press, London 1979)
Dawes, John DataTech Files 1 & 2: Swimming Pool Gardens and Swimming Pool
Landscapes (1984)
Enoch MD Concrete Swimming Pools (C&CA Slough 1982)
The Sprayed Concrete Association
ETB Take the Plunge: Leisure Pools & Spas Handbook (English Tourist Board
London 1984)
IB&RM Swimming Pool Design Guide No 1 (IB&RM Melton Mowbray 1971)
IEE Electrical regulations - latest series for the installation of electrical services
NSPI Suggested Minimum Standards for Residential Swimming Pools
(NSPI Washington 1977)
TUS Public Indoor Swimming Pools - TUS Bulletin 1 Sports Council
(London 1973)
BS8000 Workmanship on Building Sites
BS8110/8007 Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids
Bibliography Page (i)

Bibliography (cont ...)
Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools 1999-06-11

Swimming Pool Water Treatment and Quality Standards
BS Water Slides over 2m
Storage of Packaged Dangerous Substances
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES
American Concrete Institute

Amateur Swimming Association
British Standards Institution
Cement and Concrete Association
Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur
Institute of Sports and Recreation Management
John Dawes Publications
National Spa and Pool Institute
Technical Unit for Sport at The Sports Council (TUS)
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the facts and figures in SPATA Swimming Pool Standards
are correct, no individual member nor Council of SPATA can accept any responsibility for any errors
or omissions.
Page (ii) Bibliography

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SPATA

STANDARDS FOR SWIMMING POOLS I

DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL

0 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

The Health and Safety Executive

SPATA Standards Volume One (2000)

STANDARDS FOR SWIMMING POOLS DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL -

2 SWIMMING POOL TYPES

3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS

5 DIVING AND SLIDE EQUIPMENT CRITERIA

6 ASSOCIATED BUILDING WORKS

8 COMMISSIONING, DEMONSTRATION AND HANDOVER

GLOSSARY OF SWIMMING POOL TERMS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES

These criteria include:-

Usage - leisure, swimming, competition or specialist

Shape and size - length and width

Datum - water and construction depths

Profile - gradients of pool floor

Circulation system - freeboard or level deck

Bathing loads - maximum users

Water Treatment - suitability according to mains water analysis

Drainage availability - capacities etc

Plant - situation and area

Excavation - Water Table, rocks, disposal of spoil etc

POOL DEPTHS AND DIMENSIONS

Teaching pools. Recommended depth 50- minimum to 120Omm maximum.

PROFILES AND GRADIENTS

Profiles and Gradients (cont ...)

COMPETITIVE EQUIPMENT & COMPETITION REQUIREMENTS

SWIMMING POOL TYPES

Diving Pools: alongside competition pools (low bathing loads).

SWIMMING POOL DESIGNS

The pool shell may be set:-

- into the ground (in ground, below ground or level grade)

- on to the ground (on ground, freestanding or above ground)

POOL SHELL DESIGN

1. Water overflowing at one part of the perimeter only.

2. Surge of pool water on to pool surround.

3. Flooded balance tank.

In normal operation (used) water flow must be 100%.

The following are methods of construction in general use:

Steel Reinforced concrete blocks or reinforced patent blockwork construction.

Cavity block wall containing reinforced concrete.

Traditional reinforced poured concrete using formwork or concrete blockwork as built in

0 Pneumatically placed concrete; gunite, shotcrete etc.

0 Solid block wall for liner pools.

0 Remforced liner pools (freestanding and in ground) to include timber/steel/aluminium/ glass

Handpacked concrete onto reinforced steelwork mesh.

0 Fibreglass pool shells.

CONCRETE INFILL WALL.-

BRACED PANEL WALL

Concrete construction of the shell is necessary for Equine Pools.

Temperatures should be within the range of 65°F- 75°F maximum.

CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A POOL SHELL

All pools shall conform to the following:

TOLERANCES TO POOL DIMENSIONS

Deviation for 15m of length or width + 25mm

See also diagrams in Section 5 covering diving and sliding.

Jan. Omm Apr. 6Omm Jul. 9Omm Oct. 15mm

BALANCE TANKS AND LEVEL DECK SYSTEMS

CONSTRUCTION - (DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)