00 Editorial

01 Editor’s Mail Box

02 Campus Update ........................................................../ Surjya Chutia
09 Academic World Around
11 Panorama
Personality
15 Goal Setting .............................................................../ Nandita G. Sarma
17 An Interview with Dr. Palash J. Mazumdar
Exam & Education
19 "‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïź δšìA¢¡-5../ ³èº : ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢à¹; ">å : ¤[”z³àºà 냯ã
24 Types of Exceptional Learners ........................../ Ghanashyam Deka
Career
27 Shift of Paradigm ..................................................../ Prashant Barooah
30 Notes for Freshers ................................................../ Prasanta Borah
31 Career and Career Counselling ......................................../ Rajiv Deka
34 List of Unapproved and Unrecognized Universities/...... 2
37 Career Tabloid
Science & Tech.
40 í\[¯A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡ì¹ št¡}K [>Ú”|o ......................../ ¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡[t¡
43 Critique to the Theory of Global Warming and ... (2)/ Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
46 Effect of GA3 and Alar and their .............../ Dr. Sushmita Chakraborty
The Editorial Board of Social Science
Pragyan expresses gratitude to 51 A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ ë™ï> [>™¢àt¡> "à¹ç¡ ................................/ ¤[”z³àºà 냯ã
Nandita G. Sarma, Dr. Palash
J. Mazumdar, Joseph Frank 56 Underneath that .../ Ogn. Indira Mukherjee; Trans. Mayuri Sarma Baruah
Landsberger, Ghanashyam 58 Gender Budgeting : A Road to ........................./ Dr. Tanusree Sarker
Deka, Prashant Barooah, 62 Abuse : Some Truths and Notions ............................../ Anita Baruwa
Prasanta Borah, Rajiv Deka, 64 Women Empowerment : An Analysis ......................./ Sangita Baruah
Rudra Narayan Borkakoty, Dr. 66 Musings in Ideology - III .................................................... / Arup Baisya
Tanusree Sarker, Arup Baisya, 70 The Ahoms Effort to Urbanize.../ Dr. Diganta Kr. Phukan & Utpal Dutta
Dr. Diganta Phukan, Utpal
Dutta, Dr. Banikanta Sarma,
73 ¤à> γθà "à¹ç¡ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ \º>ã[t¡ .............................../ í¤Aå¡–k¡ ƒàÎ
Dr. Juri Dutta, Anjal Borah, 75 March in Antiquarian Studies .............................../ Dr. Banikanta Sarma
Bhabesh Basu, Tapan Mahanta Language & Literature
& Kamal Bhattacharjee for 77 Mamoni Raisom Goswami’s Autobiographical Forays ..../ Dr. Juri Dutta
their invaluable contribution to 82 ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à¹ šøÒÎ> : &[i¡ "àìºàW¡>à ............................../ "gº ¤¹à
this Issue. We are looking
forward for more contributions 85 ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈ๠¤àA¡¸ Kk¡> ....................................../ ëÒ³àºÛ¡ã KîK
in future. 87 A¡[¤t¡à : l¡0 A¡³ìºÅ A¡[ºt¡à, i¡³àW¡ ëÎàì>à¯àº, ®¡ì¤Å ¤Îå, t¡š> ³Ò”z, A¡³º
®¡j¡àW¡à™¢¸
Editorial Board
Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
Adviser : Anjan Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit
Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai
Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar
Editors : Monika Devi, Roshmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Monika Das,
Manashi Rajkhowa, Santanu Borah, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Satyajyoti
Gogoi, Dr. Kamalesh Kalita
Students’ Representatives : Pranjal Gogoi, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU)
Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),
Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125
Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now ;
Blog : http:pragyan06now.blogspot.com ; Cell : 9954226966
email : pragyan_tsc50@yahoo.co.in ; pragyan.tsc50@gmail.com
Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press)
email : assamcomputer@gmail.com/
http://theassamcomputers.webs.com/ Tinsukia - 786125 (Assam)
 89 ¤S塃๠K¿ ................................................................../ "° šàº
Students’ Column
91 "àÒA¡, "à[³* [¤`¡à>¹ ÎàK¹t¡ Îàìtò¡àì¹à................................../ ³à>Î KîK
92 ³¹ào γà\t¡ [¤× : &[i¡ W¡³å "àìºàA¡šàt¡ ....................../ ³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡})
94 ³à>[ÎA¡ γt¡à : >à¹ã šøK[t¡¹ ³èº³”| ................................./ë³ïW塳ã ëQòà¹àìW¡à¯à
95 A¡[¤t¡à : "Û¡Ú\ã; ëšà„à¹, [A¡¹o³Úã [ƒ[ÒR¡ãÚà, Kã[t¡A¡à, ëÒƒàÚ; l¡üÀàÒ, šøoà³ã ¤¹k¡àA塹,
¤àÑz¤ ³¹ào, XoCZmW qg, amOoe àgmX Jwám, Lohit Dutta

Make feature on Akhil Gogoi

T hank you for the trouble you have taken. It is Regards and May God give you everything
indeed a labour of love. The effort must have required to keep up your mission.
Shantikam Hazarika
been stupendous. Director,
You may think of doing a feature on Akhil Assam Institute of Management
Gogoi. I think he is the stereotype of leaders who PO Box 30, Guwahati 781001, India
are now going to emerge all over India. www.aimguwahati.edu.in/ shntikamhaz@hotmail.com
Great Job ....

T he recent edition of PRAGYAN ( V-viii, I-i) seems great sir..all the topics were fresh & interesting...
great job sir..
Lohit Dutta, B.Sc IInd Yr
On Facebook group for Pragyan
(Readers may choose whatever language they feel comfort to write in mailbox.
But for better communication we prefer English and Assamese. — Editor)

1/ /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

 Surjya Chutia

1 A One Day Seminar on Industrial Chemistry held Successfully

T he department of Chemistry, Tinsukia College

organised a one day seminar programme on
‘Industrial Chemistry and Ancillary Industries
related to Assam Petrochemicals Ltd, Namrup’ on
4th September 2010 in the College complex. The
programme was sponsored by the Internal Quality
Assurance Cell (1QAC) of the College.
Dr. S.J. Khound, the Deputy Manager of the
Quality Control Unit, APL, Namrup attended the
seminar as resource person. In his keynote speech
on the topic Dr Khound elaborated on the
importance of Chemistry in the development of
human society and civilization. He also referred
to the scope of Industrial Chemistry for the Assam
Petrochemicals Ltd. as well as the Brahmaputra
Polymer and Cracker Ltd. coming up in Dibrugarh
district, Assam. The seminar was attended by the
principal of the College Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, former
principal Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty and many
teachers besides students. The lecture session was
followed by an
interesting
interaction
session between
the resource
person and
participants.
T h e
programme may
be considered as
a promising step towards the efforts of industrial
development in this eastern part of the Country.
The government of Assam too organized a seminar
on the same topic just after one month on 5th
October, 2010 at Makum, Tinsukia. Mrs. Monika
Devi, head of the Chemistry department delivered
the welcome address at the beginning of the
programme. As a part of the day’s programme, a
new issue of the departmental wall magazine
‘Chroma’ prepared by the students of the
Chemistry department was also inaugurated by the
resource person.
Moreover, the Chemistry Olympiad was
organized on 10th October 2010 in the College
premises successfully. A large number of
students from different local Schools and
Colleges besides Tinsukia College participated
in it. Last year too students from Tinsukia
College came out with flying colours in the
Chemistry Olympiad.„

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/2
 2 Marvellous Performance of Tinsukia College Students in ASTITVA-'10

T he NIS Academy (An Anil Dhirubhai

Ambani group initiative), Dibrugarh, organised
a two days programme of literary and cultural
3) Mimicry Competition :
1st prize : Arup Mahanta
2nd prize : Papu Kakoti
competitions among the College Students at 4) Extempore Speech :
DHSK College (Dibrugarh) on 28th August and 3rd prize : Anupam Neog
18th September 2010 successfully. A large number 5) Collage Competition
of students from different Colleges of Dibrugarh 3rd prize : Anupam Neog and Diponjyoti
and Tinsukia districts took part in it. A group of Bokolial
students from Tinsukia College under the 6) Business Quiz Competition :
guidance of Mr Abhishek Rana Borah, lecturer, 3rd prize : Anupam Neog and Prachurja
Commerce department of the College participated Pran Borah
actively in various competitions held in the two 7) Mono Acting :
days and put up a tremendous performance. The 1st prize : Papu Kakoti
group bagged maximum prizes in the whole event. 8) Ad Mad Show (Staging of an advertisement):
The following is the list of students of the 1st prize : Group of Sashikanta Borah,
Tinsukia College group and respective positions Deep Chetia, Bastav Moran, Papu Kakoti,
which they bagged in different competitions of and Jayanta Dutta.
the programme. 9) Group Dance Competition :
1) Essay Competition : 1st prize : Group of Lalit Gogoi, Prafulla
1st prize : Anupam Neog Moran, & Ananta Gogoi
2) Debate Competition 2nd prize : Group of Arup Mahanta,
2nd prize : Papu Kakoti Shravan Lohar and Akshayjit Poddar.„

3 Students Elected New Union for the Session 2010-11

T o constitute a new Students’ body for the

session 2010-11, the Tinsukia College
Students’ Union election was organized on 25th
new students’ body are :
President ( ex officio) : Dr Bhuban Gogoi
(Principal)
September 2010 as per the academic schedule of Vice President : Ashirwad Gogoi
the College. The election committee appointed for General Secy. : Deepjyoti Parashar
the purpose, headed by Sri. Mriganka Choudhury, Assistant General Secy. : Biswajit Dutta
lecturer, English dept, conducted the whole Secy. Outdoor Games : Nayan Nilim Chetia
process of the election very sincerely and Secy. Indoor Games : Pranjal Protim Baruah
smoothly. The result was also declared on the same Secy. Cultural : Pranjal Gogoi
day evening. The office bearers got elected for the Secy. Magazine : Pranjal Gogoi

3/ /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

Secy. Social Service : Dikshit Gogoi
Secy. Boys’ Com Room: Nabajyoti Gogoi
Secy. Girls’ Com Room: Priyanka Saikia
Secy. Literary & : Raman Ranjan Moran
Debating
4 Freshers’ Social Function 2010 held on 20th August, ’10
U nder the aegis of the Tinsukia College
Students’ Union (TCSU), the much awaited
Freshers’ Social Function 2010 was organized on
20th August with a day long programme. The
function is organized every year to formally
welcome the new students of HS 1st year and TDC
1st year into the College hailing from various
corners of Tinsukia district and outside too.
The programme started with hoisting of the
College Flag by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal,
Tinsukia College, the president TCSU, followed
by hoisting of the Students’ Union Flag by Smt.
K. Goswami, Vice Principal of the College. Sri
Someswar Hazarika, the HoD, Botany Dept. then
formally initiated the programme of floral tribute
at the Martyrs Column. A new issue of the College
wall magazine the ‘ Bhaskar’ edited by Sri Nagen
Deka, the Magazine Secretary, TCSU, was also
inaugurated by Smt. Bontimala Devi, the HoD,
Assamese dept. of the College.
Then the open session of the Freshers’ Social
function was held at the College auditorium under
the presidentship of Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the
5
Dr. Mallika Kandali Delivered Lecture on the
55th Foundation Day of Tinsukia College
T insukia college is one of the most prestigious
and pioneering higher educational institutions
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Secy. Gymnasium : Homan Konwar
The new students’ body took over charge on
30th September 2010 in a general meeting which
was held under the presidentship of Dr. Bhuban
Gogoi, principal of the College.„
principal. At the beginning of the session Sri
Umakanta Gohain, the general secretary, TCSU,
addressed the invited guests and new comer
students and extended a warm welcome into the
function and as well as to the College.
Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty, Rtd. principal of
the College was the chief guest of the open
meeting and in his address, he said that discipline,
sense of obligation & responsibility play a vital
role in building the future life of students which
could be acquired mostly during the college life.
The meeting was also graced by Sri Diganta
Bora (IPS), the S.P, Tinsukia district. Sri Bora wished
the new comer students a beautiful future and urged
them to be sincere and devoted to their study. He
also urged the teaching community to upgrade the
standard of degree level by taking help of latest
information technology so that our students can
compete in national and global level successfully.
The open meeting was followed by a
colourful cultural programme performed by the
new comers and old students of the College which
was very attractive and colourful.„
at the easternmost corner of India. The college
began its journey in a humble way on 1st
/4
September 1956, only with the Arts stream. Now
the college has three streams (Arts, Science &
Commerce) with seventeen full fledged
departments along with several professional and
vocational courses.
The 55th Foundation Day of the college was
observed with great enthusiasm on 1st September
2010, with a day long programme. The
programme of the day started with hoisting of the
College Flag in morning by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi,
the principal of the College.
Then an open session was held on the
occasion of the 3rd Mayuri Bora Memorial lecture
where Dr. Mallika Kandoli, Associate Prof. R.G.
Baruah College, one of the specialists of ‘Satriya
Dance’ in Assam delivered a lecture with
demonstrations on the topic ‘Satriyar Rup
6 The College Bade Farewell to H.S Tomar
A ssam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),
the Tinsukia College Unit in collaboration
with the College authority organized a farewell
function on 24th September, 2010 to bid a hearty
adieu to one of the outstanding colleagues Sri Hari
Singh Tomar, HoD Hindi Dept. of the college, who
has superannuated from his colourful career as
teacher of the college. The farewell meeting was
presided over by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the principal
of the College. Sri Tomar was given warm
felicitation by both the college authority and the
fellow members of the Teachers’ unit. He was
5/
Vornona’. The lecture session was followed by
an interaction session on the topic. The session
was presided over by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the
principal of the College.
The Mayuri Bora Memorial Award was also
given in the meeting to the best graduate of the
College for the year 2010. Sri Atanu Paul, Commerce
graduate was awarded the honour this year. The
annual merit awards were also given to the total of
40 students by IQAC, of the College who secured
60% and above marks in BA, B.Sc, and B.Com.
final examination from the College this year.
Earlier, Sri R.K Changmai, HoD, English
dept. delivered the welcome address where he
explained the details of the foundation of the
College and the Mayuri Bora Memorial Trust. The
Mayuri Bora Memorial Trust was founded in the
year 2008, by her family in
memory of late Mayuri
Bora who was a former
student of Tinsukia
College, who died at an
early age. The Trust
decided to offer the
‘Mayuri Bora Memorial
Award’ to the best graduate
of the College every year.
The day long
programme ended up with
lighting of earthen lamps
in the College campus the
in evening.„
honoured with traditional Assamese Gamucha,
Sarai and other gifts along with ‘Man Patra’ by the
two organisations separately as a sign of gratitude
for his unforgettable sincere services to different
aspects of the college, he had rendered for a very
long period. Most of
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
members of the teaching and non-teaching staffs
of the college were present in the farewell meeting.
Sri Tomar delivered a speech and recalled his
glorious experiences in the college during his
7 NCC Unit Adjudged the Best in Independence Day Parade
T he Tinsukia college NCC ( ‘D’ Coy) unit is
one of the best NCC units under 10th Assam
Bn. NCC, Dibrugarh, which has both the Boys’
and Girls’ wings. Apart from the participation in
various social work and NCC training Camps, the
Cadets of the unit take part regularly in the
8 Inter College Debate Competition held at Tinsukia College
O n the occasion of the ‘Independence Day’
2010, the department of Information &
Public Relation, Govt. of Assam, in collaboration
with Tinsukia district administration organized an
Inter College Debate competition at Tinsukia
College on 10th August 2010. The topic of the
debate competition was ‘Multi Party System is a
must for a Vibrant Democracy’ The participant
students were from Tinsukia College, Tinsukia,
Women’s College, Tinsukia, G.S. Lohia College,
Tinsukia, Doomdooma College, Doomdooma,
Margherita College, Margherita, Digboi Mahila
Mahabidyalaya, Digboi etc.
9 A Career Awareness Workshop Conducted by NE Career Guidance
I n order to enable the students to choose right
careers in future, academic institutions arrange
career counselling programmes. Specially for the
students of Colleges and Universities, it is the
need of the hour. Keeping the view in mind the
Pragyan Editorial Board in collaboration with the
IQAC, Tinsukia College, organized a Career
Awareness Workshop at the College on 27th
September 2010 successfully. The main topic of
the workshop programme was “Education for
Tomorrow, Career Vision 2010 and Beyond”
Sri Prashant Barooah and Sri Debojit Das from
NE Career Guidance Cell, (an autonomous Career
Guidance Group, who have been arranging a
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
service period. He also gave some valuable
suggestions for the future betterment of the college.
The farewell function ended with vote of thanks
offered by Leela Sen Tamuli, the secy. of the unit.„
‘Independence Day’ and ‘Republic Day’ parades
organized centrally by the district authority of
Tinsukia. The Cadets of the unit performed well in
the last ‘Independence Day’ parade on 15th August
2010, where the unit was adjudged the best unit in
the district and awarded the first prize in its category.„
Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty, Rtd. principal,
Tinsukia College was the chairperson and Dr. A.K
Borthakur, HoD, History dept. Tinsukia College,
Sri Uttam Dowarah, HoD, English dept, Women’s
College, Tinsukia, Sri R.K. Changmai, HoD,
English dept, Tinsukia College were the judges
in the competition. The results were :
1st prize : Mridusmita Phukan, Women’s
College, Tinsukia
2nd prize : Feruj Rohman, Doomdooma
College
3rd prize : Trishna Deb Choudhury,
Women’s College, Tinsukia.„
series of career counselling programmes in
different educational institutions of North East
region since its inception, in association with FASS
— an international ‘Think Tank’ NGO for the
Welfare of NE Indian States) were the resource
persons of the programme.
The workshop was presided over by Dr.
Bhuban Gogoi, the principal of the College where
students from different educational institutions like
Tinsukia Commerce College, Women’s College,
Tinsukia, Senairam HS School, Sarvajanin H.S
Valika Vidyalaya, Bangiya Valika Vidyalaya along
with their teachers were present besides the students
and teachers of Tinsukia College.
/6

10 Bikram Baruah Delivered a Talk on ‘XOBDO’ Online Dictionary
I nformation Technology has now emerged as a
dominant industry and is expected to continue
to be so in the years to come. Technology itself is
ever changing. It has both good and evil effects
on the society and civilization. Resistance to or
acceptability of change is also of prime importance
as this reflects the characteristics of close or open
mindsets of a society. One of the measuring
factors of open mindsets may be determined by
the multi-linguistic ability of a community or a
society. Since IT sector requires interacting with
people from various background and culture, a
close look at the culture of the NE region with
special emphasis on local areas remain one of the
7/
In his deliberation Sri Barooah highlighted
the employment scenario of the country in general
and North East in particular. He also talked about
the available scopes of employment, which the
youths of this region have failed to clutch on. Sri
Das advised the students of the area to study hard
and to develop the habit of reading news papers
and journals regularly and prepare themselves to
compete with the students of other States of India.
He further informed the students about support
services being offered by the NE Career Guidance
in this regard and called upon the students
community to take full advantages of such
services. The deliberations were followed by an
interaction session where most of the students
present were interacted with both the resource
persons. NE Career Guidance can be reached
through their site : www.necareerguidance.com
Pragyan also provides regular updates on the
group through its Blog.„
most critical factors. It is the right time to prepare
a suitable plan for a better future on the strength
of unity.
Keeping all these things in mind, a small
group of individuals having three members
namely-Bikram Mazumder Boruah, Pallav Saikia
and Priyanku Sarma initiated to introduce an On-
line Dictionary the ‘XOBDO’ containing all the
native languages of North East India in the year
2004. Since its perception, the volume of words
belonging to the different local languages of this
area have been increasing day by day. Now it
contains about 30053 Assamese words, 14637
English, 2881 Dimasa, 2038 Karbi, 1320
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Meeteillon, 1039 Tei, 838 Bodo, 655 Mising, 633
Hmar, 410 Khasi, 306 Kok-Borok, 234 Bengali,
233 Bishnupriya, 160 Garo, 141 Nagamese, 134
Deori, 120 Mizo (Lushai), 87 Chakma, 75
Apatani, 73 Ao, 30 Rabha, 20 Tiwa, 19 Hindi, 18
Monpa and 8 Reang words. Sri Bikram Boruah,
an Abu Dhabi, UAE based Reservoir Engineer
and the founder of the dictionary, visited the
college on 9th September, 2010 and delivered a
talk on using Unicode and writing NE Indian
languages including Assameses on Internet in
general and Xobdo Online dictionary in particular.
The Pragyan Editorial Board in
collaboration with the IQAC, Tinsukia College
organized fruitful talk. Dr Bhuban Gogoi, the
principal of the College, presided over the talk.
Apart from the students and teachers of the
11 CWSD Gifts Books and Materials to the Prisoners at Tinsukia Jail
A s per UGC guidelines, the Cell for Women
Studies and Development (CWSD) of
Tinsukia College was set up in the year 2005.
Since its inception, the Cell has been organizing
various programmes and workshops for bringing
awareness in different aspects among the
womenfolk in different times.
As a part of its social responsibility which
strongly espouses the cause of education, the Cell
12 Mathematics Olympiad held Successfully at the College
T he Mathematics Olympiad 2010 was
successfully organized by the Assam
Academy of Mathematics at Tinsukia College on
19th September 2010, like each year, along with
with 48 other centres of the state. Students from
different schools of this locality ranging from class
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
College, a group of students from Women’s
College, Tinsukia too participated the
programme. Sri Boruah explained in details the
history of the dictionary and its present position.
He also explained the procedures and techniques
to contribute words and prove its authenticity
of different languages into the On-line
dictionary. Sri Sushanta Kar, the executive
editor, Pragyan helped him to demonstrate the
techniques lively with LCD projector and
internet. Both Sri Boruah and Kar urged the
students and teachers to come forward and
contribute words to the infant dictionary as far
as possible. One can reach the dictionary at
www.xobdo.org. The talk ended with vote of
thanks offered by Sri Surjya Chutia, one of the
editors of Pragyan.„
distributed books and other teaching materials
amongst the female prisoners of the Tinsukia Jail
on 15th August 2010.Besides, the members assured
the jail authorities of further help if necessary.
The Cell is going to organize a 5 days UGC
sponsored workshop on ‘Capacity Building of
Women Managers in Higher Education’, referred to
as sensitivity, awareness and motivation, in Tinsukia
College from 8th to 12th November 2010.„
V to XII participated in the competition. Prize
winners are eligible for Regional Mathematics
Olypiad (RMO) which is held in November each
year. For results of these competitions, study
material or any other query log on :
www.aam.org.in.„
/8
Tezpur University and Tinsukia College
Career Guidance Workshop for NE States
W ith an aim to address the career needs of
the students of North Eastern states of India,
NE Career Guidance (www.necareerguidance.com)
in association with Friends of Assam and Seven
Sisters (FASS) — an international ‘think-tank’
NGO for the welfare of the North East, has come
up with a plan for welfare services for the students
and unemployed youths of NE states.
In an endeavour to ‘help-guide-inform and
motivate’ the students and the
educated unemployed as well as
uneducated but talented youths
in their own capacity of Assam
and seven other sister states of
North India, NE Career
guidance has conducted several
workshops on “Life and
Livelihood, Career Vision 2020
and beyond.” Recently,
awareness workshops were
conducted at Tezpur University,
organized by TU and at
Tinsukia College, organized by
Pragyan Editorial Board and
Placement Cell, IQAC,
Tinsukia College. The focus of
these workshops was on the
employment scenario of the
Country in general and Assam
in particular. Emphasis was
given on current unemployment
problems of the state, and also
on the available employment
opportunity which generally
youth from this region fail to
9/
clutch on to. NE Career Guidance also stressed
upon how to increase one’s employability. The
mission of FASS and NE Career Guidance is to
create a pool of well trained, skilled and ready to
induct individuals to address the major human
resources needs of the highest and fastest growing
industries.
Those workshops also intended to create
awareness among youths and our citizens and entire
Education fraternity. FASS has
started an initiative with NE
Career Guidance to help reach
out for the development of the
entire North East Region.
Awareness workshops are
intended to create awareness
about the following career
aspects –Bridging the Gap –
Generating Skilled and
Employable Resources, Skill
enhancements, Future of
education – New ways of
Learning and New Technology,
keeping the pace with futuristic
modern learning, our education
and New Career Scope for
tomorrow, Future job scenarios
and how do we prepare
ourselves. Social
Responsibility of FASS and NE
Career Guidance -Eradicate
unemployment, Promote
Diminishing Heritage of North
East, Promote North East
Cultural Heritage Globally,
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 Provide platform for the Industries to reach to
our youths, Industrialization Promote North East
Talents, Research based approach to promote
North East Bio-diversity, Technology driven
awareness campaign on right utilization of
Natural Resources across North East and protect
North East from exploitation and Projecting
resources for Regional development. With this
endeavour, FASS and NE Career Guidance have
launched an initiative “gift a career” to help the
poor, talented and the needy youths of North East
India. They have made an appeal to all Citizens
and NRI to contribute for upliftment of our
talents. This is for the under privileged / poor,
who is talented but cannot afford even Rs. 500
for his own career development, who is fighting
for a livelihood, but is not skilled and provide
him/her with a job after he/she is trained and
made employable, that will be a biggest gift for
him/her this coming New Year.„[PEB]

Handique Girls’ College, Guwahati

RTI Awareness Camp held Successfully
A RTI awareness camp was organised by
Society for Promotion of Appropriate
Development Efforts (SPADE), Guwahati, in
collaboration with the department of Political
science, Handique Girls’ College. The resource
person of the camp and visiting faculty of
Administrative Staff College, I.H. Borbora, deftly
handled the queries of the students attending the
camp. Borbora interacted and held discussions
with the students and teachers on how, why and
where RTI can be used for transparency and to
minimise corruption in public institutions,
government offices and development activities.
Beside the faculty members and others, the camp
was attended by a good number of
students.„[PEB]

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³[ÒºàÒü [>[ƒ¢Ê Î}¹[Û¡t¡ "àÎ> ƒJº A¡[¹ º’¤¡ú ³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ šø‹à> ³à>[ÎA¡ ƒå¤¢ºt¡à¡ú„
(ëº[JA¡à Ñ•àt¡A¡ [‡t¡ãÚ ¤È¢¹ áàyã¡ú)
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
/ 10
 1 Saina’s Grandmother Wanted a Grandson
S he is one of the most sought after female
sporting stars in India. She won Gold in
Women’s Badminnton final match in CWG 20101
and thus secured 2nd Place for Indian in the Medals
Tally. But when Saina Nehwal was born in
patriarchal Haryana, her own grandmother refused
to look at her because of the inherent discrimination
against the girl child in the state. Haryana is one of
those infamous states in India where sex ratio has
declined to about 900 girls per 1000 boys in the 0-
6 age group. Haryana, with a skewed sex ratio of
847 women to every 1000 men, is notorious for
female infanticide and honour killings.
“I was really surprised when I was told that
my grandmother did not come to see me till a
month after my birth. I was born seven years after
my only sister Chandranshu and my birth was a
big disappointment for her.’’ — She wrote in a
column for India Today magazine.
“But in it there is a message that I understand
very well now about the discrimination against
the girl child,” she wrote.
Saina still counts her blessings for having
parents who were liberal enough to allow her to
pursue sports. Rarely a middle-class family can
think of spending half of the monthly income on
an eight-year-old child’s training without knowing
11 /
if the gamble would pay off. But her father Harvir
Singh, a Scientist with the Directorate of Oilseeds
Research Hyderabad, opted to go by the advice
of PSS Nani Prasad Rao, the then badminton coach
of the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh
(SAAP), who saw immense potential in the girl.
The rest is history.
“My mother Usha Rani had represented
Haryana in badminton and she was consistent in
her encouragement. That helped me build my
career successfully and at just 14, I had a sponsor
in Bharat Petroleum and Deccan Chronicle. Now,
we live in an apartment bought with my prize
money and my parents have taken
care that it is in my name,” she
revealed.
The 20-year-old revealed
that her ties with her relatives
have strained on the
issue of how the
women in the
family should be
treated.
“My
uncles
and other
relatives
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
are against encouraging girls in every aspect and
that includes sports. I hardly interact with them.
2 The Catholic Scholars Started to Deconstruct Hawking’s
Declaration on Absence of the Creator God
T he Catholic scholars started to deconstruct
Hawking’s declaration on absence of Creator
God, while the globally acclaimed Scientist
Stephen Hawking is still alive to explain his own
words. One can just imagine what they’ll do to confuse
their takers while he will not be here to counter.
A Jesuit priest and scholar, former president
of Gongaza University Fr. Robert Spitzer, says that
Hawking’s dismissal of God in favour of physics
reflects fundamental confusions about the
Christian concept of God, as the creator of all that
exists— both the physical universe, and the laws
of physics which apply to it. When this is
understood, Fr. Spitzer said, Hawking’s basic
confusion becomes clear. Although Hawking talks
about the universe “creating itself from nothing,”
he is presupposing that this “nothing” somehow
involved gravity and other fundamental laws of
physics, Fr. Spitzer explained. “Let’s take the law
mentioned by Dr. Hawking above – the law of
gravity,” Spitzer wrote. “It has a specific constant
associated with it and specific characteristics, and
it has specific effects on mass-energy and even
on space-time itself. This is a very curious
definition of ‘nothing’.” “Now,” he continued, “if
we rephrase Dr. Hawking’s statement in the above
fashion, then he has clearly not explained why
there is something rather than nothing. He has only
explained that something comes from something,”
by describing the development of a functioning
universe on the basis of laws
such as gravity.
Almost all the Global
media covered the news on
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
My parents are more open. They back me all the
way,” she said.„[PEB]
release of his new book The Grand Design in
September last. Prior to that, an extract of that
book appeared in the Times, where the most famous
physicist of this century sets out to contest Sir Isaac
Newton’s belief that the universe must have been
designed by God as it could not have sprung out of
chaos. The very name of the book was taken from
Newton’s those words. After that Hawking
personally appeared in front of many electronic
media, where he has reiterated his words again and
again. But still, those paid Scientists of Church are
ready with juggling tools to deconstruct his words.
Hawking concludes in his book by saying
the Big Bang was an inevitable consequence of
the laws of physics. There is no need to invoke
God to set the Universe going. In his own words,
“Spontaneous creation is the reason there is
something,” He also wrote,”Because there is a
law such as gravity, the universe can and will
create itself from nothing. In his 1988 bestseller,
A Brief History of Time, Prof Hawking wrote,”If
we discover a complete theory, it would be the
ultimate triumph of human reason - for then we
should know the mind of God.” The whole world
has been debating his coined phrase ‘the mind
of God.’ since then. To some it appeared that
he had accepted the role of God in the creation
of the Universe. For opponents of that view this
phrase was just a metaphor, nothing beyond that.
Hawking remains silent for all these years. And
he made him clear in this new book.
Now, Brother Guy Consolmagno, SJ, an
astronomer at the Vatican Observatory, explained
how the preconditions for the universe’s unfolding
and operations were not a form of “nothing,” as
Hawking considers them to be. Rather, he said, they
are the conditions created by God for the ordering of
the world. “God is the reason why space and time
and the laws of nature can be present for the forces
to operate that Stephen Hawking is talking about,”
It seems that those Vatican ‘Scientist’ might
/ 12
not spend a seconds to explore new horizon of
galaxy, but, will say and write thousands of words
to refashion the great scientist’s historic
declaration. Br. Consolmagno has unique design
to accomplish his job. He says “The ‘god’ that
Stephen Hawking doesn’t believe in, is one I don’t
Koro : A New Language Identified in
3
Remote Corner of Arunachal Pradesh
L inguists reporting from a National Geographic
expedition to India’s remote northeast corner
have identified a language completely new to
science. The language, known as Koro, belongs
to the Tibeto-Burman language family, a group
of some 400 languages that includes Tibetan and
Burmese, the linguists said. Although some 150
Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in India
alone, the expedition team has been unable to
identify any language closely related to Koro, so
distinct is it from the others in the family.
The expedition was part of National
Geographic’s Enduring Voices project (http://
on.natgeo.com/dDyLox), led by National
Geographic Fellows Gregory Anderson and K.
David Harrison. Before the expedition, the team
had targeted the remote Arunachal Pradesh state
in North-Eastern India as one of its “Language
Hotspots” — a place on the world map that hosts
a rich diversity of languages, many unwritten that
are little studied or documented.
“On a scientist’s tally sheet, Koro adds just
one entry to the list of 6,909 languages
worldwide…. But Koro’s contribution is much
greater than that tiny fraction would suggest,”
Harrison writes in “The Last Speakers,” newly
published by National Geographic Books. “Koro
brings an entirely different perspective, history,
mythology, technology and grammar to what was
known before.” A scientific paper on the newly
identified language will be published in volume
71 of the journal Indian Linguistics.
The revelation of the new language was
bittersweet: Koro is highly endangered. Only
about 800 people are believed to speak it — few
under age 20 — and the language has not been
written down. Arunachal Pradesh is considered a
13 /
believe in either. God is not just another force in
the Universe, alongside gravity or electricity. God
is not a force to be invoked to .... ‘start a scene or
two’ and fill the momentary gaps in our
knowledge...God is the reason why existence
itself exists.”„[PEB]
“black hole” on the linguistic map: Because a
special permit is required to enter the region, few
linguists have worked there, and no one has drawn
up a reliable list of languages spoken there, their
locations or numbers of speakers.
The Enduring Voices team began its search
in Arunachal Pradesh in 2008 for two poorly
known languages — Aka and Miji — known to
be spoken in one small district. The team, which
included Indian linguist Ganesh Murmu of Ranchi
University, climbed steep hillsides to reach
speakers’ villages, going door-to-door among the
bamboo houses that sit on stilts. As they listened
to and recorded the vocabularies of these poorly
known tongues, Harrison, Anderson and Murmu
began to detect a surprise third language, one
locally known as Koro. None of the scientific
literature they had studied had reported the
existence of a third and completely distinct
language in the region — it’s not listed in standard
international registries of languages or even in
Indian language surveys or censuses.
To reach the tiniest Koro village, the team
crossed a rushing mountain river by bamboo raft.
They sat on shaded verandas of the stilt-supported
houses, making recordings as people shared their
vocabularies and life stories in the hidden language
of Koro. Thousands of words were captured —
the first known time that Koro was recorded as its
own distinct language, Harrison said.
Koro shaped up as distinct from the region’s
other languages on many levels, the linguists said.
Its inventory of sounds was completely different,
and so was the way sounds combine to form
words. Words also are built differently in Koro,
as are sentences.For example, the Aka word for
“mountain” is “phù” while the Koro word is
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
“nggõ.” Aka speakers call a pig a “vo” while to
Koro speakers, a pig is a “lele.” “Koro could
hardly sound more different from Aka,”
Harrison writes in “The Last Speakers.” “They
sound as different as, say, English and
Japanese.” Strangely, the Aka and Koro
speakers didn’t seem to see — or hear — it that
way. Aka speakers considered their Koro-
speaking neighbors and cousins as speaking a
dialect of the same language as they did.
Anderson and Harrison said that Aka is the
traditional language of the region’s historic Kachim, a speaker of the hidden language Koro, talks to
slave traders; they hypothesize that Koro may National Geographic Fellow Gregory Anderson. Anderson and
have sprung from the slaves, though they say a team made the first known recordings of Koro, an endangered
language that is new to science. The expedition is featured in
more study is needed to determine precise a new National Geographic book, “The Last Speakers,” by K.
origins. David Harrison. (Credit: Photo by Chris Rainier)
Languages are dying around the world; one associate professor of linguistics at Swarthmore
blinks out about every two weeks. Linguists consider College, and Anderson, director of the Living
about half of the world’s nearly 7,000 tongues are Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages,
endangered, the victims of cultural changes, ethnic work with National Geographic Fellow and
shame, government repression and other factors. photographer Chris Rainier on the effort.
National Geographic’s Enduring Voices The National Geographic Enduring Voices
project works to identify language hotspots, scientific team will return to India in November
document vanishing languages and cultures, and to continue studying this enigmatic, newly
assist with language revitalization. Harrison, an classified language.„[PEB]
[©inputs taken from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101005133339.htm]

4 Bridges aren’t Built —They’re Grown here, in NE India

I n the depths of North-Eastern India , in one of

the wettest places on earth, bridges aren’t built
— they’re grown. Grown from the roots of a
Because the bridges are alive and still
growing, they actually gain strength over time,
and some of the ancient root bridges used daily
rubber tree, the Khasis people of Cherapunjee use by the people of the villages around Cherrapunjee
betel-tree trunks sliced down the middle and may be well over 500 years old. One can check
hollowed out, to create “root-guidance systems.” these Blogs for details:
When they reach the other side of the river, they’re 1) http://rootbridges.blogspot.com/
allowed to take root in the soil. Given enough 2)http://www.babakoto.eu/Articles/India/
time a sturdy, living bridge is produced. Cherrapunjee/Cherrapunjee-English.htm.„[PEB]
The root bridges, some of which are over a
hundred feet long, take ten to fifteen years to
become fully functional, but they’re
extraordinarily strong. Some can support the
weight of 50 or more people at once.
One of the most unique root structures of
Cherrapunjee is known as the “ Umshiang
Double-Decker Root Bridge.” It consists of two
bridges stacked one over the other!

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 14
 Nandita G Sarma
T homas Carlyle once said ‘‘A man without a
Goal is like a ship without a Rudder.’’ Goal
setting is something most of us recognize as
yourself always keep in mind the following
important tips :
necessary for our success. So, dear students in
this topic we have chosen to talk something on
Goal setting. Let us first see what is meant by
Goal ? Simply said , a Goal means the desired
end-point. It is a specific and measurable
occurrence, object, or state of affairs that one plans
or intends to achieve or obtain in the future.
Next comes Goal setting. Goal setting is a
powerful process which helps us to choose where
we want to go in life. The main importance of
goal setting is that it provides us direction and
purpose. When we set goals, we will know
precisely what we want to achieve, so that we can
focus our minds on a single worthwhile target and
always channelize our efforts to achieve that goal
and not get distracted easily. It can also be highly
motivating once we get into the habit of setting
realistic goals and achieving them.
You cannot hit a target without knowing
what the target is. So, the initial step in Goal
setting is to identify your goal. You must first find
out what you really want to achieve in your life.
Think forward 5 to 10 years and ask yourself what
you want to achieve in your life. You can try with
smaller goals to start with. As you reach one goal,
set a new one and then move on. That is how you
will grow and become a more powerful person.
Dear Students, while setting goal for
15 /
y Set goals that really motivate you :
When you set goals for yourself, make
sure it is something that’s important to you
and there is value in achieving it. To make
sure your goal is motivating , write down
why it’s valuable and important to you.
Motivation is key to achieving goals.
y Set goals that relate to the high priorities
in your life : Without this type of focus you
can end up with far too many goals, leaving
you too little time to devote to each one.
y Always set realistic goals : It important
to set goals that you can achieve. Other
people can set unrealistic goals for you
without knowing your own desires and
ambitions. Alternatively you may also set
goals that are too high, because you may
not appreciate either the obstacles in the
way or understand how much skill you
may need to develop to achieve that level
of performance.
y Set time bound goals : Your goals must
have a deadline. When you are working
on a deadline, your sense of urgency
increases and achievement will come that
much quicker.
y Set goals in writing : Write down your
goals and carry it with you always. This
is to remind yourself that you have
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 missions to accomplish in your life and
hence it will lead you to destination.
y Make an Action Plan and take action :
Plan and write down all of the steps that
are needed along the way to arrive at the
goal. Then take consistent action as per plan
everyday to move closer towards your goal.
Many people fail to achieve the goals
because of lack of action. Success is about
getting things done. If you want to be
successful you must be a doer.
y Review and update : Once you have
decided your first set of plans, keep the
process going by reviewing and updating
your to–do list on a daily basis. Your end
destination may remain quite similar over
the long term but the action plan you set
for yourself along the way can change
significantly. Make sure the relevance,
value and necessity remain high.
So, in short, Goal setting techniques give us
long-term vision and short-term motivation. They
focus our knowledge acquisition and help us to
organize our time and resources, so that we can
make the most of our life. By setting realistic,
clearly defined goals we can raise our self-
confidence, as we would be able to recognize our
ability and competence in achieving those goals.
Students, a few key points for you as a part
of goal setting. Clarity – Use clear and specific
(The author is a resident of Digboi and professionally a psychological counsellor)
(Contd. from Page 18)
An Interview with Dr. Palash J. Mazumdar
Dr. P.J.M: Yes, I have discussed all the 6
schools of Vedic philosophy, plus other non-vedic
Indian philosophical schools like Carvaka,
Buddhism and Jainism. I have compared and
contrasted them with Advaita.
Pragyan:What is your opinion on famous
modern Indian philosopher Debi Prashad
Chottopadhyay and his observation on Science and
Religion?
Dr. P.J.M: I am familiar with his writings to
some extent. Debi Prasad Chattopahyay dealt
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
goals. Challenge – Goals should have enough
challenge to sustain the interest.
Commitment : Goal achievement requires
commitment, so to maximize the possibility of
success, you need to feel a sense of urgency and
have an ‘‘I must do this’’ attitude.
Feedback : Feedback on goal performance
provides opportunities to clarify expectations,
consider complexity of the task and adjust goal
difficulty. If you follow these simple rules, your
goal setting process will be much more successful
and your overall performance will improve.
Yes, you should also know how to celebrate
your success ! Whenever you have achieved a goal,
take the time to enjoy the satisfaction of having
done so. Realize the implications of goal
achievement and watch the progress you have
made towards other goals. All of this would help
you build the self-confidence you deserve.
At the same time be prepared for failures as
well. Failure to meet goals does not matter much,
as long as you learn from it. Add your learning
back into the goal setting program for
improvement.
Finally, remember too that your goals will
change as time goes on. Adjust them regularly to
reflect growth in your knowledge and experience and
– if any particular goal does not hold any attraction
any longer, then let it go. Because, the whole point
of goal setting is to facilitate success. „
mainly with the non-Vedic schools of Indian
philosophy, specially the atheist schools which he
termed Lokayata. These schools are based on a very
strong rationalism and are very interesting.
However, I feel that the Advaita philosophy offers
a more logical ground to explain the phenomena
of the world than these schools.
Pragyan: Thank You sir. We wish you keep
on exploring new horizon in the arena of
philosophy and enrich us with many such books
with deep intellectual perceptive.„
/ 16
‘‘.... I have been exploring on my own
limited way to find a happy synthesis between
science and religion. In view of above, it was a
pleasant surprise when the American publisher
sent me for reviewing a courtesy copy of the book,
“The Circle of Fire, (The Metaphysics of Yoga)’
written on similar subject. I was doubly pleased
and surprised because the book was written by
an Assamese. Frankly speaking, I was starting to
read the book with certain skepticism in my mind.
However, once I started the book, I could not stop
before finishing the 400 page long book. After
reading it, I realized that ‘The Circle of Fire’ is
indeed another outstanding book where science
and metaphysics meet….” —This was how Rajen
Barua, described the book ‘The Circle of Fire’,
written by Dr Palash J Mazumdar and published
in America by North Atlantic Books, in his review
(‘The Circle of Fire — The Metaphysics of Yoga’)
published in the June, ’10 issue of Pragyan. The
book is not yet available in Indian Market, but
one can try it from www.Amazon.com. We had a
plan to publish an interview of Dr Mazumdar
along with that review itself. Due to time constrain,
Dr Mazumder couldn’t made it then but he was
kind enough to respond our request latter on and
here it is. Dr. P.J.Mazumdar holds an MBBS and
MS from GMC, Assam. He works as an ENT
surgeon and has published his poetry in India and
abroad. The questionnaire for his interview was
prepared by Sushanta Kar, executive editor of
Pragyan, with the help and inputs received from
Sri Rajen Barua
Pragyan: Congratulations ! Dr. P. J.
17 /
Mazumdar on publication of the book. ‘The Circle
of Fire’ in America by North Atlantic Books, which
is receiving high acclaim from readers. We’ve
published here in Pragyan (Vol.Viii, I. I; June,
10, page 65) a write up about your book by Rajen
Barua, a Houston, Texas; US based freelance
writer and CMD of Friends of Assam and Seven
Sisters, who has also written a good review of
your book in Amazon.com. Do you have any
comments?
Dr. P J Mazumdar: Thank you very much.
I am very happy and honored that you have chosen
to give space for my book and interview in your
Pragyan. The book is the culmination of several
years of effort. I had always been interested in
the philosophy of Advaita with which I became
acquainted through reading the works of Swami
Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. I
am happy to think that my thoughts are now
available for others to read.
Pragyan: We shall be much obliged if you
kindly answer a few questions we’re asking ,
which we had a plan to publish along with Sri
Barua’s write up in the last issue. But we could
not make it then. Now we want to have this
interview for the next one, which will be published
in November, 2010. At the very outset what we
want to know is being a Medical Doctor where
did you get the inspiration to write such a book
on Science and Spirituality?
Dr. P.J.M: My inspiration was entirely from
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna
Paramahamsa. I had begun going to the
Vivekananda Kendra in Guwahati and also the
Ramakrishna Mission from my teenage years. I
found the Advaita philosophy on which my book
is based to be the most logical and rational, and it
struck me as the one philosophy which was most
in harmony with science and reason.
Pragyan: How long it took to write the book?
Dr. P.J.M: It took me nearly 3 years to write
the book, because I had very limited time for it in
the middle of my medical career.
Pragyan: Did you write any other articles
on similar topic before?
Dr. P.J.M: Yes, I have written short articles
on various topics. I have now collected them and
put them on my website,www.thecircleoffire.com
Pragyan: How did you get the American
publisher?
Dr. P.J.M:The process began way back in
2002, when I wrote a brief synopsis of a proposed
book and sent it to several publishers through the
internet. One publisher then offered to publish my
book when completed. I began writing the book
earnestly despite my lack of time due to my medical
career and completed it in 2005. By that time, my
proposed publisher had been taken over by another
company, so I had to find a new publisher, which
took a lot of effort till I finally found my present
publisher. I sent my synopsis to a wide range of
publishers including several from India, but I
received a firm offer only from North Atlantic
Books, Berkeley. From there, it was another long
wait as the manuscript went through the publishing
process for 2 years till it was finally published in
December, 2009.
Pragyan: Are you planning to write more on
the subject ?
Dr. P.J.M: Perhaps yes, if I can get sufficient
success through this book.
Pragyan: When do you think, your book will
be published in India?
Dr. P.J.M: The distributors of my book are
Random House, the largest book publishers in the
world, and I am in negotiations with them to try to
get it published here. It is their decision though
and they will take it entirely on commercial
grounds. I hope they will take a decision soon
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
enough.
Pragyan: Are you planning to translate the
book into Assamese if publisher is available?
Dr. P.J.M: Yes, certainly. I have sold only
the English rights and still retain the rights in other
languages. But I would like to have a collaborator,
since I am not familiar with the technical words of
philosophy in Assamese. I hope to find someone
who is interested and comes forward for a joint
effort in translation. Perhaps even through this
interview.
Pragyan: You mentioned Buddhism and
Advaitya are the two branches of Indian
Philosophy which are not in contradiction to
Science. Can you explain this?
Dr. P.J.M: Yes, this is the main argument of
my book. Both Buddhism and Advaita are
completely rational philosophies which can be
reached through logical arguments. Buddhism
believes in no-absolute while Advaita believes in
an Absolute. Either one or the other must be true,
there must be either an Absolute beyond this world
or there may be no-absolute. So either one or the
other must be the truth.
Pragyan: Do you believe in a personal God?
Can God be justified through science?
Dr. P.J.M:No, I do not believe in a personal
God. I believe only in the Absolute of Advaita.
When we see the Absolute through our mind, we
see it as a personal God.
Pragyan: The Circle of Fire is a term coined
by Buddhist scholar Nagarjuna. Are Buddhism and
Advaitya similar?
Dr. P.J.M: I have used the term, the Circle
of Fire, because it is an evocative term, and because
Gaudapada, the teacher of Sankaracharya, used this
term to define Advaita as different from Buddhism.
Hence this sutra is very important both for
Buddhism and Advaita. Buddhism and Advaita are
complete opposites in their metaphysical roots, and
this sutra is an important way to understand this
difference.
Pragyan: As we know that most of the Indian
school of philosophy was silent on existence of God
except Vedanta, have you touched that school in
your book? What about Samkhya and Carvaka ?
(Contd. on Page 16)
/ 18
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19 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

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™à¤¹ ¤àì¤ šø[t¡Åøç¡[t¡¤‡ý¡ Ò*A¡¡ú [>Ë¡à, Ît¡t¡à, "àu[¤Å«àÎ,
"àìšà>๠">®¡¸Ñz ³>ìi¡àA¡ šå¹[o¹ š¹à [¤[ZáÄ A¡¹à¹ ƒåìJ
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A¡³¢-ÎèW¡ã¹ ºKt¡ "àìšà>àA¡ &A¡àu ëÒà¯àt¡ ëÒR¡à¹¹ Îõ[Ê
-ÿ- &Òüì¤à¹ì¹à A¡È¢o A¡¹A¡¡ú ³åk¡ìt¡ ºÛ¡¸ [Ñ‚¹ A¡[¹ A¡³¢-
A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú šøàt¡¸[ÒA¡ A¡³¢ì¤à¹ìi¡à A¡[¹¤Òü ºà[K¤,
"òàW¡[> ™åP¡t¡àÒü íº l¡üƒ¸ì³ì¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹ ™à*A¡¡ú ëƒ[J¤,
š[¹A¡[¿t¡ A¡à³ì¤àì¹à [>ì\ [k¡A¡ A¡[¹ ëºà¯à γڳìt¡
Îó¡ºt¡à A¡àÈ W¡à[š "à[Òìá "à¹ç¡ &[ƒ> "àšå[> ®¡¤à³ìt¡
A¡[¹¤îº "àNøÒ "iå¡i¡ ¹à[J¤¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ìA¡à A¡¹oãÚ ¤å[º
[>\ìA¡ šø[t¡[Ë¡t¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú„
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Contd. from Page : 26 Types of Exceptional Learners....
and research activities. Some of them are also for them. As the college already cross the 50th years
interested in administrative job. The students milestone, the students think that college will do
considered the college as their platform for future something new innovation in favour of them. Most
development and basic needs. According to them, of them sought in favour of semester system of
if they get the proper guidance and skill from their education. Thus, I would like to conclude that,
own institution they can perform an all-round though the students are facing some problems, but
performance. Therefore they sought for a career still they feel very proud as students of PUC—the
guidance cell and a community information center ‘Best of the Best’ college of Mizoram.„
REFERENCES
1. Dasgupta, D.N. Principle and Practice of Educational Programming, Pointers Publishers, Jaipur, Rajasthan
2. Hewad, W.L., & Orlansky, M.D. Exceptional Children—an Introductory Survey of Special Education, 4th edition,
Merrill, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Co.
(The author teaches Geography at Pachunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram)

23 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10


A ll children exhibit differences from one
another in terms of physical attributes and
learning abilities. The differences among most
children are relatively small, enabling them to
benefit from the general education programme.
The physical attributes and/ or learning abilities
of some children, however—those we call
exceptional learners—differ from the norm to
such an extent that an individualized programme of
special education is required to meet their needs.
The term exceptional learners both students who
experience difficulties in learning and learners whose
performance are so superior that special education
is necessary to help them fulfill their potential. Thus,
exceptional learner is an inclusive term that refers
to children with learning and/ or behaviour problems,
children with physical disabilities, and children who
are intellectually gifted.
Disability refers to reduced function or loss
of a particular body part or organ; the term
impairment is often used synonymously. A
disability limits the ability to perform certain tasks
(e.g. to see, hear, walk, etc) in the same way that
most nondisabled persons do.
Handicap refers to the problems a person
with a disability or impairment encounters in
interacting with the environment. A disability may
pose a handicap in one environment but not in
another. The student with an artificial limb may be
handicapped when competing against nondisabled
peers on the basketball court but experience no
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Ghanashyam Deka
handicap in classroom. The term handicapped
student is more restrictive than exceptional learners
and does not include gifted and talented student.
At Risk refers to students who are not
currently identified as handicapped or disabled
but are considered to have a greater-than-usual
chance of developing a handicap. The term is most
often applied to infant and preschoolers who,
because of conditions surrounding their births or
home environments, may be expected to
experience developmental problems at a later
time. The term also refers to students who are
experiencing learning problems in the regular
classroom and therefore ‘at risk’ of being
identified as handicapped. Besides, these, some
other so-called defining characters of different
categories of exceptional learners are:
1. Mental Retardation, 2. Learning Disabilities,
3. Behaviour Disorder (emotional disturbance),
4. Communication Disorder (speech or language),
5. Hearing Impairments 6. Visual Impairments,
7. Physical and other Health Impairments,
8. Severe Handicap, 9. Gifted and Talented
Special education may be defined from many
different perspectives. One may, for example, view
special education as a legislatively governed
enterprise. From this view point, one would be
concerned about the legal implications of informing
parents of handicapped students about their right
to participate in planning their children’s
individualized education programmes. From a
purely administrative point of view, special
/ 24
education might be seen as that part of a school
system’s operation that requires certain teacher-
student ratios in the classroom and has special
formulas for determining levels of funding according
to the category of exceptional children served. Or,
from a sociological or political perspective, special
education can be seen as an outgrowth of the civil
rights movement, a demonstration of society’s
changing attitudes about people with disabilities in
general. Each perspective has some validity, and
each continues to play a role in defining what special
education is and how it is practiced. None of those
views, however, would yield the essence of special
education.
Exceptional children, their teachers, and their
family may need a wide range of special education
and related services from time to time. Today, most
schools provide a continuum of services—that is, a
range of different placement and service options to
meet students’ needs. The continuum is often
symbolically depicted as a pyramid, with placements
ranging from least restrictive (regular classroom
placement) at the bottom to most restrictive (special
schools or institutions) at the top. The fact that the
pyramid is widest at the bottom indicates that the
greatest number of exceptional children should be
25 /
served in regular classrooms, and the number of
children who require more restrictive, intensive, and
specialized placements gets smaller as we move up.
As we have already noted, the majority of children
receiving special education services have mild or
moderate disabilities. The number of children with
mild mental retardation e.g. is far greater than those
who experience severe retardation. It is worth noting
that, of the seven levels of service depicted in table
the first five is available in regular public school
buildings. Children at levels 1 through 4 attend
regular classes with non handicapped peers;
supportive help is given by special teachers who
provide consultation to the children’s regular
teachers or in special resource rooms. A resource
room usually has a specially trained teacher who
provides instruction to exceptional students for part
of the school buildings are gaining acceptance
as an appropriate placement for many children
with severe and multiple disabilities.
A CASE STUDY OF A FEW
SELECTED STUDENTS:
Regarding the problems, facilities
and different aspects, I made a case study
of some selected students from
Pachhunga University College. For the
case study I have conducted an
interview of 10 students selected
randomly from different streams. In
the time of interview the following
questions were considered for better
results to fulfill the objectives. The
questions are like:
1. What are his or her aim/
ambition?
2. Are they satisfied with
current system of education?
a) If yes, upto what level?
b) If no, why ?
3. What are the problems they faced in the
classroom?
4. What are the facilities they are getting from
the authority?
5. Are they interested in semester system of
education?
6. Remarks (if any).
After the interview different aspects of the
students come out in the form of this write up. The
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
write is purely based on an imperial observation. The
students’ response and my personal judgment during
the time of interview combined herewith the write
up. Generally all of them are not satisfied fully with
the current education system. Basically, the students
are belonging to a state where the literacy rate is
second highest in the nation after Kerala. Therefore,
most of them are very conscious regarding their higher
education. But in the field of higher education the
state’s contribution is very limited. It is because of
lack of proper motivation and innovation. Most of
the students are belonging to a very fun loving
community living with the nature. Their ignorance
nature is the big factor that affecting the entire scenario
of higher education. The students believe that only
with the syllabus study of their course is not enough
for good results. They need some extra care/help from
the concerned teacher. As they responded that within
the limited period of class time the thorough study
for the teacher is not possible. Moreover the teachers
using lecture method inside the class is not satisfactory
to them.
Most of the students suppose to go outside
of the state for their higher education. But due to
the lack of proper guidance and motivation they
are not able to anything beyond the average
performance. Again the library strength is very
good of the institution. But most of the books are
outdated for their syllabus. That is the big problems
for the students. Most of them faced the problems
of ready reference. It is because of the changing
nature of the syllabus. As mentioned, most of the
references are either very old edition or not suitable
for their present syllabus.
In response of the course structure, all of them
responded in favour of semester system. According
to them the yearly system is not suitable for better
marking and to gear up to a high percentage. In
semester system it is easy to score high percentage
of marks within the limited time spun in compare
the old yearly syllabus. So far the teachers, those
following the lecture method only in the class are
not effective to them. Most of them are not
interested in such method. According to them it is
easy to understand if the teacher follows the chalk-
talk method instead of giving lecture. Also the
students prefer the study materials instead of
reference. Among them some are also argued
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
regarding the problems of pronouncing difference,
spoken English problems, and extra load of severe
class test etc. with some teacher. Thus a
communication gap is there with some teacher
which is also demoralized the students. So far
maintenance discipline among the students are
concerned, they ignored the matter. Inefficiency
among the students is very common in the study
area. The lack of equipped classroom, well timing
routine, distance from the town etc are also some
problems faced by the students.
In the said institution, there is no career
guidance cell to serve the students. In the present
day world communication is most significant factor
regarding the career development. To know the job
vacancy, modern and updated information centers
are also necessary for a good institution. Still the
college not connected with the internet facility.
There is now a newly established IGNOU study
center to serve the students with some new
discipline like tourism etc. But in the field of
vocational and professional course college not
showing a serious interest. Such type of course may
help the students in their career. Also some
professional course may help the students as an
earning source. During the time of interview
students shows a deep concern regarding this
matter. However, in the field of information
technology the college is tacking some initiatives,
but it is yet to open for the students. Only few
selected departments are availed the net facility.
So far the institution provides well infrastructure
for the students. In compare to other colleges of the
state the said college has advantages in the
infrastructure and accommodation facilities. Students
coming from far are getting hostel facilities in
minimum cost. Regular bus services, well facilities
of laboratory, canteen services, playground etc. are
provided by the authority. For some selected
department the students are also getting financial help
for their field trip every year. From this view point
students feel lucky to studying this college. The
college library is also one of the biggest in north-east.
Belonging to the second highest literate state,
the students are very much conscious about their
facilities and aspiration. Their ambition is very
clear. They want to look further with further studies
Contd. on Page 23
/ 26
 E ducation has been seen as an
important instrument of social
ascent and personal development.
The objective of education system
today should be to guide people
through the change and prepare to
respond to the needs of a changing
society. The continuously improving
level of education will contribute to
social progress and consequently
rapid economic development.
Knowledge is the most
precious resource in the 21st century
& success of our future generation
in the North East depends on its
ability to innovate and adapt to
change. Our Education system plays
the most vital role for the
development and further upliftment
of the Region. With the induction of
new technologies, new courses &
introducing new ways of learning is
the need of the hour. Professional
education and skill enhancement
trainings are the ones that student
should focus on and develop the
abilities to flourish in a world that
is fundamentally diverse and
irredeemably different. The entire
27 /
Prashant Barooah
North East Region need to focus on how, we become a
knowledge generating society, rather than only knowledge
absorbing society.
To uplift the entire Region to world standards, it can
be possible only through higher and professional education,
research and development. We need to realize what the world
needs from us and what our future needs from the world
and engage ourselves for all needed development in a
holistic and co-operative manner. Education system has to
be distinctively contributing for further developments.
Survey shows that college degrees no longer command
authority in the job industry and are now needed to go further
to professional, Master’s and PhD levels. Another study
show, percentage of students from NE Region taking up
higher and professional education is still very low compared
to other places. Focus should be to promote and impart
vocational courses and trainings. Through such practical
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
courses one can gain skills and experience, which
is directly linked to a career in future and in turn,
offers better employment opportunities. This would
help our students in our rural areas in a big way.
In the absence of exact causes, hitherto no
qualitative & quantitative evidence to prove it, as
to why North East still lagging in development to
O ne of the major natural resources of North East
India is its forests. And forestry is an important
and interesting subject of study in today’s world when
there is big need for save our environment and to
protect, conserve our ecosystem. North East is home
to the most amazing herbs, medicinal compounds,
natural cosmetics etc. Forestry and Wild Life go
together since forests serve as home for wildlife.
Forest wealth contributes significantly to the
economy of our Region. Specially trained personnel
are therefore needed to maintain and regenerate the
forest cover, forest wealth and resources. This
involves the services of forestry specialists, forestry
management experts and forest officers. Forestry
involves protection of forests and farming.
Eligibility: The minimum qualifications
required to pursue a 3-4 years, B.Sc (forestry) is to
have passed the 10+2 examination with physics,
chemistry and biology or agriculture as subjects.
The major courses in forestry and wildlife in
India are: Š B.S.C Forestry Š M.S.C Forestry
Š M.S.C wood science and technology
Institutions and colleges in India that provides
courses on forestry and wildlife:
Š Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke,
Ranchi - 6.
Š Forestry Research Institute, Dehra Dun -
248 006.
Š Indian Institute of Forest Management,
Nehru Nagar, Bhopal.
Š Orissa University of Agriculture and
Technology, Bhubaneshwar - 751 003.
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
the level where it can be, but at the very first glance
there seems to be need of generating awareness,
motivate, inform and expose to world of
information. As our students are the building blocks
of our society, they have to be provided access to
knowledge, enhance their skills and expose them
to world of opportunities.„
Š
Š
Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani,
Dehra Dun.
Agricultural College and Research
Institute, Coimbatore( Tamil Nadu )
Coimbatore ( Coimbatore Dist. ) – 651003
Š Chaudhary Charan Singh (C.C.S.) Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar( Haryana )
Hisar ( Hisar Dist. ) – 125004
Š College of Agriculture, Mysore( Karnataka)
Hebbal , Mysore(Mysore Dist.)– 560024
Š College of Agriculture, Pantnagar
(Uttarakhand ) Pantnagar ( Udhamsingh
Nagar Dist. ) – 263145
Š College of Agriculture and Regional
Research Station, Dharwad( Karnataka )
Dharwad ( Dharwad Dist. ) – 580005
Š College of Forestry, Srinagar ( Jammu and
Kashmir ) Srinagar ( Srinagar Dist. )
Š College of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan
(Himachal Pradesh) Solan (Solan Dist.) –
173230
Š College of Technology and Agricultural
Engineering, Udaipur(Rajasthan) Udaipur
(Udaipur Dist.) – 313001
Š Dolphin (P.G.) Institute of Bio-Medical and
Natural Sciences, Dehradun(Uttarakhand)
Manduwala, Chakrata Road , Dehradun
(Dehradun Dist.) – 248007
Š Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli(Maharashtra) Dapoli
(Ratnagiri Dist.) – 415712
Š Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
/ 28
 Vidyapeeth, Akola(Maharashtra) PO
Krishinagar , Akola (Akola Dist.) – 444104
Š Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya :
College of Agriculture, Jabalpur(Madhya
Pradesh) Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur (Jabalpur
Dist.) – 482004
Š Kerala Agricultural University,
Vellanikkara(Kerala) Vellanikkara
(Thrissur Dist.) – 680654
Š Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana(Punjab) Ludhiana (Ludhiana
Dist.) – 141004
Š University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore(Karnataka) Gandhi Krishi
Vignan Kendra, Bellary Road , Bangalore
(Bengaluru) Dist.) – 560065
Š College of Agriculture, Jorhat, Assam
(Assam Agricultural University)
Š North Eastern Regional Institute of Science
and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli,
Arunachal Pradesh - 791109
Job Prospects and Career Options: There are ample
job opportunities available in the government sector.
The Indian Forest Services is another good option.
The Indian Council of Forestry Research and
Education (ICFRE) and its affiliated Forestry research
institutes employ trained personnel. NGOs which
have taken up the job of preserving forests also appoint
such individuals. Timber or plywood manufacturers
also employ forestry specialists as consultants. Food
and Agricultural Organization also hire forestry
specialists for various functions in their organization.
The job prospects in the education sector are also very
bright. One can also opt for research work in various
institutions. There are also jobs abroad as wildlife
consultants for esteemed organizations.
In forest and wildlife conservation people can be
employed as
Š Foresters Š Dendrologists
Š Entomologist Š Ethologist
Š Silviculturist Š Forest range officers
Š Zoo curators.
Having said as above look at one of the Survey
on North East
“Rich biodiversity of Northeast India needs
conservation’’
Northeast India, a mega-biodiversity centre
and a hotspot, comprises eight states, viz.
29 /
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. It
occupies 7.7% of India’s total geographical area
supporting 50% of the flora (ca. 8000 species), of
which 31.58% (ca. 2526 species) is endemic. It is
a transitional zone between the Indian, Indo-
Burman-Malaysian and Indo-Chinese regions. It
is also a part of the Vavilovian centre of biodiversity
and origin of many important cultivated plant
species and some domesticated animals.
The region supports a rich biodiversity
spanning from tropical rainforests to alpine scrubs.
Takhtajan describes the region as the ‘cradle of
flowering plants’ because of its diversified
angiosperms. This rich biodiversity has a
significant role in the maintenance of the
ecosystem. Besides, the biodiversity of the region
is used ethnologically by locals for various socio-
economic and developmental purposes.
The region is rich in orchids, ferns, oaks
(Quercus spp.), bamboos, rhododendrons
(Rhododendron spp.), magnolias (Magnolia spp.), etc.
With the shrinkage of green cover everywhere,
the region is also experiencing an impact on its
ecological system. The major threats to the rich
biodiversity of the region are expansion of
agricultural activities, over-exploitation of forests
for firewood, shifting cultivation, extensive
timbering, grazing, urbanization, manmade forest
fires, introduction of exotic plants, ill-managed road
construction, mining, etc. which lead to habitat loss
and habitat fragmentation that ultimately results in
biodiversity loss. Natural calamities such as
landslides, floods and forest fires also result in
biodiversity loss to some extent. The region is known
for its age old institutional mechanisms on cultural
and social values for biodiversity conservation,
namely sacred groves or forests in Meghalaya,
Manipur and Nagaland; sacred landscapes in Sikkim
and sacred hilltops in Arunachal Pradesh.
Conserved as the abode of local deities, these
ecosystems represent remnants of ancient forests. But
these practices are rapidly vanishing due to modern
education and conversion of religion, which have lead
to the giving up of traditional and ethnic beliefs.
The region has four biosphere reserves, 48
sanctuaries, 14 national parks, and two world
(Contd. on Page 36)
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 Prasanta Borah

[Editors Note : Prasanta Bora is an Engineer by profession. His blog Career Quips is world’s 5th best
career blog. Its Google page rank is 4th. With more than 3,500 blog subscriber Career Quips gets more than
3,50,000 visitors per month, but, very few of them are from NE India, for whom it’s created. To make such a
wonderful blog popular among NE Indian students and Pragyan readers we invited Prasanta to write for us.
We are grateful that he has started a new series.]
A few words from the writer: The contents of this write up is actually have been reproduced for
Pragyan from my career blog: www. careerquips.blogspot.com. As the contents was actually made for the blog,
to present it to the students as a published form we needed some minor edits.
Full potential of the knowledge imparted here can be found only online at the blog, since many contents
can not be presented in hard published form – say for example, the video on demo GD in section “Group
Discussion”. Also we may not be in position to write in details about links of other sites those our blog have.
We’ll try to mention the related web IDs here. Students are advised to visit those sites or our blog to search it,
simply type “Career Quips” or “careerquips” or any combination of these two words. The first result shown is

Q uest for the first job always bogs down a

student even before the student appears in his/
her final examination. And most of the time, that
test, how to appear in a Group Discussion and Interview
as well as the Post selection processes that a selected
student goes through.
most-in-demand first job is always elusive. Fear
of becoming an unemployed haunts majority of
students.
Are you one of them?
Than you are in the right place! Through this
blog, we are trying to take you through a guided
tour to tell you various ways of getting that first
job.
How would we go about it?
We are doing it through two sections of our
blog: www. careerquips.blogspot.com.
For absolute beginners: Section-Freshers Job
Tools
This section tells a novice what channels of jobs For experienced ones : Section-Discover yourself
are available to him/her, how to make that first resume, This section tells an experienced one (or the one
the patterns of various job tests, what is a psychometric who has already gone through the section “1-2-3 Are

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 30
 you ready?”) about For this you must:
the various 1.0 Try to attempt as many “Written Test”
resources that are questions from the resources given in this
available in Internet blog as well as from other career related
to hone their skills books/web-sites.
to perfection. 2.0 Improve your communication-skills (the
In addition to required lingua-franca being English
above two sections, always!) to shine in following two areas: i)
we are publishing Group Discussion ii) Interview.
here spotlights on You must conduct as many mock-GD &
specific areas from time to time on our continued posts mock-Interview sessions among your friends as
in the blog. We’ll write here in Pragyan serially. possible so that you are confident of yourself well-
Would you be successful in getting the first job after ahead of the real time. Also you must be familiar
going through the contents of our blog/ writing ? with Psychometric Tests, Resume-making etc.
The answer lies in your hand. No amount of Be positive about yourself... Yes, you are
teaching can get you the first job, until and unless going to get that job! Best wishes for the job-haunt.„
you try for it yourselves. (to be continued)

Rajiv Deka [Editors Note : The author Rajiv Deka is states well known career counsellor
and writes regular column on career in popular dailies of the state. He owns a
career counselling centre named ‘Decaz’ at Guwahati. Established in 2002 ‘Decaz’ is the first Career Guidance and
Counselling Centre in Guwahati and the whole of NE India. We are grateful that he has started to write for Pragyan
and hope he will continue to do so. Visit his site on :www.decaz.org]

A mong the present day’s students, the very

familiar words are ‘Career’& ‘Counselling’
or ‘Career Counselling’. Counselling is a very
field and over the years, it has acquired specialization
in its areas of operation- parental, child, marriage,
personality development, psychological, sex and
career counselling. Among all these areas, the one
sector that is in great demand and also we are going
to discuss is Career Counselling.
Let us first see what we mean by these two
words ‘Career ‘ and ‘counselling ‘.According to
UNESCO, definitions of these words are as
following :
Career: The interaction of work roles and
other life roles over a person’s lifespan including
both paid and unpaid work in an individual’s life.
People create career patterns as they make decisions
about education, work, family and other life roles.

31 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

 Counselling: Actively listening to an
individual’s story and communicating
understanding, respect and empathy; clarifying goals
and assisting individuals with the decision are
making process. Counselling is a mutual relationship
between a counselor (a professionally trained helper)
and a client (a consumer of counselling services).
Career counselling: A largely verbal process
in which a counsellor and counselee(s) are in a
dynamic and collaborative relationship, focused on
identifying and acting on the counsellee’s goals, in
which the counselor employs a repertoire of diverse
techniques and processes, to help bring about self
understanding, understanding of behavioral options
available, and informed decision making in the
counselee, who has the responsibility for his or her
own actions (Herr& Crammer’96).
There is no doubt about it that career
counselling is gaining more popularity among
students gradually. One of the major contributing
factor for the popularity of the field is the increasing
number of student that are coming out of schools,
looking for some ‘help’ which the school may or
not provide. All that these students are looking for
is someone who knows the various careers available
as well as advice on which field wills suit their
academic and psychological temperament. There are
millions of career options available and now, more
than ever, youngsters are open to considering more
offbeat career options. But these students need
guidance and assistance in making the right choice.
And that’s where career counselors play a crucial
role. Globalization and the technology driven
knowledge era have opened up a myriad career
opportunity. There are so many choices and options
that students arte getting confused. Moreover parents
also feel the need to know the latest trends. Thus
along with counselling the students, parental
counselling has become an urgent need. Thus there
is an increasing requirement for career counsellors.
So, what does the career counselors do? An
individual is naturally presented with career
choices through out his/her life and a career
counselor assist the individual to explore, pursue
and attain his/her career goal. Career counselling
basically consists of four elements.
a) Helping individuals to gain greater self
awareness in areas such as interests, values,
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
abilities and personality style,
b) Connecting students to resources so that
they can become more knowledgable about
jobs and occupations,
c) Choose a career path that is well suited to
their own interests, values, abilities and
personality style and
d) Associating individuals to be active
managers of their career paths.
(including managing career transitions and
balancing various life roles) as well as becoming
learners in the sense of professional development
over the lifespan.
Becoming a career counselor is not as easy as
it sounds. A career counselor apart from being very
well informed and up to date on educational and
career trends, must also posses all these qualities-
perception, understanding, motivation, analytical yet
sensitive to the needs of the others and a great
communicator. Most importantly, a career
counselors should be aware of the latest opening in
various areas and should maintain a databank of the
traditional, conventional and up-coming career
options so as to offer a wide range of options to the
students. Besides this, a counsellor should also be
in a position for further assistance to their clients in
related areas such as job search, resume writing,
arranging financial assistance and scholarships for
higher studies etc. A career counselor helps people
with career indecision on a number of fronts.
Developmental problems such as career immaturity
are resolved by exploring the client’s interest and
career alternatives and applying decision making
strategies. Situational problems such as job stress
are worked on within the context of a supportive,
problem solving relationship to develop alternative
responses. In recent years, however there has been
a gradual yet perceptible shift in emphasis for
vocational issues to personal/emotional issues and
the systemic context for career development. Many
studies devoted to career counselling focus on
contemporary problems that involve personal as well
as work-related issues, such as workaholics and re-
entry for women in the workplace. In addition,
whereas previously counselling efforts have been
directed primarily towards helping people find jobs,
now there is much more attention dealing with work
adjustment issues.„
/ 32
W omen’s education is a priority sector in the
government’s policy planning. The National
Policy on Education 1986 states that education
infrastructure for women students, teachers and
non-teachers in universities.
Eligibility/Target : All Colleges under
will be used as an agent of basic change in the Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act are eligible
status of women in society. Education for women to receive grant under this scheme. The target
is a vital component of the overall strategy of group is women students, teachers and non-
securing equity and social justice for women. teaching staff of all eligible universities.
Special support services are needed to remove the Nature of Assistance Available Under the
obstacles inhibiting the access of women to higher Scheme: Under the scheme, a maximum of Rs. 10
education. Lack of adequate infrastructure required lakh as a one-time grant in the Plan period will be
to meet the special needs of women students and provided to a university for creation and
teachers, including non-teaching staff, is one of the upgradation of infrastructure as per ratio mentioned
major factors responsible for obstructing the greater below.
S.No. Facility Percentage of
allocated grant
1. Ladies’ toilets (both Indian and Western) with possible self-flushing 30
facilities. Preferably one toilet per 100 women (including students,
teachers & non-teaching staff/researchers).
2. Women’s common room with adequate furniture for sitting, 30
working and for special needs.
3. Gym facilities, separate for female students and teachers, equipped 30
with treadmills, cycles, etc., and sufficient place for other exercises,
including yoga. Lockers as well as a shower room may also be provided.
4. For maintaining/upgrading existing infrastructure meant for women. 10
This grant may also be utilised for making appropriate arrangements
for special needs and for any medical infrastructure requirements
of women.

participation of women in higher education. Procedure for Applying under the

A large number of institutions do not have
proper infrastructure for women. In certain
institutions there are no common rooms and even
separate toilets for women students, teachers and
non-teaching staff members. A general feeling has
been expressed at different forums that the
availability of facilities for women would improve
their enrolment, attendance and participation in
higher education. The Commission has, therefore,
designed this scheme of assistance for
Scheme: Institutions should submit proposals
complete in all respects along with required
documents to the UGC office by 31 October of
each year. The Commission will not entertain an
incomplete proposal. Terms and conditions
applicable to UGC-approved building projects
will apply for the creation and upgradation of
infrastructure under this scheme also. Universities
are advised to observe these terms and conditions
strictly.

33 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

 Procedure for Approval: Institutions may Š The second instalment (40 per cent) will
submit their proposal for assistance under this scheme be released on receipt of the utilisation
on the pro forma (given in Annexure I of UGC’s certificate of the first instalment of the grant
website)¹. The proposal will be examined and (Annexure II), submission of statement of
processed in the concerned bureau of the UGC. In actual expenditure and progress report of
case it is found fit in terms of the conditions governing construction project undertaken.
the scheme, necessary approval of the Commission Š The remaining 10 per cent of the grant will
will be conveyed to the concerned insitution. The be released on the receipt of completion
following categories of universities/colleges will be certificate (in respect of building projects),
given priority while approving proposals: utilisation certificate and statement of
Š Universities/colleges located in backward/ actual expenditure incurred Annexure III.
rural and semi-urban areas; and Procedure for Monitoring: The UGC will
Š Universities/colleges with higher percentage monitor the utilisation of grants through its own
of women teachers, non-teachers and students. mechanism and can call for any information from
Procedure for Release of Grant: Once the the institution. However, the UGC reserves the
proposal is approved, the grant will be released in right to get physical verification done if deemed
three instalments: necessary.
Š The first instalment (50 per cent) of the grant Proforma for Applying under the Scheme:
will be released with the letter of approval. Attached as Annexures I, II, III and IV.(¹).„
(1) http://www.ugc.ac.in/financialsupport/guideline_14.html
Compiled by Anita Baruwa from the UGC website

: An NE Career Guidance Presentation - 2

N E Career Guidance is working towards helping students in North Eastern States to choose right career for their
life. It is very crucial for students to choose right Institution or College and be careful that they don’t fall into
trap of choosing an UNAPPROVED or UNRECOGNIZED Institute, College or a Course.
To ensure that student’s do not make any mistakes choosing an unapproved Institute or College or a course
which are not recognized by Government or UGC, we share here the list available in public domain.
Please note that students taking up such courses or getting admitted to such institutes may not affect in some
instances getting employment but at the same though it does not guarantee. Studying in such institute may impact
your higher educational ventures or taking up any Government job or employment.
However, NE Career Guidance suggests further investigation by admission seeker should be done prior
to taking admission.
1. Bangalore Institute of Aeronautical Engg. 2. Indian Institute of Aeronautical and
& Information Technology, Bangalore – 72 Marine Engineering
Programmes : Aeronautical Engg. Padmanabhanagar, Bangalore – 560 070
Information Technology, Mechanical Programmes : Aeronautical Engg.
Engg., Electronics & Telecommunication, Information Technology, Computer Science
Chemical Engg., Computer Science, & Technology, Electronics &
Electrical, Engg.Marine Engg. Telecommunication, Electrical Engg.

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 34
 3. Maharashtra Academy Of Naval
Education & Training, Pune-Solapur
Highway, Pune-412201
Programmes : B. Tech Marine, Engineering
4. National Institute Of Aeronautical
Engineering And Information
Technology, Pune-19
Programmes : B.E./B.Tech In Engg., Courses
5. P.K. Institute of Technology
Pushp Vihar, Masani Road, Mathura
Programmes : B.Tech. & Polytechnic
6. Singhania Institute Of Law Management
Science & Technology,
Dist. Jhunjhunu– 333515
Web site :www. singhaniainstitutes.com
Programmes : B.Tech. in Civil
Mechanical, Automobile, Communication,
Electronics & Instrumentation, Information
Technology, Computer Sc. Electrical
Petroleum & Hydrocarbon and Mining
Engg.,MCA Polytechnic Diploma in
Automobile, Civil Computer Science
Electronics & Comm, Electronics &
Instrumentation Information, Technology,
Electrical, Mechanical Petroleum &
Hydrocarbon,Web Designing, Fashion
Designing, HMCT.
7. The ICFAI Institute of Science & Tech.,
CPAD, Unit No.107 A, Bangalore
Programme : B.Tech. Prorgamme in
Bio – Technology Computer Science &
Engg., Electrical & Electronics Engg.
Electronics & Comm. Engg.
8. The Institute of Engineering Science &
Technology, Shivabasavanagar, Belgaum
Programme : Degree Courses in
Aeronautical Mechanical, Computer
Science, Electronics & Communication
Information Technology.
9. Abhinav College of Engineering &
Polytechnic, Thane(w)
Programme : MBA, Deg/ Dip. Engg. courses
10. Academy of Business Management,
Tourism & Research, Bangalore – 560068
Programme : MBA/Doctorate Degree
(Full time & Part Time)
11. Advisor the Educational Academy, Lucknow
Programme : MBA, B.Tech., B.Pharma,
35 /
MBA, MCA, Bio-Technology
12. Agra Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Agra – 7
Programme : B.Tech. & Polytechnic
Diploma, MBA, MCA.
13. Akruti Institute of Real Estate Management
and Research, Andheri (E), Mumbai –93
Programme : PGD:REDM
14. Amity School of Distance Learning
PO Box. 503, Noida
Programme : PGDBM
15. Amity School of Distance Learning
New Delhi
Programme : Distance Learning,
PGDBM-2 Yrs
16. Annie Besant College of Engineering &
Management, Lucknow (U.P.)\
Programme : MBA
17. Apex Institute of Management, Pune-28
Programme : MBA, PGDBM
18. IMET, Goa
Programme : MBA/ Hotel Management
19. Bells Education & Research Society
Chandigarh
Programme : MBA, BBA, MCA, PGDCA,
M.Sc, Distance Learning Programmes
20. Cosmic Business School
New Delhi – 110044)
Programme : PGDM-FT, MBA-FT
21. D.B. Jain Institute of Business
Management & Research, Chennai-600 034
Programme : MBA – 2 Yrs in 8
Specializations, International Programme,
Executive MBA – 1 Yr, MBA – 2 Yr
22. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Institute of
Management & Higher Studies
Kanpur (U.P.)
Programmes : MBA
23. Devi Mahalaxmi College, Mumbai-78
Programmes : PGDMLT, Pharm,. Business
Mgmt.
24. Elphinstone College, Mumbai-32
Programme : Dip, P.G.Dip in HMCT, MBA
(Hospitality Management)
24. Excel Institute, Navi Mumbai-400705
Programme : MBA, HMCT, ENGG
26. FHRAI Institute of Hospitality
Management, Greater Noida-201 306(U.P.)
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 Programme : 4-Year International Programme : MBA
Hospitality Administration 39. IILM for Higher Education, Gurgaon ,
27. GCS Computer, Chandigarh Programme : PGDM-FT
Programme : MBA, MCA, PGDCA, PGDBM 40. IMET, Mumbai-64
BBA BCA, Distance Education Programme of Programme : MBA/ Hotel Management
Punjab Tech. University Jalandhar 41. Indian Business Academy Bangalore 560062
28. Globsyn Business School Programme : PGPM
Salt Lake Kolkata-700 091 42 Indian Institute of Management Training
Programme : PGDBM (IIMT), Pune-411026
29. GSC, Patiala Programme : Various MBA degree Courses
Programme : MBA, MCA 43 Indian Institute of Pharmaceutical Marketing
30. GSC – SCO, Chandigarh Programme : MBA (Pharma Marketing,
Collaborated with – As per advertisement Hospital Management, Finance, Human
on 28.9.06 in The Tribune, Under Sikkim Resource Development, Insurance)
Manipal Univ., 44 IIPM, Indian Institute of Planning and
Programme : MBA, MCA Management, New Delhi – 110016
31. Hindustan Institute of Technology & Programme : BBA, MBA
Management, Mumbai-92 45. Indian Institute of Professional Studies,
Programme : MBA, MCA Luknow-10
32. Hospitality Training Institute, Mumbai Programme : MBA
Programme : Advanced Dip, Diploma & 46. Indo German Training Centre, Mumbai-20
P.G.Dip.in Hotel Management Programme : PGDBA
33. ICE College, Dadar, Mumbai 47. Institute of Business Management &
Programme : MBA, MCA, PGDCA, Hotel Research, Bangalore- 27
Management Programme : Executive – MBA (one Year)
34. ICEI – SCO, Chandigarh 48. Institute of Business Studies & Research
Programme : MBA, MCA (IBSAR), Navi Mumbai – 400 614.
35. ICFAI, Karunamayee Programme : PGD in International
Programme : MBA Business (FT), PGD in Management (FT)
36. ICFAI Business School, 49. Institute of Management &Technology,
Gurgaon & Chandigarh Bangalore – 560 085
Programme : MBA-FT Programme : MBA, MBM-Tech.,
37. ICFAI National College, Gurgaon PGDBM, PGDM, MPIB, BCA, BBA,
38. ICFAI National College, Lucknow (U.P.) B.Com, B.Sc (Comp. Sc.) (to be concluded)
The complete list can be read on www.necareerguidance.com

Contd. from Page : 29 Careers in Forestry

heritage sites. But lack of awareness at the needed. It is time for concerned authorities to take
grassroots level hampers the process of biodiversity up the necessary actions to conserve this rich
conservation. Awareness Programmes such as biodiversity, before it is too late. Therefore there
seminars and workshops should be held in schools is a big need for saving our Region and we need
and colleges and even for the local folks. Public Government to step forward aggressively and also
displays in the form of billboards and handing out other activists, NGOs and this whole drive will
pamphlets with about the importance of need skilled manpower.
biodiversity and the need of its conservation are Save our Region, save the planet !!!„
Source : Botanical Survey of India
(Prashant Barooah works as Global Deployment Manager, Business excellent Nokia Siemens
Networks at Gurgaon, Haryana. To know more about his works visit his site : www.necareerguidance.com)

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 36
 xobdo.org Òü "àìÚà\> A¡[¹ìá ¹W¡>à šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à-1
[\-A¡à[º "γ¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ºA¡ "γãÚà ®¡àÈà¹Ø K-ÅàJà :
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Ŧ Î}J¸à: 1000-1500 i¡à¡ú ë³à¤àÒüº: 9435188630
The Journal of Entomology and Nematology (JEN)
has invited papers from Researchers

T he Journal of Entomology and Nematology

(JEN) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed
journal published monthly by Academic Journals.
subject across disciplines with the ultimate aim
of expanding knowledge of the subject.
Editors and reviewers
JEN is dedicated to increasing the depth of the JEN is seeking qualified researchers to join

37 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

its editorial team as editors, subeditors or org/JEN/Instruction.htm
reviewers. Kindly send your resume JEN is an Open Access Journal : One key request
to JEN@acadjourn.org of researchers across the world is unrestricted
Call for Papers : JEN will cover all areas of the access to research publications. Open access gives
subject. The journal welcomes the submission of a worldwide audience larger than that of any
manuscripts that meet the general criteria of subscription-based journal and thus increases the
significance and scientific excellence, and will visibility and impact of published works. It also
publish: enhances indexing, retrieval power
1. Original articles in basic and and eliminates the need for
applied research permissions to reproduce
2. Case studies and distribute
3. Critical reviews, content. JEN is fully
surveys, opinions, committed to the
commentaries and essays Open Access Initiative
We invite you to submit your and will provide free
m a n u s c r i p t ( s ) t o access to all articles as
JEN@acadjourn.org for publication. soon as they are published.
Our objective is to inform authors of Best regards,
the decision on their manuscript(s) Franklyn Monyei
within four weeks of submission. Editorial Assistant
Following acceptance, a paper will Journal of Entomology and
normally be published in the next issue. Instruction Nematology (JEN)
for authors and other details are available on our E-mail: JEN@acadjourn.org
w e b s i t e ; h t t p : / / w w w. a c a d e m i c j o u r n a l s . www.academicjournals.org/JEN.„

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 38
T he purpose of wildlife adventure yields tremendous satisfaction when combined with a touch of photography. Everyday adventure
tours fail to address photographic capabilities bleaching out the experience one can have with some expert crash tutoring on
camp site. More so is the delight to discover new vistas for outdoor travels and explore more off beat tracks then normally found in
Lonely Planet or Rough Guides.An eco-friendly rendezvous concept of Venture Pursuits - 3 Day Basic Wildlife Adventure Photography
Appreciation Camp is organised by Lenzworx Productions and supported by AssamTimes.org proposes to tour-camp in one of the
most scenic and the largest dense tropical forest covered hills district of Assam called "Karbi Anglong" beginning its journey from
Diphu, its head quarter town.
WHO CAN PARTICIPATE? Age no bar. Anyone who is interested in Adventure, Photography, WildLife and Camping can participate.
Interested foreign nationals please contact us in advance to arrange permissions, etc.
CERTIFICATES : Certificates will be awarded on completion of the Program.

Š Transport Collaborator: Trans Himalayas Camp Fee shall cover:

Š Camp/Venture Site: Dhansiri RF (Karbi Anglong West Division) and Longnit 1.Train fare: (Guwahati-Diphu-Guwahati); 2.
DCRF (Karbi Anglong East Division). See google map here: http://bit.ly/99Wdi6 Travel fare during camp, where/when
Š Expected Temperature:12°C - 15°C (approx) necessary; 3. Accommodation in indigenous
Š Humidity: 65% (approx) bamboo elevated camps; 4. Refreshments and
Š Suggested Clothing: Warm wintry casuals Food; 5. Other fee like entry fee; 6. Misc.
Š Dates: November 27-29, 2010 (3 nights) costs for adventure/fun activities; 7. Camp
Š Capacity: 25 individuals maximum Kit: Tee Shirt, Sleeping bag, Flash Light, First
Š Camp Fee (per individual): Rs. 3000.00 Aid, Insect Repellent, ..

ITEMS FOR BACKPACKING : For any kind of outdoor trip apart from a venture seeking mind and soul the kind of gear or take
along differ from activity to activity. Some must haves to check list are:
CHECKLIST 1 : 1. Sleeping Bags; 2. Wind Cheaters; 3. Jeans; 4. T -Shirts / Shirts preferably cottons.; 5. Cargos; 6. Caps;
7. Toiletries; 8. Swiss Knives; 9. Trekking Boots; 10. Absorbent white socks; 11.Towels; 12. Angling Equipment; 13. Ideas for
Games & Activities; 14. Recipe ideas to cook in the Camp; 15. Sense of humor
Checklist 2 : For a Basic WildLife Adventure Photography Camp here are some of the things to include on your travel photography
checklist we suggest:1. A camera is the foremost basic photography equipment you'll need. You have the option of using the tradi-
tional film camera or go digital. There are also choices between point-and-shoot cameras and single lens reflex (SLR cameras).2.
While travelling, there are many possible activities that involve water like fishing, boating, kayaking and canoeing. And to make
sure that your camera is kept dry, it's good to carry a waterproof camera bag. Always have a small towel handy to wipe off any
water that gets on your camera.3. A tripod comes in handy when you are waiting to conspicuously take a photo of an animal which
won't get anywhere near as long as you're in sight.4. Use of Flash units will not be appreciated as it is against eco concerns. We
encourage ambient light photography and making the most of it.5. We recommend to use couple of small sized memory cards than
have one card with enormous size so that not all photos are lost if the memory card gets misplaced or damaged. Also, be sure to
always carry extra film.6. Extra rechargeable batteries are always a good option along with a charger else rechargeable batteries
are useless.7. Cleaning gear which includes a lens and a cloth for wiping the surface of the camera is mandatory.

Camp Facilitators : Our Camp Facilitators born and brought up in the region will share their relative experiences about Wildlife,
Adventure, Photography and Camping and include interesting activities as much possible.
Please Note : Only postpaid GSM services will work in northeast India. Narcotics of any description are strictly prohibited.
Participants are expected not to litter camp site.
For details contact : Email : venturepursuits@asia.com
Phone : +91-9013497859, + 91-9613222362
http://www.assamtimes.org/adventure_photography_camp.html
http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=160835530609196

39 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

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ÎÒA¡à¹ã &º¤ài¢¡ A¡’ìÚì¤[º (Albert Koebele)A¡ &Òü
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"ìÊ¡ö[ºÚàîº ¹à*>à Ò’¤ ºKàt¡ š[¹º, št¡}K Î}NøÒ¹
ƒì¹ "à³[>ƒàÚA¡ A¡à³¹ ¤àì¤ [>ìÚà[\t¡ íÒ A¡’ìÚì¤[º
™ì=Ê "ÎåJã Ò’º¡ú t¡àîº íK ët¡*ò °³o-[¤ºàÎ A¡[¹ "[‹A¡
Î³Ú A¡i¡àÒü "à¹ç¡ &J> ë>³åìi¡R¡à¹ ¤à[KW¡àt¡ "àyû¡³o A¡[¹
=A¡à ëÑHº ëšàA¡¹ A¡àÈt¡ ëšà¯à Û塉A¡àÚ ‘뮡ƒà[ºÚà [¤i¡º’
(Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis) ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> Î}NøÒ
A¡[¹ [¹ìº¹ *W¡¹îº 1888 W¡>¹ >줴¬¹ ³àÒt¡ ëšø¹o
A¡¹à¹ ºKìt¡ W¡àA¡¹ã t¡¸àK A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ [=¹à} A¡[¹ìº¡ú
[A¡”ñ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ A¡=àìi¡à Ò’º, -ÿ-ÿ-ÿ- A¡’ìÚì¤[ºìÚ >\>àîA¡ìÚ
št¡}K [>Ú”|o¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎt¡ ët¡*ò [>ì\ &K¹àA¡ã ™åKà”zA¡à¹ã
šàyîº ¹ê¡šà”z[¹t¡ Ò’º¡ú ‘뮡ƒà[ºÚà [¤i¡º’ ë³[º [ƒÚà¹
šàá¹ ¤á¹¹ š¹à ë>³åìi¡R¡à¹ l¡ü;šàƒ> ƒåP¡oîº ¤à[Øn¡º¡ú
\à³¢ à >ÎA¡ìº A¡’ìÚì¤[º¹ Ζµà>àì=¢ &Òü š‡ý ¡ [t¡A¡
‘A¡’ìÚì¤[º š‡ý¡[t¡’ (Koebele method) "àJ¸à [ƒìº¡ú
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
"à[\ š™¢”z ‘뮡ƒà[ºÚà [¤i¡º’¹ P¡¹ç¡â« ëA¡[ºó¡[>¢Úàt¡
[¤ƒ¸³à>¡ú ëÅÒt¡ãÚà γãÛ¡à ³ìt¡, šø[t¡ l¡ºà¹ ¤¸Ú¹ ó¡ºt¡,
¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ ¤à¤ƒ ºà®¡ ëÒà¯à šòàW¡ l¡ºà¹¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡
í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ ‡à¹à [yÅ l¡ºà¹ ºà®¡ ÒÚ¡ú
1975 W¡>t¡ ®¡à¹t¡¹ >àÒü[>t¡àºÑ‚, šøà=[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºÚ
&J>¹ t¡ƒà>ã”z> [ÅÛ¡A¡, W¡–ƒøìÅJ¹ º’ìÒà[³ìÚ "štõ¡o
ëºsi¡à>à(Lantana camera)¹ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ št¡}K ëºW¡¤àK
(Teleonemia scrupulosa)A¡ "à[¯ÍH๠A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤
®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Aõ ¡ [È Kì¯Èoà Î}Ñ‚ à >(Indian Council of
Agricultural Research) ëÚ šå ¹ ÍH à ¹ Ѭ ¹ ê ¡ ìš >Kƒ
15,000 i¡A¡à "à¹ç¡ šøÅ[Ñz šy šøƒà> A¡ì¹¡ú
í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oì>à [A¡ ?
šøàW¡ã> A¡àºt¡ W¡ã>àÎA¡ìº *W¡¹à-*W¡[¹îA¡ =A¡à Ká¹
l¡àº, ¤òàÒ¹ A¡à[k¡ì¹ Î}™åv¡û¡ A¡[¹ ¹R¡àš¹ç¡¯àA¡ "àÒ-™àÒ¹
¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¹ "šA¡à¹ã \㯹 šºåì¤à¹ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹[ạú í\[¯A¡
[>Ú”|o (Biological control) Ŧìi¡àA¡ Τÿ¤¢šø=ì³ [Ѷ=
( Smith ) >à³¹ [¤`¡à>ã\ì> 1919 W¡>t¡ ¤¸¯Òà¹
A¡[¹[ạú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|A¡ γèÒA¡ ëA¡ïÅìºì¹ "šA¡à¹ã
št¡}K¹ *š¹t¡ šøìÚàK A¡¹àìA¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú
ÎÒ\ ®¡àÈàt¡ ³à>åÒ, šÇ¡‹> ¤à l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ Û¡[t¡A¡à¹A¡
\ã¯ì¤à¹ (Pest)A¡ ">¸šøàoã ¤à šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ Åy硹 ‡à¹à [>Ú”|o
A¡¹à š‡ý¡[t¡ìA¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú [>K[>¹ l¡üš‰¯¹
š¹à ë¹ÒàÒü šà¤îº ë³A塹ã ëšàÒàìi¡à í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ &A¡
l¡üƒàÒ¹o¡ú
št¡}K¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oA¡ì¤à¹A¡ ëš¹àW¡àÒüi¡ (Para-
site), ëš¹àW¡àÒüi¡Òlü ¡ (Parasiotoid) "à¹ç¡ [šøìl¡i¡¹ (Preda-
tor) "à[ƒ ®¡àKt¡ ®¡àK A¡¹à ÒÚ (Ragumoorthi et al., 2003b)¡ú
[šøìl¡i¡¹ @ &Òüì¤à¹ ³åv¡û¡®¡àì¯ [¤W¡¹o A¡[¹¤ š¹à \㯡ú
[šøìl¡i¡¹ì¤à¹ ÒüÒòt¡¹ Jàƒ¸¹ê¡št¡ ¤¸¯Òê¡t¡ \㯠(Prey)
/ 40
 t¡à[ºA¡à @ (1) ®¡à¹t¡îº ¤[Ò@¹àÊ¡ö¹ š¹à "ೃà[>Aõ¡t¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ Îà󡺸
W¡> í\¯[>Ú”|A¡¹ šøAõ¡t¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}K í\¯[>Ú”|A¡
l¡ü;š[v¡Ñ‚º
1920 Òü}ìºr¡ "à욺 Eriosoma lanigeram Aphalinus mali
1958-60 W¡ã> "à욺 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Prospatilla perniciosi
1960 "àì³[¹A¡à "à욺 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Aphytis diaspidis
1964 [>l¡ü[K[o &¹ã Achaea janata Telenomia sp.
1965 \à[g¯à¹ >à[¹A¡º Oryctes rhinoceros Platymeris laevicollis

[W¡y @ Τ¢šø=³ št¡}K [>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ št¡}K [>ìÚàK¹ l¡üƒàÒ¹o [W¡y @ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}K [l¡´¬¹ *š¹t¡ í\¯[>Ú”|A¡
-ÿ- ‘Vedalia beetle’ A¡ ë>³å¹ ‘Cottony cushion scale’ i¡öàÒüA¡’Nøà³à¹ [l¡´¬-šøί (Pedigo, 2006)
[>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à íÒ[Ạ(Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y @ ‘ë³Ki¡’ "àyû ¡ ³o¹t¡ [W¡y¡ @ šøàW¡ã> A¡àºt¡ W¡ã>ìƒÅt¡ ¤¸¯¸Òê¡t¡ [W¡y @ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ št¡}K ‘yû¡àÚW¡’šàº¢à
"¯Ñ‚ à t¡ ƒå i ¡à í\¯ [>Ú”| A ¡ Ká¹ l¡àº, ¤òàÒ¹ A¡à[k¡ì¹ Î}™åv¡û¡ A¡[¹ A¡à[o¢Úà’ -ÿ- A¡) šøàœ¤ÚÑH "à¹ç¡ J) k¡à[¹¹
št¡}K (Pedigo, 2006) ¹R¡àš¹ç¡¯àA¡ "òàÒ-™àÒ¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¹ í\¯ "àKt¡ Îå¹[Û¡t¡ [l¡´¬ (Pedigo, 2006)
[>Ú”|o¹ &A¡ l¡üƒàÒ¹o (Pedigo, 2006)
ë¤à¹t¡îA¡ "àA¡à¹t¡ l¡àR¡¹ ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ δšèo¢ [¤A¡àŹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ ëšàÈA¡¹ γàAõ¡[t¡¹¡ú ÒüÒòìt¡ ëšàÈA¡A¡ Òt¡¸à A¡¹à¹
¤àì¤ &A¡à[‹A¡ Jàƒ¸ì™àK¸ \㯹 šøìÚà\> ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : ‹à> ºKìt¡ ³åv¡û¡ [¤á¹oA¡à¹ã šèo¢à}K št¡}Kîº [¤A¡[Åt¡ Ò’¤¹
ëJ[t¡¹ "[>Ê¡A¡à¹ã KàÞê¡ãìšàA¡ (Leptocorisa acuta)¹ ¤àì¤ ³ày &i¡à ëšàÈA¡¹ìÒ šøìÚà\> ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> -ÿ- ‹à>¹
[šøìl¡i¡¹ ‘i¡àÒüK๠[¤i¡º’ (Cicindella sexmaculata) "à¹ç¡ ³\òàìJà¯à ëšàA¡¹ [l¡´¬-ëš¹àáàÒüi¡Úl¡ (Egg parasitoid)
ë³à¯àìšàA¡¹ ®¡Û¡>A¡à¹ã yû¡àÚW¡’šàº¢à A¡à[o¢Úà, Chrysoperla Trichogramma japonicum "à¹ç¡ T.chilonis "à[ƒ¡ú
carnea [šøìl¡i¡¹¹ &A¡ šøAõ¡Ê l¡üƒàÒ¹o¡ú "štõ¡o >àÅA¡¹ ®è¡[³A¡àt¡ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡¡: "γÚt¡
ëš¹àáàÒüi¡ "à¹ç¡ ëš¹àáàÒüi¡Úl¡ @ ëš¹àáàÒüi¡ì¤à¹ "ºàK[t¡Úຮ¡àì¯ Aõ¡[È®è¡[³t¡ \–µ l¡ü[Š±ƒA¡ "štõ¡o "àJ¸à
ëšàÈA¡t¡îA¡ ™ì=Ê Û塉 \㯡ú "Î}J¸ ëš¹àáàÒüìi¡ &ìA¡ [ƒÚà ÒÚ¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> "štõ¡oγèÒ [>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡
γÚìt¡ &ìA¡i¡à ëšàÈA¡A¡ "àyû¡³o A¡[¹¤ šàì¹ "à¹ç¡ A¡à[W¡;ìÒ š‡ý¡[t¡¹ [¤A¡¿¹ê¡ìš í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡¹ *š¹t¡ ³ì>à[>ì¤Å A¡¹à
ëšàÈA¡¹ ³õt塸 ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : *A¡[>, ³’Ò "à¹ç¡ Aõ¡[³ "à[ƒ¡ú íÒìá¡ú "à[\A¡à[º W¡¹oãÚà š=à¹, 빺 ºàÒü> "à¹ç¡ š=¹
ëš¹àáàÒüi¡Úl¡ì¤à¹ &A¡ [¤ìÅÈ ‹¹o¹ ëš¹àáàÒüi¡, [™ì¤à¹ ƒòà[t¡ A¡àȹãÚà "e¡ºìA¡ ‹[¹ Τ¢yìt¡ ®¡à¤å[A¡ Ѭ¹ê¡ìš ëƒJà
41 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
[ƒÚà šàì=¢[>Úà³ ¤à A¡}ìNøW¡NøàW¡A¡ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ ë³[GA¡’¹ šø[t¡ì¹à‹ Û¡³t¡à K[Øn¡¤ ë>à¯à칡ú ÎW¡¹àW¡¹ [™ìi¡à
š¹à 1983 W¡>t¡ Zygograma bicolorata >à³¹ Qi¡>à ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡t¡ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú
št¡}K[¤‹ "ೃà[> A¡[¹ ®¡à¹t¡îº ">à ÒÚ¡ú "à>ó¡àìº \º\ 4¡ú ³à>åÒ, šÇ¡‹> ¤à ">¸à>¸ \㯹 *š¹t¡ í\[¯A¡
"štõ¡o šà>ãì³ìi¡A¡àA¡ [>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ 1982 W¡>t¡ [y-"[¹ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡¹ šøìÚàK¹ ó¡ºt¡ ëA¡àì>à Û¡[t¡A¡à¹A¡
šà>ã ë³ìi¡A¡à ëšàA¡ (Chevroned water hyacinth, šø®¡à¯ š¹à š[¹º[Û¡t¡ >ÒÚ¡ú
N.bruchi ) "à¹ç¡ [W¡[yt¡šà>ãì³ìi¡A¡à ëšàA¡(Mottled 5¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ t塺>à³èºA¡®¡àì¯ Ñ‚àÚã¡ú
water hyacinth weevil, Neochetina eichhorni) A¡All 6¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oγèìÒ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}KγèÒ¹ ÎÞê¡à>
India Co-ordinated Research Project on Biologi- [>ì\Òü A¡[¹¤ šàì¹ ëÎìÚìÒ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡¹
cal Control of Crop Pests and Weeds; W¡³åîA¡ AICRP ‡à¹à* [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤ ë>௹à A¡ãi¡ št¡}K¹ ëÛ¡yìi¡à
on Bio-Control(¤àUàìºà¹ç¡)¹ t¡â«à¯‹à>t¡ ®¡à¹t¡¤È¢îº í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ Îó¡º ëÒà¯à ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú
"ೃà[> A¡[¹ \ºàÅÚt¡ ³åA¡[º A¡¹à¹ ">å³[t¡ šøƒà> A¡¹à 7¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|A¡Î³èÒ¹ l¡ü;šàƒ> ¤¸Ú ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡
ÒÚ (Borkakati and Basit, 2005)¡ú šƒà=¢¹ l¡ü;šàƒ> ¤¸Út¡îA¡ ™ì=Ê A¡³¡ú
í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡¹ l¡üšA¡à[¹t¡à í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡¹ "šA¡à[¹t¡à
1¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ šàÅ«¢[yû¡ÚàÒã> ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ 1¡ú í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡Î³èìÒ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}KA¡ δšèo¢¹ê¡ìš
Òü šøƒèÈo³åv¡û¡ ëÒà¯à¹ ¤àì¤ ÎåÑ‚ š[¹ì¤Åt¡”|¹ [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤îº "Û¡³¡ú
®¡à¹àÎ೸ ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ™ì=Ê l¡üšì™àKã¡ú 2¡ú ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡t¡îA¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oγèÒ¹
2¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ Ѭ-šø\>>Û¡³ (Self propa- A¡à™¢¸A¡ºàš ™ì=Ê ‹ã¹¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Aõ¡ÈA¡ÎA¡ìº &Òü
gating) "à¹ç¡ Ѭ-¹Û¡o™åv¡û¡ (Self perpetuating) š‡ý¡[t¡¹ šø[t¡ [γà> "àNøÒ ë>ìƒJå¯àÚ¡ú
3¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡t¡ [>ìÚà[\t¡ [>Ú”|A¡ \㯠3¡ú "[‹A¡ P¡oKt¡ ³à>ƒr¡ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ l¡ü;šàƒ> ÎÒ\
(Biocontrol agent)¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}KÒü >ÒÚ¡ú„
šøÎ}K šå[= :
1. A Text of Applied Entomology by K.P. Srivastava.(1996 Edition and 1st Volume)
2. Entomology and pest Management by L.P.Pedigo (2006 Edition)
[>Kòà* ("γ)¹ &Òü\> Aõ¡[È[¤`¡à>ã "γãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ [¤`¡à> [¤ÈÚ¹ &\> º§¡ šø[t¡Ë¡ ëºJA¡ "à¹ç¡ Kì¯ÈA¡¡ú δß[t¡
‘št¡}K ¹Òθ’ >àì³ì¹ ët¡*ò &J> [A¡t¡àš šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ l¡ü[ºÚàÒüìá¡ú]

I t is these women that the capitalists most willingly employ as home-workers, who are prepared for a
monstrously low wage to “earn a little extra” for themselves and their family, for the sake of a crust
of bread. It is from among these women, too, that the capitalists of all countries recruit for themselves
(like the ancient slave-owners and the medieval feudal lords) any number of concubines at a most
“reasonable” price. And no amount of “moral indignation” (hypocritical in 99 cases out of 100) about
prostitution can do anything against this trade in female flesh; so long as wage-slavery exists, inevitably
prostitution too will exist. All the oppressed and exploited classes throughout the history of human societies
have always been forced (and it is in this that their exploitation consists) to give up to their oppressors,
first, their unpaid labour and, second, their women as concubines for the “masters”.
Slavery, feudalism and capitalism are identical in this respect. It is only the form of exploitation that
changes; the exploitation itself remains.
(V. I. Lenin; CAPITALISM AND FEMALE LABOUR;
Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1971, Moscow, Volume 36, pages 230-231.)

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 42
 Dr. Bhuban Gogoi

R
egarding the theory of Global Warming
and Climate Change, IPCC and the UN are
in great mendasity, did manipulation of data and
are fear mongering with fraud data presentation
by concealing data and denying a peer review of
their findings. IPCC in its concluding part of the
scientific report says – ‘‘The fact that global mean
temparature has increased since the late 19th century
and that other trends have been observed does not
necessarily mean that an anthropogenic effect on the
climate system has been identified, climate has always varied
on all time scales, so the observed change may be natural.’’ (IPCC
2001 a, p 97). But later it was changed to be 100% anthropogenic by
political delegates (scientists) in the IPCC meeting under UN.
The following are figures of scientific findings that will explain themselves while going through
them. There is found no consistency in relationship between CO2 and temparature but rather consistency
exists between sunspot cycles and temparature and other events.
THE EARTH IS COOLING
The graph above shows the
temperature changes of the lower troposphere
from the surface up to about 8 km as
determined from the average of two analyses
of satellite data. The UAH analysis is from the
University of Alabama in Huntsville and the
RSS analysis is from Remote Sensing Systems.
The two analyses use different methods to
adjust for factors such as orbital decay and
inter-satellite difference. The best fit line from
January 2002 indicates a declining trend.
Surface temperature data is contaminated by
the effects of urban development. The Sun's
activity, which was increasing through most of
the 20th century, has recently become quiet,
causing a change of trend. The green line
shows the CO 2 concentration in the
atmosphere, as measured at Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. The ripple effect in the CO2 curve is
due to the seasonal changes in biomass. There is a far greater land area in the northern hemisphere than the
south that is affected by seasons. During the Northern hemisphere summer there is a large uptake of CO2 from
plants growing causing a drop in the atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Cool periods in 1984 and 1992 were caused by the El Chichon and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions. The
temperature spike in 1998 was cause by a strong El Nino.
Natural climate change is much stronger than any effect from carbon dioxide.

43 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

 CO2 IS NOW AT THE LOWEST LEVELS IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON THE PLANET

NORTHER HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE HISTORY SINCE THE LAST ICE AGE

THE SUN CLIMATE CONNECTION OR ITS THE SUN STUPID !

Its Been Hotter

Earth's climate has been hotter in the past. Millions of years ago, alligators lived in the Arctic, and palm trees
grew in Alberta. Since the last ice age, temperatures were warmer during the Holocene Optimum when the
great pyramids were built in Egypt, during the Roman Empire expansion and during the Medieval Warm
Period.

Climate always changes without any help from man.

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 44
 Al Gore presented graphs in the movie "An Inconvenient Truth" showing carbon dioxide (CO2) and
temperature change from Antarctic Vostok ice core records as evidence that CO2 causes climate change.
But he got cause and effect reversed! The record actually shows that the CO2 increase lagged the warm-
ing by about 800 years. Temperature increases cause the oceans to expel CO2, increasing the CO2 content of
the atmosphere.

The ice core data proves that CO2 is not a primary climate driver.
VIOLENT WEATHER ISN'T GETTING WORSE
Climate alarmists claim the global warming may increase severe weather events.
There is absolutely no evidence of increasing severe storm events in the real world data. The Accumulated
Cyclone Energy (ACE) is the combination of a storm's intensity and longevity.
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE HURRICANE ACTIVITY (ACE)

Global hurricane activity has continued to sink to levels not seen since the 1970s. During the past 60 years
Northern Hemisphere ACE undergoes significant interannual variability but exhibits no significant statistical
trend. The northern hemisphere 2008 ACE was 66% of the 2005 ACE as shown in the stacked bar chart.
IPCC scientists refuse to work with other Computer models are found not true all the times
scientists in this direction expressing their inability with rare cases. Statistically found events are not
to keep away themselves from ‘manufactured real events which may have 100% probability of
biasness’ giving it top priority with the UN (Mann). no occurance and also donot occur in reality. So
Scientists find inconsistency in tree ring records depending on these dicisions our development (e.g.
of temparature at Polar Urals, Zohak, Nadim, industrialisation) should not be stopped in the name
Khedyta, etc. which donot show any definite trend of savings the environment from imaginary cause
in temparature rise an fall in consistency with the of crisis following the theory of Limits of Growth
rise and fall of CO2 throughout geological times. and others.„
Acknowledgement ; Friends of Science
(The author is Ex HoD, Geography and presently, Principal of Tinsukia College)

45 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10


Dr. Sushmita Chakraborty
G roundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an
important cash crop of the family Fabaceae
is known for high oil and protein contents. This
vegetable oil is extensively used for cooking
purposes and also for the manufacturer of
hydrogeneted vanaspati, soap and toilet requisites.
The groundnut protein is used in the manufacturer
of a sythetic fibre called ‘ardil’. In India, the crop
is grown mainly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka. It has not yet been extensively
cultivated in the North Eastern States including
Assam.
Plant growth regulators have now-a-days
been widely used to modify vegetative and
reproductive parameters of crops. Gibberellic acid
(GA3) the most active form of giberellins induces
and enhances germination, even in photoblastic
seeds (Kahn 1960, Wareing and Saundars 1971,
Chawan and Sen, 1970)
GA3 also stimulated the germination and
seedling growth of Raphanus sativus (Sharma
1987) and wheat (Chakraborty 1993). GA 3
increased plant height and number of leaves and
maximum yield of flax crop (Abo-El-Saod et al
1975) and tobacco (Yamaguchi et al 1983). GA3
also caused an increase in the number of
chloroplasts (Borzenkova and Mokronosor 1976)
resulting in increased rate of photosynthesis
(Zhukova 1965) and yield in vegetables.
B-9 (Alar) inhibits biosynthesis and GA
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
activity (Maiko and Musat 1977). Uprety and
Yadava (1985) recorded that guar plant
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L) treated with B-9 (10,
100, 1000, 2500, 5000) exhibited marked
reduction in shoot elongation. Reddy and Patil
(1981) reported that after 60 days of application
of alar to groundnut significantly decreased plant
height, but increased secondary branches per plant
and leaf area index. Boonstra and Jansen (1977)
reported that daminozide (alar) treatment can
suppress vegetative growth, resulting in increased
flowering and control of disease and pests.
Enhancement of chlorophyll content was also
noticed with B-9 (Humphries 1968). Yadava and
Sreenath (1975) reported that alar on foliar
application of cowpea reduced plant height
significantly, but increased the number of leaves
and subsequently increased seed yield. This paper
reports on interaction between (GA3 and alar on
growth, metabolism and yield of groundnut.
Materials and Methods :
Certified freshly harvested seeds of groundnut
(CVJL24) were collected from the National Seed
Corporation, Guwahati Branch. Pods were shelled
and the kernels were treated with 1.0 per cent
Ceresan (Ethyl Mercuric Chloride). They were dried
under the fan. The seeds were soaked at different
concentrations of GA3 (0, 100, 250, 500, 100 μg/
ml) for 12 hr before sowing. Then at 4-5 leaf stage
alar was sprayed. Experiments were carried out in
Randomised Block Design (RBD).
Light sandy loam soil was selected for
experimentation. Since the pods develop
/ 46
Table – 1 : Mean length of shoots (cm) of groundnut underground, soil was prepared making a
seedlings (CV JL 21) after spray of Alar tilth upto 12-15 cm. FYM at the rate of 10
Conc. of GA3 and Length of shoots (cm, after days)mtq/ha was mixed thoroughly before
Alar (µg|ml) 20 22 24 26 ploughing. Heptachlor at the rate of 25 kg/
GA3 0 + Alar 0 20.91 21.41 21.91 22.42 ha was drilled in before final harrowing to
GA3 0 + Alar 100 15.11 15.51 15.92 16.33 clear the field of white grubs. Fertilizer at
GA3 0 + Alar 250 13.32 13.70 14.11 14.51 the recommendation doses of 25 kg/ ha each
GA3 0 + Alar 500 12.11 12.42 12.74 13.11 of urea, super phosphate and 20 kg/ ha of
GA3 0 + Alar 1000 11.40 11.71 12.02 12.33 muriate of potash were evenly mixed before
GA3 100 + Alar 0 21.05 21.71 22.36 23.01 final preparation of the beds.
GA3 100 + Alar 100 15.42 15.90 16.41 16.51 The length of shoots was recorded after
GA3 100 + Alar250 15.60 15.60 16.10 16.51
20 days of spraying of alar and continued
GA3 100 + Alar 500 14.20 14.61 15.01 15.41
upto 26 days. The number of branches was
GA3 100 + Alar 1000 13.93 14.20 14.61 15.01
recorded after 27 days of spraying and
GA3 250 + Alar 0 22.01 22.61 23.21 23.81
GA3 250 + Alar 100 19.81 20.41 20.95 21.50 contunued upto 33 days and the number of
GA3 250 + Alar 250 18.10 18.53 18.97 19.51 leaves was recorded after 34 days of
GA3 250 + Alar 500 17.10 17.65 18.19 18.72 spraying and continued upto 40 days at an
GA3 250 + Alar 1000 15.40 15.91 16.42 16.93 equal interval of 48 hr.
GA3 500 + Alar 0 23.48 24.13 24.73 25.36 Protein content was estimated from dry
GA3 500 + Alar 100 20.70 21.33 21.95 22.57 nuts following Lowry’s Method (1951).
GA3 500 + Alar 250 19.10 19.55 19.99 20.42 Kartha and Sethi’s (1957) cold extraction
GA3 500 + Alar 500 18.40 18.91 19.35 19.80 method was followed for determination of
GA3 500 + Alar 1000 16.20 16.53 16.86 17.31 fat from the kernels.
GA3 1000 + Alar 0 21.63 22.33 23.03 23.02 Results and Discussion
GA3 1000 + Alar 100 17.91 18.55 19.20 19.85 Seeding growth
GA3 1000 + Alar 250 16.42 16.30 16.85 17.41 Length of shoots
GA3 1000 + Alar 500 15.70 16.30 16.85 17.41 Alar alone caused retardation of growth.
GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 14.30 14.81 15.31 15.80 After 26 days at the concentration 100, 250,
GA3 (N= 15) CD 500 and 1000 μg/ml of alar the length was
AT 5% = 0.23.. , =0.23 =0.23. =0.23 measured as 16.33, 14.51, 13.11 and 12.33
Alar (N= 15) CD = 0.31 =0.31 =0.31 =0.31 cm as against 22.42 cm at the control. On the
at 1%
other hand, all concentrations of 100, 250,
Table – 2 : Mean number of branches of groudnut 500 (optimum) and 1000 μg/ml of GA3, the
seedlings (CV JL 24) after spray of Alar length of the shoots was measured as 23.01,
23.81, 25.36 and 23.72 cm as against 22.42
Conc. of GA3 and Number of branches ( after days)
cm at control. GA3 could not completely
Alar (hg|ml) 27 29 31 33
nullify the growth retarding effect of alar and
GA3 0 + Alar 0 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3
the combined effect of both the compounds
GA3 0 + Alar 100 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.7
GA3 0 + Alar 250 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 resulted in higher growth rate than alar alone
GA3 0 + Alar 500 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7 but lower vegetative growth rate than GA3
GA3 0 + Alar 1000 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 alone. Thus the combination GA3, 1000
GA3 100 + Alar 0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 μg/ml plus alar 100 μg/ml resulted in bringing
GA3 100 + Alar 100 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 about growth to 15.80 cm while it was 23.72
GA3 100 + Alar250 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.0 at GA 3
1000 μg/ml and only 12.33 cm at alar
GA3 100 + Alar 500 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 1000 μ g/ml (Table-1).
GA3 100 + Alar 1000 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.6 Number of Branches :
GA3 250 + Alar 0 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.5 After 33 days at all concentrations of 100,
GA3 250 + Alar 100 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.0 250, 500 (optimum) and 1000 μg/ml of GA3

47 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

GA3 250 + Alar 250 8.6 8.7 8.9 the number of branches was recorded 6.4, 6.6,
9.0
GA3 250 + Alar 500 9.1 9.3 9.4 6.7, 6.4, as against 6.3 at the control. Alar causes
9.5
GA3 250 + Alar 1000 8.5 8.6 8.7 retardation of elongation growth with an increase
8.8
GA3 500 + Alar 0 6.4 6.5 6.6 in number of branches. At the concentration 100,
6.7
GA3 500 + Alar 100 9.2 9.3 9.4 250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml of alar the number of
9.5
GA3 500 + Alar 250 9.6 9.7 9.8 10.0
branches was recorded as 6.7, 7.3, 7.7 7.0 as
GA3 500 + Alar 500 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2
against 6.3 at the control. The combined effect
GA3 500 + Alar 1000 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9
of GA3 and alar resulted in an increase in the
GA3 1000 + Alar 0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
number of branches which was more than they
GA3 1000 + Alar 100 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8
brought individually (Table - 2).
GA3 1000 + Alar 250 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.9
Number of leaves
GA3 1000 + Alar 500 9.1 9.2 8.8 8.9 Both GA 3 and alar were highly
GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
stimulatory in the production of leaves. After
GA3 (N= 15) CD
40 days at the concentration of 100, 250, 500
at 5% = 0.18 , =0.18 =0.18 =0.18
(optimum) and 1000 μg/ml of GA3 the number
Alar (N= 15) CD
of leaves was recorded as 53.4, 54.6, 55.8 and
AT 1% = 0.23 =0.23 0.23 0.23
53.8 as against 52.4 at control. Alar caused
Table – 2 : Mean number of leaves of groundnut an increase in the number of leaves along with
seedlings (CV JL 24) after spray of Alar an increase in number of branches. The
Conc. of GA3 and Number of leaves (after days) combined effect of both GA 3 and alar
Alar (hg|ml) 34 36 38 40 produced more number of leaves which was
GA3 0 + Alar 0 49.1 50.2 51.3 52.4 higher than the numbers produced by GA3 and
GA3 0 + Alar 100 51.1 52.3 53.5 54.7 alar individually (Table - 3).
GA3 0 + Alar 250 58.7 60.0 61.3 62.6 Stimulatory effect of gibberllic acid on
GA3 0 + Alar 500 61.0 62.3 63.6 64.9 seeding growth has been widely elucidated
GA3 0 + Alar 1000 55.7 57.0 58.3 59.6 in a number of plants (Biswas et al 1983,
GA3 100 + Alar 0 50.1 51.2 52.3 53.4 Roychowdhury 1989, Noggle and Fritz 1989).
GA3 100 + Alar 100 59.7 60.9 62.1 63.3 The stimulation of vegeetative growth by GA
GA3 100 + Alar250 63.2 64.6 66.0 67.4 may be due to cell elongation, cell division
GA3 100 + Alar 500 64.2 65.6 67.0 68.4 or both (Jones 1973). While stoot elongation
GA3 100 + Alar 1000 60.8 62.1 63.4 64.7
consists of two cellular processes, cell
GA3 250 + Alar 0 51.3 52.4 53.5 54.6
proliferation and cell ellongation, substantial
GA3 250 + Alar 100 61.5 62.7 63.9 65.1
contribution to the increase in plant size can
GA3 250 + Alar 250 67.5 68.8 70.2 71.6
GA3 250 + Alar 500 69.8 71.2 72.6 74.0 be attributed to the latter process. By studying
GA3 250 + Alar 1000 64.3 65.7 67.1 68.5 the kinetics of growth and the cell cycle,
GA3 500 + Alar 0 52.5 53.6 54.7 55.8 Sauter and Kende (1992)proposed that the
GA3 500 + Alar 100 67.8 69.1 70.2 71.4 first effect of GA is to induce cell elongation
GA3 500 + Alar 250 71.9 73.3 74.7 76.1 in the intercalary meristem. This process is
GA3 500 + Alar 500 79.4 80.8 82.2 83.6 followed by a round of cell division, primarily
GA3 500 + Alar 1000 68.5 69.9 71.3 72.7 of cells that have already duplicated their
GA3 1000 + Alar 0 50.5 51.6 52.7 53.8 DNA and are at G2 phase of the cell-division
GA3 1000 + Alar 100 60.8 62.1 63.2 64.4 cycle. Plant cell elongation is a dynamic and
GA3 1000 + Alar 250 67.9 69.3 70.7 72.1 complex process of biochemical and
GA3 1000 + Alar 500 69.2 70.6 71.3 73.4 biophysical events leading to water absorption
GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 61.2 62.5 63.8 65.0 and cell wall expansion (Taiz 1984, Cosgrove
GA3 (N= 15) CD 1.06 =1.06 =1.06 =1.06 1986, Ray 1987). Some evidences suggest
at 5% = that GA decreases cell osmotic potential
Alar (N= 15) CD = 1.39 =1.39 =1.39 =1.39 (Katsumi et al 1980, Kazama and Katsumi
at 1%
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
/ 48
 Table – 4 : Interactions between GA3 and Alar o 1983), which may affect cell hydraulic
Protein and Fat Contents properties. Gibberellins have also been shown
Conc. of GA3 and Per cent of Per cent of fat to effect cell hydraulic properties.
Alar (µg|ml) protein content content(±SE Gibberellins have also been shown to effect
(±SE) cell wall extensibility (Kawamura et al 1976,
GA3 0 + Alar 0 24.5 ± 0.055 42.8 ± 0.005 Stuart and Jones 1977, Cosgrove and
GA3 0 + Alar 100 25.35 ± 0.005 43.4 ± 0.005 Sovonick – Dunford 1989). Gibberellins
GA3 0 + Alar 250 25.74 ± 0.005 44.0 ± 0.01 which stimulate cell elongation have been
GA3 0 + Alar 500 25.9 ± 0.005 44.5 ± 0.005 demonstrated to induce transverse orientation
GA3 0 + Alar 1000 25.5 ± 0.01 43.5 ±0.005 of microtubules (Mita and Shibaoka 1984,
GA3 100 + Alar 0 24.6 ± 0.055 42.85 ± 0.005 Mita and Katsumi 1986).
GA3 100 + Alar 100 26.98 ± 0.005 47.3 ± 0.02 Combined effect of GA 3 and alar
GA3 100 + Alar250 26.9 ± 0.055 47.3 ± 0.02 revealed an antagonism between the two
GA3 100 + Alar 500 27.35 ± 0.005 48.0 ± 0.01 compounds. Corocoran (1975) envisaged that
GA3 100 + Alar 1000 26.31 ± 0.005 46.1 ± 0.005 the inhibitory effect of most retardants could
GA3 250 + Alar 0 24.9 ± 0.055 43.0 ± 0.055 be completely overcome by the addition of
GA3 250 + Alar 100 26.55 ± 0.005 46.4 ± 0.01
GA3. Similarly, the promotive effect of GA3
GA3 250 + Alar 250 27.13 ± 0.005 47.6 ± 0.005
could be completely nullified by adding
GA3 250 + Alar 500 28.1± 0.01 49.4 ± 0.005
retardants. If suitable ratios of GA3 and
GA3 250 + Alar 1000 27.07 ± 0.005 47.2 ± 0.055
GA3 500 + Alar 0 25.05 ± 0.005 43.1 ± 0.02 retardants were used, desirable growth can
GA3 500 + Alar 100 27.5 ± 0.005 48.2 ± 0.005 be achieved. The present finding on
GA3 500 + Alar 250 28.3 ± 0.005 49.8 ± 0.01 interaction between GA3 and alar are in
GA3 500 + Alar 500 28.5 ± 0.055 50 .0 ± 0.055 conformity with the findings of Chakraboty
GA3 500 + Alar 1000 27.9 ± 0.005 48.85 ± 0.005 and Sarma (1979).
GA3 1000 + Alar 0 24.75 ± 0.005 42.9 ± 0.02 Ryugo et al (1973) reported a decreases
GA3 1000 + Alar 100 26.13 ± 0.005 45.1 ± 0.01 of endogenous gibberellins in cherry after the
GA3 1000 + Alar 250 27.72 ± 0.005 48.5 ± 0.005 application of SADH. Besides counteracting
GA3 1000 + Alar 500 28.1 ± 0.005 49.1 ± 0.055 the effect of exogenous GA3, SADH may also
GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 26.74 + 0.005 47.0 + 0.01 decrease endogenous GA like substances
(Badawi et al 1978) and auxin level in treated
Table – 5 : Interactions between GA3 and Alar on plants.
Yield (kg/ha) Protein and fat contents
At all the concentrations of GA3, alar
Alar GA3 Concn (μ g/ml) Mean and in their combinations, protein and fat
Concn for Alar
contents were higher than control. At the
(μg/ml)
concentration of GA3 500 μg|ml plus alar 500
0 100 250 500 1000
μg|ml the highest protein content was
0 3,490 3,500 3,512 3,525 3,508 3,507
100 3,530 3,595 3,641 3,698 3,610 3,614.8 estimated as 28.5 per cent as against 24.5 per
250 3.560 3,656 3,691 3,740 3,702 3,669.8 cent at control (Table 4)
500 3,572 3,673 3,730 3,755 3727 3,691.4 The highest fat content was estimated
1000 3,542 3,641 3,677 3,716 3,658 3,646.8 as 50 per cent at GA3 500 μg|ml plus alar 500
Mean 3,538.8 3,613 3,650.2 3,686.8 3,641 μg|ml (Table 4).
for GA3 Yield
Yield was also higher in all the
CD GA3 (n = 15) at 5% probability level = 1.74 and for Alar concentrations of GA and alar and in
3
(n=15) = 1.74 combination of both the chemicals. The highest
CD GA3 (n = 15) at 1% probability level = 2.29 and for Alar yield was recorded as 3,755 kg/ha at GA 500
3
(n = 15) = 2.29 μg|ml plus alar 500 μg|ml as against

49 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

 Table – 6 : Analysis of Variance
Sources of DF SS MSS Variance Ratio
variance
GA3 4 184,201.68 46,050.42 7,726.58 **
Alar 4 313,720.08 78,430.02 13,159.4 **
Interaction 16 34,209.12 2,138.07 358.74 **
Error 50 2985.96
Total 74 532,428.88
**Significant at 1 % level of probability.
**Significant at 5 % level of probability.
3,490 kg/ha at control (Table 5 and 6).
The application of plant growth regulators improve
fruit quality was also reported by Banker and Prasad (1990),
Kale et al (2000). Babu (2000) and Nawalagatti et al (1991).
REFERENCES :
1) Corocoran MR (1975). Gibberellin antagonists and
antigibberellin, Gibberellins and plants growth.
(Ed. HN Krishnamoorthy, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New
Delhi) 289-333.
2) Cosgrove DJ (1986). Biophysical control of plant cell
growth. Annu. Rev Pl. Physiol. 37 : 377-405.
3) Cosgrove DJ and Sovonick – Dunford SA (1989).
Mechanism of gibberellin dependent stem
elongation in pea. Pl. Physiol, 89:184-191.
4) Frost RG and West CA (1977). Properties of kaurene
synthetase from Marah macrocarpus. Pl. Physiol. 59
:22-29.
5) Humphries EC (1968). The effect of growth regulators
CCC and B-9 on protein and total nitrogen of bean leaves
(Phaseolus vulgaris) during development. Ann. Bot.
32:497-507
6) Jones RL (1973). Gibberellins, their physiological role.
Anm . Rev. Pl. Physiol. 35:333-339.
7) Kahn A (1960). Promotion of lettuce seed germination
by gibberellin. Pl. Physiol. 35:333-339.
8) Kale VS, Dod VN, Adpawar RM and Bharad SG (2000).
Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit characters and
quality of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana L). Crop Res.
20(2):327-333.
9) Kartha Ars and Sethi AS (1957). A cold percolation
method for rapid gravimetric estimation of oil is small
quantities of oilseeds. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 27:211.
10) Katsumi M, Kazama H and Kawamura N (1980).
Osmotic potential of the epidermal cells of cucumber
hypocotyls as affected by gibberellin and cotyledons.
Plant Cell physiol. 21:933-937.
11) Kawamura H, Kamisaka S and Masuda Y (1976).
Regulation of lettuce hypocotyl elongation by
gibberellic acid. Correlation between cell elongation,
stress relaxation propertis of the cell wall and wall
polysaccharide content. Pl.Cell Physiol. 17:23-34.
12) Kazama H and Katsumi M (1983). Gibberellin-induced
changes in the water absorption, osmotic potential and
starch content of cucumber hypocotyls. Pl.Cell Physiol.
24: 1209-1216.
(The author teaches Botany in the College)
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
The increase in growth and chemical
composotion of fruits by GA 3 due to
its IAA retention effect by preventing
IAA system and thereby raising more
of the native plant hormones necessary
for improvement of quality (Pilet
1959).
The reaction catalyzed by kaurene
synthetase has been proved to be the site
of inhihition by growth retardants and
structurally related compounds (Frost and
West 1977). Thus the growth retardants
prevent the biosynthsis of GA3 resulting
in the retardation of plant growth.„
13) Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall RJ
(1951). Protein Measurement with the Folin-Phenol
Preagent. Bio. Chem. 193:265-275.
14) Maiko TK and Musat IK (1977): The effect of retardants
CCC, B9 and ethrel on gibberellin activity in peaches.
Introduktsiya ta Aklimatiz Roslin na Ukraini Resp.
Mizhvid Zb (1977), 10:90-92. (cited from Pl.Gr.Reg.
Abstr. 1978, 4:165).
15) Mita T and Katsumi M (1986). Gibberellin control of
microtubule arrangement in the messocoty epldermal
cells of the d5 mutant of Zea mays L.Pl.Cell Physiol.
27:615-659.
16) Mita T and Shibaoka H (1984). Gibberelljn stabilizes
microtubules in onion leaf sheath cells. Protoplasma.
119: 100-109.
17) Nawalagatti CM, Panchal YC, Manjunath S and
Channappagoudar BB (1991). Effects of different levels
of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of
groundnut. J. of Mahrashtra Agric. Univ. (1991)16(1)
122-123[En. 5. ref]. University of Agricultural Sciences.
Dharwad 5 0005. Karnatak, India, Abst. No. 362.pp.46.
18) Noggle GR and Fritz GJ (1989). Introductroy Plant
Physiology Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. New
Delhi, PP 429.
19) Pilet PE (1959). Quoted by phinney BO and West CA
(1960)(Loc city).
20) Ray PM(1987). Principles of plant cell growth. In :
Cosgrove DJ. Knievel DJ eds. Physiology of cell expansion
during plant growth. Symposium in Plant Physiology
Pennsylvania State University. Rockville, Maryland :
American Society of Plant Physiologists. PP.1-17.
21) Reddy SCS and Patil SV (1981). Effect of growth
retardants on the vegetative and physiological characters
of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mysore J.Agric.
Sci. 15(2):242-244.
22) Roychowdhury N (1989). Acta Hort., No. 246, PP. 259.
23) Ryugo K, Sansarini S and Cristoferi G (1973). Effects
of SADH on the levels of diffusible and extractable
gibberellins in the apices of sweet cherry. Acta. Hort.
34:54-64.
/ 50
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/ 52
ÒìA¡ ³àt¡ ³à[t¡¤¹ ¤àì¤ The National Commission for
Women Act, 1990 Jì>à ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Î}Îìƒ NøÒo A¡[¹ìá¡ú
&Òü ÎA¡ìºàì¤à¹ 󡺚øÎè Ò’¤ ™[ƒìÒ Î³à\¹ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ >à¹ã¹
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effective enforcement of the basic human right of
gender equality and guarantee against sexual har-
assment and abuse, more particularly against sexual
harassment at workplaces, guidelines and norms
53 /
are hereby laid down for strict observance at all
workplaces or other institutions.” ºKìt¡ ëA¡à¯à íÒìá
— “This is done in exercise of the power available
under Article 32 for enforcement of the fundamen-
tal rights and it is further emphasised that this
would be treated as the law declared by the Su-
preme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution.”
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— Kàt¡ Òàt¡ [ƒÚà ¤à [ƒ¤ ëJà\๠ëW¡Ê¡à A¡¹à¡ú
— ë™ï> δšA¢¡ Ñ‚àš>¹ ƒà¤ã ¤à ">åì¹à‹¡ú
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 — "ÅÃ㺠á[¤ ¤à [A¡t¡àš ëƒJå*¯à¡ú
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‘Òü®¡ [i¡[\}’ ¤å[º šàt¡ºîA¡ ëºà¯à šøàt¡¸[ÒA¡ Qi¡>๠š¹à
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&ì> K[Ò¢t¡ A¡à™¢à¯ºã¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ Î\àK íÒ šƒìÛ¡š ëºà¯àìi¡à
"à[\¹ [ƒ>t¡ Τ¢Ñz¹ìt¡ "t¡¸”z \¹ç¡¹ã íÒ š[¹ìá¡ú
áàyãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> A¡³¢ìÛ¡y >Ò’ìº*
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[>샢Å௺ãγèÒ¹ "”z®¡¢å v¡û¡ A¡[¹ ëºà¯àìi¡àt¡ [¤ìÅÈ ³ì>àì™àK
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[ƒÚà šøìÚà\>¡ú l¡üZW¡t¡³ >¸àÚàºÚ¹ [>샢Å௺ã ">åÎ[¹
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— "[®¡ì™àK Ç¡>à>ã A¡[³i¡ã Kk¡> A¡¹à¡ú &Òü A¡[³i¡ã¹
ë>tõ¡â«t¡ &K¹àA¡ã ³[Òºà =à[A¡¤ "à¹ç¡ ΃θ Î}J¸à¹ 50%
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/ 54
 — ë™ï> l¡ü;šãØl¡>¹ [¤ÈìÚ ÎìW¡t¡>t¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤îº
"à¹ç¡ ƒõ[Ê¡®¡Uã š[¹¤t¢¡> A¡[¹¤îº [ÅÛ¡à šø[t¡Ë¡à> ¤à A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡
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\ã¯>¹ *š¹t¡ šå¹ç¡È¹ [>Ú”|o ¤\àÒü ¹J๠">¸t¡³ &A¡
Òà[=Ú๠Ғº ë™ï>-l¡ü;šãØl¡>¡ú
— A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ ³[ÒºàÎA¡º ™àìt¡ ëA¡àì>à í¤È³¸¹
[W¡A¡à¹ >ÒÚ t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ÎåÑ‚ "à¹ç¡ š[¹ZáÄ š[¹ì¤Å K[Øn¡ ët¡àºà¡ú
— [>Ú³ãÚàîA¡ "àìºàW¡>à ή¡à "à¹ç¡ šø[ÅÛ¡o ">å[Ë¡t¡
A¡[¹ A¡t¢¡õšÛ¡ "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢W¡à¹ãÎA¡º¹ ƒõ[Ê¡®¡Uã š[¹¤t¢¡> A¡¹à
™àìt¡ ³[ÒºàÎA¡ìº [>\¹ [>\¹ A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ Ζµà>,
³™¢àƒà "à¹ç¡ Îåì™àK ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú
— [™ìA¡àì>à Ñz¹t¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à ³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ Îà³[NøA¡
"[‹A¡à¹¹ *š¹t¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒÚà¡ú
— A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ ë™ï> l¡ü;šãØl¡> šø[t¡ì¹à‹¹ ¤àì¤ šè줢
ÒüÚ๠[™ìi¡à Î}`¡à [>¹ê¡[št¡ A¡¹à íÒìá ëÎÒüìi¡à ÎA¡ìºàì¹
`¡àt¡àì=¢ “...should be notified, published and cir-
culated in appropriate ways.”
— W¡¹A¡à¹ã "à¹ç¡ ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡¹àÎA¡º¹
¤àì¤ Î}[ÅÃÊ A¡t¢¡õ šÛ¡Òü [>‹¢à¹o A¡¹à [¤[‹-¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¤à¹¹ ºKìt¡
ë™ï>-[>™¢àt¡> šø[t¡ì¹à‹¹ ¤àì¤ =A¡à [¤[‹-¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¤àì¹à
"”z®å¢¡v¡û¡ A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú &ì> [A¡¤à Qi¡>à Q[i¡ìº ëƒàÈã ¤¸[v¡û¡¹
[¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ Î[k¡A¡ Åà[Ñz¹ A¡=à l¡üìÀJ =A¡à¹ ºKìt¡ ëÎÒü³ìt¡
A¡à™¢ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à NøÒo A¡¹à¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à =à[A¡¤ ºà[K¤¡ú
‘[¤ÅàJà ëA¡’W¡’ìi¡à¹ ¤àì¤ t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà Î}[¤‹à>¹
ƒó¡à[¤ºàA¡¹ "à‹à¹t¡ ëºJ "à줃> (Writ petition) [ƒÚà
íÒ[ạú ëA¡’W¡ìi¡àt¡ l¡üìÀJ "àìá šø=³ìt¡Òü &Òü¤å[º —
(A) Constitution of India — “Articles 14, 19 & 21
and 15 (1), (3), 42, 51-A (a), (e) and 32 & 141 —
Rights of working women against sexual
harrasment in workplaces — Held, they have rights
to gender equality, to work with dignity and to a
working environment safe and protected from
sexual harrasment or abuse...... These guidelines
and norms must be strictly observed in all work-
ing places by treating them as law declared under
Art, 141.
(B) — Constitution of India — Art. 32 —
PIL seeking gender justice for protection and en-
forcement of fundamental and human rights of
working women.
1995 W¡>t¡ W¡ã>¹ ë¤Òü[\R¡t¡ ">å[Ë¡t¡ ëÒà¯à ‘W¡tå¡=¢
[¤Å« ³[Òºà Î[–µº>’t¡ “All forms of Discrimination
against women” δšìA¢¡ W¡à[º-\à[¹ ëW¡à¯à¹ [šát¡
55 /
³[Һ๠"[‹A¡à¹, Ѭà‹ã>t¡à, Îå¹Û¡à "à¹ç¡ ³™¢àƒà ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤
[¤W¡à¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚àìi¡à Å[v¡û¡Åàºã A¡[¹¤îº [A¡áå³à> ‘Statement
of Principles’ [>‹¢à¹o A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü >ã[t¡-[>샢ÅγèÒ
&[áÚ๠³åJ¸ >¸àÚà‹ãÅÎA¡ìº NøÒo A¡ì¹¡ú ®¡à¹t¡ W¡¹A¡àì¹*
ëÎÒü Î[–µº>ìt¡ ³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ γèÒãÚà Ѭà=¢t¡ &i¡à ‘\àt¡ãÚ
>ã[t¡’ (National policy) NøÒo¹ ëšàÈA¡t¡à A¡ì¹ [™ –
“will continuously guide and inform action at every
level and in every sector ; to set up a Commission
for Women's Rights ; to act as a public defender of
women's rights ; to institutionalise a national level
mechanism to monitor the implementation of the
Platform for Action.” K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ Î}[¤‹à>t¡ šøƒv¡
[ºU γt¡à¹ "[‹A¡à¹ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤îº ³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ Îå[¤‹à
"àìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü Îå[¤‹à šà¤¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[‹Kt¡®¡àì¯ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡
l¡üšÑ‚àš> A¡[¹ >¸à™¸ šøà[œ¡¹ ÒìA¡ šøt¡¸Ú "à¹ç¡ "àÑ‚àì¹ íÎìt¡
"àK¤Øn¡à¹ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú
Î}[¤‹à> l¡üº}Q> [™ìÒtå¡ "š¹à‹, ëÎìÚ A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡
[ºU γt¡à ¤t¢¡àÒü >¹Jà "à¹ç¡ ë™ï> [>™¢àt¡> Î}Q[i¡t¡ A¡¹à*
"š¹à‹¡ú ÒüÚ๠¤àì¤ ëƒ¯à>ã-ëó¡ï\ƒà¹ã ƒåìÚà[¤‹¹ ‹à¹àìt¡
ëA¡’W¡ Ò’¤ šàì¹ Qi¡>๠P¡¹ç¡â« ">å™àÚã¡ú ÎA¡ìºà Jr¡¹
ÎA¡ìºà Ñz¹ìt¡ "àÒü>Kt¡ ¤¸¯Ñ‚๠"à‹à¹t¡ ëKàW¡¹ ¹ç¡\å A¡[¹¤
šà[¹¡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹o Ѭ¹ê¡ìš A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ šøA¡àìŸ ³[Һ๠ÅÃãºt¡à
Òà[>¹ Qi¡>à 354 >} ‹à¹àt¡ š[¹¤¡ú ët¡ì>îA¡ 11, 14,
15, 16, 226, 504, 506, 509, 511 "à[ƒ [¤[®¡Ä
‹à¹à &ÒüìÛ¡yt¡ šøì™à\¸ Ò’¤¡ú
l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ ë™, šøìt¡¸A¡ [ÅÛ¡à ">åË¡à>, šø[t¡Ë¡à>ìt¡
[>샢Å௺ã ">åιo A¡[¹ >à¹ã¹ Îå¹Û¡à "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡à¹ [>[ÆW¡t¡
A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ A¡t¢õ¡šÛ¡¹ l¡ü샸àKt¡ &ìA¡ài¡à "[®¡ì™àK A¡[³i¡ã
(Complaint Committee of Sexual Harrasment) Kk¡>
A¡¹àìi¡à ƒ¹A¡à¹¡ú A¡[³i¡ãìÚ ë™ï> "à[t¡Å™¸¹ "[®¡ì™àK NøÒo
A¡[¹¤ šàì¹, [¤W¡à¹ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹; [™ìi¡àt¡ δšèo¢ ëKàš>ãÚt¡à
"¯º´¬> A¡¹à Ò’¤¡ú A¡[³i¡ã¹ [Ñ‚[t¡¹ [¤ÈìÚ ">åË¡à>¹ >-
šå¹[o ÎA¡ìºàìA¡ "¯Kt¡ A¡ì¹à¯à¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à A¡t¢õ¡šÛ¡Òü A¡[¹¤
ºà[K¤¡ú šøìt¡¸A¡ A¡³¢ìÛ¡y¹ ¤àì¤ A¡[³i¡ã¹ ¤àA¡ã ΃θ [>¤¢àW¡>
"à¹ç¡ >ã[t¡-[>‹¢à¹o šø[yû¡Úà š[¹ì¤Å "à¹ç¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡ Îàìš[Û¡A¡
ëÒà¯àìi¡à ³> A¡[¹¤ºKà A¡=à¡ú A¡[³i¡ãt¡ "[®¡ì™àKìi¡à
[º[Jt¡®¡àì¤ ƒà[Jº A¡¹àìi¡àì¯Òü [>Ú³ ™[ƒ* ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ëA¡àì>à
Qi¡>à ë³ï[JA¡®¡àì¯ Ç¡[>* [º[J ëºà¯à ÒÚ, šì¹àÛ¡ Îèy¹
š¹à ëšà¯à "[®¡ì™àìKà KõÒãt¡ Ò’¤ šà칡ú Qi¡>๠[>¹ìšÛ¡
"à¹ç¡ Î[k¡A¡ ">åÎÞê¡à>¹ ¤àì¤ [yÅ [ƒ>¹ Î³Ú =àìA¡¡ú
[™ìA¡àì>à ëÛ¡yt¡ >¸àÚ šøƒà>¹ γÚÎã³à >î¤ÿ¤ [ƒ>t¡îA¡
ë¤[á Ò’¤ >àºà[K¤¡ú A¡[³i¡ãJ>¹ A¡à™¢A¡àº [A¡³à> ¤á¹¹
¤àì¤ Ò’¤, ÒüÚ๠³ì>à>ãt¡ ΃θÎA¡º¹ γÚÎã³à [A¡³à>
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Ò’¤, ΃θ ëA¡à> ëA¡à> Ò’¤ šàì¹ A¡t¢õ¡šÛ¡¹ ÎÒì™àKt¡
[>‹¢à¹o Ò’¤¡ú š[¹W¡àº>à Î[³[t¡¹ ‡à¹à A¡[³i¡ãJ> ">åì³à[ƒt¡
Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú A¡t¢õ¡šÛ¡Òü &Òü A¡à™¢t¡ ÎÒì™àK >A¡[¹ìº State
Women Commission >tå ¡ ¤à National Women
Commission ¹ A¡àÈ W¡à[š¤ šà칡ú
>¸àÚ šøƒà> A¡[¹¤îº ™à*òìt¡ "[®¡ì™àKA¡à¹ã ¤à
[>™¢à[t¡t¡à¹ Îå¹Û¡à¹ A¡=àìi¡à ÎA¡ìºàt¡îA¡ l¡ü‡ý¢¡t¡ =à[A¡¤ "à¹ç¡
[>™¢à[t¡t¡à¹ ¤v¡û¡¤¸ìÒ P¡¹ç¡â« ÎÒA¡àì¹ NøÒo A¡¹à Ò’¤¡ú A¡[³i¡ã¹
l¡üì„Ÿ Ò’¤ ë™ï> [>™¢àt¡> ë¹à‹ A¡¹àìi¡àìÒ, [>™¢àt¡>A¡à¹ãA¡
Åà[Ñz šøƒà> A¡¹àìi¡à >ÒÚ¡ú A¡[³[i¡ìÚ [>\¹ A¡t¢¡¤¸ Ît¡A¢¡t¡à,
Ît¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ šøt¡¸Ú\>A¡®¡àì¤ Î´šàƒ> A¡¹à¹ šø[t¡ ³ì>àì™àKã
(ëº[JA¡à "γãÚà [¤®¡àK¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã)
Original in Bengali : Indira Mukherjee
Translated by: Mayuri S. Baruah
I shall recline on the ground underneath that seat
I shall fade behind the dust of thy feet.
Why do you alienate me with honour?
Please do not ignore me thus forever,
Drag me to thy feet with disrespect,
………….
Whatever is remnant I shall accept,
I shall fade behind the dust of thy feet
Once again, the honorable Supreme Court
has touched my heart. I felt as if it is the only place
in India that has still kept its door wide open for
the Draupadi and Sita of 21st century and above
all for the numerous housewives of my stature. It
firmly accommodates them underneath that seat.
Yet a day has arrived when the topic of a common
housewife becomes a news item. The whole issue
was initiated by the death of Renu Agarwal, a
housewife from Uttar Pradesh in a road accident.
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú A¡[³i¡ãJì> Î}[ÅÃÊ ">åË¡à>t¡ A¡³¢¹t¡ ³[Òºà
"à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡à NøÒo¹ ¤àì¤ "Òà áàyãÎA¡º¹ ³™¢àƒà "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡à¹
Îå¹[Û¡t¡ A¡[¹ ÎåÑ‚ "à¹ç¡ [>¹àšƒ š[¹ì¤Å šøƒà> A¡¹àìi¡àt¡
"Nø[‹A¡à¹ [ƒÚàìi¡à \¹ç¡¹ã¡ú
"àÒA¡ ! "à[³ ÎA¡ìºàì¯ ÎÒì™à[Kt¡àì¹, ÎÒ³[³¢t¡àì¹
"”zt¡@ [>\¹ A¡³¢ìÛ¡yJ[>t¡ ³[Һ๠*š¹t¡ ëÒà¯à ¤à Ò’¤
š¹à [™ìA¡àì>à ‹¹o¹ í¤È³¸ ë¹à‹ A¡[¹ ë™ï> [>™¢àt¡>
šø[t¡ì¹à‹ã š[¹ì¤Å &i¡à K[Øn¡ tå¡[º¤îº Î}[¤‹à> šøƒv¡ ë³ï[ºA¡
"[‹A¡à¹ "à¹ç¡ l¡üZW¡t¡³ >¸àÚàºÚ¹ [>샢Å௺ã δšìA¢¡
Î\àKt¡à Îõ[Ê¡t¡ "Nøι Ò*ò¡ú„
Few years back her husband approached the court
to claim compensation worth an amount of 19.2
lakh from the insurance company. With the
rejection of the claim from both the Allahabad High
Court and Motor Accident Claim Tribunal began
the housewife alias homemaker chapter. It was
debated whether a housewife has any contribution
to her family since she is a non-earning member
of it. Some tried to assess her due value if any and
so on. As per The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, in
case of road accidents, a housewife deserves one
third of her husband’s income, which is just an
arbitrary sum. If it is so, we can easily calculate
the net present value (NPV) or the worth of a
housewife’s life. Obviously, we can use the same
method to assess the income potential of a
homemaker. However, here arises a question – are
we to apply the same rule to calculate the life value
/ 56
of the Master degree holder homemaker whose less
educated husband draws a meagre salary? Hence,
it is high time for serious discussion on this matter.
Already the parliament has initiated dialogues to
estimate the accurate value of a homemaker.
Simultaneously it intends to form a parole structure
with the help of a yardstick in order to make a
thorough evaluation of her contribution inside the
family. The purpose of the parliament is evident;
any person who loses his wife in a road accident
should receive the compensation without difficulty.
It is quite shocking to learn that according to Census
2001, 36 crore housewives share the same position
with beggars, prostitutes and prisoners. The
ridiculous reason behind this is that they are useless
and hence belong to the non-productive population
of the nation. Infact nothing has changed except
the coinage of a pleasant term ‘homemaker’ – she
is deprived, she is neglected, without any
recognition for her hard labour, neither in terms of
money nor with words. We wonder if she would
really find a place underneath that seat.
It is obvious that beggars do not contribute to
the nation’s economy. However, the beggar
homemaker too, creates and nurtures her household
(with rags and trash) on the footpath, under the shade
of a tree. Who will bestow her with due honour? Even
the prisoners do not contribute to the national economy,
rather the government has to spend a huge amount of
money on them. On the contrary, I place the prostitutes
among stage performers because they entertain the
public. Indeed, the gentle women are safe and secure
to some extent due to their presence in society. Our
concern is definitely not to judge whether this trade is
morally justified or not – nevertheless, we have to
acknowledge their contribution to the GDP of the
nation or to its productivity. Honestly speaking, if we
term a prostitute as unproductive so is a cigarette or a
liquor merchant.
How can one place a homemaker along with
these three? Is her contribution to the gross domestic
product a big zero? On the one hand, we declare
children as the future of a nation and on the other;
we deny acknowledgement to the grand contribution
of a homemaker mother who right from conception
to childbirth risks her life, who rears the child with
maternal affection, who faces every adverse situation
boldly for the welfare of her children. She is the same
57 /
homemaker who handles her household with
dexterity in the absence of the house cleaner, looks
after every family member with sincerity, deposits
electricity and telephone bills and so on and so forth.
In short, she provides customized service to each
family member. Well said that petty work is worthless
– so the homemaker’s labour goes unrecognized.
How conveniently people make careless comments
that a housewife has nothing to do at home, she does
not have to go out like the service holder ladies, she
has to cook food only and anybody can do that etc.
etc. I have met one grieved mother in law who has to
look after her granddaughter as both her son and
daughter in law are service holders – entire
responsibility of the kid is on her shoulders but again
without the slightest recognition!
Many thanks to the Honourable Supreme
Court! We are grateful to it for identifying the
homemaker’s day-to-day household drudgery as
economically productive. Else, they would have had
to live forever with the tag of productivity, die
labeled as the sole reason for population explosion.
We all know very well that in the annual report of a
company, two parallel tables are prepared – one is
the balanced sheet and the other profit and loss
account. With reference to this, with the sole job of
rearing the future generation, a homemaker creates
capital asset for the economic statement of a nation.
There is no need to include cooking, cleaning and
washing in the profit and loss account. The potential
preserved in her child is powerful enough to prove
her worth! Indeed, she is the proud producer of some
astronaut or scientist or automobile engineer or of
Saurav,Leander, Viswanathan or of Rabindranath
or of a Nobel Laureate like Amartya Sen!
Just imagine the situation if this homemaker
would have put her foot down and stopped working
for the household round the clock. One might argue
that nothing stops for anyone – true, but unless one
becomes toothless one cannot realize the worth of
teeth! Moreover, the savings made by this
homemaker is equivalent to a handsome salary. It
is noteworthy that an American organization named
National Network For Women Employment has
made a study which shows that after calculating the
value of her daily labour the opportunity cost of an
ordinary American homemaker comes around
30,000 dollar per annum!
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 The Indian scenario is quite different due to Therefore, this recent support from the honourable
the availability of maids or servants. Yet very often court has boosted our hope. Its voice echoes our
we have seen old people brought abroad for looking thoughts and we firmly believe that our collected
after their grandchildren. It is disheartening to notice effort can herald success. Attitudinal change has to
that only in times of crisis we realize the value of a be brought forth; otherwise, majority of the
mother or a nanny. Is it possible to assess the worth homemakers would be oblivious of their actual worth
of an all -rounder homemaker in terms of money? in the family. The image of a humble, submissive
She is a wife, a daughter in law, a nanny and what and helpless woman ought to be transformed into a
not. Since time immemorial, these housewives have strong, bold, assertive and above all, a respectable
been performing their duties without a single word individual who makes immense contribution to the
of protest or objection – certainly a word of economy of a nation. And to achieve this we have to
appreciation and recognition is sufficient for their ignite the power dormant in women, awaken them
satisfaction, they do not demand monetary benefit. from this deep slumber.„
(A poet and prose writer in Bengali Smt. Indira Mukherjee is also a known singer and leads a
Bengali Band call NAYANTARA at Kolkata. The present write up was presented as a lecture in the
Tara News Reality Show called ‘AJKER SUBORNOLOTA’ . To read more of/on her, please visit:
http://sonartoree.blogspot.com. The translator teaches English )

Dr. Tanusree Sarker

G ender Budgeting is a significant step towards

addressing gender inequities. Gender
budgeting is now recognized as a tool for
empowering women . Gender budgeting analyses
how Governments raise and spend public money
with the aim of securing gender equality in
decision making about public resource allocation
and gender equality in the distribution of the
impact of Government budgets, both in their
benefits and in their burdens. The impact of
Government budgets on the most disadvantaged
groups of women is a focus of special attention.
The term ‘gender budget’ may create a confusion
among many . But “gender budgets or women’s
budgets are not separate budgets for women. They
are attempt to break down or disaggregate the
Government’s mainstream budget according to its
impact on women and men with cognizance being
given to the society’s underpinning gender
relations”(Sharp, Rhonda, 1999).This definition
makes it clear that gender budgeting is now
regarded as a socio-economic tool for ensuring
gender equity in the development process and lays
a strong emphasis on endangering public
expenditure and policies.
The issue of integrating gender into national

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 58
budget is relatively new. A budget should be a
gender neutral policy instrument but practically it
becomes gender blind. The national budget usually
ignores the different socially determined roles,
responsibilities and capabilities of men and
women. A gender sensitive budget analysis is an
attempt to establish the different impact of the
Government budget on men and women. It is an
effort to recognize the fact that important functions
of the budget such as allocation of resources,
distribution of income and wealth for equity
considerations and functions of the budget to
promote stability, employment and economic
growth may have different implications for men
and women. Thus, gender sensitive budgets seek
to uncover these. According to Dr. Ranjana Kumari,
president of Women Power Connect(an NGO,
dedicated to women development) ‘gender specific
budget means for separate budgetary allocation for
women in the National budget’. She further said
that the trend of less budgetary allocation for
women(only 1% of the total budget is used for
women related issues) must be changed. Various
women organizations submitted proposal to the
Finance Ministry for not only allocation in the
women education sector but also concessions and
subsidies for women entrepreneurs. It has been
proposed by the women NGOs that the problems
of female foeticide, sexual harassment at work
place, education are so diverse that they need sound
financial backing and without separate allocation
in budget it can not be possible to solve these
problems. Through gender budget the major gap
that exists between the women related policy
statements of the Government and the resource
committed for their implementation can be
highlighted.
The gender sensitive budget analysis was
introduced for the first time in Australia. Women’s
budget statement for 1995-’96 in Australia covered
reports on the implementation of policies that are
important in achieving Government’s goal in
relation to women and girls. Besides Australia
some other countries like South Africa, Srilanka,
Mozambique have been initiated the gender budget
analysis. In India, the seventh plan introduced
maintaining of 27 major specific schemes and the
quantum of funds flowing to women. But the
59 /
gender perspective budget in our country is seen
from the eighth plan onwards(1992-’97). The plan
document made a statement that “…..the benefits
to development from different sectors should not
by pass women and special programmes on women
should be complement to the general development
programmes. The latter in turn , should reflect
greater gender sensitivity”. The ninth plan (1997-
2002) adopted “women component plan” as one
of the major strategies and directed both the union
and state governments to ensure not less than 30%
of the funds /benefits are earmarked in all the
women related sectors. Special vigil was advocated
on the flow of the earmarked funds/benefits
through an effective mechanism to ensure that the
proposed strategy brings forth a holistic approach
towards empowering women. The tenth plan also
continued the same to “ensure both preventive and
post facto action in enabling women to receive their
rightful share from all the women related general
development sectors”. In 2004, the department of
Women and Child Development, a nodal
department of the Government of India for gender
budgeting defined a broader strategic framework
for gender budgeting covering a variety of activities
which collectively would contribute to strengthen
the gender budgeting initiative in the following
way:
1. Quantification of allocation of resources for
women in the union , states and local
administration budgets and expenditure
thereof.
2. Gender audit of policies of the
Government- monetary, fiscal, trade etc. at
the centre and state levels.
3. Impact assessment of various schemes in
the union and state budgets.
4. Institutionalizing the generation and
collection of gender disaggregating data.
5. Consultation and capacity building.
6. Review of decision making process to
establish gender equity in participation.
Gender budgeting, as a tool of women
empowerment has been defined by the tenth
plan as under :
1. Social Empowerment : To create an
enabling environment through various
affirmative developmental policies and
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
 programmes for development of women
besides providing them easy and equal
access to all the basic minimum services
so as to enable them to realize their full
potentials.
2. Economic Empowerment : To ensure
provision of training, employment and
income. Gender activities with both
forward and backward linkage with the
ultimate objectives of making all potential
women economically independent and self-
reliant.
3. Gender Justice : To eliminate all forms of
gender discrimination and thus allow
women to enjoy not only the de- jure but
also the de- facto rights and fundamental
freedoms on par with men in all spheres as
political, economic, social, cultural etc.
Recommendations of 11th plan for empowering
women through gender budgeting :
The 11th plan states that, “Gender equity
requires adequate provision to be made in policies
and schemes across ministries and departments. It
also entails strict adherence to gender budgeting
across the board”. Following recommendations
have been made by the steering committee towards
empowerment of women during the 11th plan:
1. Women as diversified groups for planned
intervention.
2. Inclusive development: It has been
recognized by the 11th plan that only
inclusive development of all categories of
women can ensure holistic national
development towards the millennium
development goals.
3. Holistic and integrated empowerment of
women and inter-sectoral convergence and
exclusive women focus planning.
4. Four –pronged interventions for women for
a sustained long term impact : a). To
provide women with basic entitlements
such as food security, health and education;
b) To address the reality of globalization
and its impact on women by prioritizing
economic empowerment and
mainstreaming women in new and
emerging areas of the economy; c) To
ensure an environment free from all forms
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
of violence against women –physical,
economic, social, psychological and d) To
ensure the participation and adequate
representation of women at the highest
policy levels particularly in Parliament and
Assemblies .
5. Permanent institutional mechanisms: The
permanent institutional mechanisms such
as a Women’s Knowledge Commission or
a Permanent Standing Committee on
Gender must be put in place to include
women’s participation, experience,
capacities and knowledge into the process
of development planning, formulation and
administration across all sectors.
6. Engendering National Policies and Gender
Budgeting and Gender Outcome
assessment.
7. Strengthening the Women’s Component
Plan.
8. Women’s representation and participation
in decentralized planning, implementation
and governance.
9. Feminization of Poverty.
10. Declining sex ratio: The declining sex ratio
is among the most alarming challenges
facing the country. Such a severe gender
imbalance has serious implications for the
status of women and the health of society.
Hence there is a need to undertake the
implementation of PNDT Act without
compromising women’s rights to seek a
safe and legal abortion and without
victimizing women who are acting under
patriarchal compulsions.
11. Curbing violence against women.
12. Internal displacement which is affecting
women in several parts of the country
leading to disease, unrest and lowered life
expectancy. The 11th plan is committed to
mitigate the negative impact on women of
displacement.
13. Zero tolerance for caste-based
discrimination against SC, ST women.
14. SHGs for women empowerment and
comprehensive National level review of
SHGs.
15. Women in Agriculture and Unorganized
/ 60
 sectors: The 11th plan recommended for determined roles for women in terms of their
giving top priority to the women in impact on men and women is required. It also
agriculture for their skill development, require open discussion with officials, concerned
availability of agriculture inputs including NGOs and the persons for whom the budget and
credit, market facilities etc. It also schemes are meant.
suggested to ensure regulations on Despite all the plannings, policy
employment, work conditions and social commitments and legislation, women still remain
security for the women in unorganized a vulnerable group. Any successful strategy for
sectors. women’s empowerment will have to account for
Besides the above, 11th plan also the facts that empowerment can not be achieved
recommended for micro-credit facilities and till all aspects social, political, economic are
capacity building inputs for the women of affected addressed, gender concerns have to be
agrarian crisis families, women headed enterprises, mainstreamed in all aspects of public expenditure
women employees and women entrepreneurial and policy as women are equal citizens of the
ventures should all be provided tax incentives to country, empowerment should cover each and
promote women’s participation especially in areas every regions of the country, women should be
where there is poor gender ratio. Public private recognized as equal members of the society and
partnership and corporate social responsibility their participation in decision making is essential
programme should be organized for women’s and above all the mind-set of the people of each
training, capacity building, skill development and section must be changed. The resource allocation
empowerment. and Govt. investment may contribute to women
Conclusion: From the above discussion it empowerment if it is utilized in an efficient
is clear that a number of steps have been taken by outcome oriented manner and more and more
the GOI in mainstreaming gender and gender involvement of women in decision making and
equity, but to introduce a gender sensitive budget implementation.
analysis it is necessary to categorise the budgets “It is more important to create a general
of each ministry of the government to identify their awareness and understanding of the problems of
focus on women in terms of exclusive focus. women’s employment in all the top policy and
However, it is necessary to recognize that even with decision making and executive personnel. There
schemes directly aimed at women , the benefit may is also the special problem facing women like the
not actually reach women due to various socio- preference for male children for social and
economic factors. For instance, an education cultural reasons. This will require awareness,
programme aimed at girls education may not have understanding and action. The best way to do so
a beneficial impact on girls if girls are not able to is to educate the children, orient the teachers,
attend schools due to their child care and other examine the text books and teaching aids and
domestic responsibilities. Thus, it is necessary to ensure the next generation grows up with new
recognize the working of the unpaid economy and thinking”(extract from the 6th plan document). At
the constraints faced by women and girls due to last I echo with the people say in the west, “you
the underlying gender relations and socially still have a long way to go baby!”„
REFERENCES :
1. Budlender D. & R. Sharp: “How to do a gender sensitive budget analysis: contemporary research and
practice”; London, 1998
2. M. Senapati: “Government of India Budget 2000-2001 and Gender.”
3. Nirmala Banerjee, Poulomi Roy: “What does the state do for Indian women?” Economic and Political
weekly, October 30, 2004.
4. 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Five year plan documents;(www.educationforallinindia.com/fiveyearplans.html ).
(The author teaches Political Science at Women’s College, Tinsukia. )

61 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

 Anita Baruwa
V iolence within a home has a wide range of
manifestations. It includes direct physical
violence varying from slaps, kicks, battering,
murder and rape to unwanted physical contact;
indirect physical violence, including destruction
or throwing of objects; mental or emotional
violence which may be explicit or vague verbal
threats of physical violence to the victim, the self,
or others including children, humiliating, ridiculing
and name calling, or non-verbal, subtle actions; and
economic or social abuse that includes trying to
control the victim’s money and other economic
resources, directly or indirectly preventing the
victim from seeing friends and relatives, actively
sabotaging the victim’s social relationships or
isolating the victim from social contacts.
There are many false assumptions about
domestic violence:
Assumption 1 : Alcohol or drugs cause
domestic violence.
Truth : All batterers do not drink or abuse
drugs and all substance abusers are not abusive
by nature. Abusers use alcohol or drugs as excuses
for their foul behaviours.
Assumption 2 : Abusive acts are restricted
to the lower social milieu.
Truth : Domestic abuse affects the rich and
professionally qualified as much as the poor and
under-educated.
Assumption 3 : The victim provokes the
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
abuse. If the battered is more submissive or
compliant, the batterer would change for good.
Truth : No matter what the victim does, the
abuse continues and usually increases with time.
Those living with abusers find that becoming more
submissive or compliant has the opposite effect.
The violence towards them actually escalates.
Assumption 4 : Violence between spouses,
other intimate partners or family members is a private
family affair and outsiders like police, neighbours,
legal officials or colleagues should not interfere.
Truth : This attitude must change. Whoever
knows that there has been violence should help
by registering complaints, calling the police or
handing down sentences. Violence must no longer
be tolerated.
Violence within a relationship is all about
bullying, controlling and dominating. The purpose
of domestic violence is not primarily to hurt or
harm the victim but to gain and maintain power
and control over the victim. The abusers consider
their victims to be extensions of themselves,
justifying this sense of possessiveness by
terming it as their expressions of love and
affection for their victims. It is always found that
they hold on to a vague concept of “oneness”.
When two become one, they unite, support
and understand each other. But ironically enough,
for abusers, this “we are one” notion is lopsided:
they expect their partners to become one with
/ 62
themselves, identifying with their actions and directly or subtly) to the point of death. Little
interests. In their drive to control, they become do they realize that by doing so, they are further
inhuman and unfeeling about the emotions and reiterating their abusiveness. And if the victims
rights of their victims and fail to realize that their cannot escape from the clutches of the perpetrators,
abusiveness alienates them from their victims. as happens in majority of cases, only their death –
Domestic violence involves a pattern of natural (after suffering daily living hells for years)
behaviour that consists of three basic phases: or forced, can bring them peace and respite.
The first phase is characterised by affection, It is believed that bullies can be cured through
apology, and promises to end the violence and positive counselling. The danger is when they
called the Honeymoon Phase; manage to counsel the counsellors into believing
The second phase is marked by tension, fear that the victims are the ones at fault! Such instances
and breakdown of communication; have been reported by many victims.
The final phase culminates in successive acts It is also believed that restraining orders,
of violence that gain in frequency and brutality. arrest and imprisonment are the most successful
The hallmark of this behaviour pattern is methods to stop abuse. More often than not, it is
that it is often cyclical : when the abused flees from the wife who flees from an abusive husband,
the abuser, the latter may go to heights of apologetic having to seek shelter outside the home. This is a
behaviour and promise to reform and may be at the serious disruption especially for growing up
best of behaviour in subsequent periods – ranging children. In 2003, the Spanish government passed
from a few months to even a couple of years in some a tough new legislation forcing an abusive husband
cases, if the victims reconcile. But the inherent to leave the conjugal home to his wife and children
bullying traits surface sooner or later and the above and placing a restraining order on him if he takes
phases are repeated. recourse to threats or intimidation. India has not
Ultimately, the futility and more than that, stayed behind in matters of legal recourse.
the pain, trauma and risk involved leads to the death But laws have their loopholes. And nothing
of such relationships if the victims manage to flee. can cure bullish traits except self realization and
Even after ending such relationships, there is no self correction. But the streaks in a bully’s blood
respite for the victims if the perpetrators are bent will make the bully charge whenever the chance
on creating troubles to take revenge, as is often comes. Hence the best remedy is to let the abuser
the case. For those abusers in high ranks and taste a dose of the bitter medicines which the
positions, societal image will drive them to abuser keeps brewing. If poison cuts poison, it is
punish their victims by pursuing them (either time to bulldoze the bully. „
(The author teaches Economics)
(Contd. from Page 77 March in Antiquarian)
Padmanath Vidyavinoda is the first man to decipher to explore ruins at places like Kanvachal, North
and edit twelve copperplates right from the time of Guwahati, Sarania Hill, Rakshasini Hill,
the great king Bhaskarvarman under the title Hatimuria Hill, Kharghuli etc. The Samiti also
Kamarupa Sasanavali , a monumental research output collected family heirlooms from the royal families
for enabling the scholars successively to reconstruct of Rani, Dimoria, Kshetri and Hatimuria.
the history of Assam. In order to make awareness about the past history
The Samiti has been making honest efforts of Assam, the Samiti prepared 35 lantern slides on the
to collect information regarding the archaelogical Assam antitiquities including specimens of royal
and historical relics and other antiquities lying apparel; ancient potteries, image of stone and bronze,
scattered throughout the nook and corner of Assm. facsimilies of stones inscription, archaelogical ruins,
The enthusiastic researches tried their level best coins, old paintings on ancient manuscripts etc.„
(Published on the occasion of Centenary Celebration of the Samiti)
(The author is Retired Professor of Assamese, Gauhati University and President of Kamrupa Anusandhan Samiti)

63 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10


Sangita Baruah
T he dictionary meaning of empower is to,
supply means, to assist. This assistance is
mainly meaningful in case of human beings.
Because an inanimate thing cannot be empowered
in the proper sense of term. A person lagging behind
in any capacity is in need of empowerment .This
is a social necessity as it hampers social equality
and justice. The nature of assistance is surely to
vary. The under lying idea of empowerment is that
one has the ability to prosper, grow but for some
reasons lagging behind.
It is very interesting to analyze the term
empowerment. Because itself means that the
subject is the storehouse of power .because any
assistance is meaningful to one if it helps one to
prosper. She or he is potentially powerful. An
object powerless cannot be empowered with any
amount of effort. The word empowerment
presupposes the power of the subject concern.
From what has been cited above woman
empowerment implies the long awaited
recognition of woman power. It is not any sort of
favour but sheer recognition of human right of
woman. This woman power is venerated in many
cultures, as in India woman is revered as SAKTI .
The concept of woman empowerment is the
toughest idea to be implemented. As it is a
complex process, as it has to be dealt with socially
and psychologically.
The difference between man and woman on
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
the basis of sex is natural .But to provide a social
status on the basis of this biological difference,
leading to gender discrimination, out and out
unethical. But unfortunately our society regards
this gender discrimination as natural. In the
reproductive process it is natural to bear the
progeny by the female counterpart. In my view,
for human beings, child bearing and rearing is the
most noblest profession. In human beings this
bearing of child is more complex. It is not
convenient for her to be out of home for managing
the daily needs of life. For this obvious reason
the man has to manage the life outer. Once the
child is born the mother is once again confined to
life inner, to rear the child. This is a corollary of
the reproductive process, thus a biological
necessity. This biological necessity projects
woman to be weak. On the other hand man has
regarded themselves as strong, superior and
protector of woman. It could be said that this is
the basis upon which gender discrimination is
rested upon.
Why the need for gender equity is felt and thus
woman empowerment ?
Inspite of best possible efforts and events the
process of development and its fruits are far from
realization. Among the various causes also is the
fact that woman folk is not given the due recognition
in the process. But it is no denying the fact that the
importance of an empowered woman is no way less
than that of an empowered man. One may be quite
shocked to hear empowered man because the
/ 64
general convention is that man is born empowered. discrimination could be said to be unethical.
But it is not so, nature has kept, man and woman However in case of woman discrimination is
amidst equal opportunities but woman are denied always present in one form or the other.
of those opportunities. This denial has caused much However one thing in this connection is
harm to the woman folk and also to the society at personality is a thing which needs a sort of respect
large. from one’s own self. Because lack of respect for
How can woman be empowered? The first one’s own personality creates a whole lot of
thing in this regard is the over all consciousness problems. Any program of woman empowerment
change of the society. Society should view a has to take into consideration this fact. It results in
woman from a justified angle. For this we have to lack of care for body and mind, aimless idleness,
see the worth of human personality; neither that of and selfish enjoyment. Failure to respect
man nor that of woman. Because as human we all personality in others lead to such things as
have a personality. As regard this concept there is prostitution, falsehood and deceit. Persons need to
nothing like man personality or woman personality. ask themselves continually ‘‘Am I respecting my
In our life it is the only thing of greatest value. It own life and making the most of it?” and “Am I
should be respected both in oneself and in others. respecting lives of the persons around me.” A fair
A human being is a self or a person and must not relationship of any form ought to be beneficial to
be treated as a thing or as a means to same end. It both parties. Our overall treatment of personality
could be said that basis of right and wrong could both in ourselves and others should be enriching
be realized with the help of the concept of one. With such prior conception any programme
personality. Whatever makes or destroys of woman empowerment should be framed then
personality development is wrong. So any sort of only some concrete result could be felt.„
(The author teaches Philosophy)
KAMARUPA ANUSANDHANA SAMITI
(ASSAM RESEARCH SOCIETY)
Reg. No. 85 of 1960-61 Guwahati - 781001
Centenary Celebration (7th April, 2010 to 7th April, 2011)
The Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti (The Assam Research Society), the oldest research institution
in North East India, which was established in 1912 by a galaxy of distinguished scholars and researchers
to throw light on the past history, culture and civilization of ancient Assam and disseminate research
findings throughout India and abroad is going to celebrate the centenary during the year from 7th April,
2010 to 7th April, 2011. It may be mentioned that this institution has to its credit a good number of
books and research journals of high standard and many volumes of its journal, viz. ‘The Journal of the
Assam Research Society’ which have drawn the attention and admiration of national and international
scholars. Besides, a number of valuable ancient manuscript of Assam were edited and published by the
Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti.
The Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti possesses a large number of manuscripts of great importance,
besides a library which remains open for researchers and scholars.
It is, therefore, not necessary to emphasize that it would be pertinent to celebrate the centenary of
the Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti in a dignified manner. Needless to say that such a centenary celebration
would require a handsome amount of money for publishing the proposed commemoration volumes,
souvenirs and past history of Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti.
The centenary Celebration Committee of the Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti, therefore, earnestly
makes an appeal to you all to donate generously for making the celebration a success.
For membership form of KAS and more details please visit Pragyan’s blog on :
http://pragyan06now.blogspot.com/2010/04/centenary-celebration-of-kamrupa.html

65 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10


T he previous part of this article ended with
the comment that the organisational
practice of the communist till date is not in
keeping with the Marxist concept of withering
away of state and politics. So keeping in view
the Lenin’s theoretical concept of
consciousness to the masses from without and
proletarian vanguard, Stalinist practice,
Gramsci’s concept of organic intellectual and
Rosa Luxembourgian critiques, this
organizational question needs to be discussed
& debated at length in ideological musing.
But prior to doing that, few more important
parameters left untouched are discussed in this
part of my article considering practicing &
dominant ideology of the masses.
Development & democracy are such
ideological constructs in the sense that these
terminologies bear different connotation
depending on the balance of forces within
really existing power structure. The ideological
concept is as defined by the design of the type
of society the development process is supposed
to bring about. As Samir Amin puts it “the
history of the dominant ideology as a series of
successive discourses, whose types I have
termed liberal nationalist, then social and
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Arup Baisya
national, finally globalised neoliberal,”1. Within the
really existing capitalism having capital/labour
contradiction permanently operational throughout
the system, the diverse conflicting social thoughts
bearing ideological values for or against the labour
are always at play. The conflicting ideas emanating
from really existing balance of forces or social
milieu influences and determines the dominant
ideology of any period and in that sense the
theoretical basis of idea/ideas is different from both
deterministic as well as post-modernist (so called
pluralist) approach.
The really existing capitalism is in deep crisis,
compared to the crisis we are actually heading for,
the Great World Economic Crisis of 1929-1933
would look like the Vicar’s tea party as assessed by
Mestzaros. The dominant ideology of capitalism
assures us to believe that the confidence on the
market only can do away with this crisis. Meszaros
apt comparison of this confidence with Indian
mythology is very interesting. He wrote “In any
case, all this talk about the absolute virtue of
confidence in capitalist economic management is
much like the explanation offered in Indian
mythology about the supporting ground of the
Universe. In that ancient vision of the world, it is
said that the universe is carried, most reassuringly,
on the back of an elephant. No one should think of
/ 66
that as a difficulty. For the elephant is, even more
reassuringly, supported on the back of the cosmic
tortoise. But what holds up the cosmic tortoise?
Don’t you dare ask such a question, lest you might
be fed to the tigers of Bengal!”2 . Nevertheless, this
confidence has already been shaken. The total
bankruptcy, not only figuratively but also in literal
sense – of metropolitan inspired and dominated
developmental strategies all over the World marks
the downfall of this confidence.
Marx by a theoretical and historical analysis of
capitalism had proved that free competition gives rise
to the concentration of production, which, in turn, at
a certain stage of development leads to monopoly.
But Marx could not see the emergence of extreme
form of monopoly. So afterwards Lenin in his book
“Imperialism, the highest form of capitalism”
enumerated the theoretical analysis of monopoly.
Lenin vividly described “…a handful of monopolists
subordinate to their will all the operations, both
commercial and industrial, of the whole of capitalist
society; for they are enabled – by means of their
banking connections, their current accounts and other
financial operations – first, to ascertain exactly the
financial position of the various capitalists, then to
control them, to influence them by restricting or
enlarging, facilitating or hindering credits, their
income, deprive them of capital, or permit them to
increase their capital rapidly and to enormous
dimension etc.” He continued, “this bank capital i.e.
capital in money form, which is thus actually
transformed into industrial capital, I call ‘finance
capital’. “Finance capital is a capital controlled by
banks and employed by industrialists” Lenin wrote
“Capitalism in its imperialist stage leads directly to
the most comprehensive socialization of production;
it, so to speak, drags the capitalist, against their will
and consciousness, into some sort of a new social
order, a transitional one from complete free
competition to complete socialization. Production
becomes social, but appropriation remains private.
The social means of production remains the private
property of a few”.3 The revolutionary crisis caused
by the universal devastation due to the imperialist
plunder and the war leads to proletarian revolution.
Is the Leninist concept of the inevitability of
imperialist conflict and imperialist or revolutionary
war under the economic system of the private
67 /
ownership of the monopoly capital and means of
production still relevant? According to many, the
situation of Lenin’s time has drastically changed in
present era of globalization. The questions naturally
crop up what are those changes and do these changes
indicate any basic radical change?
The way the Laissez fair proponents in Lenin’s
time could find the possibility of peace and reform
within the imperialist global structure, the petty-
bourgeois critics of the present day globalization
thinks that ‘free, honest and peaceful’ competition is
possible within the capitalist imperialism. If this is
taken for granted as the dominant feature of the present
time instead of imperialist conflict, then any political
programme for any radical break with the semi-
colonial system of third world countries and any social
programme beyond capitalism need to be suspended
sine-die. This view, though presently waning, gained
ground just after the collapse of the state controlled
Stalinist Soviet model of “really existing socialism”
which was actually the model Engel termed as
‘capitalism without capitalist’ while revealing the
project of second international.
When Lenin analysed imperialism, the
marginalized countries of Asia-Africa and Latin
America except Japan were backward
unindustrialized, rural, agricultural and mineral
commodity producer and supplier to the capitalist
centers and there was intense competition within
the nation-states of these centers to extend their
area of hegemony and to establish colony in the
marginalized countries. This situation of
imperialism described by Lenin ended after the
second world war. To accommodate anti-fascist and
national liberation movement and people’s uprising
within the ambit of capitalism, the concept of
welfare state with the essence of “capitalism
without capitalist” emerged and the
industrialization and modernization of the
marginalized third world countries began with a
notion of “catching up” the developed countries.
This conception of welfare state came into vogue
due to two opposing trends of the prevalent ground
reality — the expansion phase of capitalism
facilitated by the opportunity of profit making
investment against reconstruction work for war
devastation on the one hand and capital-labour
social pact necessitated by the rise of working class
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
due to anti-fascist and national liberation
movement. This simultaneously replaced the direct
colonial rule of the third world countries with the
beginning of a new period of neo-colonialism.
Lenin expected that the initial revolution in the
countries of ‘weak link of capital’ would soon
spread to the whole structure of capitalism due to
the intense conflicts within the imperialists camp.
But that did not happen. After Russia, the
revolution did not spread towards west. Instead the
revolution took place in China, the country of
marginalized east and this established the fact of
prevailing exploitative global division of labour
of center & periphery. The center’s hegemony
needs to be adequately challenged by the periphery
to set the ground for revolution in centers. This
global division of labour has not been qualitatively
changed by the globalization ( inherent in capital
since its emergence) and the resultant privatization,
financial liberalization and the dismantling of the
structure of welfare state after 1980. The
proponents of capitalism already realized that there
was and is no such capitalism which can be called
‘free market capitalism’ in the truest sense of the
term. The state and the market are intertwined and
complementary in capitalist structure. The
dominant ideology of global capitalism is always
mediated through these two basic institutions. It
is the inherent structural crisis of the system, the
really existing balance of force and the
technological arsenal at the disposal of capitalist
to maneuver, determine the policy framework to
be taken by the capitalist managers and the
regulatory measures to decide what should be the
role of both state and the market. From the
experience of the so called globalization spree since
1980, it is now visible that the capitalist fund
managers are again started propagating the need
of stricter state regulation and intervention to save
capitalism from its dire crisis. That even the
dominant ideology of development through the
notion of ‘catching up’ and the neo liberal
dismantling of the welfarist state in the country
like India sometimes backtracks is visible from two
recent development. First, the rejection of
Vedanta’s application to mine in Nyamgiri, which
must be seen beyond all cynical calculations about
electoral calculations as a victory for tribal rights
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
in forest area. The second important development,
is the proposal of the group of ministers to give
tribals a 26% stake in profits from mining, that have
come up in the course of drawing up the mines
and minerals (Development & Regulation) Bill that
seeks, among other things, to control illegal mining
as well as protect the environment and tribal right.
( Source : EPW September 18-24,2010, Capital
Myths & the ‘New Copernican Revolution’). The
dominant ideology of development has to face a
trend reversal or retreat for the time being due to
conflicting pressure from the working class tribal
masses. The two opposite ideological forces one
defined by global capital and the third world
comprador capital with its unique characteristics
of economism and the other defined by thirld world
tribal peasant and workers with its perspective of
people’s right. But right can never be higher than
the economic structure of society and its cultural
development which this determines. The prevalent
dominant world view where the ecology is
perceived as a subset of the economy to sustain
rule of capital has been challenged by the view
where economy is perceived as a subset of ecology,
tribal rights or right of the third world people etc.
Marx explained “economism” as a unique
characteristic of capitalism and by “economism”
he wanted to mean that, the fact that the laws which
govern the movement of capitalism are the product
not of transhistorical nature but of particular
historical nature is erased from social
consciousness. Thus Samir Amin wrote in his book
“Liberal Virus” that there is no theory of capitalism
distinct from its history. Theory and history are
indissociable, just as are economics and politics.4
Thus there is always two diametrically opposite
ideological perspectives are at play to visualize the
issue of Development. The dominant one is from
the perspective of capital and the opposite which
is always contending the dominant one is from
labour and under the existing ground reality this
can be designated as metropolitan perspective
versus third world perspective. This conflict is
mediated through really existing state, market,
politics etc and the concrete situation of balance
of forces determines the class ideological
prominence. Thus it is imperative to make a radical
break to replace one existing dominant ideology
/ 68
by another to ensure Development for the people,
not for the capital.
Similarly, Democracy is also one such
ideological construct. The text of communist
manifesto in collected work of Marx & Engels
reveals that the two concepts ‘to raise the proletariat
to the position of the ruling class’ and ‘to win the
battle of democracy’ are placed side by side. With
reference to the Prabhat Pattanaik’s article
‘Socialism and Welfarism’ published in People’s
democracy (30 August, 2009), Vaskar Nandi wrote
in the article ‘Democratic deficit’ published in For
A New Democracy (October 2009 – March 2010)
“Unfortunately for us, this author, with his own
purpose in mind, does not go far into an analysis of
the social and economic conditions for the
development and consolidation of human freedom
in the socialist process, the dictatorship of the
proletariat. Presently, we intend to argue that this
process, if it aspires to take society to communism,
i.e. a classless, stateless society of associated
labourers, must constitute itself on the basis of the
widest democracy, a democracy that is well beyond
the conceptions of liberal bourgeoisie. That is the
only basis on which the objects of history can
become its subject”. This is the Marxist-Leninist
concept of Democracy whose form and content is
determined by the class ideology and the democracy
will begin to wither away with the withering away
of state, owing to the simple fact that, freed from
capitalist slavery, from the untold horrors, savagery,
absurdities and infamies of capitalist exploitation,
people will gradually become accustomed to
observing the elementary rules of social intercourse
that have been known for centuries and repeated for
thousands of years in copybook maxims.5
But for the transformation of the object of
history to become its subject as mentioned in the
above quotation, the third world people has to settle
a score with metropolitan dominated global
capitalism prior to taking up the project of surpassing
the bourgeois liberal democracy. “The look turns
REFERENCES
(1) Spectres of capitalism – Samir Amin
(2) The structural crisis of capital. Istvan Meszaros
(3) Collected Works : volume 22 : Lenin
(4) The Liberal Virus – Samir Amin
(The Silchar based author is a well known social science writer and social activist of the state)
69 /
the object into a subject : ‘I want you to feel, as I,
the sensation of being seen. For the white man has
enjoyed for three thousand years the privilege of
seeing without being seen (Sartre 1976a : 7)” Under
different circumstances, it would be the same
endeavor as vividly described by Sartre as “ Natives
of all underdeveloped nations unite!. What a decline:
for the fathers, we were the sole interlocutors: the
sons no longer even consider us as qualified
interlocutors: we are the object of their discourse.
Of course Fanon mentions in passing our famous
crimes Setif, Hanoi, Madagaskar – but he does not
waste his effort condemning them: he uses them. If
he dismantles the tactics of colonialism the complex
play of relations that unite and divide the ‘Colons’
from ‘Metropolitans’, it is for their brothers; his goal
is to teach them to outsmart us.”6
Politically it is the Leninist scheme of thing
and it’s the time of imperialism described by Lenin.
Though the revolution in China failed to counter
the Metropolitan controlled and defined
Development and Democracy and the Chinese
revolution has not extended and resulted in
successful radical break in the third world peripheral
countries from colonial status, the so called new
globalisation phase of capital has not qualitatively
changed the Lenin’s time. That the Indian freedom
struggle could not radically break its colonial status
was not only due to the lacking in subjective effort,
but also due to the immaturity of the objective
situation. In addition to the immaturity and mistakes
of the communists, the internal social reality was
not conducive for the success of the project of any
radical break. Had this project been correct to its
truest sense, the radical break would not have been
possible due to backward social reality. This project
is to be reconstructed to face the emerging external
& internal situation for a successful radical break
with the present and to establish the concept &
practice of the development and democracy from
the Labour vis-à-vis people’s perspective.„
(To be continued)
(5) On socialism: Edited by Irfan Habib
(Lenin : The state in Socialism and Communism).
(6) Colonialism & Neo-colonialism –
The wretched of the earth – Jean-Paul Sartre.
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

A t a critical juncture in the history of
Medieval Assam, the Ahom regime had
to shift its capital from Rangpur to what we
proudly call the Jorhat town. The historic
event that actually laid the foundation of its
prestigious town of Upper Assam happened
during the July- August, 1974 (SRAVAN,
1716 SAKA).1
It was customary to almost all the royal
dynasties to arrange the seat of capital at a
place with extensive beautification and centre
of communications as far as possible, and the
seat of capital should naturally be a town- so
that it might properly be called the capital
city or capital town. But, during the time of
the shifting of the Ahom capital, Jorhat was
not a town: it was left for the Ahom
Administrators to build the new capital as a
capital town. Here lies the early history of
urbanization of the present Jorhat town,
which might be a fascinating chapter in the
history of urbanization in medieval Assam.
During the early part of the Ahom rule
Jorhat was not an inhospitable place, infested
with wild animals. It was then within the
dense forest that extended from the Naga
2
Hills to the Brahmaputra. The word ‘Jorhat’
itself came to be known only during the later
part of the Ahom rule, when Gaurinath
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Dr. Diganta Kr Phukan
& Utpal Dutta
Singha (1780- 1795) was the ruler and when the
Ahom capital was shifted to this place. Earlier,
however, the Ahom King Pratap Singha (1603-
1641) wished to turn this area into an ideal
township to be named Hastinapur by capturing
1000 wild elephants at a place about 8 km to the
east of the present town. The royal camp
established at the site for the purpose was known
as Gajpur Bahar. But Pratap Singha’s project
ultimately failed.
But , Jayadhvaj Singha (1648- 1663) is said
to have captured a large number of elephants in
this area , just on the eve of Mirjumla’s invasion
3
of Assam and it was Jayadhvaj, who built Seuni
Ali (Present A.T. Road, 37 going through Jorhat
town) which increase the importance of and
promise better fortune for Jorhat. Then King
Gadadhar Singha (1681- 1696) is said to have
settled many Bocha (i.e. Selected) people in the
present Tocklai region of Jorhat town. Thus, prior
to the shifting of Ahom capital the present town,
with its neighbouring areas, started to attain ‘a
short of importance as a place of royal
encampment as well as suitable site for elephant
city of Ahoms’.4 King Rajeswar Singha (1751-
1769) settled the large retinue of Manipuri
companion that came with his Manipuri princess
Kuranganayani establishing the Mongolu
(Manipuri) khat at Saru Charai near Jorhat.
But it was during the famous Moamariya
/ 70
rebellion, that Jorhat came to serious attention. To
fight with the rebels, then the Ahom Prime Minister
Purnananda Buragohain erected a Koth (fort) near
the present Bhogdoi river. As the river was known
as Desoi river at that time, the koth came to be known
as the Desoi koth. To this place, the then Ahom king
Gaurinath shifted the capital in July- August, 1794.
This king (1780- 1794) set up two hats (market) on
the bank of the Desoi (or Bhogdoi) river.
But, before he could do something more in
the direction of the development of the new capital
Jorhat, Gaurinath died a few months after the shifting
of the capital. Thus it was during the reign of his
successor Kamleswar Singha (1795- 1810) some
systematic steps were undertaken in the direction of
urbanization of Jorhat and in varied degrees, the
process was carried on till the fall of the Ahoms.
Kamleswar’s veteran Prime Minister
Purnananda, who is said to be one of the chief
makers of the Jorhat Town, undertook various
activities to develop Capital Jorhat’s infrastructure.
The Barghar, the Holongghar,5 the Gayengowaghar
and Tamuli Chora 6 were built by Purnananda
during this period. A protective embankment was
also built round the capital proper. To provide the
water facility in the new town, Purnananda had dug
the river Desoi, renaming it as Bhogdoi. 7
Purnananda also built two ‘wooden temples’ near
the Desoi fort, which were the temples of Lord
Krishna (Falgustsava)and Goddess Durga
(Durgotsava).8 Already, to the king’s private chapel,
the Burigosani Dewalaya, the images of Goddess
Durga were shifted from Rangpur in 1794-95.9
Later on Purnanda’s son Ruchinath Buragohain
also constructed a Siva temple at the Hatigarh- the
eastern Border of the town.10 Purnananda is said to
have interested in maintaining Saraisang, i.e. royal
aviary; and for that, there was a birds training centre
for the royal pastime11 too.
To feed up and fulfill the different needs of
the new capital town, a number of “Professional
villages were gradually established on the outskirts
of Jorhat town since it attained the capital status.
Thus, “Professional villages like Patiagaon, famous
for mat made from Mat-rush, Kamargaon for
Blacksmith, Kumargaon for Pottery, Katanigaon
for silk, Moutgaon for elephant keepers, Dhenusosa
for Bow- makers, Duliagaon for Palanquin bearers,
71 /
Naosaliagaon for boat makers, Kuhumjogania or
Suppliers of eggs, Gurjogonia supplier of
molassess…., Dhekial gaon for rice , rice powder
Charingia gaon of the royal princess, Rajguru gaon
of the royal family priests, Thengal gaon of Silver
supplier, Tirual gaon for matters of iron etc. were
established”.12
With a view to solving the problem of
drinking water and giving the town a new look,
The Ahom administrators dug out a number of big
Pukhuris (tanks), some of which are still attracting
the citizens and visitors of the town. The Rajmao
Pukhuri, Mitha Pukhuri, Buragohain Pukhuri,
Choladara Pukhuri are a few of such examples.
“The Ahom government had left Jorhat a
network of roads”13 and it was one of its major
contributions towards the development of the town.
One of the town’s major roads- the Seuni Ali or A.T.
Road has already been mentioned above. The Ahom
king Rajeswar Singha’s period was also notable for
the construction of several important roads. He
supposed to have built the Dergaon Ali, The Manipur
Ali, the Malow Ali and the Kakilamukhar Ali.14
Kamleswar Singha built important roads like the Na
Ali, Kamarbandha Ali and the Rajabahar Ali: all
were approach roads to the last Ahom Capital —
Jorhat. The same king is said to have build the
Choladhara Phukanar Ali and Senchoa Ali.15 The
road linking Seuni Ali and Kamarbandha Ali was
called Barpatra Ali — after the death of a well known
citizen of Jorhat — Dondeswar Borpatra Gohain.16
The Mahgarh Ali, said to have been build during
the Ahom rule was partly improved by the Britishers
and a part of it was renamed as J.B. Road or the
Babu Ali in honour of late Jagannath Baruah. The
Puhuri Ali was also supposed to be build during the
Ahom rule , which was develop by the Britishers
and was constructer upto Gohain gaon later on. It
came to be known as the Commissioner Ali, which
is now a major part of the Nimati Ali, proceeding
towards Nimati Ghat.17
In case of the inland water transport structure
also, Jorhat occupied an important position,
because, when Jorhat became the Capital, the Desoi
(Bhogdoi) river and the Brahmaputra served as the
main routes of communication by boat. Mahgarh
or Kakilamukh, situated on the bank of the
Brahmaputra, about 13 km. towards the north –
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
west, was the main gateway of the capital Jorhat.18 (February, 1826), The Ahom Prince Purandar was
From the standpoint of educational installed as the king of the upper Assam in 1833;
establishments in the new town, the period under he could do nothing significant in the direction of
review did not witness notable progress. Under the structural development of Jorhat town. Very soon,
Ahom Government as a whole, education was he lost kingship in 1838, officially marking the end
actually confined only to the priestly classes, scribes of the 1st period of formation of Jorhat Town: the
and a few others connected with the Government.19 town also lost the status as a capital as soon as the
But in spite of that, several Tols grew up in and Britishers established their rule.
around the city. One of such tols was that of The significant feature of the Ahom’s effort
Bhayaram Borpuzari’s Tol — where Dutiram at urbanization in Jorhat was that they did not build
Hazarika (author- Kalibharat Buranji) studied. any building of brick and stone there. Even the
Mentions might be made of two other Tols of this royal palace was constructed with wood and
period, viz, Jadu Adhyapakar Tol and Mitra bamboos. 22 Other official buildings were also
Adhyapakar Tol. 20 The king of upper Assam, located within the earthen rampart erected by
Purandar is known to have issued an order that every Purnananda to repeal the Moamariya insurgents.23
Kheldar (leader of a Khel) must set up a school in But they were not inefficient in building permanent
his jurisdiction, but with the resumption of upper structures: their capital at Sivasagar proves this.
Assam (October, 1838) the project came to end.21 Actually it was “owing to the tumultuous times at
The internal disturbances and the external the period when the capital of Ahom kingdom was
threats that occurred after the death of Kamleswar shifted to Jorhat town, the Swargadeos could not
Singha had already prevented that developmental construct permanent structures”.24 But apart from
activities and the devasting Burmese invasion it, their efforts and activities in other directions
almost ruined the Ahom Kingdom itself. Though towards urbanization, laid the foundation of what
a few years after the disastrous Yandaboo treaty we now call a graded city — Jorhat.„
REFERENCES :
1. Baruah, Gunabhiram, 1971: Assam Buranji, Guwahati, 9. Handique, B.C., 1996: An article entitled
p.118. “Bicentinary Diary” the NET, Guwahati, April, p.7.
2. Baruah, T.C., 1990: An article entitled “Jorhat: Its 10. Baruah, T.C., op.cit, p.2.
Metropolitan Development over a Century”, Souvenir 11. Sarma, A.C., loc. cit.
of Jorhat Book Fair (JBF), Jorhat, p.1. 12. Dutta, A.K., op.cit, p.28.
3. Gogoi, N., 1993: An article entitled “Jorhat: The Last 13. Dutta, op.cit,p.30
Ahom Capital”, Proceedings of NEHA, Jorhat 14. Gogoi, N., op.cit, p.325.
Session, Jorhat, p. 322. 15. Ibid.
4. Ibid. 16. Dutta, loc. cit.
5. Baruah, G.C., 1930: Ahom Buranji, 'Calcutta, p.367. 17. Ibid.
6. Bhuyan, S.K.(ed),1964:Jayantia Buranji, 18. Gogoi, loc. cit.
Guwahati,pp.151,157. 19. Borpuzari, H.K., 1992: The Comprehensive History
7. Dutta, A.K., 1991: An article entitled “Old Jorhat at of Assam, vol. IV, Guwahati, p.348
a Glance”, Souvenir of NEHA, Jorhat Session, 20. Gogoi, N., op.cit, p.326.
Jorhat, p.25. 21. Borpuzari, op.cit, p.350.
8. Sarma, A.C., 1996: An article entitled “Calcutta 22. Handique, B.C., loc. cit.
Heritage of Jorhat”, in the magazine- North East 23. Borpuzari, op.cit, p.320.
Times (NET), Guwahati, April7, p.44. 24. Handique, B.C., loc. cit.

(The authors teach Sociology and History respectively at Jorhat College, Jorhat, Assam)

By and large, mothers and housewives are the only workers who do not
have regular time off. They are the great vacation-less class.
— Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American aviator, Gift From the Sea

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 72

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/ 74
 Dr. Banikanta Sarma
T he establishment of the Asiatic Society in
Calcutta (Kolkata) in January 1784 under the
leadership of Sir William Jones, a judge of the
Supreme Court opened the gate of Indological
studies in India and other Asiatic countries. The
Asiatic Society later on in 1839 came to be
known as Asiatic Society in Bengal. The avowed
aim of the society was to undertake investigation
and inquiry into India’s past history, culture,
civilization, language, literature, art and
architecture, enthnography, anthropology, etc.
Really the Asiatic Society of Bengal infused the
spirit of Scientific approach towards unearthing
India’s ancient culture and civilization.
Following the footsteps of the learned
European scholars many India scholars came
forward to establsh a number of voluntary
institutions of antiquarian studies in different
parts of India for investigating regional and local
history. Many scholars under the auspices of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal has evinced keen
interest in the past history, culture and civilization
of ancient Assam or Kamrupa. It may be noted
that Dr. Hoernle had deciphered and published
in the journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in
the year 1840, the text of land grant character of
the Pragjyotishpur king Indrapala of the eleventh
century, Dr. S.K.l Bhuyan wrote about the
importance of the JARS as follows : “One going
through te pages of the old issues of the JARS
will be struck by the variety and richness of the
75 /
information about Assam emodied in the articles
contributed to it.”
After a lapse of 128 years a galaxy of
scholars interested in exploring the past
historically important matters assembled into
literary conference held in April, 1912 at the
premises of the Sacred Temple of the Mother
Goddess Kamakhya on the Nilachala hill on the
south bank of the great river Brahmaputra. This
was the conference of Uttar Bangiya Sahitya
Parishad where a number of research papers
relating to the antiquities, history and archaelogy
of ancient kingdom of Kamrupa were presented
by distinguished scholars. The members present
in the conference felt that it is a long standing
desideratum to form a research society for
conducting researches on ancient Kamrupa in
particular and northeastern India in general. A
proposal for establishing a society under the
name and style Kamrupa Anushandhan Samiti
was mooted by Khan Chaudhury Amanatullah
Ahmed of Coochbeehar and supported by Rai
Mrityunjaya Chaudhury Bahadur of Rangpur on
April 7, 1912. The Samiti was formally formed
with seven members.
In the same meeting, Kalicharan Sen, a
reputed pleader and patron of learning was
appointed honourary Secretary as well as
Treasurer. Gopal Krishna De, Librarian of the
Curzon Hall Library worked as assistant
Honourary Secretary while Professor
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidyavinoda of Cotton
College assisted in the various correspondence
works. Kalicharan Sen rendered his service as
Honourary Secretary upto 1920. Later on Chandra
Nath Sarma was elected secretary of the Samiti.
In order to achieve the objectives of the
Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti a prospectus was
adopted on December 5, 1914 and was widely
circulated to mobilize public opinion and seek co-
operation in the Samiti’s research activities. The samiti
used to convene its annual meeting almost regularly
and many valuable research papers were read in the
meetings and published in the samiti’s annual reports
till 1933, the year from which the Samiti’s Research
Journal, known as the journal of the Assam Research
Society began to be published regularly. This journal
has been received well and appreciated higly by
scholars from both India and abroad.
It may be noted that the present Assam State
Museum is the brainchild of the Kamarupa
Anushandhan Samiti which having collected quite
a good member of antiquities such as the old
manuscripts, copper plates, statues, coins and other
historical relics, conceived the idea of establishing
a museum. It was the Kamarupa Anushandhan
Samiti which by obtaining a plot of land from the
State Government, moved the Government and
ultimately succeeded in making the Government
agreeable to establish the Assam State Museum on
the south bank of Dighalipukhuri. It was the samiti
again which handed over the plot of land under the
possession for the construction of the present
musuem building complex. Because of the dedicated
services rendered by a galaxy of investigators the
Kamarupa Anushandhan Samiti was able to hand
over a large number of prestigious collection and
antiques and relics to the State Museum.
From the very beginning the Kamarupa
Anushandhan Samiti by dint of its meritorious
activities was able to get patronage of high
dignataries like Sir Archdale Earl, Chief
Commissioner of Assam, the Hon’ble Sir Edward
Gait, Governor of Bihar and Orissa, the Lt. Col.
PRT Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam Valley
Districts and Honourary Director of Ethnography
in Assam, His Highness the Maharaja Jitendra
Narayan Bhup Bahadur of Cooch Beehar, Raja
Prabhat Chanda Barooah Bahadur of Gauripur,
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
Assam and many other outstanding personalities.
Moreover, the Samiti was fortunate enough
to enlist the support of many Indological Research
Scholars like Mahamohopadhaya Haraprasad
Sastri, Babu Akshaya Kumar Maitreya, Panchanna
Babu Nagendranath Basu, Prachyavidya,
Maharnava, Siddharthavaridhi, Devaprasad
Sarvadhikari, Chandradhar Baruah, Sahityaratna
M.V. Joshi and many others.
It is a matter of great glory for the Kamrupa
Anushandhan Samiti to be able to associate a band
of leaders of the Antiquarian Research Institutions
of the entire undivided Bangladesh, Bihar and Orissa
of that time. Many of these scholars demonstrated
their eagerness for unfolding the past history of the
ancient Kamarupa kingdom. It may be noted that in
order to remove the doubt about the jurisdiction of
the ancient Kamarupa kingdom, the samiti was also
christened as Assam Research Society with its
jurisdiction for research works over the area formerly
included in the sacred ancient kingdom of
Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa comprising comprising
modern Assam (undivided) and neighbouring states
of North Bengal including Cooch Beehar and East
Bengal (presently Bangladesh).
Since its inception Kamarupa Anushandhan
samiti has been working towards the fulfillment
of its objective to carry on research in matters
relating to history, archaelogy, enthnography,
anthropology etc. and to collect rare books and
manuscripts, coins, copper plates, statues,
inscriptions, terracottas, pottery, textile, etc.
The Samiti’s activities have drawn attention
of scholars engaged in the pursuit of knowledge in
their related fields. A host of enthusiastic scholars
like Mahamohopadhyaya Dhireswarcharya,
Mahamohopadhyaya Padmanath Vidyavinoda,
Pandit Hemchandra Goswami, Kanaklal Barua,
Pandit Kaliram Medhi, Dr. S.K. Bhuyan, Dr.
Banikanta Kakati, Prof. U. Goswami, Prof. Dibakar
Goswami, Dr. B.K. Barua, Dr. S.N. Sarma, Dr.
Maheswar Neog, Dr. P. Goswami, Dr. B.N. Sastri,
Dr. P.C. Bhattacharya, Dr. M.M. Sharma, Dr.
Dimbeswar Sarma, P.D. Choudhury, M.C. Das,
R.M,. Nath et al have devoted a major part of their
life in various research activities relating to history,
culture and civilization. Mahamohopadhyaya
(Contd. on Page 64)
/ 76
 Dr. Juri Dutta
I ndira Goswami, also known as Mamoni Raisom
Goswami, is a widely recognized and
appreciated writer of India. She is the second
Assamese recipient of the Jnanapith award (in
2000). It is quite possible to write a long list of
her achievements, the languages into which her
books have been translated, the prestigious literary
prizes she has been awarded. It is not all these
which draw the readers to her writings but the
intensity and poignancy of her narratives. She
writes with rare frankness and courage. Her
writings are woven with intimate details of
experiences and striking images and with an
expression – occasionally abrupt, prosaic and
characterized by silences and gaps.
Indira Goswami had started writing her
autobiography in the beginning of the seventies and
it was published in 1988. Her An Unfinished
Autobiography (Aadha Likha Dastabej) proved to
be one of the frankest and most honest
autobiographies among the bhasha life writing texts.
And the reason behind its popularity is not difficult writer. Goswami’s An Unfinished Autobiography
to imagine; it was the autobiography of a young
woman writer in her mid forties. The sequel to her
An Unfinished Autobiography is called New Pages
of My Autobiography (Dastabejor Natun Pristha) and
it was published in December 2007. It can be called
It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the four languages —
English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi.
77 /
a sequel to the writer’s An Unfinished Autobiography
as she has named it New Pages of My Autobiography.
In spite of being a “few new pages” of her
autobiography, New Pages of My Autobiography is
a deviation from her An Unfinished Autobiography
in more ways than one. In fact, while An Unfinished
Autobiography is the autobiography of the writer,
the later is a memoir. The recent autobiography is
described as a memoir in the very blurb of the book.
In An Unfinished Autobiography the writer says in
the foreword to the book that she had tried to present
those incidents of her life that continued to have a
strong impression on her mind all through her life.
She says that these are the pictures of the moments
of her “inner life” till 1970 and her emotions
associated with various events big or small. And the
experiences of her “inner life” in recent years (after
1970) have not been depicted here.
An autobiography is a presentation of the self.
It is the external projection of the inner life of the
unfolds the life of the writer from its very beginning.
She talks about her childhood, her schooling in
Shillong and Guwahati, her upbringing and her
higher education. At the same time she gives a fair
idea of the emotions related to each and every
— Editor.
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
incident of her life, however insignificant. An
Unfinished Autobiography begins with the sentence
“At that time I was very young” (Goswami, 1988:1).
The striking difference between the two books
is evident when we look at the very first sentence of
the second book: “I happened to be present in
Kanchanaburi where a bridge was constructed on
the Kwai River by the prisoners of the Japanese in
the Second World War.” (Goswami, 2007:1)
Describing New Pages of My Autobiography
as a memoir is justifiable considering the fact that it
is more concerned with external circumstances than
with inner development. New Pages of My
Autobiography is anecdotal and episodic, with the
focus spread around the many interesting people and
places that the writer had known, met and worked
with. The first three chapters of New Pages of My
Autobiography are mainly about the writer’s
description of her visit to Kanchanaburi in Thailand
and these are clustered together as “Cruel Land, Hard
Times and Barbaric People”. Her description of her
visit to Thailand with Shri Suranga Pulthupia and
Chandradhar include references to brothels and, to
what she calls the “flesh market”. She talks about
the War and its devastating effects. The information
is more factual than emotional; it bears no direct
relation to her own self. In other words, her concerns
are more social. Of course, her proposition that —
Man cannot be the best creation of the creator. No
other being is capable of the kind of cruelty that
human beings are capable of (Goswami, 2007:13)
does tell us a lot about her feelings at this stage.
While describing her visit to Kanchanaburi, she is
reminded of her own village Amranga near the
Jagalia river – and this can make us look at New
Pages of My Autobiography as an autobiography.
However, the fact remains that while New Pages of
My Autobiography is more in the line of a memoir,
An Unfinished Autobiography bears a closer
resemblance to the conventional autobiographical
form. In New Pages of My Autobiography the focus
is more on the people and events that the author has
known or witnessed. Though such a distinction
might quite possibly lead to the raising of quite a
few eyebrows, we cannot help categorizing New
Pages of My Autobiography as a memoir which is
more about the likes and dislikes of people other
than the author. Chapters 6 and 7 together constitute
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
a biography of the renowned Punjabi poetess Amrita
Pritam, her life and works, her relationship with
Sahir Ludhianvi, the Urdu poet and Imroz, the artist.
Goswami gives a critical estimate of Amrita Pritam’s
works like Rasidi Ticket (Revenue Stamp), Pinjar,
Black Rose etc. Amrita’s life, her views on different
aspects of life and love are all minutely observed in
these two chapters. Amrita’s visit to Assam and the
writer’s close relationship with her occupies a major
chunk of New Pages of My Autobiography. Similarly,
the next chapter entitled ‘My Encounters with Some
Great Women’ is an account of various renowned
female personalities of India. One of them is Kamala
Ratnam, a scholar of Sanskrit and English Literature.
The others are Kamala Singh, Kamala Das,
Qurratulain Hyder, Dinesh Nandini Dalmiya etc.
Perhaps the point that needs to be addressed
before delving deeper into the distinction between
autobiography and memoir is regarding the
expectations of a reader from an autobiography. Today
it is probably difficult to talk about autobiography in
the singular for there can be so many variants of the
form – Samuel Pepys’s Diaries and Nehru’s
Autobiography are chronicles of particular times and
places, Gandhiji’s My Experiments with Truth is a
saga of inner growth, and we also have the
autobiographies of writers writing about their coming
of age. Very often we look at an autobiography to
know the experiences, emotions and environment
from which the writer has emerged. Indira Goswami’s
An Unfinished Autobiography fulfills this role while
even after reading the first few chapters of New Pages
of My Autobiography one can hardly manage to know
anything about the inner life of the author.
It is not simply the experiences and emotions
of the pre-1970 and post-1970 phases that distinguish
the two books. In fact, one can quite clearly discern
the change that has come about in the outlook of the
writer. Writing an autobiography is a matter of
selecting the fundamental and the essential. It is in
the selection or omission of details that we find the
change in outlook of the writer. These selections and
omissions have to be seen in the context of the time
and place to which they belong.
There are aspects of Indira Goswami’s
character that appears too contradictory at times
and at other times her contradictions seem to be
on the verge of convergence. At a critical point in
/ 78
Indira’s life as a young widow, there are two
options for her. She can go to London, “that land
of ancient Western tradition and culture”
(Goswami, 1988: 99), or she can go to Vrindavan,
“the centre of ancient Hindu tradition and culture”
(Goswami, 1988: 99), to undertake research on the
Ramayana. Two different directions and
contradictory impulses pulled in different
directions. The choice that she makes, Vrindavan,
does not exactly resolve that conflict. Instead, “the
choice and the resultant trajectory of her life
highlight the contours of a kind of Hindu modernity
that strikes at best an uneasy balance between the
claims of a rational and humanist modernity and
that of a traditional, hierarchical and gendered value
system that is often indifferent to human pain and
suffering.” (http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/
2002/05/05/stories/2002050500090500.htm)
In fact, the biography is unfinished in more ways
than intended. The conflict itself and the resultant loss
of moorings are very real for Goswami though she
seems innocent of any self-consciousness regarding
the impulses driving her life in contradictory
directions. As a young girl she grows up in her
ancestral sattra, religious monasteries established by
her forefathers. Life in the sattra has essentially
remained unchanged for centuries though under the
British it has successively lost certain privileges. It is
in a state of decline but the young Indira takes life as
she finds it in the sattra with its astrologers, religious
rituals, strict social and gender codes. The problems
begin when her family shifts to Shillong and she is
admitted to a public school run by the British. There
could not have been a more different world with its
scripture classes, English literature, Hollywood films
and individuals whose lives are organized by different
values. The transition could not have been anything
but traumatic, and leaves her a vague disquiet of the
mind: “a sort of vague fear and anguish somehow
seemed to have settled down on my heart …”
(Goswami, 1988: 3). This disquiet persists throughout
her life and the story of her autobiography is the story
of her struggle with it.
If there is one word to describe the writings of
Indira Goswami, it would have to be powerful. The
extremely bold and touching story of Damayanti, the
Brahmin widow and Pitambar, the low caste Mahajan
in Sanskar makes it a powerful statement regarding
79 /
the politics of caste in Assam, an issue which very
few writers from Assam have been able to address
with the same amount degree of intensity. The Moth
Eaten Howdah of A Tusker is based on the plight of
Brahmin widows and is marked by a strong sense of
protest – a scene that comes immediately to mind
from this novel is the one where Giribala, the Brahmin
widow, who is supposed to be on a bland diet of
vegetarian meal succumbs to the temptation of eating
mutton. In spite of the fact that Indira Goswami is a
strict vegetarian, she was able to portray Giribala’s
desire to take the mutton that is prohibited for her. In
the novel The Man of Chinnamsata, there is a protest
against animal sacrifice.
At one point in her memoir New Pages of
My Autobiography, Goswami tells us about her
response to her aunt’s (a widow) question regarding
how it felt to be a widow:
Listen, I use lipstick and put on shoes. I never
follow your meaningless rituals and customs
prescribed for a widow. I don’t care if I am rebuked
for that. I eat vegetarian food but that is not because
of adherence to any custom (Goswami, 2007: 134).
Here is a new Indira Goswami emerging out
of a new found conviction and boldness and this is
remarkably absent in her previous autobiography.
The sense of void and frustration after her
husband’s death in An Unfinished Autobiography
is reflected in the following statement:
I could not come out of the room after
Madhu’s death as I was scared of looking at the
sky. The sense of void cannot be expressed through
a pen (Goswami, 1988: 68).
In fact, Indira Goswami suffered from perennial
depression right from her childhood. In the opening
pages of The Unfinished Autobiography she mentions
that she always had the inclination to jump into the
Crinoline waterfall located near her house in Shillong.
She was extremely attached to her father and was
broken mentally after his death. Repeated suicide
attempts studded her eventful life. After the death of
her husband Madhaven Raisom Ayengar, just after
eighteen months of marriage in a car accident in
Kashmir, Gardinel sleeping tablets were what she kept
herself alive with. Brought back home, she joined the
Goalpara Sainik School, as a teacher in Assam.
Leading the life of a young widow was not easy and
at this point she went back to writing. She writes that
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
she wrote just to live, other wise it would not have
been possible for her to go on living.
After the death of her husband, Homen
Bargohain wrote to her a letter of encouragement and
requested her to give her sorrows a literary expression.
It was immediately after receiving this letter that the
then grief-stricken Indira Goswami started writing her
autobiography. The sense of frustration and depression
in An Unfinished Autobiography gives way to the
more regulated and mature emotion of New Pages.
James Olney says in his book Metaphors of
Self: The Meaning of Autobiography:
An autobiography is a monument of the self
as it is becoming, a metaphor of the self at the
summary moment of composition (1972, 36).
And he says that the objective of an
autobiography is to build “a metaphoric bridge from
subjective self-consciousness to objective-reality”
(36). Olney argues that it is difficult to define a self
as all selves are unique and they are constantly
evolving and transforming. Therefore, to
communicate such a self to others is by discovering
or creating some similitude for the experience that
can reflect or evoke the same experience in others.
Pradip Acharya echoes a similar view when he says
that Indira Goswami has tried to build a metaphor
out of the varied experiences and the feelings arising
out of these experiences (Page 22, Rani Gohain).
Indira Goswami’s autobiography conveys a sense
of pain, the restlessness and the suffering that she
has undergone in various phases of her life. Writing
was her way of overcoming these. Pradip Acharya
says that Goswami’s depiction of the Radheshyami’s
preparation for their funeral rites becomes a
metaphor to express the relation to her writings:
In the third part of the book entitled ‘the city of
God’ she [Mamoni] has used Radheshyami’s concept
of ourdhadoihik as a metaphor (Acharya, 1999: 23).
In spite of their pitiable economic condition,
these widows often chose to starve. Whatever
meager money they are able to collect through their
wanderings is deposited with the panda, to ensure
that they are cremated after death. Experience has
taught them that unless such an insurance is taken
out, their corpses could well become the food of
jackals and dogs. The insurance they purchase is
illusory, since the panada, more often than not,
simply pockets the money and disposes off the
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
widow’s body in the Yamuna.
The two autobiographies differ in their basic
objectives. In the Preface to An Unfinished
Autobiography Goswami, makes it clear that she has
framed the book in the form of a novel. As a result,
she could be the “master of facts, not the slave of it.
And therefore she has enjoyed ample freedom of
traveling amidst imagination and dream. In this
journey, the important source of this lady’s sensitivity
is friendship, love and intimacy with different people,
place and incidents” (Acharya, 1999: 23). An
Unfinished Autobiography happens to more
emotionally true than the practicality of her vision of
her later years would allow her to be in New Pages.
In spite of coming from an orthodox family
she chose to write her autobiography in a
confessional manner which allowed her to openly
disclose her attempts to suicide, her male friends
and also her court marriage with someone out of a
sense of sympathy rather than love. Indira Goswami
has always questioned the prevailing patriarchal
structure of society, the practice of animal sacrifice,
the complications of caste and social hierarchies and
the taboos and restrictions associated with Brahmin
widows, and the stifling hold of tradition and custom
throughout her fictional writings. She carries on the
crusade in both her autobiographies.
While describing the character of Kamala
Das’s famous autobiography in the ninth chapter
of New Pages of My Autobiography and an incident
relating to an attempted rape, she makes the
following statement:
In this book, the writer [Kamala Das] gives
such a detailed description of her body and her
desires that I was shocked. Perhaps it would not
be possible for me to offer such a description”
(Goswami, 2007: 137).
In this context Goswami remarks that while
she was once asked to sit topless near him by one of
her male friends, assuring her of meaning no harm,
she answered, “I consider this to be perversity and I
have never indulged in perversity … I could never
bring myself to writing such kind of things in my
autobiography” (Goswami, 2007: 37).
Such a confession questions the very notion
of boldness and frankness associated with Indira
Goswami’s autobiographies. “I can only salute
Mamoni for the truly heroic saga that is her life,”
/ 80
said critic Amita Malik ten years ago, on reading
her Unfinished Autobiography. “What is there to
hide? How can I depict the stories about others’
lives if I am not true to myself?”, said Indira. “That
is why I do not hesitate in saying that I drink too –
of course, only occasionally. I have never tried to
sermonize. I have never alienated my writings from
my life – how can I?” (Goswami, 1988: 46).
Her protest against animal sacrifice and traditional
norms of a Hindu Brahmin society is well reflected not
only in her writings but in the way she lives her life.
She shatters the typical image of a Brahmin widow by
wearing big red bindis and quite frequently, red saris.
Many of her readers are unable to reconcile themselves
to the idea of a Brahmin widow, dressed in extravagant
red, continuing to mourn her husband’s death when
she says in New Pages:
Even after thirty years of his death, I am
unable to talk freely about him [her husband]. I
don’t want to share the sorrows that are with me
(Goswami, 2007: 134).
It appears contradictory to many readers that
a widow who has intense love for her husband can
so boldly break the barriers and restrictions imposed
upon her by society. But, it is not so. Indira has said,
I have been watching the terrible pain and
sufferings of the widows. At a very young age, I
understood that only a woman becomes a widow.
And she has to live the terrible life of a slave
(Goswami, 1988: 46).
Indira never separates her life from her
writings. She boldly announces her hatred for the
suffocating atmosphere that widows have to live
in. She protests against it not only in literature
through the character of Giribala (who eats mutton
and falls in love with a ‘melech’) and Ishari (who
loves Dharambahadur Rana) but in her own life
REFERENCES :
1) Bharali, Hemanta (ed). Mamoni Raisom Goswami: Sapna
Duhsapnar Dairy, Guwahati: Chitralekha Publication,
1998.
2) Bhattacharjee, Nirmal Kanti (ed). Indian Literature,
Sahitya Academi’s Bi-Monthly Journal, Vol.XL VI No.
4, New Delhi: Sahitya Academi
3) Gohain, Rani (ed), Hridayar Tapaswini: Mamoni Raisom
Goswamir Byaktitya Aru Sahitya, Guwahati: Jyoti
Prakashan, 1999.
4) Jeyan, Subash. ‘Contours of a Modernity’. The Hindu
(The author is a freelance researcher)
81 /
too. In a way she complements her ideological
stance as a writer by the way she lives her life:
It is not only in my writings but also in the
way I live my life, I protest against the social taboos
associated with widowhood. After my husband’s
death I have never lived the life of a widow. I have
not obeyed any rules or customs. I always believe
that I should have the same right as a widower.
(Goswami, 1988: 46).
I have already talked about the writer’s
proclamation that An Unfinished Autobiography is
in the form of a novel. It is perhaps because of this
that Indira is not very direct while expressing her
emotions – be it the emotion related to her
husband’s death or her journey to Mathura with
Moni Goutam’s handsome brother (Goswami,
1988: 170). It is remarkable that nowhere in her
autobiography does Indira disclose his name but
expresses that she had felt a pinch of a poem in her
heart while sitting beside him on the Tanga. And
at one point of time she says, “It is a queer feeling
that I have as if I am sitting beside Madhu as in the
old days.” (Goswami, 1988: 172).
Being a young widow Indira had to withstand
much unwanted attention and this bitter story is
narrated in her autobiography. In New Pages of My
Autobiography she accepts her inability to talk about
the body and about perversity. Whatever might be
the reasons or circumstances in which both the books
are produced, we as readers will have to accept that
in spite of the apparent differences between the two
texts in the matter of selection of materials or the
manner of writing, both are complementary to each
other. One is the revelation of the emotional self of
the writer while the other is the revelation of the
emotions and feelings associated with other people’s
lives, incidents and emotions.„
Sunday, May 05,2002. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/
lr/2002/05/05/stories/2002050500090500.htm
5) Olney James. Metaphors of self: The Meaning of
Autobiography, Princeton: Princeton U. Press, 1972.
6) Raisom Goswami, Mamoni. Adhalekha Dostabez (An
Unfinished Autobiography), Guwahati: Students’ Stores,
1988
7) Raisom Goswami, Mamoni. Dostabezar Natun Pristha
(New Pages of My Autobiography), Guwahati: Jyoti
Prakashan, 2007.
/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10
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(ëºJA¡ P¡¯àÒài¡ã [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "‹ã>t¡ Kì¯Èoà¹t¡ áày¡ú "gº¹ ">¸ ëºJàγèÒ š[Øn¡¤îº W¡à*A¡ ët¡*ò¹ ¤ÃK :
http://anjal.mywebduniya.com)

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

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85 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

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[yû¡Úàšƒ¹ "àKt¡ ‘³A¡ Òà}>à’ Î´ßÎà¹A¡ šƒ ¤[Òìá¡ú šƒ¹ δšA¢¡ >àÒü¡ú
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šƒ (Q) "¤¸Ú šƒ ¤¸¯Òê¡t¡ ">¸ šƒ¹ ºKt¡ δšA¢¡ Ñ‚àš> A¡¹à¹ A¡à¹ìo* &Òü
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[>[³v¡, "šàƒà> "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡¹o- &Òü áÚi¡à A¡à¹A¡¤àW¡A¡ šƒ¹ ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈà ¤àA¡¸ Kk¡>¹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ šƒ¹ yû¡³ íÒìá-
Î}ì™àKt¡ìÒ ¤àA¡¸ &i¡àÒü Îà=¢A¡t¡à ºà®¡ A¡ì¹¡ú A¡t¢¡à + A¡³¢ = [yû¡Úà
ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈàt¡ A¡à¹A¡¤àW¡A¡ šƒÎ³èÒ¹ ºKt¡ [yû¡Úà šƒ¹ l¡üƒàÒ¹o :
δ¬Þ꡹ l¡üƒàÒ¹o ƒà[R¡ ‹¹à Ò’º- A¡t¢¡à A¡³¢ [yû¡Úà
(A¡) ¤à ³å[áÚà áà[t¡>à "tå¡Zá} ë³[º[¹¡ú (A ) "àò ³A¡ Òà줳ô
(³à>åÒ\ì> áà[t¡ìi¡à Òàìt¡ì¹ ë³[ºìº) (³Òü) (®¡àt¡) (Jàìºà)
A¡t¢¡à A¡³¢ A¡¹o [yû¡Úà (J) "àò [K¹à ³[W¡
¤à³å[áÚà áà[t¡>à "tå¡Zá} ë³[º[¹ (³Òü) (¤åØn¡à) (³à>åÒ)
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‘ë³[º[¹’- ƒåìÚài¡à¹ δšA¢¡ "[t¡ *W¡¹W¡šà¡ú "¯ìŸ A¡t¢¡à (™ƒåì¯) (®¡àt¡) (Jàìº)
šƒ¹ ¤à[Òì¹* "à> A¡à¹A¡¤àW¡A¡ šƒÎ³èÒ¹ ºKìt¡à [yû¡Úà ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈ๠[A¡áå³à> ¤àA¡¸ Kàòk¡[>t¡ A¡t¢¡à + A¡³¢ +
šƒ¹ δšA¢¡ "[t¡ *W¡¹W¡šà¡ú &Òü ¤àA¡¸ìi¡àt¡ A¡t¢¡àšƒ "à¹ç¡ [yû¡Úà -ÿ-ÿ- &Òü šƒ¹ yû¡³ ¹[Û¡t¡ ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à A¡t¢¡à¹
[yû¡Úàšƒ¹ "[¤Òì> ¤àA¡¸ìi¡à¹ šøAõ¡t¡ "=¢ šøA¡àÅ îÒ >å[k¡¤¡ú š[¹¯ìt¢¡ A¡³¢ì¹ ¤àA¡¸ "๴± íÒìá "à¹ç¡ [A¡áå³à> ¤àA¡¸t¡
ëÎÒü¤àì¤ ¤àA¡¸t¡ &ó¡àìº A¡t¢¡àšƒ "à¹ç¡ "à>ó¡àìº ÎA¡ìºà [yû¡Úà šƒìi¡à ³à\ìt¡à ¤¸¯Ò๠ëÒà¯à ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú
A¡à¹A¡¤àW¡A¡ šƒ¹ ºKìt¡ [yû¡Úà šƒ ¤ìÒ¡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹o :
ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈàt¡ [¤ìÅÈo šƒì¤à¹¹ ¹ê¡š >ÒÚ¡ú "=à¢; A¡³¢ šìƒì¹ "๴± ëÒà¯à ¤àA¡¸ :
ÒüÒtò ¡¹ ºKt¡ [¤®¡[v¡û¡ ë™àK >ÒÚ¡ú Òü "à> šƒ¹ ëƒàÈ-P¡o ¤à³å>ô>à ƒà> ëºì¤ (¤øàÕ¡oA¡ ƒà> [ƒÚà)
"à[ƒ šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹ "à¹ç¡ [¤ìÅÈo šƒìi¡à [¤ìÅȸ¹ "àKt¡ ¤ìÒ¡ú ³‹¸Ñ‚à>t¡ [yû¡Úà šƒ™åv¡û¡ ¤àA¡¸ :
l¡üƒàÒ¹o : (A¡) Îãt¡à A¡³ô W¡à³àÒü (Îãt¡à "à[Òº Ò¤ºà)¡ú
Ò[¹ ƒåAô¡Záà Záå ë³ïW¡à (Ò[¹ &i¡à ®¡àº º’¹à)¡ú (J) ¤à A¡³ô W¡à³àÒü ([Î "à[Òìº Ò¤ºà) ¡ú
ºãºà ƒåAô¡Záà ÒüKà¤à [³¹àW¡ã (ºãºà &\>ã ‹å>ãÚà ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈàt¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à A¡t¢¡àÒã> >t塤à A¡t¢¡à l¡üÒ¸
ëáà¯àºã)¡ú =A¡à, ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à A¡³¢Òã>, ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à [yû¡ÚàÒã> ¤à [yû¡Úà l¡üÒ¸
&Òü ¤àA¡¸ ƒåi¡àt¡ ‘Záå’ "à¹ç¡ ‘ÒüKà¤à’- &Òü šƒ ƒåi¡à =A¡à ¤àA¡¸* ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú
[¤ìÅÈo šƒ¡ú ÒüÒòìt¡ Ò[¹, ºãºà-&Òü A¡t¢¡à šƒ ƒåi¡à¹ &ìA¡à A¡t¢¡àÒã> ¤à A¡t¢¡à l¡üÒ¸ =A¡à ¤àA¡¸ :
&ìA¡ài¡à P¡o¹ A¡=à ¤å\àÒüìá¡ "à¹ç¡ ë³ïW¡à, [³¹W¡ã [¤ìÅȸ l¡üƒàÒ¹o :
šƒ¹ "àKt¡ ¤[Òìá¡ú (A¡) ¹à³>à ƒà \å (¹à³A¡ ë>³à[t¡¤à)¡ú
ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈ๠¤àA¡¸t¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à [¤ìÅȸ¹ (J) ¤à³å>ô>à ƒà> ëºì¤ (¤øàÕ¡oA¡ ƒà> [ƒÚà)
šàáìt¡à [¤ìÅÈo ¤¸¯Ò๠ÒÚ¡ú A¡³¢Òã> ¤àA¡¸ :
l¡üƒàÒ¹o : ëÒºà Úàò Wå¡ì¹àÒü (&Òü Q¹ìi¡à ιç¡)¡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹o : (A¡) "àò W¡à¹Kà¹ç¡³ôìƒ (A¡t¢¡à + [yû¡Úà)
&Òü ¤àA¡¸ìi¡àt¡ ‘ Wå¡ì¹àÒü’ [¤ìÅÈo šƒìi¡à ‘Úàò’ [¤ìÅȸ (³Òü l¡ü[k¡[áìºà)
šƒ¹ [šát¡ ¤[Òìá¡ú (89 šõË¡àt¡ W¡à*A¡)

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[¤×Kãt¡¹ A¡[ºì¹ :
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A~ ^r AJa g_P Ho$ ZhrŸ& _¢ ~oR>m AmnZo A°§mJZ _|
V~ OmAmo ^Q>H$, h¡ `h ghrŸ&& nmZr Ho$ Xrn Obm`o
_Z _| aI bmo `h R>mZŸ& \$¡b ahr A§m{Y`mam amoeZr H$mo ~wPm`o;
H$_mZm h¡ _wPo `h°m Zm_Ÿ&& XoI ahr h¡ JJ§Z _|
Vw_ OmAmo nhþ±M ^{dî` VH$Ÿ& _oar `o Im_moe A±mIo
Š`m Wo Am¡a Š`m hmo, AmO VH$Ÿ&& „ Eogm bJVm h¡, O¡go H$a ahr hmo Vmamo go ~mVo

gmoMm Wm dh hr Z gH$m
Segments Till Twenty eå_m ^r nadmZm Ho$$ gmW {_b Z gH$m,
_yPo XoIH$a `h Mm±X ^r gmoM ahm h¡,
Lohit Dutta OmZo `h H$å~»V H¡$go Or ahm h¡Ÿ&
As a child with innocence I grew up,
with a soft sensation I flew up `h T>bVr amVo , ~hVr hdm`o
as I played I learnt to cheer up, \¡$bVr A§m{Y`mam, ~wPVr {MamJ
as got hurt I learnt to heal up, _oar Am[Iar g±mg VH$ aho§Jo gmW
went school thinking to knew up, Bg{bE _¢ H$hVm hÿ± H$s,
the mysteries to feel and sew up, _oar {O§XJr EH$ T>bVr amV, T>bVr amV
stepped in 15 started to style up,
wacthing beauties and later twist up,
T>bVr amVŸ& „
hasty tasty life all messed up,
dreaming and dreaming all day to gear up,
than approached 20 to think up,
future, career..oh! shut up,
thats not the ending still have a long run up,
because life is like a river with continuous flow up....

(XoCZmW ñZmVH$ àW_ df© {dkmZ {d^mJ Ho$ N>mÌ Am¡a

amOoe ñZmVH$ V¥Vr` df© dm{UÁ` {d^mJ Ho$ N>mÌ
Lohit Dutta studies in B.Sc IInd Year)

/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

/ 98
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(10 šõË¡àt¡ W¡à*A¡)

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99 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10