SACR-8670

CURRENT ISSUES IN CRIMINOLOGY:

Confronting Harms against the Environment, Human and Nonhuman
Animals
Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Criminology

Fall Semester 2019

Wednesdays at 11:30am
DH 353
Instructor: Dr. Amy Fitzgerald
E-mail Address: afitz@uwindsor.ca
Office: 160A Chrysler Hall South
Office Hours: Wednesdays 2:00-4:00pm

Course Description

What ought to be included within the disciplinary boundaries of criminology is a matter

of debate. Many have argued that the substantive focus on those acts (and omissions)
legally deemed criminal is too narrow, and that focusing on such concerns overlooks
some of the most harmful acts perpetrated in contemporary society. As an alternative, a
social harm approach has been proposed which would “move beyond the narrow
confines of criminology” (Hillyard, Pantazis, Tombs, and Gordon 2004, 1). In this
course, we will examine this proposed alternative and how such an approach can be
used to confront another enduring issue facing criminology: its anthropocentric
character.

In tacitly and explicitly subscribing to the tenets of anthropocentrism, criminology has

focused on rather narrowly defined human concerns and generally bracketed out those
concerns related to the ‘natural environment’ and nonhuman animals. Yet the harms
being perpetrated against the environment and nonhuman animals have consequences
that are among the most pressing issues we currently face (e.g., global climate change,
species extinction, the spread of zoonotic diseases). The public is paying increasing
attention to these issues, as illustrated by a recent poll which found that Canadians rank
environmental concerns as the second most important issue facing the country (well
ahead of traditional crime concerns). This course will examine how criminology is
beginning to grapple with these issues.
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We begin the course by examining the limits of conventional criminology and the
promise of a (critical) social harm approach. Next we examine the development of the
field of green criminology, which endeavours to examine harms perpetrated against the
environment and nonhuman animals, both as subjects worthy of examination in and of
themselves and also as interrelated in important ways with harms sustained by people.
We will spend time examining conceptual and theoretical developments within green
criminology and interdisciplinary examinations of the environment and nonhuman
animals more generally. This will be followed by focused examinations of the political
economy of environmental harm; environmental law, regulation and enforcement; the
possibilities and limitations of global environmental governance; and the politics of
environmental (in)justice.

Next we tackle an important by-product of the anthropocentric nature of criminology: its

speciesist qualities. Following a conceptual discussion we examine an area of
criminological research that is challenging speciesism and beginning to foreground the
harm perpetrated against individual nonhuman animals in the form of animal abuse. To
conclude, we examine one institution in our culture – industrialized animal agriculture –
which usefully illustrates the interconnectedness of harms sustained by the
environment, human and nonhuman animals, and underscores the ways in which
anthropocentrism and speciesism have heretofore blunted the criminological
imagination.

Course Objectives

The specific objectives of this course are to:

 Develop an understanding of the radical potential of using a social harm

approach within the discipline of criminology;
 Develop an understanding of the anthropocentric and speciesist nature of
criminology (and other social scientific disciplines) and the implications thereof;
 Develop an understanding of the evolving area of green criminology, its
contributions and limitations;
 Develop analytical skills and the ability to assess research;
 Exchange ideas and work collaboratively with fellow classmates;
 Facilitate public presentation skills;
 Enhance critical analytical skills;
 Fine-tune academic writing skills.

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Course Readings
Please see the Readings tab on the course website for links to the readings.

Course Requirements
All students are expected to read the required readings prior to each class. Students are
also expected to take notes, ask questions, and participate in class discussions. Final
grades will be based upon the following assignments:

(1) Intellectual Autobiography (5%)

You will write a 3-5 page essay that provides the instructor with an overview of
who you are as a developing scholar. In this essay you should discuss how you
have developed intellectually over the course of your academic career, your
current area of interest, how you developed that interest, what you hope to get
out of this course, and what your future academic/career goals are.

(2) Paper Proposal (10%)

You will write a 3-4 page proposal outlining the topic you will be writing your final
paper on, the relevance of this topic to the course, what literature and theoretical
perspectives you plan to use and why they are appropriate. You must also
include a sample of the references you plan to use in the paper (for the proposal,
aim for at least three from the course readings and five external academic journal
articles or books). See the below description for more details on the Major Paper
assignment.

(3) Major Paper (45%)

Each student will write a 14-15 page, double-spaced paper engaging with a topic
relevant to the course. Students are encouraged to consult with the instructor in
developing their paper topic. The paper should critically engage with the theory
and research related to the selected topic. The papers will be evaluated based
on their analytical strength, quality of the research, originality, and the quality of
presentation. Students are to follow the American Sociological Association’s
formatting guide in referencing their papers, which can be found at the Leddy
Library and is available online at:
http://www.uwindsor.ca/units/leddy/leddy.nsf/ASAStyleGuide!OpenForm

(4) Seminar Leadership (20%)

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 Each student will be responsible for leading two seminars. The purpose of these
seminars is to stimulate the scholarly exchange of ideas in the class. The
seminar leader(s) should begin with a brief overview of the main points and
arguments of each of the readings (not a detailed summary). They should also
address how these readings relate to each other and previous readings. They
will pose discussion questions to the class. These discussion questions must be
posted in the Discussion section of the course website on the Sunday before
they are leading the seminar. The seminar leader(s) should post three questions
for each reading, as well as questions that pertain across readings. These
questions should be crafted to maximize thoughtful discussion. Students will be
evaluated based on their knowledge of the readings, the connections they make
between the readings (current and previous readings), the discussion generated
as a result of the questions, how they facilitate the discussion, and the timely
posting of the discussion questions on the course website.

(5) Course Reflection Paper (10%)

Each student will write approximately five pages reflecting on how the course has
impacted their intellectual development. In this paper, students should address
what they learned in the course, how their intellectual autobiography would or
would not be revised as a result of this course, what gaps in their knowledge they
still believe exist, and how they will use what they have learned in their future
work (academic or otherwise).

(6) Participation (10%)

Students will be expected to come to class prepared, having read the readings
and ready to respond to the discussion questions. Student participation will be
graded not on the quantity but on the quality of participation. Quality participation
will demonstrate that the student is engaged with the readings and in-class
discussions. The participation mark will be divided into two segments: 5% for the
first half of the term and 5% for the second half of the term.

Due Dates
Students are expected to submit their assignments at the beginning of class on the due
date. With the exception of documented medical or acceptable compassionate
grounds, late assignments will be subject to a late penalty of 5% per day
(including weekends). Please note that a UWindsor Student Medical Certificate must
be completed by your physician if you are requesting an extension due to medial

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reasons. The Certificate can be found at:
http://www.uwindsor.ca/fass/fass/system/files/UWindsor%20Student%20Medical%20Certificate..pdf

It is the student’s responsibility to ensure that late assignments have been received by
the instructor. Please note that electronic date/time stamps on e-mails will not be used
as documentation of a valid submission date. Students must submit a hard copy of the
assignment, but are not to place them under the instructor’s office door. Below are the
due dates for each assignment:

September 25th – Intellectual Autobiography due

October 30th – Paper Proposal due; mid-term participation grade provided

November 27th – Course Reflection paper due

December 11th – Major Paper due [to be submitted in-person during office hours]

Final Grades
Final grades will conform to the University’s standardized percentage conversion scale
(please see below).

Letter Grade Percentage

A+ 90-100
A 85-89.9
A- 80-84.9
B+ 77-79.9
B 73-76.9
B- 70-72.9
C+ 67-69.9
C 63-66.9
C- 60-62.9
F 0-59.9

Course Outline

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Week 1 – September 11 – Course Overview and Introduction

Week 2 – September 18 – The Limits of Criminology and the Promise

of a Social Harm Approach

Paddy Hillyard and Steve Tombs. 2004. “Beyond Criminology?” in Beyond

Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously, Paddy Hillyard, Christina Pantazis, Steve Tombs,
and Dave Gordon (eds), pp. 10-29, Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing.

Pemberton, Simon. 2007. “Social harm future(s): Exploring the potential of the social
harm approach. Crime, Law and Social Change 48(1): 27-41.

Muncie, J. (2000) 'Decriminalising Criminology', British Criminology Conference:

Selected Proceedings. Volume 3, http://britsoccrim.org/volume3/010.pdf

Hillyard, Paddy, Christina Pantazis, Steve Tombs, and Dave Gordon. 2005. “‘Social
Harm and its Limits?” Criminal Obsessions: Why Harm Matters More Than Crime.
London: Crime and Society Foundation.

Further Reading:

Cohen, Stanley. 1988. Against Criminology. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. (see
especially chapters 2 and 4).

Hillyard, Paddy, Christina Pantazis, Steve Tombs, and Dave Gordon. 2004.
“Introduction” in Beyond Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously, Paddy Hillyard, Christina
Pantazis, Steve Tombs, and Dave Gordon (eds), pp. 1-9, Black Point, NS: Fernwood
Publishing.

White, Rob. 2008. Crimes against Nature: Environmental Criminology and Ecological
Justice. Portland: Willan (especially chapter 1).

Week 3 – September 25 – Green Criminology: The Development of a

Sub-Field [Intellectual Autobiography assignment due]

South, Nigel. 2014. “Green Criminology: Reflections, connections, horizons.”

International Journal for Crime, Justice, and Social Democracy 3(2): 5-20.

Halsey, Mark and Rob White. 1998. “Crime, Ecophilosophy and Environmental Harm”,
Theoretical Criminology, 2: 345-71.

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Brisman, Avi. 2014. “Of theory and meaning in green criminology.” International Journal
for Crime, Justice, and Social Democracy 3(2): 21-34.

Potter, Gary. 2013. “Justifying ‘green’ criminology: Values and ‘taking sides’ in an
ecologically informed social science.” In Values in Criminology and Community Justice.
Malcolm Cowburn, Marian Duggan, Anne Robinson, and Paul Senior (eds). Policy
Press.

Lynch, Michael and Kimberly Barrett. 2015. “Death matters: Victimization by particle
matter from coal fired power plants in the US, a green criminological view.” Critical
Criminology 23: 219-234.

Further Reading

Beirne, Piers and Nigel South. 2012. “Introduction: Approaching Green Criminology” in
Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity, and
Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp.
xiii-xxii. [Text]

Lynch, Michael and Paul Stretsky. 2003. “The Meaning of Green: Contrasting
Criminological Perspectives.” Theoretical Criminology, 7: 217-38.

Lynch, Michael. 1990. “The Greening of Criminology: A Perspective on the 1990s”,

Critical Criminologist, 2: 1-5.

South, Nigel. 1998. “A Green Field for Criminology? A Proposal for a Perspective.”
Theoretical Criminology, 2: 211-33.

Beirne, Piers and Nigel South (eds). 2007. Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting
Harms against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals. Portland: Willan.

South, Nigel and Piers Beirne (eds). 2007. Green Criminology. Burlington: Ashgate.

Lynch, Michael and Paul Stretsky. 2011. “Similarities between green criminology and
green science: Toward a typology of green criminology.” International Journal of
Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 35(4): 293-306.

Moloney, Christopher and William Chambliss. 2014. “Slaughtering the Bison, controlling
Native Americans: A state crime and green criminology synthesis.” Critical Criminology
22: 319-338.

Eman, Katja et al. 2013. “Environmental crime and green criminology in South Eastern
Europe – practice and research.” Crime, Law, and Social Change 58: 341-358.

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Week 4 – October 2 – Green Criminology: Conceptual and Theoretical
Developments
Agnew, Robert. 2011. “Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change
on crime.” Theoretical Criminology 16(1): 21-42.

Shearing, Clifford. 2015. “Criminology and the Anthropocene.” Criminology and Criminal
Justice 15(3): 255-269.

South, Nigel. 2015. “Anticipating the Anthropocene and greening criminology.”

Criminology and Criminal Justice 15(3): 270-276.

Halsey, Mark. 2004. “Against ‘Green’ Criminology.” British Journal of Criminology, 44:
833-53.

Spencer, Dale and Amy Fitzgerald. 2013. “Three Ecologies, Transversality and
Victimization: The case of British Petroleum.” Crime, Law and Social Change, 59(2):
209-223.

Further Reading:

Gibbs, Carole et al. 2010. “Introducing conservation criminology.” British Journal of

Criminology 50: 124-144.

Brisman, Avi and Nigel South. 2012. “A green-cultural criminology: An exploratory

outline.” Crime, Media, Culture 9(2): 115-135.

Brisman, Avi, Bill McClanahan, and Nigel South. 2014. “Toward a green-cultural
criminology of ‘the rural.’ Critical Criminology 22: 479-494.

Lane, Pauline. 1998. “Ecofeminism Meets Criminology.” Theoretical Criminology. 2:

235-48.

White, Rob. 2003. “Environmental Issues and the Criminological Imagination.”

Theoretical Criminology, 7: 483-506.

Groombridge, Nic. 1998. “Masculinities and Crimes against the Environment.”

Theoretical Criminology, 2: 249-67.

Del Olmo, Rosa. 1998. The ecological impact of illicit drug cultivation and crop
eradication programs in Latin America. Theoretical Criminology, 2, 269-
278.

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Lynch, Michael J. and Paul Stretsky. 2007. “Green Criminology in the United States.”
in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity,
and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing.
Pp. 248-269.

Environmental Issues
Week 5 – October 9 – Theorizing the “Environment”
A. The Realist versus Social Constructionist Debate

John Barry, Social Theory and the Environment, London: Routledge, 1999,
chap.1 “Nature, environment and social theory”

Further Reading

Peter Dickens, August Gijswijt, Frederick H.Buttel, Riley E. Dunlap. “Sociological

theory and the environment. An overview and introduction”, Sociological theory
and the environment. Classical foundations, contemporary insights, Rowman and
Littlefield Publishers Inc., 2002, pp.3-32.

R.E.Dunlap and W.R.Jr Catton, “Struggling with Human Exemptionalism: the

Rise, Decline and Revitalization of Environmental Sociology”, in Craig
R.Humphrey, Tammy L.Lewis, Frederick H.Buttel, Environment, Energy, and
Society: exemplary works, Wadsworth, 2003, pp. 97-119

J.Hannigan, Environmental sociology: A social constructionist perspective.

Routledge, London and NYC, 1995.

Michael Goldman and Rachel A. Schurman. 2000. “Closing the ‘Great Divide’:
New Social Theory on Society and Nature.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 563-
584.

Greider, Thomas and Lorraine Garkovich. 1994. “Landscapes: The Social

Construction of Nature and the Environment.” Rural Sociology. 59: 1-24.

Scarce, R. 1998. “What Do Wolves Mean? Social Constructions of Canis lupus

by Bordertown' Residents.”Human Dimensions of Wildlife 3: 26-45.

Scarce, R. 1997. “Socially Constructing Pacific Salmon.” Society & Animals.

5(2):117-135.

Dispensa, Jaclyn Marisa and Robert J. Brulle. 2003. “Media’s Social Construction
of Environmental Issues: Focus on Global Warming-A Comparative Study.”
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 23(10):74-105.

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 Dombrowski, Daniel A. 2002. “Bears, Zoos, and Wilderness: The Poverty of
Social Constructionism.” Society & Animals. 10(2):195-202.

B. Human ecology

Catton, William R., Jr. 1994. “Foundations of Human Ecology.” Sociological

Perspectives. 37: 75-95.

Further Reading

Duncan, Otis Dudley. 1960. “From Social System to Ecosystem.” Sociological

Inquiry. 31, 2: 140-149.

C. Risk Society Thesis

A. Irwin, “The risk society thesis: the end of the world as we know it?”, in A. Irwin,
Sociology and the environment, Cambridge: Polity, 2001, pp.50-69

Further Reading

Harry M. Collins and Steven Yearley, “Epistemological Chicken“ in Andrew

Pickering (ed.), Science as practice and culture, The University of Chicago
Press, 1992, Chap.10

D. Ecofeminism

Karen Warren. “Taking Empirical Data Seriously: An Ecofeminist Philosophical

Perspective” in Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature, Karen Warren (ed.), pp.
3-20. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Further Reading

Vandana Shiva, “Ethics and the ecofeminist self”, in Michael E. Zimmerman (ed.),
Environmental philosophy: from animal rights to radical ecology, NJ:
Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005

Litting, Beate. 2001. “Feminist Perspectives.” Chapter 1 in Feminist Perspectives

on Environment and Society. Prentice Hall: Harlow, UK.

John Barry, Social Theory and the Environment, London: Routledge, 1999, Chap.
5 “Gender, the nonhuman world and social thought”

Gaard, Greta. 2001. “Women, Water, Energy: An Ecofeminist Approach.”

Organization and Environment. 14(2):157-172.
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 Gaard, Greta. 1998. Ecological politics. Ecofeminists and the Greens. Temple
University Press.

Kalof, Linda, Thomas Dietz, Gregory Guagnano, and Paul C. Stern. 2002. “Race,
Gender, and Environmentalism: The Atypical Values and Beliefs of White Men.”
Race, Gender & Class. 9(2):112-130.

Shiva, Vandana. 2000. Stolen harvest. The hijacking of the global food supply.
South End Press.

Shiva, Vandana. 2002. Water wars. Privatization, pollution, and profit. Between
the Lines.

E. Ecological (Neo)Marxism

Long, Michael, Paul Stretsky, Michael Lynch and Emily Fenwick. 2012. “Crime in
the Coal Industry: Implications for Green Criminology and Treadmill of
Production.” Pp. 1-19. Organization & Environment.

Further Reading

Peter Dickens, “A green marxism? Labor processes, alienation, and the division
of labor”, in Peter Dickens, August Gijswijt, Frederick H.Buttel, Riley E. Dunlap.
Sociological theory and the environment. Classical foundations, contemporary
insights, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc., 2002, p.51-73

Allan Schnaiberg, David N. Pellow and Adam Weinberg, “The treadmill of

production and the environmental State”, in Research in social problems and
public policy, vol.10, 2002, pp.15- 32

James O’Connor, “Is sustainable capitalism possible?”, Is Capitalism

sustainable? Political Economy and the Politics of Ecology, Martin O’Connor,
New York: Guilford Press, 1994, pp.152-175

John Bellamy Foster, “The crisis of the Earth”, in Craig R.Humphrey, Tammy
L.Lewis, Frederick H.Buttel, Environment, Energy, and Society: exemplary works,
Wadsworth, 2003, pp.120-136

Foster, John Bellamy. 1999. “Marx’s Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classifal

Foundations for Environmental Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology.
105(2):366-405.

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 Novek, Joel. 2003. “Intensive Hog Farming in Manitoba: Transnational Treadmills
and Local Conflicts.” The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology.
40(1): 3-26.

F. Ecological Modernization

A.P.J.Mol and G.Spaargaren, “Ecological modernization and the environmental

state”, in Research in social problems and public policy, vol.10, 2002, pp.33-52

Further Reading

Andrew Blowers, “Environmental policy: ecological modernization and the risk

society?” Urban studies, 1997, 34 (5-6), pp.845-871

Maurie J.Cohen, “Ecological modernization, environmental knowledge and

national character. A preliminary analysis of the Netherlands”, Environmental
politics, 9 (1), pp.77-105

A.P.J.Mol, “Ecological modernization: industrial transformation and environmental

reform”, in C.R.Humphrey, T.L.Lewis and F.H.Buttel, Environment, Energy, and
Society: exemplaryworks, Wadsworth, 2003, pp.401-412

Davidson, Debra J. and Norah A. MacKendrick. 2004. “All Dressed Up with

Nowhere to Go: The Discourse of Ecological Modernization in Alberta, Canada.”
The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 41(1):47-65.

York, Richard and Eugene A. Rosa. 2003. “Key Challenges to Ecological

Modernization Theory: Institutional Efficacy, Case Study Evidence, Units of
Analysis, and the Pace of Eco-Efficiency.” Organization & Environment.
16(3):273-288.

Week 6 – October 23 – The Political Economy of Environmental Harm

[Please note: I will be at a conference, so class discussion will be held
online via the course website. Details to be discussed in class]
Michael Long, Kimberly Barrett and Paul Stretesky. 2013. “Is it a crime to produce
ecological disorganization? Why green criminology and political economy matter in the
analysis of global ecological harms. British Journal of Criminology 53(6): 997-1016.

Vincenzo Ruggiero and Nigel South. 2013. “Green Criminology and Crimes of the
Economy: Theory, Research and Praxis.” Critical Criminology 21(3): 359-373.

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Fitzgerald, Amy, J; Baralt, Lori. 2010. “Constructing Responsibility for the Production
and Mitigation of Environmental Harms: The Case of Mercury-Contaminated Fish,
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 52(4),
341-368.

Ruggiero, Vincenzo and Nigel South. 2013. “Toxic state-corporate crimes, neo-
liberalism and green criminology: The hazards and legacies of the oil, chemical and
mineral industries.” International Journal for Crime, Justice, and Social Democracy 2(2):
12-26.

Further Reading

Ruggiero, Vincenzo and Nigel South. 2010. “Green criminology and dirty collar crime.”
Critical Criminology 18: 251-262.

South, Nigel. 2012. “The ‘Corporate Colonisation of Nature’: Bio-Prospecting, Bio-

Piracy and the Development of Green Criminology.” in Issues in Green Criminology:
Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity, and Other Animals. Piers Beirne
and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp. 230-247.

South, Nigel. 2016. “Green criminology and brown crime: Despoliation, disposal and de-
manufacturing in global resource industries.”

Lynch, Michael and Paul Stretsky. 2001. “Toxic Crimes: Examining Corporate
Victimization of the General Public Employing Medical and Epidemiological Evidence.”
Critical Criminology, 10: 153-72.

Kate Brown, “Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same
Place,” American Historical Review 106:1 (February 2001): 17-48.

Neil Maher, “A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation
Corps,” Environmental History vol. 7, no. 3 (July 2002): 435-461.

Simon, David. 2000. Corporate environmental crimes and social inequality: New
directions for environmental justice research. American Behavioral Scientist, 43 (4),
633-645.

Foster, John. 1993. Let them eat pollution: Capitalism and the world environment. The
Monthly Review, 44:10-21.

Week 7 – October 30 – Environmental Law, Regulation, and

Enforcement
[Paper proposal due]

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Polly Higgins, Damien Short and Nigel South. 2013. “Protecting the planet: a proposal
for a law of ecocide.” Crime, Law and Social Change 59(3): 251-266.

Reece Walters and Diane Soloman Westerhuis. 2013. “Green crime and the role of
environmental courts.” Crime, Law and Social Change 59(3): 279-290.

Paul Stretesky, Michael Long, and Michael Lynch. 2013. “Does environmental
enforcement slow the treadmill of production? The relationship between large monetary
penalties, ecological disorganization and toxic releases within offending corporations.”
Journal of Crime and Justice 36(2): 233-247.

Angus Nurse. 2013. “Privatising the green police: the role of NGOs in wildlife law
enforcement.” Crime, Law and Social Change 59(3): 305-318.

Sally Simpson, Carole Gibbs, Melissa Rorie, Lee Ann Slocum, Mark Cohen, and
Michael Vandenbergh. 2013. “An empirical assessment of corporate environmental
crime-control strategies.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 103(1): 231-278.

Further Reading

Hall, Matthew. 2014. “The roles and use of law in green criminology.” International
Journal for Crime, Justice, and Social Democracy 3(2): 96-109.

Eliason, Stephen. 2013. “Policing the poachers in the United States: A qualitative
analysis of game wardens and profiling.” International Journal of Criminal Justice
Sciences 8(2): 235-247.

Bisschop, Lieselot. 2010. “Corporate environmental responsibility and criminology.”

Crime, Law and Social Change 53: 349-364.

Long, Michael et al. 2012. “Crime in the coal industry: Implications for Green
Criminology and the Treadmill of Production.” Organization and Environment vol. 25 no.
3 328-346.

Wellsmith, Melanie. 2011. “Wildlife crime: The problem of enforcement.” European

Journal of Criminology Policy Research 17: 125-148.

Opsal, Tara and Tara O’Connor Shelley. 2014. “Energy crime, harm, and problematic
state response in Colorado: A case of the fox guarding the hen house?” Critical
Criminology 23: 561-577.

White, Rob and Hannah Graham. 2015. “Greening justice: Examining the interface of
criminal, social, and ecological justice. British Journal of Criminology 55: 845-865.

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Wyatt, Tanya. 2013. “The security implications of the illegal wildlife trade.” The Journal
of Social Criminology August: 130-158.

Pearce, Frank and Steve Tombs (1999) “Regulating Toxic Capitalism” Toxic Capitalism:
Corporate Crime and the Chemical Industry. pp. 280-316. Toronto: Canadian Scholars
Press.

Walters, Reece. 2012. “Crime, Regulation, and Radioactive waste in the United
Kingdom” in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments,
Humanity, and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan
Publishing. Pp. 186-205. [text]

Yeager, P. C. 1991. "The Limits of law: The Public regulation of private pollution."
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Clifford, M. (ed.) (1998) Environmental Crime. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.

Situ, Yingyi and David Emmons. 2000. Criminal Law and the Environment. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.

Atlas, M. 2001. “Rush to judgment: An Empirical analysis of environmental equity in

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency enforcement actions”. Law and Society Review,
35, 633-682.

Hsuck, Maria. 2007. “Non-Compliance in Small-Scale Fisheries: A Threat to Security?”

in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity,
and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing.
Pp. 270-289.

Hauck, M. and N.A. Sweijd. 1999. “A Case Study of Abalone Poaching in South Africa
and its Impact on Fisheries Management,” ICES Journal of Marine Society, 56: 1024-
32.

Miller, Christopher. 1995. “Environmental Rights: European Fact or English Fiction?”

Journal of Law and Society, 22: 374-97.

Szasz, Andrew. 1986. “Corporations, Organized Crime, and the Disposal of Hazardous
Waste: An Examination of the Making of a Criminogenic Regulatory Structure.”
Criminology, 24: 1-27.

Carter, Timothy. 1997. “The Failure of Environmental Regulation in New York.” Crime,
Law, and Social Change, 26: 27-52.

De Prez, Paula. 2000. “Excuses, Excuses: The Ritual Trivialization of Environmental

Prosecutions.” Journal of Environmental Law, 12: 65-77.

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Du Rees, Helena. 2001. “Can Criminal Law Protect the Environment?” Journal of
Scandinavian Studies, 2: 109-26.

Week 8 – November 6 – Global Environmental Governance?

Brack, Duncan. 2002. “Combating International Environmental Crime.” Global
Environmental Change, 12: 143-47.

Juma, Calestons. 2000. “The Perils of Centralizing Global Environmental Governance.”

Environment 42: 9.

Najam, Adil. 2003. “The Case Against a New International Environmental Organization.”
Global Goverance 9: 367-384.

Speth, James Gustave and Peter Haas. 2006. “Paths to the Future: A Second Attempt
at Global Environmental Governance” in Global Environmental Governance.
Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 125-150.

Further Reading

Chasek, Pamela S., David L. Downie, and Janet Welsh Brown. 2006. Global
Environmental Politics. Fourth ed: Westview Press.

Swart, Lydia and Estelle Perry. 2006. Global Environmental Governance: Perspectives
on the Current Debate. New York, NY: Center for UN Reform Education.

Katharine N. Farrell. 2006. “Reflections on International Political Economy and Global

Environmental Governance.” Organization & Environment 2006 19: 270-274.

Week 9 – November 13 – Environmental Justice [please note that

November 13 is the last day for voluntary withdrawal]

Brisman, Avi. 2015. “’Multicolored’ green criminology and climate change’s

achromatopsia.” Contemporary Justice Review 18(2): 178-196.

Wright, Beverly. 2005. “Living and Dying in Louisiana’s ‘Cancer Alley’” from The Quest
for Environmental Justice: Human Rights and the Politics of Pollution, Maxine Waters
and Robert D. Bullard, ed.

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Ladd, Anthony E. and Bob Edward. 2002. “Corporate Swine and Capitalist Pigs: A
Decade of Environmental Injustice and Protest in North Carolina.” Social Justice.
29(3):26-46.

Mitchell, Kaitlyn and Zachary D’Onofrio. 2016. “Environmental Injustice and Racism in
Canada: The First Step is Admitting We Have a Problem.” The Journal of Environmental
Law and Practice 29: 305-345.

Pamela Ann Davies. 2014. “Green crime and victimization: Tensions between social and
environmental justice. Theoretical Criminology 18(3): 300-316.

Further Reading

Benton, Ted. 2012. “Ecology, Community and Justice: The Meaning of Green.” in
Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity, and
Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp.
3-31.

Bullard, Robert. 1990. “Environmentalism and Social Justice” in Dumping in Dixie:

Race, Class and Environmental Quality. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, pp. 1-24.

White, Rob. 2012. “Green Criminology and the Pursuit of Social and Ecological
Justice.” in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments,
Humanity, and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan
Publishing. Pp. 32-54.

Williams, Christopher. 1996. “An Environmental Victimology.” Social Justice, 23: 16-
40.

Bullard, Robert D. 2005. The Quest for Environmental Justice: Human Rights and the
Politics of Pollution.

Cole, Luke and Sheila Foster, 2001 From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and
the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University Press

Rechtschaffen, Clifford and Eileen Gauna, 2002 Environmental Justice: Law, Policy and
Regulation, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press

S.M. Capek. 1993. “The ‘environmental justice’ frame: a conceptual discussion and an
application”. Social Problems, 40, pp. 5-24.

Pieter Leroy, Andrew Blowers, “Power, Politics and environmental inequality: a

theoretical and empirical analysis of the process of ‘peripheralization’”, in Piers Stephen,
John Barry, Andrew Dobson (eds.), Contemporary environmental politics: from margins
to mainstream, 2006, pp.203-230.

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Burningham, Kate and Diana Thrush. 2000. “Experiencing Environmental Inequality:
The Everyday Concerns of Disadvantaged Groups.” Housing Studies. 18(4):517-536.

Anderton, Douglas L., Andy B. Anderson, Michael Oakes, Michael R. Fraser. 1994.
“Environmental Equity: The Demographics of Dumping.” Demography. 31(May): 229-
248.

Mohai, Paul. 1995. “The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of
Alternate Methodologies in Environmental Justice Research.” Virginia Environmental
Law Journal 14: 615-652.

Pastor, M. Sadd, J. and Hipp, J. 2001. “Which came first? Toxic facilities, minority move-
in, and environmental justice.” Journal of Urban Affairs 23(1):1-21.

Pine, John C., Brian D. Marx, and Aruna Lakshmanan. 2002. “An Examination of
Accidental-Release Scenarios from Chemical-Processing Sites: The Relation of Race to
Distance.” Social Science Quarterly. 83, 1: 317-331.

Taquino, Michael, Domenico Parisi, and Duane A. Gill. 2002. “Units of Analysis and the
Environmental Justice Hypothesis: The Case of Industrial Hog Farms.” Social Science
Quarterly. 83, 1: 298-316.

Getches, David H. and David N. Pellow. 2002. “Beyond ‘Traditional’ Environmental

Justice.” Chapter 1 (pp. 3-30) in Justice and Natural Resources: Concepts, Strategies,
and Applications. Island Press: Washington DC.

Brown, Phil, Brian Mayer, Stephen Zavestoski, Theo Luebke, Joshua Mandelbaum, and
Sabrina McCormick.2003. “The Health Politics of Asthma: Environmental Justice and
Collective Illness Experience in the United States.” Social Science & Medicine.
57(3):453-464.

Adeola, Francis O. 2001. “Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The
States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System.” Human
Ecology Review. 8(1):39-59.

Brown, Phil, Stephen Zavestoski, Sabrina McCormick, Meadow Linder, Joshua

Mandelbaum, and Theo Luebke. 2001. “A Gulf of Difference: Disputes over Gulf War-
Related Illnesses.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 42(3):235-257.

Szasz, Andrew. 1994. EcoPopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental
Justice. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN.

Taylor, Dorceta. 2000. Advances in Environmental Justice: Research, Theory, and

Methodology. American Behavioral Scientist 43(4): 602-632

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Dwivedi, R. 2001. Environmental Movements in the Global South.: issues of Livelihoods
and Beyond. International Sociology 16(1): 11-31.

Clapp, Jennifer. 2001. Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to
Poor Countries. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Wachholz, Sandra. 2007. “’At Risk’: Climate Change and its Bearing on Women’s
Vulnerability to Male Violence.” in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms
against Environments, Humanity, and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South
(eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp. 161-185.
Dietz, Thomas et al. 2018. “Social support for water quality: The influence of values and
symbolic racism.” Human Ecology Review 24(1): 51-70.

Nonhuman Animal Issues

Week 10 – November 20 – Criminology and the Legacy of Speciesism
Beirne, Piers. 1999. “For a Non-Speciesist Criminology: Animal Abuse as an Object of
Study.” Criminology, 37: 117-47.
Benton, Ted. 1998. “Rights and Justice on a Shared Planet: More Rights or New
Relations?” Theoretical Criminology, 2: 149-75.
Fitzgerald, Amy. 2010. “The 'Underdog' as 'Ideal Victim'? The Attribution of Victimhood
in the 2007 Pet Food Recall.” International Review of Victimology 17(2): 131-157.

Ngoe, Anh Cao and Tanya Wyatt. 2013. “A green criminological exploration of illegal
wildlife trade in Vietnam.” Asian Criminology 8: 129-142.

Taylor, Nik and Amy Fitzgerald. 2018. “Understanding animal (ab)use: Green
criminological contributions, missed opportunities and a way forward.” Theoretical
Criminology 22(3): 402-425.
Further Reading:
Beirne, Piers 1995 "The Use and Abuse of Animals in Criminology: A Brief History and
Current Review," Social Justice, 22(1):5-31.
Cazaux, Geertrui. 2007. “Labelling Animals: Non-speciest Criminology and
Techniques to Identify Other Animals.” in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting
Harms against Environments, Humanity, and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel
South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp. 87-113.

Week 11 – November 27 – Addressing Animal Abuse

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[Course Reflection assignment due]
Beirne, Piers. 2007. “Animal Rights, Animal Abuse and Green Criminology.” in Issues
in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity, and Other
Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp. 55-83.

Agnew, Robert. 1998. “The Causes of Animal Abuse: a Social-Psychological Analysis”,

Theoretical Criminology, 2: 177-209.

Fitzgerald, Amy, Rochelle Stevenson and Anthony Verbora. 2013. “Sociological theories
of animal abuse.” In Brewster, Mary P; Reyes, Cassandra L. (eds.) Animal Cruelty and
the Criminal Justice System. Carolina Academic Press.

Kalof, Linda and Carl Taylor. 2007. “The discourse of dog fighting.” Humanity and
Society 31: 319-333.

Coulter, Kendra and Amy Fitzgerald. 2019. “The compounding feminization of animal
cruelty investigation work and its multispecies implications.” Gender, Work &
Organization 26(3): 288-302.

Further Reading
Beirne, Piers. 2011. “Animal abuse and criminology: Introduction to a special issue.”
Crime, Law, and Social Change 55: 349-357.
Cazaux, Geertrui. 1999. “Beauty and the Beast: Animal Abuse from a Non-Speciesist
Criminological Perspective.” Crime, Law and Social Change, 31: 105-26.

Enticott, Gareth. 2011. “Techniques of neutralising wildlife crime in rural England and
Wales.” Journal of Rural Studies 27: 200-208.
Rowan, Andrew (1999), “Cruelty and Abuse to Animals: A Typology” pp.328-334 in
Frank Ascione and Phil Arkow, Child Abuse, Domestic Violece and Animal Abuse. West
Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
Karl Jacoby, “Slaves by Nature?: Domestic Animals and Human Slaves,” Slavery and
Abolition 15 (April 1994): 89-99.
Yates, Roger, Chris Powell and Piers Beirne. 2001. “Horse Maiming in the English
Countryside: Moral Panic, Human Deviance, and the Social Construction of
Victimhood”, Society and Animals, 9: 1-23.
Fitzgerald, Amy. “’They gave me a reason to live’: The Protective Effects of Companion
Animals on the Suicidality of Abused Women.” Humanity and Society, 31(4): 355-378.

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Randall Lockwood and Frank R. Ascione. 1998. Cruelty to Animals and Interpersonal
Violence. Purdue University Press.

Arluke, Arnold and Carter Luke, “Physical Cruelty Toward Animals in Massachusetts,
1975-1996,” Society and Animals, 1997, 5(3):195-218.

Carbone, Lawrence G. “Death by Decapitation: a Case Study of the Scientific Definition

of Animal Welfare,” Society & Animals, 1997, 5(3):239-256.

Munro, Lyle “Framing Cruelty: The Social Construction of Duck Shooting as a Social
Problem,” Society & Animals, 1997, 5(2):137-154.

Miller, Karla S. And John F.Knutson “Reports of Severe Physical Punishment and
Exposure to Animal Cruelty by Inmates Convicted of Felonies and by University
Students,” Child Abuse & Neglect, 1997, 211:59-82.

Week 12 – December 4 – Industrialized Agriculture: Witnessing

Harms against the Environment, Human and Nonhuman Animals
Edwards, B. and A Ladd. 2000. Environmental justice, swine production and farm loss in
North Carolina. Sociological Spectrum, 20 (3): 263-290.

Walters, Reece. 2004. “Criminology and Genetically Modified Food”, British Journal of
Criminology, 44: 151-67.

Fitzgerald, Amy J. 2010. “A Social History of the Slaughterhouse: From Inception to

Contemporary Implications.” Human Ecology Review 17(1): 58-69.

Fitzgerald, Amy J. 2015. Chapter 5: Industrialization Fallout. Pp. 89-11. From Animals
as Food: (Re)connecting production, processing, consumption, and impacts. East
Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

Further Reading

Croall, Hazel. 2007. “Food Crime.” in Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting

Harms against Environments, Humanity, and Other Animals. Piers Beirne and Nigel
South (eds). Portland: Willan Publishing. Pp. 206-229.

Hall, Alan and Veronika Mogyorody. 2001. "Organic Farmers in Ontario: An

Examination of the Conventionalization Argument". Sociologia Ruralis. 42(1), 399-422.

Gliessman, Stephen. R. 2006. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food

Systems. Second Edition. CRC Press.

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Magdoff, Fred, John Bellamy Foster and Frederick Buttel (eds). 2000. Hungry for
Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment.

Lockie, Stewart, Kristen Lyons, Geoffrey Lawrence, and Kerry Mummery. 2002. “Eating
‘Green’: Motivations behind Organic Food Consumption in Australia.” Sociologia
Ruralis. 42(1):23-40.

Nibert, David. 2002. Animal Rights/Human Rights: Entanglements of Oppression and

Liberation. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

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