Base case
7
(2-1)Air Conditioning Analysis
Air conditioning system is designed to control the environment of occupied
spaces, so the thermal comfort approached by occupants. So, according to seasonal
variation of weather, air conditioning system has to cope with heating and cooling
loads to achieve comfort ability.
By conduction, convection and radiation sensible heat transmitted out of the
building in winter, and transmitted to the building in summer, and by the same way;
moisture can be transmitted in and out of the building, sensible and latent heat can be
produced within the building according to occupant’s activity, lighting and machines
also.
The first step before any design process for any air conditioning system;
engineers must carefully determine the amount of heat removal needed in summer
season and the amount of heat to be produced in winter season . Before an air
conditioning system can be designed, all these loads must be analyzed and summed
up together with great care in order to select the most suitable equipment for the
building systems.
8
(2-2) Overall Heat Transmission Factor
1
U (2-1)
R
External wall heat transmission factor(U)[R]
9
Figure (2-2):” A schematic for Floor construction”.
Table (2-2):” Floor construction materials & thickness of material and thermal
resistance’’
material x(m) k(W/m.K) R(m2.K/W)
ceramic 0.02 1.05 0.02
sand and gravel 0.1 0.7 0.14
concrete baking 0.15 1.75 0.09
hollow brick 0.18 0.9 0.2
cement plaster 0.02 1.2 0.02
1nside air - - 0.12
1nside air - - 0.12
UFloor= 1.42(W/m2.K)
10
Roof heat transmission factor(U)
URoof=2.26 (W/m2.K)
11
(2-3)Design Conditions and Desired Indoor Conditions
Inside and Outside Design Condition:
Inside design factors such as the following must be considered:
Type and use of building
Length or duration of occupancy
Degree of activity of occupants
Radiant heat source such as large lighting load or glass exposure.
Outside design conditions and daily peak temperatures.
Outside design conditions vary markedly with the locality. They are
determined by averaging conditions, which occur over a number of years.
1- The desired inside design conditions are largely dependent on the load
components and on the use and occupancy of the building.
2- The most comfort applications, exact maintenance of space conditions is not
required if the system can limit the variation to acceptable tolerances.
3- Seldom do loads peak simultaneously in building.
4- Off peak or partial load conditions may and frequently do produce more
problems than the peak conditions. A successful system cannot be designed
solely for a single set of load conditions.
5- Economic operation of the system is to a large extent dependent upon the
analysis of the load variation, kind of building, and building use.
12
(2-3-1)Design Conditions
I. Outdoor Design Conditions:
The building is located at Ramallah so the design conditions related to
(Palestinian Guidelines for energy efficient building design) are as follows:
a. winter (heating):
Tdb = 2 oC
Ф=50%
13
(2-4) Cooling Load
Cooling load calculations deal with two types of heat gain:-
a. Sensible Heat: heat that flows into or produced in a space will tend to
cause a temperature rise in the space.
b. Latent Heat: in the form of moisture which although it does not cause a
temperature rise does change the condition of the air in the space resulting in a
higher relative humidity.
a)Sensible heat gains to the space include:
a1. Heat transmission through the building structure as a result of
conduction, convection and radiation.
a2. Sensible heat brought in with the outside air, which is introduced, for
ventilation.
a3. Sensible heat produced by occupants.
a4. Sensible heat produced in the space by lights, appliances, motors and
the like.
a5. Sensible heat to be extracted from materials or products brought into the
space, (industrial air taming).
b)Latent heat (moisture) gain may be classified as follows:
b1. Latent heat from outside air ;( both that introduced for ventilation and
that which infiltrates into the space).
b2. Latent heat from occupants.
b3. Latent heat from cooling, hot baths or other vaporization processes in the
space.
b4. Latent heat from products or materials brought into the space
b5. Latent heat from equipment.
14
(2-4-1)Cooling Load Calculations
The following features concern the Office building that we are going to
calculate the cooling load for:
Design Conditions:
Outdoors design conditions:
Tdb=35 0C.
Twb = 240C.
WO= 0.014
Indoors design conditions:
Tdb= 230C. (For patient room)
Tdb= 210C. (For CCU room)
WI=0.0085
15
(2-4-2) Transmission Load
A-External Walls:
By using the general heat transfer equation which is:
B-Internal Walls:
By using the general heat transfer equation (2-2)as the external walls, by
noticing that T was equal to one or two degrees Celsius because of using the
different temperatures for the offices, corridor and WC’s.
C-Windows:
There are two type of heat gain through the windows which are by conduction
and by solar; all windows were assumed to be made of single clear glass.
1) Heat gain by conduction:
From equation (2-2)
2) Heat gain by solar
Where:
SC: Shading coefficient
CLF: Cooling load factor for glass
SHGF: Solar heat gain factor for sunlit glass (W/m2)
U: overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
16
D- Doors:
The external door was assumed to be made of single glass, so it was treated as
windows. The Internal doors were made from wood.
E- Roofs:
Transmission load through the roof will be calculated by the solar load for the
third (last) floor, while the roof for the other internal floors will not transmit heat
since the floors are cooled, so there is no temperature difference just CCU room.
F- Floors:
Since the Office Building structure contains three floors, the first floor will
transmit heat from the ground because it was assumed to be 12 0C.
(2-4-3) Solar Load
(a) Solar load through external walls and roof were calculated by using the following
equation[R]:-
q UA(CLTD) adj (2 – 4)[2]
Where:
U= Overall heat transfer coefficient (w/m2.oC).
A= Area of the roof.
CLTD=cooling load temperature difference. (From Appendix A).
17
(2-4-4) Internal Load
Internal Sensible Load:
a- Lights:
For lamps and using the following equation[2]:
q LampsRating f u f b CLF (2 – 6)
Where:
b- Occupants:
For persons where people are doing office works, waking and standing; and
utilizing (Appendix A)
Where:-
Where:
18
(2-4-5)Infiltration and ventilation Load
Sensible infiltration was calculated for the building by the following equation
qS= 1.23𝑉 ∆𝑇 (2-9) [2]
Where
𝑉=
qL=3000𝑥𝑉𝑥∆𝜔 (2-10)[2]
Where
ω: Humidity ratio, (kg moisture /kg dry air )from psychometric chart.
*Ventilation load is considered as coil load not as room load because this load will be
covered on coil.
*The previous equations are used in cooling load calculation and the final results are
tabulated below with sample calculation for (ground floor-doctor exam room 1) and
all detailed calculation results are in Appendix (A)
Table (2- 4): cooling Load Calculations for the Ground Floor “doctor exam
room1”
Element Length Height U A CLTD Q
(m) (m) (W/m.K) (m ) ( K) (W)
NW External Wall - - 0.815 - 8.0 0.0
NE External Wall - - 0.815 - 16.0 0.0
SW External Wall - - 0.815 - 9.0 0.0
SE External Wall - - 0.815 - 21.0 0.0
Western External Wall 3.7 4.0 0.815 13.0 8.0 96
Transmission
19
Load from external table(2-4),continued
wall, ground and Southern External - - 0.815 - 12.0 -
roof Wall
Eastern External Wall - - 0.815 - 22.0 -
Northern External - - 0.815 - 8.0 -
Wall
External Roof - - 2.26 - - -
Floor 6.0 3.0 1.42 18.0 12.0 306.7
Total 402 W
Element Length Height A SC SHGF CLF Q
(m) (m) (m ) (W/m2 ) (W)
Door - - - 0.8 - - -
Table(2-4),continued
Glass Load by Window 1 1.5 1.2 1.8 0.95 685.0 0.17 199
Solar Window 2 - - - 0.8 - - -
Total 199W
Element U A CLTD Q
Glass/Door Load (W/m.K) (m ) ( K) (W)
by Window 1 6.2 1.8 12.0 133.9
Transmission Window 2 6.2 - 12.0 -
Door 3.0 - 12.0 -
Total 133.9W
People load #of person HG(w) CLF Q(W)
3 60 0.8 144.4
3 40 1 120
Total 264.4W
Light Load Light Rating (W/m2 ) # of Fu Fb CLF Q(W)
lights
60 6.0 0.9 0.9 1 324
V (m3 ) Air Change Q(W)
Infiltration Load 72.0 0.8 211
Total 221 W
20
Table(2-4),continued
*Load calculation for all room in GROUND FLOOR with same values of ∆T.
* Load calculation for all room in FIRST FLOOR with different values of ∆T in
some rooms that is because heat transfers from first to second floor with ∆T=2 oC.
*The load calculation for SECOND FLOOR of the last roof with temperature
difference for roof =14 oC and inside temperature in CCU rooms=21 oC which caused
the difference in load calculations:
21
(2-5)Heating Load
In winter, the factors affecting the heating load depends only on transmission
load and ventilation and infiltration load .since solar and lights considered as load to
the room which helps in heating of the room.
Tdb = 2 0C.
Transmission Load:
1
U
R
22
For calculating the heat loss through:
A- External walls.
B- Internal walls.
C- External doors.
D- Roof.
E- Floor.
Table (2- 5): “Ground floor-doctor exam room (1) heating load calculations”
width external wall A ext. ΔT U ext q ext(W)
3.7 12.55 21 0.815 140
width internal wall A int. ΔT U int. q int(W )
- - - 1.98 -
width window A window ΔT U window qwind(W )
1.5 1.8 21 6.2 200.88
width Door A door ΔT U door q door
- - - 3 -
#of windows A floor ΔT U ceiling Q ceiling(W)
1 18 21 1.42 460.08
A room #of persons Vroom Δω Q Tran.(W)
18 3 72 0.002 851.8
air change/person.min 𝑽inft.(l/S) q inf.(W)
0.75 15 421
Q tot(kcal/hr) Q tot(W)
1093 1273
23
*Final results are in appendix (A)
* Load calculation for all room of GROUND FLOOR with same values
Where:- 1kW=859.58kcal/hr.
* Load calculation for FIRST FLOOR, ∆T=2 oC in some rooms which causes heat
transfer from first floor to second floor.
* Load calculation for SECOND FLOOR of the last roof with differences which
caused the difference in load calculations:
∆T for roof = 18 oC.
And in (CCU room) inside temperature=21 oC
24
(2-6)Coil Capacity
(2-6-1) Cooling Consideration and design conditions
Cooling coil capacities for the selected area in the building are shown below:
Sensible cooling load (Qs) =213.96kW
Latent cooling load (QL) = 32.64kW
𝑞𝑠 213.96
SHR = = = 0.867
𝑞𝑠+𝑞𝐿 213.96+32.64
Where:
SHR: is the sensible heat gain ratio.
Figure (2- 6): “Supply and Return Air for cooling” [3]
Special Considerations:
For hospital it’s accepted to use 50% mass as fresh air, and 50% mass recalculated.
25
For central cooling:
Coil Temperature is 13 oC
Fan Effect +1 oC
Duct Effect +2 oC
Supply Temperature = 16 oC
Return Temperature = 23 oC
Figure (2-7): “Supply and Return Air on psychometric chart for cooling”
26
At Point W (represents coil conditions):
Tw = 13 oC
h w = 35.9 kJ/kg
At Point B (represents Fan effect on temperature rise
TB = TW +1
TB = 13 + 1 = 14 0C
h b = 37 kJ/kg
By Locating W, B. we can find Point M (which represents mixing point conditions) at
the Psychometric Chart.
Mixing state can be obtained by mean conservation of mass:
m a x hm = ( m r x hr) + ( m o x ho) (2 – 11)
But:
m r = 0.5 m a
m o = 0.5 m a
Where:
m r = mass flow rate of air recalculated [kg/s].
m o = mass flow rate of fresh air [kg/s].
hm = (0.5 m a x hr + 0.5 m a x ho) / m a
By eliminating m a :
hm = 0.5 hr + 0.5 ho = 58.26 kJ/kg
Tm = 28.88 oC
At point C
hC = 47.5 KJ/Kg
TC = 24 0C
At Point S (this represents Supply air state):
TS = 16 0C
wS = 0.009 kg/kg
hS = 40 KJ/Kg
27
(2-6-2)Cooling Coil Capacity Calculations
Table (2-7):-“Cooling and ventilation load for base case “
Ground floor First floor Second floor Total load
Cooling load 90kW 65kW 88 kW 243kW
25.6TR 18.4TR 25 TR 69TR
Ventilation 19.2 kW 15.07 kW 16.2 kW 50.5kW
14.4 TR
28
(2-6-3)Heating Coil Calculations
As we are using central heating by a boiler we must find out the heating coil
capacity to ensure that the machine will meet the load we want, and by following a
similar steps as in cooling coil calculation we are going to find the heating coil
capacity:
Figure (2- 8): “Supply and Return Air for heating “. [3]
Outdoor Design Conditions:
Tdb = 2 oC
Φ = 60%
Where Tdb: is the dry bulb temperature.
Indoor Design Conditions:
Tdb = 23 oC
Φ = 30%
Special Consideration:
For office buildings it’s accepted to use 20% mass as fresh air, and 80% mass
recalculated.
29
Since cooling load is always larger than heating load, duct design is calculated based
on the total air flow of the cooling season; this requires that the flow rate in the
heating season should be unchanged.
The supply temperature is calculated based on the sensible load obtained previously
𝑅𝑆𝐻
Ts = Tr + (2 –12)
𝑄
Where:
RSH: Room’s sensible heat [kW]
Q: Volumetric air flow rate in [m3/s]
The same mixing conditions are used (0.5 re-circulated and 0.5 fresh air supplied)
30
Mixing state can be obtained by mean conservation of mass by equation
m a x hm = ( m r x hr) + ( m o x ho)
But:
m r = 0.5 m a
m o = 0.5 m a
where:
m r = mass flow rate of air recalculated [kg/s].
m o = mass flow rate of fresh air [kg/s].
hm = (0.75 m a x hr + 0.25 m a x ho) / m a
By eliminating m a :
hm = 0.5 hr + 0.5 ho = 30.3kJ/kg
Tm = 21.9 oC
At Point S (this represents Supply air state):
TS = 29 0C
hS = 40 kJ/kg
Table (2-8):-“Heating and ventilation load for base case “
Ground floor First floor Second floor Total load
Heating load 61kW 36 kW 65kW 162 kW
53936kcal/hr 31853kcal/hr 56495.2kcal/hr 142284.2kcal/hr
Ventilation 26 kW 20 kW 21kW 67kW
H.Cbasecase =229kW
31
(2-7)Equipment Selection
(2-7-1)Chiller Selection:
We selected an AIR-COOLED SCREW COMPRESSOR LIQUID
CHILLER Module and the selection was based on the Carrier Products Catalogue,
the following data was obtained.
1. The chiller used was selected to be an Air-Cooled because it can handle the
large load we had.
2. 30 GX series
3. The load required for the cooling coil was found to be 297kW
32
(2-7-2)Air Handling Unit selection (AHU):
The air-handling unit is equipment with a fan, cooling coil, air filter, motor
assembly, comprising shaft, bearings, pulley... etc.
The basic function of the AHU is to suck air from the rooms, let it pass through
chilled water cooling coils (or hot water heating coils) and then discharging the
cooled air (or heating air) back to the rooms. Normally, letting it pass through panel
or bag filters also filters the air. A certain amount of fresh air may be introduced at the
suction duct so that air in the rooms may be gradually replaced.
AHU's come in many sizes and shapes. Usually, the air conditioning designer will
choose a particular AHU based on the air flow requirements and the cooling
capacity.
Heating and cooling coils mounted on slide tracks for easy removal.
33
(2-7-3)Boiler selection:
1. The boiler required to cover the load is selected from the CHAPPEE NXR 3,
this type belong to the new range of cast iron sectional boilers. It has been
designed to operate on oil or gas fuel.
3. The selections based on total Heating Coils Load with a safety factor of 5 %,
so from the boiler catalog MODEL, NXR 3-39 with a range capacity (250-
290) kW was selected, so it covered our load which are 283 kW
4. Technical data :
Number of sections = 9
Weight = 1000 Kg
Efficiency = 93 %
34
(2-7-4)Chimney Selection:
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦 = 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑤 × 12000 ÷ 3.5 = .
ℎ𝑟
290×12000 𝐵𝑡𝑢
= = 994285 .
3.5 ℎ𝑟
The exhaust fans have a minimum static pressure of 800 Pa; (according to the
exhaust fan catalogue) they were from the WC return ducts in each floor and the
main return ducts which are in the utility shaft.
The total air flow of the fan in the right side =1500 CFM = 0.7 m3/s
The total air flow of the fan in the left side =9000 CFM = 4.2 m3/s
The exhausted flow rate is more than the calculated to maintain a negative pressure
in the WC’s, this to avoid any bad air quality exfiltrated to the corridor.
So we selected two exhaust fans which are Roof Crub Mounted (shown in
detailed drawings)
35
(2-7-6) Pumps Selection
Pump Efficiency:
Pump Construction:
In order to select any pump, two main properties should be taken into
consideration:
1. Total Head loss which is the sum of all pressure drops across equipments and the
head loss due to friction.
2. The flow rate, which calculated previously in the coil load calculations.
Pump must re-circulated chilled water for all AHUs in different elevations
A pipe line connect chilled water to the main collector in boiler room, then
pump circulate water
hp = ΔZ + hf +hm (2-13)
Where:
36
ΔZ = Vertical length in m. (ΔZ =0 here according to Bernoulli equation)
hf = ƒ L V2/ 2 D g (2-14)
Where:
ƒ = friction factor
L = pipe length
V2 = square of water velocity m2/s2
ρ = is the density of water (kg/ m3)
D = is the inner diameter of the pipe (m)
Here we assume that: V =2 m/s, Є for steel pipe = 0.000046, ρ water = 1000 kg/ m3
hm = K × (V2/2g) (2-15)
Where:
hm = minor head losses.
K = resistance coefficient.
V2 = squared velocity.
g = ground acceleration m/s2
37
Table (2-10): “Chilled Water Pump hm Calculations”
Name of Pipe Check K Gate K Elbow K Tees K hm(m)
Dia Valves Valves no.
Dia.
(in) no. no.
Main 1 4 4 2.1 4 0.16 5 0.95 4 0.9 3.46
AHU 1 3 1 2.1 2 0.16 0 0.95 1 0.9 0.66
AHU 2 2½ 1 2.1 2 0.16 0 0.95 1 0.9 0.66
AHU 3 2 1 2.1 2 0.16 0 0.95 1 0.9 0.66
Tsupply = 7 oC
Treturn = 12 oC
Where:
38
Hot Water Pump
The same procedure followed in chilled water pump we found the following:
Tsupply = 80 oC
39
Treturn = 60 oC
Where:
1. Expansion Volume:
Where:
40
(To Boiler outlet + To return)/2
V = Vt ×(Cm – Cr)/1-(P1/P2)
And
P1 = 442.4 kPa
P2 = 550 kPa
Volume 70 liter
400V,3ph,50Hz,95A
41
(2-8)Solar heating system
The building heat load varies during the year, depending on the temperature outside
and the building will be under service all over the year seasons,
The calculation must be based on the following equation
Q = m × Cp × ΔT (2-17)
Where:
m = hot water flow rate (Kg/s)
ΔT = Temperature difference between required Temp. Hot water supply & inlet water
Temperature of the collector (o C)
Cp = specific heat of water (kJ/kg. K) = 4.197
Q = heat load of the system (kW)
The mass flow rate of water is calculated by the following equation:
m =ρ×V
Where:
ρ = water density (kg/m3)
V = Volume flow rate of hot water (m3/s)
m = hot water flow rate (kg/s)
42
For 16 hour operation per day
m = (1000×13.64)/ (16 × 3600) = 0.236 kg/sec.
We noticed that May has the lowest ambient temperature which will be our design
temperature for cold water supply.
Tin = 22.6 o C
Tout = 60 o C
Where our design temperature for hot water usage = 60 o C for hospitals (1999
ASHRAE hand book, HVAC Applications, Chapter 48),
Q = 0.236 × 4.197 × (60 – 22.6)
51.9 kW without heat losses.
Pipes system insulated using VEEDO FLEX insulator with low thermal conductivity;
K = 0.027 W/m.K
Total pipe length = 60+ 10 = 70m
From (1999 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications, and Chapter 48):
Heat losses in insulated Piping System = 30 W/ m.
Pipe losses = (70 × 30)/1000 = 2.1 kW
Q tot = heat load + piping losses
Q tot = 51.9+ 2.1= 54 kW
43
(2-9)Solar System Design
Where:
T m = is the mean water temperature of the collector (Tm=47.5 C).
T a = is the ambient temperature of the collector (Ta =Tavg).
I = is the total solar insulation on the tilted collector (kcal/ m2 day).
For various ambient and insulation; efficiency will vary depending on these
variables as seen from the listed table:
The useful heat get from the collector given by the following equation:
E col .use = η col * I
Where:
44
η col : collector efficiency.
I: is the total solar insolation on the tilted collector (kJ/ m2 day).
E col .use: useful heat (KJ/m2 day).
In May:
E col .use = 0.674× 24840 = 16744(kJ/m2 day).
Collectors area could be found by dividing the total heat by the useful from
the collector;
A = Q tot / E col .use
At May:
A = (54×3600×16)/16744= 185.8 m2
Number of collectors needed = A/1.32
Where:
FCR = i + [i /{1 + i )n – 1}] + t + j
Where:
i = interest rate in Palestine = 10%
45
n = is the number of expected serving years of the system = 20 years.
t = annual taxes = 0
j = annual insurance = 0.3 %
7000
6000
Gas
5000
4000
3000
2000 solar
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
number of collector
46
(2-9-3)Storage tank selection
The daily hot water demand is given by
Average personal demand x Number of persons
For 100 occupants,
136.4 × 100 = 13640 l/ day
It is recommended by the designer to design the volume of storage tank assuming
that 70% of hot water in the tank is usable;
storage tank capacity =
(13640)/0.7 = 19486 L
Storage tank capacity = 19.5 m3
To satisfy this volume choose four tank at the same volume
Vone tank=19.5/4= 5 m3
Assume that L = 3D = 6r
Where:
L = the length of storage tank. (m)
D = storage tank base diameter (m)
r = storage tank base diameter (m)
47
From (1996 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment,
Chapter 33).
We can determine the vertical tank insulation factor (w/m2) (ƒQ/AӨ)
1 fQ 1
(2-21)
R A (t avg t a )
Where:-
R: thermal resistivity of insulation, m2· K / W.
f : specified fraction of stored energy that can be lost in time θ
Q: stored energy, J
A: exposed surface area of storage unit, m2
θ : given time period, s
tavg: average temperature in storage unit, °C
ta : ambient temperature surrounding storage unit during season when it will be
heated, °C
(ƒQ/AӨ) = 15.36
t avg = 60 °C
t a = 22.6 °C
1/R = 0.293 (W/ m2· K)
R = 3.41 (m2· K/W)
But R = L/K
Where:
L = insulation thickness (m).
K = thermal conductivity (W/m.k)
48
(2-9-4)Solar Boiler selection
Boiler Capacity(kJ /day) Capacity(kW)
Gas 2516051.3 54
In the previous section the number of collectors was found and so the quantity of
energy produced by the collectors.
Now assuming that there is no solar energy system under service, and the load of
coldest month must be covered by the conventional system then the load on the boiler
will be as follows
As the maximum load reach to = 54 kW, since there are 13 hours /day for solar
radiation.
Assuming that gas boiler efficiency = 0.9
Boiler capacity = 54/ η boiler = 65.8kW
Boiler needed is “Heat master- model 60N”
Gas fired boiler with capacity reach to 69.9kW
Determination of auxiliary load and fuel consumption is as follows:
Q auxiliary = Q load avg – Q useful (2-22)
Where:
Q auxiliary = is the heat supplied by the auxiliary heater (Boiler) (kJ / day)
Q load AVG = is the yearly average of the total heat load.
Q useful = is the useful heat from the collector.
The average useful heat in (KJ/day) from the collector was calculated as follows:
Q useful = A × η avg × Ecol.use avg (2-23)
Where:
A = area of collectors
η avg = yearly average efficiency of the collectors
Ecol.use avg =Yearly average useful heat from the collector
49
m fuel = Q auxiliary /( H.Vgas × ŋburning) (2-24)
Where:
m fuel = fuel mass flow rate ( kg/ day)
H.V of gas = 50000 kJ/kg K
Burning efficiency in selected boiler = 0.9
m fuel = 890152.8 / (50000×0.9) = 19.8 kg/day
(2-9-5)Solar Pump Selection:
Selecting a specific pump needs two basic parameters, the flow rate that the pump
should operate at, and the head of the pump.
The selected flow rate should overcome heat load and heat losses flow rate,
Q total = m × Cp × ΔT (2-25)
50
Then we have to find the friction factor from moody chart for commercial steel pipes.
Roughness constant for commercial steel "Є" = 0.046
D = 3/4" = 0.01905 m
D = 1/2" = 0.0127 m
Reynolds number = 4 m / (π D μ)
Where:
m = water mass flow rate in (kg/s)
D = pipe diameter (m).
μ = the viscosity of water (N.s/m2) = 489 × 10-6
ƒ = friction factor
ƒ; obtained from moody chart if flow is turbulent.
If the flow is laminar:
ƒ = 64 / Re
We can get pressure drop in piping system using above data, and pressure
drop can be evaluated using the following equation.
ΔP = ƒ L V2 ρ / 2 D (2-27)
Or, directly we can calculate head friction losses from following equation:
h f = ƒ L V2 / 2 D g
Where:
ΔP = is the pressure drop (Pa/m)
ƒ = friction factor
L = pipe length
V2 = square of water velocity m2 / sec2
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ρ = is the density of water (kg/ m3)
D = is the inner diameter of the pipe (m)
hf = head friction losses (m)
Table (2-15): “head friction losses for solar pump”
Pipe type ƒ V2 L(m) 2D hf
(m2/s) (mm) (m)
3/4 " 0.036 0.736 60 0.0381 4.11
1/2" 0.034 0.191 10 0.0254 0.303
hm = (V2 K/2g)
Where:
hm = minor head losses
K = resistance coefficient.
V2 = squared velocity.
g = ground acceleration m/s2
For 3/4" pipe: ((8×0.8) + (6×0.9) + (4×0.27))×(0.736)/ (2×9.81) = 0.63 m
For 1/2" pipe: ((6×0.3) + (4×0.9) + (6×0.9))×(0.191)/ (2×9.81) =0.105 m
hm total = 0.63 + 0.105 = 0.735m
htotal = ΔZ + hf + hm = 15 +4.37 +0.735 = 20.1m
Pump Specifications:
Circulating pump must circulate 1.08 (m3/ hr.)
Head to overcome = 20.1m
“SALMSON-JRL204-15/3”
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(2-10)Air Distribution & Duct work
The supply air should in the right temperature, humidity and in the right quantity
so that when it is mixed with the room air, the resultant room air condition falls within
the comfort condition.
In the hospitals proper temperature and humidity control depends on
delivering the proper amount of supply air at a carefully controlled temperature and
humidity. The delivery and distribution of conditioned air must be accomplished
without appreciable draft or noise.
Important consideration:
The correct amount of air (m3/s or CFM) that passes in each section or branch
of duct must be known and can be calculated from room sensible heat gain
Noise level.
Pressure drop in dampers, outlets, coils…etc. are obtainable from
manufacturer catalogues.
Pressure drop in straight ducts and fittings is calculated or selected based on
recommended velocities.
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This method gives better results. It reduces size of duct and cost and is suitable for
completer system.
(3) Static region method (for balancing of branches).
(4) T-method (for computer simulation)
In each Floor there is 3 Air Handling Units (numbered from 1 to 3), they cover the
whole floor load, the table below show the floors CFM needed and each room will be
covered by the proper AHU
A section of the duct connected to air handing unit # (1) (which will meet the
load of second floor)
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4-Way Ceiling Supply
Diffuser
Line [A-B]
Assuming main duct velocity at A = 7m/s
Qtot=4928(l/s)
From ductulator (catalogue)
Qtot vs. V→ (ΔP/m)=0.494 (pa/m)
Duct dimensions = 87.5 (cm) × 85(cm)
Line [B-C]
ΔP= 0.494 pa/m Qtot =2763 L/s
From ductulator
Duct dimensions = 70(cm) × 70(cm
Line [C-D]
ΔP= 0.494 Pa/m Qtot =2486L/s
From ductulator
Duct dimensions = 65(cm) × 70(cm)
Line [D-E]
ΔP= 0.494 pa/m Qtot =2301 L/s
From ductulator
Duct dimensions =60(cm) × 70(cm)
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Line [E-F]
ΔP= 0.494pa/m Qtot =2077 L/s
From ductulator
Duct dimensions =55 (cm) × 70(cm)
The A.H.U should be covered all friction loss in the duct and in the system,
and for it was noticed that the maximum pressure loss was 1.115
Maximum pressure loss in the duct = (Total length x pressure drop/meter) + (pressure
drop in diffuser)
= (95×1.2) + (0.03 in water × 350 pa/in water)
= 125 Pa.
Assume pressure loss in the air handling unit to be 375 Pascal (losses in the air intake,
filters cooling coil and other fittings).
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So the fan pressure = 125 + 375 = 500 Pascal
And fan flow rate = 32204 CFM = 15.2m3/sec.
*all detailed duct sizing results are in Appendix (A)
Grills selection
Supply grills
To determine the position of grill we shoud calculate the throw that grill can coverd it
Calculation of throw
V0.25 → T0.25 /L
Throw = (T0.25 /L) × L
All supply grills are selected as supply ceiling diffuser –four way
From catalogues (throw vs.CFM of grill)
L: is measured by dividing each room and taking the farthest point from the middle or
where the grill is to be located.
Return Grills
All return grills are located in the corridors and we added door grills for each room in
order to allow return air to pass through these door grills to return grills exists in
corridors.
Exhaust grills the same as return grills taking the ventilation load, bath room, and
kitchen.
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