PHYSICS

REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME:
CLASS: XII-
ROLL NO:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher ………………………… who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic “AC TO DC CONVERTER (FULL WAVE RECTIFIER)”

which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I

came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot in

finalizing this project within the limited time

frame.

 
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the
PHYSICS project “AC TO DC
CONVERTER(FULL WAVE RECTIFIER)”
had been submitted by the candidate
_______________with roll Number
_____________for the class XII
practical examination of the Central
Board of Secondary Education.
 AIM

AC TO DC CONVERTER
(FULL WAVE RECTIFIER)
AC TO DC CONVERTER SYNOPSIS

A.C. converter is a device which is used to convert an A.C. supply into D.C.
supply through semi- conductor diode. It finds its application in many fields
of electricity. It is used in battery eliminators television, radio electroplating
etc. I have studied about It and have recorded my observations in this
project Report.

CONVERTER

It converts an A.C. supply into D.C. or D.C. into A.C. But in this project it
converts A.C. into D.C. The converter, which converts A.C. into D.C., is
known as Rectifier and the process of converting A.C. into D.C. is known as

RECTIFICATION.

Rectification is the process in which an alternating current is forced to only

flow in one direction. Done using diodes since diodes could only allow current
to flow in one direction only.

NECESSITY AND APPLICATION OF D.C

D.C. out put voltage which is practically constant is absolutely essential for
electrolytic and electro chemical processes such as electroplating.
Electrotyping electro refining production of aluminum , copper and other
metals by electrolysis .D.C. is also necessary for running of are lamps for
cinema projection and for welding.
TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that can step up or step down AC

voltage. It consist of two coils or wire called the primary and secondary
which are wound on a common magnetic core.

The core is made up of a large number of E and I shaped core. The

transformer is a passive device. It does not consume any power for its
operation, except for some losses. It passes on all the power applied to the
primary to its secondary windings. The voltages and current relations are
given by the following equation.

V1 N1 I2
V2 N2 I1
V1 is the voltage applied to the primary.
V2 is the voltage induced in the secondary.

N1 is the number of turns in the primary.

N2 is the number of turns in the secondary.
I1 is the current drawn by the primary.
I2 is the current delivered by the secondary.

The above equation show that a step-down transformer delivers lower

voltage than the high voltage applied to the primary, but its current
delivering capacity is more, therefore, the secondary has lesser number of
turns and is made up of a thicker gauge wire as compared to the primary
winding.
ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. COPPER LOSSES

This is the energy loss in the form of heat (I2 R).

2. IRON LOSSES

This is the energy wasted as heat due to the development and eddy
current.

3. HYSTERISIS LOSS

This is due to the iron core undergoing repeated cycle of

magnetization and demagnetization when an alternative e.m.f. is
applied.

4. LEAKAGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX

Owing to imperfect insulation and winding, source of the magnetic

flux leaks out.
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

For obtaining both halves of the input wave we use two semi - conductor
diodes.

ARRANGEMENT :

D1 and D2 are two semiconductor diodes. The source of A.C. to be rectified

is connected to primary P1, P2 of transformer. The ends of the transformer
are connected to the plates of two semiconductor diodes. The output put is
taken across the resistance.
WORKING

During the first half of input cycle, let one portion is become negative (-)
and second becomes positive (+) . on account of mutual induction one
becomes positive (+) and second becomes negative (-). Then upper P.N.
junction is in forward bias and lower P.N. junction is reversed bias .The
forward current flows on account of majority carries of upper P.N. junction
diode in direction shown during other half cycle of input A.C., the upper P -
N junction diode is reversed biased and vice versa.
The forward current flows on account of the majority carries of lower P-N
junction diode. We observe during both half current through load- flow in
same direction . But this D.C. is not pure through (R). To get pure D.C. we
use filter circuit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

a) Modern ABC of Physics By Satish K Gupta

Department of Physics R.S.D.
College, Ferozpur.
b) PP Physics Digest By Dr. K.L.Gomber
( M.Sc.M.Phil.PHD) and K.L. Gogi.
M.Sc. Head , Department of physics,
S.A.Jain College Ambala.
c) Physics by Arvind Kumar A Text Book of N.C.E.R.T.
A.N.Maheshwari, for class XII.
Abhai Mansingh,
N.Mukunda.
d) Modern Physics By K.B.Raja (Ph,D)
e) Fundamentals of physics By M. Subrahmanyan,
M.Sc. Ph.D. and Brij Lal M.Sc,
Physics, Hindu College
University of Delhi.
COMPONENTS USED:
Step down transformer---- 6-0-6
Diode ---- In4007 (2)
Capacitor--- 1000 micro farad
Resistor---- 470 ohm
l.e.d. (1)
when we insert the main wire in the 220 volt Ac then l.e.d is on and it is a
indication of the low dc voltage
CIRUIT DIAGRAM
 DIODE

The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-

type semiconducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and
n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the
negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow.
This is called forward current or forward biased.

If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is
because under this condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons
from the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type material will give
up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of electrical
equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will
be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased.
Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction
while blocking it in the other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting
AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely during the first half cycle
(forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle (reverse
biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into
pulsatin
g dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener
diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage.
Some common diodes are:-

1. Zener diode.

2. Photo diode.

3. Light Emitting diode.

1. ZENER DIODE:-

A zener diode is specially designed junction diode, which can operate

continuously without being damaged in the region of reverse break down
voltage. One of the most important applications of zener diode is the design
of constant voltage power supply. The zener diode is joined in reverse bias to
d.c. through a resistance R of suitable value.

2. PHOTO DIODE:-

A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo- sensitive

semiconductor or material. In such a diode, there is a provision to allow the
light of suitable frequency to fall on the p-n junction. It is reverse biased, but
the voltage applied is less than the break down voltage. As the intensity of
incident light is increased, current goes on increasing till it becomes
maximum. The maximum current is called saturation current.

3. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):-

 When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the
junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to
recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium
diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made
of gallium arsenate or indium phosphide, the energy is released in visible
region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED.
FILTERS

While the output of a rectifier is a pulsating dc, most electronic circuits

require a substantially pure dc for proper operation. This type of output is
provided by single or multi-section filter circuits placed between the output
of the rectifier and the load.

Filtering is accomplished by the use of capacitors, inductors, and/or resistors

in various combinations. Inductors are used as series impedances to oppose
the flow of alternating (pulsating dc) current. Capacitors are used as shunt
elements to bypass the alternating components of the signal around the load
(to ground). Resistors are used in place of inductors in low current
applications.
Let's briefly review the properties of a capacitor. First, a capacitor opposes
any change in voltage. The opposition to a change in current is called
capacitive reactance (XC) and is measured in ohms. The capacitive reactance
is determined by the frequency (f) of the applied voltage and the capacitance
(C) of the capacitor.

From the formula, you can see that if frequency or capacitance is increased,
the XC decreases. Since filter capacitors are placed in parallel with the load,
a low XC will provide better filtering than a high XC. For this to be
accomplished, a better shunting effect of the ac around the load is provided,
as shown in figure.