Wind Energy I

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 1

Wind Energy I Class content

2 Wind ✓
measurements
5 Wind turbines in
general
6 Basic wind turbine
design

✓
7 Wind - blades
interaction

✓
3 Wind field
characterization 8 Power losses at
4 Wind power the rotor blade

9 Control strategies

10 Power curves

11 General questions
before exam

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Wind Energy I Variety of wind turbines

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 Wind Energy I Different kinds of WEC

horizontal axis
wind turbine

wind turbine

vertical axis
wind turbine

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 Wind Energy I Different kinds of WEC

horizontal axis
wind turbine

wind turbine

vertical axis
wind turbine

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 Wind Energy I Different kinds of WEC

“drag” based
wind turbines

wind turbine

“lift” based
wind turbines

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 Wind Energy I Drag force

What is drag?

wind velocity v

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 Wind Energy I Drag force

What is drag? Force acting on a body?

wind velocity v

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 8

 Wind Energy I Drag force

What is drag? Force acting on a body?

wind velocity v

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 Wind Energy I Drag force

What is drag? Force acting on a body?

different shapes have different

air resistances, i.e. different
drag coefficients cd
wind velocity v cd = 0,34
Fd
cd =
F
cd = 1,33

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Wind Energy I Drag coefficient

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Wind Energy I Drag coefficient

cd depends on shape and Re

sphere

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Wind Energy I Drag based wind turbine

Persian windmill
year 500-900 a.d.

How can we determine the

maximum power?

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Wind Energy I Drag based wind turbine
Power of a persian windmill

cp v = const
cd = 1.1

cp,max =0,16

tip speed ratio

tip speed ratio for drag force

based wind turbines < 1

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

How does lift occur?

FL

vup

vdown

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

Bernoulli Equation
(strong simplification of Navier-Stokes-Eq.,
How does lift occur? i.e. no viscosity, stationary, no vorticity)

1 2
FL 2
ρu + p = const

vup

vdown
negative

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

Why is vup larger than vdown?

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

Why is vup larger than vdown?

vup starting vortex

vdown

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

Why is vup larger than vdown?

angular momentum
conservation

starting vortex

vup starting vortex

vdown

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

Why is vup larger than vdown?

angular momentum
conservation

starting vortex

vup starting vortex

wind velocity circulating vortex vup > vdown

vdown

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

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 Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

example:

Darrieus
wind turbine

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Wind Energy I Darrieus wind turbine
wind velocity v
tip speed ratio for
Darrieus rotors > 3
total velocity

velocity due to FD
rotation u

FL

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Wind Energy I Darrieus wind turbine
wind velocity v

total velocity

velocity due to FD
rotation u

FL

FD

FL
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Wind Energy I Darrieus wind turbine
wind velocity v

total velocity

velocity due to FD
rotation u

FL FD

FD

FL
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Wind Energy I Darrieus wind turbine
wind velocity v

total velocity

velocity due to FD
rotation u

FL FD
FD

FD

FL
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Wind Energy I Darrieus wind turbine
wind velocity v

0° assist rotation
FD

FL FD
90°oppose 270°oppose
FD rotation
rotation

FD

180° assist rotation FL

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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

Denmark 1891
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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

Russia 1931

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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

USA 1942 - 50kW

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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

Germany 1942
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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

USA 1943 - 70kW

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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

UK 1956 - 100kW
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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

Denmark 1957 -200kW

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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

France 1958 - 800kW

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Wind Energy I History of wind turbines

Germany 1982 - 3000kW

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Wind Energy I Lift based wind turbine

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Wind Energy I Turbine - design with gearbox
high speed
generator
shaft

nacelle

hub main shaft gearbox electrical / control system

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 38

Wind Energy I Turbine - design with gearbox
high speed
generator
shaft

nacelle

hub main shaft gearbox electrical / control system

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 39

Wind Energy I Turbine - design with gearbox

yaw system

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Wind Energy I Turbine - compact, gear-less design

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Wind Energy I Turbine - compact, gear-less design

Enercon E-126

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Wind Energy I Turbine - redundant design

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Wind Energy I Extreme events

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Wind Energy I Foundation concepts

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Wind Energy I Foundation concepts

research:
load measurements

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Wind Energy I Foundation concepts

Testing of foundations in Bremerhaven for off-shore applications:

Jacket (REpower 5M) and Tripod (Areva, formerly Multibrid)

Michael Hölling, WS 2015/2016 slide 47

Wind Energy I Off-shore wind turbines

5MW WEC - electrical energy for about 10.000 persons

area = 12469 m2

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Wind Energy I Off-shore wind turbines

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Wind Energy I Off-shore construction

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Wind Energy I Off-shore construction

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