Giloy or Guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia)
Published Research during 1958 -2019 Page | 1 

Database maintained by
Dr. Deep Narayan Pandey
dnpandey@gmail.com

Updated on 15 May 2019

Abbasi, M. A., M. N. Asghar, M. Irshad, S. Najaf, I. U. Khan and I. Zia (2010). "In vitro
antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities of extracts from Tinospora cordifolia."
Asian Journal of Chemistry 22(7): 5359-5368.
The aim of this investigation is to study the in vitro antioxidant and radical
scavenging activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) extracts. The antioxidant
components were initially extracted in methanol and subjected to
fractionation in solvents of different polarity. The chloroform soluble fraction
was then subjected to column chromatography using n-hexane with a
gradient of chloroform upto 100 %, followed by methanol. Antioxidant
potential and radical scavenging activity of the 12 fractions obtained from the
column were investigated employing different antioxidant assays such as 2,2′-
azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation
scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazil (DPPH) scavenging, total phenolic content (TPC) and total
antioxidant activity determination using ferric thiocyanate method. Using
ABTS•+ decolourization assay and FRAP assay, T. cordifolia extracts showed a
wide range of antioxidant activity. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC) and FRAP values for various fractions ranged from 0.003- 7.654 mM of
trolox equivalents and 126.88-1516.80 mg/L of FeSO 4 equivalents,
respectively. Using total phenolic content assay the amount of total phenolics
for different fractions of T. cordifolia ranged from 4.84 ± 0.21-107.27 ± 1.37
mg/L. No significant co-relation was found between TPCs and TEAC (r2 =
0.652) and FRAP assay (r 2 = 0.686). The EC50 values determined by using
DPPH radical scavenging assay ranged from 83.26-588.31 μg of dried weight
(DW)/mL of DPPH solution. Employing inhibition of lipid peroxidation assay by
ferric thiocyanate method, the extracts showed inhibition of lipid peroxidation
comparable to trolox. On the basis of the results obtained here, T. cordifolia
may be considered as a rich source of antioxidants.

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Abbaszadeh, S., A. N. Andevari, A. Koohpayeh, N. Naghdi, M. Alizadeh, F. Beyranvand

and Z. Harsej (2018). "Folklore medicinal plants used in liver disease: A review."
International Journal of Green Pharmacy 12(3): S463-S472.
The liver is the largest organ of the body and the main site of essential
biochemical reactions in the human body. This is useful for detoxification of
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toxic substances and the production of biological molecules. Therefore, liver
damage leads to severe consequences. Because herbs and herbal antioxidants
are used to detoxify and treat liver disorders, this review was conducted to
report the most important medicinal plants affecting liver disorders and
diseases. Key terms liver cancer, medicinal plants, liver disorder and medicinal
plants, liver disease and medicinal plants, effect of extract and essential oil of
effective medicinal plants on liver tissues in rats, mice, and laboratory mice,
and effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants on liver disease were
used to retrieve relevant publications indexed in databases IranMedex,
Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar. Based on the
evidence found in this review, the medicinal plants Zingiber officinale,
Cucurbita pepo, Citrus reticulate, Petroselinum crispum, Andrographis
paniculata, Silybum marianum, Camellia sinensis, Nasturtium officinale,
Physalis peruviana, Thonningia sanguinea, Nigella sativa, Cichorium intybus L.,
Terminalia catappa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Curcuma zanthorrhiza, Hibiscus
sabdariffa, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Kigelia africana, Alchornea
cordifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Schisandrae chinensis, Tinospora cordifolia,
Brassica rapa subsp. rapa, Lygodium flexuosum, Carica papaya, Solanum
fastigiatum, and Cheilanthes farinosa are some of the most important
medicinal plants affecting liver disorders and diseases. © 2018 BRNSS
Publication Hub. All rights reserved.

Abdullah, M., Y. Al Eryani and P. R. Naik (2007). "Antidiabetic activity of stem extracts
of Tinospora cordifolia on streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rat." Biosciences
Biotechnology Research Asia 4(2): 603-608.
The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of
stem extracts of Tinospora cordifolia on diabetes induced animal model
Wistar rat. Experimental animals were grouped in to control (I), control with T.
cordifolia stem extract (II) control diabetic (III) and Diabetic group with T.
cordifolia stem extract treated with 100 mg/kg body weight for 35 day (IV).
Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL,
VLDL, HDL and blood urea were measured at the beginning and termination
of experiments. Blood glucose and other parameters were elevated in diabetic
group. Elevated levels were significantly reduced in alleviating the diabetic
condition after treatment with stem extract of T. cordifolia.

Abiramasundari, G., C. M. M. Gowda, G. Pampapathi, S. Praveen, S. Shivamurugan, M.

Vijaykumar, A. Devi and M. Sreepriya (2017). "Ethnomedicine based evaluation of

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osteoprotective properties of Tinospora cordifolia on in vitro and in vivo model

systems." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 87: 342-354.
Indian ethnomedicine acclaims the use of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) in the
treatment of bone fractures and vat rakta (gout). The objective of the study is
to investigate the effects of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia on bone
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remodeling (involving osteoblastic and osteoclastic actions) in vitro and
protect against ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. Human osteoblast-like
cells MG-63 and primary osteoblast cells isolated from rat femur were used as
osteoblast models and RAW macrophage cell line 264.7 induced to take up
osteoclastic lineage using RANK ligand were used as osteoclast models in the
current study. Sirius red staining, quantification of osteocalcin,
cytopathological analysis by Hematoxylin/eosin staining and semiquantitative
reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was carried out to ascertain the effects of
T. cordifolia extract on osteoblast cells. MTT assay was perfomed to
understand the influence of T. cordifolia extract on osteoclast cells. Adult
female Sprague-Dawley rats were used as in vivo models to study the effect of
T. cordifolia on ovariectomy induced bone loss. Radiological (DEXA analysis),
Biochemical (markers of bone formation and resorption), histopathological
(Hematoxylin/eosin staining) and histomorphometric analysis of the bone was
carried out. Treatment with T. cordifolia extract resulted in enhanced collagen
deposition, increased levels of osteocalcin, increased expression of osteogenic
genes all indicative of favourable osteoblastogenesis. Treatment with T.
cordifolia extract did not exert any significant influence on the proliferation of
osteoclasts. Pretreatment with T. cordifolia extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body
wt/day orally for 21 days followed by treatment for 12 weeks post
ovariectomy was able to prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo.
Results of the study support the use of T. cordifolia in Indian ethnomedicine
for the treatment of bone diseases and fractures. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS

Abiramasundari, G., C. M. Mohan Gowda and M. Sreepriya (2018). "Selective Estrogen

Receptor Modulator and prostimulatory effects of phytoestrogen β-ecdysone in
Tinospora cordifolia on osteoblast cells." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative
Medicine 9(3): 161-168.
Background: Indian ethnomedicine acclaims Tinospora cordifolia as a bone
strengthening agent and prescribes it for the treatment of bone fractures,
gout and other inflammatory diseases of the bone. Objective: (a) To
understand the potential of T. cordifolia to act as a Selective Estrogen
Receptor Modulator (SERM) on in vitro models. (b) To understand the toxic
effects (if any) of T. cordifolia in vivo. (c) To understand the effects of β-
ecdysone (proposed osteoprotective principle of T. cordifolia) on the growth
of human osteoblast-like cells MG-63 and rat primary culture of osteoblasts.
(d) To conduct phytochemical analysis on T. cordifolia extract to confirm the
presence of β-ecdysone. Materials and Methods: The role of T. cordifolia as

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SERM was analyzed by investigating the effect of the extract on the growth of
MCF-7 and HeLa cells. The effects of T. cordifolia in vivo was studied by
biochemical (Liver function and renal function tests) and histopathological
(Hematoxylin/Eosin staining) analysis. Phytochemical analysis of T. cordifolia
was carried out by performing FT-IR and LC-ESI-MS analysis. Results: (a) T.
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cordifolia extract exerted non-estrogenic effects on MCF-7 and HeLa cells
implicating its role as SERM. (b) High doses of T. cordifolia extract (750 and
1000 mg/kg body wt.) showed impairment of hepatic and renal function,
induced pathological alterations in hepatic and renal architecture in albino
rats. (c) β-ecdysone an ecdysteroid proposed as the osteoprotective principle
of T. cordifolia exhibited significant prostimulatory effects on osteoblast cells
and rat primary osteoblasts. (d) Phytochemical analysis confirmed the
presence of β-ecdysone in alcoholic extract of T. cordifolia extract
substantiating its role as the osteoprotective principle of T. cordifolia.
Conclusion: (a) T. cordifolia could function as SERM and can have applications
in the therapy of osteoporosis. (b) β-ecdysone is the osteoprotective principle
of T. cordifolia. © 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World
Ayurveda Foundation

Abiramasundari, G. and M. Sreepriya (2014). "Pro-stimulatory effects of Tinospora

cordifolia (menispermaceae) on SAOS-2 osteoblast cells - Implications on bone
remodeling and therapy of osteoporosis." Research Journal of Pharmaceutical,
Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(3): 354-362.
Osteoblasts, the bone forming cells are currently the most studied target for
developing therapeutics to treat bone loss associated with various skeletal
disorders including osteoporosis. Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is used in Ayurveda
and other traditional medicinal systems to treat bone fractures. The aim of the
present investigation is to evaluate the effects of aqueous and alcoholic
extracts of TC on osteogenesis using a widely employed in vitro model system
for human osteoblasts (human osteoblast like cells SAOS-2), thereby to
explore the possibility of its usefulness to stimulate bone formation in
osteoporotic conditions. Tests for cell viability and proliferation (crystal violet
test, trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay and NBT reduction test) were
performed to study the effect of TC on the growth of osteoblasts. It was
observed that ethanolic extract of TC stimulated proliferation of osteoblasts at
a dosage of 25μg/ml (P<0.001) but, the aqueous extract of TC showed no
influence on cell proliferation. The effect of alcoholic extract of TC on bone
resorption was also studied on functional osteoclasts derived from RANKL
activated murine macrophage like cells RAW 264.7. Results of the study
implicated that ethanolic extract of TC extract elicits pro-stimulatory effects on
osteoblasts, but is devoid of any such effects on osteoclast cells thereby
indicating that it has no effect on bone resorption.

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Abiramasundari, G., K. R. Sumalatha and M. Sreepriya (2012). "Effects of Tinospora

cordifolia (Menispermaceae) on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and
mineralization of osteoblast model systems in vitro." Journal of Ethnopharmacology
141(1): 474-480.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ancient Indian ayurvedic literature
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prescribes Tinospora cordifolia as a remedy to rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammatory and allied diseases of musculo skeletal system. Aim: To
investigate the effects of the alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) on
the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of bone like matrix on
osteoblast model systems in vitro and hence its possible use as a potential
anti-osteoporotic agent. Materials and methods: Two in vitro osteoblast
model systems were used in the study viz., human osteoblast-like cells MG-63
and primary osteoblast cells isolated from femur of rats. Cell growth and
viability was assessed by standard colorimetric assays like MTT assay. The cell
differentiation into osteoblastic lineage was evaluated by the activities of bone
marker alkaline phosphatase. The effect of the extract on matrix mineralization
was assessed by alizarin red-s staining and Von kossa staining. Cell
morphology was studied by phase contrast microscopy and light microscopy
(Giemsa/crystal violet staining). Results: Results indicate that the alcoholic
extract of TC at a dosage of 25 μg/ml stimulated the growth of osteoblasts,
increased the differentiation of cells into osteoblastic lineage and increased
the mineralization of bone like matrix on both the osteoblast model systems
used in the study. Cell morphology studies clearly indicated the increase in cell
numbers and absence of adverse change in the cell morphology on treatment
with the extract. Conclusion: TC extract has a potential influence on
osteogenesis and hence its use could be explored as a potential anti-
osteoporotic agent. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Acharya, K. C., M. R. Das, P. K. Das and S. K. Ray (2002). "Effect of "Immu-21" a herbal
immunomodulator in the treatment of bovine sub-clinical mastitis." Phytomedica 3:
37-41.
"IMMU-21" a herbal immunomodulator was used alone and alongwith
antibiotics for the treatment of sub-clinical bovine mastitis. The antibiotics
used in the study were having sensitivity range between 92.46% to 98.45%.
The immunomodulatory effect of Immu-21 was evaluated basing on increase
in Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) level
alongwith clinical recovery. The curative effect was assessed on the basis of
increase in milk yield and reduction in somatic cell count below 0.5 million
cells per ml. Significant increase in ALC and IgG were observed in individual
cows treated with Immu-21 alone and Immu-21 and antibiotics in
combination. Further, in comparative study it was observed that the
immunomodulatory effect of the herbal Immu-21 was at par with that of
levamisole. In the present study Immu-21 alone was found effective in 60% of

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sub-clinical bovine mastitis cases and it was effective in 100% cases when
used with antibiotics.

Adhikari, U., A. Ghosh and G. Chandra (2013). "Nano particles of herbal origin: A
recent eco-friend trend in mosquito control." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease
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3(2): 167-168.

Adhvaryu, M. R., N. Reddy and M. H. Parabia (2007). "Effects of four Indian medicinal
herbs on Isoniazid-, Rifampicin- and Pyrazinamide-induced hepatic injury and
immunosuppression in guinea pigs." World Journal of Gastroenterology 13(23):
3199-3205.
Aim: To evaluate and compare the hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory
effects of Curcuma longa (CL), Ocimum sanctum (OS), Tinospora cordifolia
(TC) and Zizyphus mauritiana (ZM) on liver injury and immunosuppression
induced by Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF) and Pyrazinamide (PZA). Methods:
Duncan Hartley guinea pigs, weighing 700-1050 g, were treated orally with 50
mg/kg of INH, 100 mg/kg of RIF and 300 mg/Kg of PZA for 21-d. 200 mg/kg
(bw) of each herb crude extract was administered to the herb control group
and 2-h previous to INH + RIF + PZA (AKT) doses to the Herb + AKT groups.
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST)
bilirubin and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were assessed on d 0 and 21 in all
the groups. Phagocytic % (P%), Phagocytic Index (PI) and Chemotactic Index
(CI) were also measured as immunologic parameters. Histological analysis was
carried out to assess injury to the liver. Results: The AKT treated control group
showed hepatotoxicity as judged by elevated serum AST 5-fold, AST/ALT ratio
4-fold, ALP 2-fold and hepatological changes, such as focal necrosis, portal
triaditis and steatosis. Immune function was suppressed as judged by
decreased P% (51.67 ± 1.68 vs 40.61 ± 1.28, P < 0.01), PI (2.0725 ± 0.05 vs
0.61 ± 0.05, P < 0.001) and CI (1.8525 ± 0.04 vs 0.695 ± 0.07, P < 0.001). All
four herb treated groups showed normal liver histology, enzyme levels and
increased P%, while PI and CI were enhanced in the TC and ZM treated
groups, respectively. CL + AKT, TC + AKT and ZM + AKT showed nearly
normal histology with minimal inflammation and microvesicular steatosis,
while OS + AKT showed partial protection. Hepatotoxicity was prevented by
restricting the rise of AST by 2-fold in CL + AKT and TC + AKT groups and by
3-fold in OS + AKT and ZM + AKT groups, AST/ALT by 2-fold and ALP to
normal levels in all four groups. All four herb + AKT groups showed normal to
enhanced neutrophil function. Conclusion: All four herbs showed
hepatoprotective potential and prevented immunosuppression. CL and TC
showed the highest hepatoprotective activity, while TC and ZM showed strong
immunostimulatory activity. © 2007 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.

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Adhvaryu, M. R., N. M. Reddy and B. C. Vakharia (2008). "Prevention of hepatotoxicity

due to anti tuberculosis treatment: A novel integrative approach." World Journal of
Gastroenterology 14(30): 4753-4762.
Aim: To evaluate the ability of Curcuma longa (CL) and Tinospora cordifolia
(TC) formulation to prevent anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment (ATT) induced
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hepatotoxicity. Methods: Patients with active TB diagnosis were randomized to
a drug control group and a trial group on drugs plus an herbal formulation.
Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for first 2 mo followed by
continuation phase therapy excluding Pyrazinamide for 4 mo comprised the
anti-tuberculous treatment. Curcumin enriched (25%) CL and a hydro-
ethanolic extract enriched (50%) TC 1 g each divided in two doses comprised
the herbal adjuvant. Hemogram, bilirubin and liver enzymes were tested
initially and monthly till the end of study to evaluate the result. Results:
Incidence and severity of hepatotoxicity was significantly lower in trial group
(incidence: 27/192 vs 2/316, P < 0.0001). Mean aspartate transaminase (AST)
(195.93 ± 108.74 vs 85 ± 4.24, P < 0.0001), alanine transaminase (ALT) (75.74
± 26.54 vs 41 ± 1.41, P < 0.0001) and serum bilirubin (5.4 ± 3.38 vs 1.5 ± 0.42,
P < 0.0001). A lesser sputum positivity ratio at the end of 4 wk (10/67 vs
4/137, P = 0.0068) and decreased incidence of poorly resolved parenchymal
lesion at the end of the treatment (9/152 vs 2/278, P = i0.0037) was observed.
Improved patient compliance was indicated by nil drop-out in trial vs 10/192
in control group (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The herbal formulation prevented
hepatotoxicity significantly and improved the disease outcome as well as
patient compliance without any toxicity or side effects. © 2008 The WJG Press.
All rights reserved.

Adhvaryu, M. R., S. P. Srivastav, S. N. Vaniawala and M. N. Reddy (2008). "A

comparative study of radioprotection by four Indian medicinal herbs against
genotoxicity induced by sub-lethal gamma irradiation in Swiss albino mice." Iranian
Journal of Radiation Research 6(1): 19-30.
Background: Synthetic radio-protective agents like aminothiols are toxic and
FDA approved agent amifostine is no exception. Some Ayurvedic herbs have
shown radioprotective potential. This study was carried out to test and
compare the radioprotective potential of Curcuma longa (CL) Tinospora
cordifolia (TC), Zizyphus mauritiana (ZM) and Ocimum sanctum (OS) against
2Gy gamma irradiation in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: Adult
Swiss albino mice from random breed colony were divided in to 6 groups
(n=9), sham-control (SCT), radiation control (RACT), and four herb + radiation
groups respectively. All except SCT were exposed to whole body 2 Gy of
gamma radiation in a teletherapy unit and SCT was sham exposed on day 7 of
herb pretreatment (200mg/kg-bw orally by gavage). Chromosomal studies
from the bone marrow of femur by routine metaphase preparation after
colchicine treatment were done in 3 animals from each group at 24, 72 and

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168 hours after exposure. Results: All four herbs showed significant radio-
protective effects at 24 hrs. OS, TC and ZM showed nearly similar activity while
CL showing the lowest activity. However the effects at 72 and 168 hrs showed
highest protection by CL followed by ZM ≥ TC > OS respectively suggesting
that the well studied OS was less effective at 72 and 168 hrs. Conclusion: All
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the four herbs showed radioprotective potential with different efficacies at
different time interval.

Afshan, T. (2014). "A detailed comparative investigation of morphogenic responses of

varied phytohormones in Mimosa pudica and Tinospora cordifolia." Vegetos 27(2):
357-362.
In this communication, an attempt has been made to study a comparative
analysis of morphogenic responses between two species viz. Mimosa pudica
(fam. Mimosaceae) and Tinospora cordifolia (Fam. Menispermaceae). Effects of
phytohormones viz. auxins (IAA and NAA), cytokinins (BAP and Kinetin) and
gibberellins have been recorded in both species. Differentiation of shoots and
roots have been encountered while formation of callusing has been marked
out. Mimosa pudica appears to be more responsive in comparision to
Tinospora cordifolia. © 2014 Society for Plant Research. All rights reserved.

Agarwal, A., P. Kumari and M. Yadav (2013). "Protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia
on SO2 induced serum immunoglobulin alterations in albino rat." Ecology,
Environment and Conservation 19(3): 731-734.
The present study is designed to evaluate the protective effect of Tinospora
cordifolia (Gelloy) on serum immunoglobulins viz. IgG, IgM and IgA after
exposure to SO2 gas (80ppm, Ihr/day) for 30 and 60 days. The results of the
present study shows a decrease in the immunoglobulins after 30 and 60 days
exposure to SO2 gas. However, SO2 induced serum immunoglobulin
alterations were modulated after supplementation of aqueous extract of
Tinospora cordifolia (5mg/100g b.wt./day) due to antistress and antioxidant
defense mechanism against toxic action of SO2 gas inhalation. Copyright ©
EM International.

Agarwal, A., S. Malini, K. L. Bairy and M. S. Rao (2002). "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia
on learning and memory in normal and memory deficit rats." Indian Journal of
Pharmacology 34(5): 339-349.
Objective: To study the effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) on learning and
memory in normal and cyclosporine induced memory deficit rats. Methods:
Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the whole plant of Tinospora cordifolia was
administered orally for 15 days in two groups of rats. Cyclosporine 15, 25
mg/kg, i.p. was administered on alternate days for 10 days. Combination of
cyclosporine 25 mg/kg, i.p. for 10 days and Tc alcoholic 200 mg/kg and Tc
aqueous 100 mg/kg were administered in two different groups of rats. At the

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end of treatment, learning and memory was assessed using Hebb William
maze and passive avoidance task. The locomotor activity was assessed using
open field chamber. The immune status was studied using DNCB skin
sensitivity test. Histopathological examination of hippocampus was done.
Results: Both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Tc produced a decrease in
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learning scores in Hebb William maze and retention memory indicating
enhancement of learning and memory. However, cyclosporine at both the
doses increased the learning scores in Hebb William maze and decrease in
retention time in the passive avoidance task suggesting a memory deficit. The
combination of cyclosporine and Tc produced a decrease in learning scores in
Hebb William maze and increase latency in passive avoidance task compared
to cyclosporine alone treated rats. The histopathological examination of
hippocampus in cyclosporine treated rats showed neurodegenerative changes
which were protected by the Tc. Conclusion: Tc enhances cognition (learning
and memory) in normal rats. Cyclosporine induced memory deficit was
successfully overcome by Tc.

Agarwal, S., P. Ramamurthy, B. Fernandes, A. Rath and P. Sidhu (2019). "Assessment

of antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of Tinospora cordifolia against
Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study." Dental Research Journal 16(1): 24-28.
Background: The antimicrobial property of Tinospora cordifolia has been
tested against a variety of microorganisms in the literature. The present study
aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of
commercially available T. cordifolia powder against Streptococcus mutans.
Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was undertaken in which extract of T.
cordifolia was obtained using 100% ethanol by maceration. Seven different
concentrations were prepared and tested against S. mutans in brain-heart
infusion agar medium. Plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 48 h, and
zone of inhibition was measured using Vernier caliper. 0.2% chlorhexidine and
dimethylformamide were used as positive and negative controls respectively.
The data were analysed by descriptive analytic tests. Results: The maximum
antibacterial activity of T. cordifolia was observed with a volume of 40 μl at 2%
concentration with a zone of inhibition of 19 mm. A 30 μl volume of 0.2%
chlorhexidine showed a zone of inhibition of 28 mm, and no zone of inhibition
was observed with dimethylformamide. Conclusion: Tinospora exhibited
antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. However, it needs to be confirmed
further with in vivo studies. © 2019 Dental Research Journal.

Agnihotri, A., K. Kumar, A. Srivastava and S. Bhadauria (2012). "Antibacterial potential

of Tinospora cordifolia against resistant human pathogenic bacteria." International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(SUPPL. 5): 146-147.
The antibacterial activity of various fruit and stem extracts of Tinospora
cordifolia was tested against four human pathogenic bacteria namely Bacillus

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cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia by using

paper disc agar diffusion method. The methanolic and aqueous fruit extracts
showed significant response to all the pathogens, while aqueous stem extract
showed poor activity against the tested bacterial pathogens. Thus, the present
study suggests that the aqueous and methanol fruit extracts were more active
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in comparison to stem aqueous extracts and can be used for the treatment of
various human diseases caused by the tested bacteria.

Agrawal, S. S., S. Naqvi, S. K. Gupta and S. Srivastava (2012). "Prevention and

management of diabetic retinopathy in STZ diabetic rats by Tinospora cordifolia and
its molecular mechanisms." Food and Chemical Toxicology 50(9): 3126-3132.
We investigated the potential of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) in treatment of
diabetic retinopathy in STZ-induced rats due to its antihyperglycemic,
angiogenic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. The diabetic rats,
treated for 24. weeks with TC extract (250. mg/kg), were evaluated for
lenticular and fundus changes. Biochemical parameters were estimated and
histopathological studies performed. TC significantly reduced blood glucose
and glycated hemoglobin in treated rats. It prevented cataract development in
treated group. Angiogenic markers VEGF and PKC increased in diabetic retina,
which reduced significantly with TC. Anti-inflammatory parameters TNF-α and
IL-1β elevated in diabetic group unlike that in treated group. TC also provided
defense against depletion of antioxidant enzymes- glutathione and catalase.
Histopathological studies revealed thickening of basement membrane of the
retinal and glomerular vasculature of diabetic rat, but no basement membrane
widening was seen in treated animals. Destruction of pancreatic islet structure
was observed in diabetic group, but not in treated. Thus, TC reduces blood
glucose and inhibits overexpression of angiogenic and inflammatory
mediators, which are distinct markers of diabetic retinopathy. It also prevents
retinal oxidative stress and restores antioxidant enzyme levels. These data
provide evidence for the safety and potential effect of TC in the management
of experimental diabetic retinopathy. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Agrawala, S. (2005). "Advancements in herbal animal health care products with

special reference to immune-modulation." Phytomedica 6: 1-6.

Agrawala, S. K., S. Chatterjee and S. K. Misra (2001). "Immune-potentiation activity of

a polyherbal formulation "Immu-21" (research name)." Phytomedica 2(1-2): 1-13.

Aher, V. and A. K. Wahi (2012). "Biotechnological approach to evaluate the

immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem (mango
plant climber)." Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 11(3): 863-872.
The present study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity
of the ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae) stem

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(climbing shrub, mango plant) at cellular level. For antioxidant study, the liver
mitochondria were separated and the concentration of enzymes like lipid
peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide
Dismutase (SOD) were estimated; melatonin secretion characterization was
carried out through SDS-PAGE. The spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay was
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performed through measuring its optical density at 570 nm using Elisa Reader.
The cytokines viz. IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α expression in spleen cells were
determined through Real Time PCR. Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) ethanolic extract
(100 mg/Kg/p.o.) increased the level of liver mitochondrial enzymes like GSH,
CAT and SOD but decreased the level of LPO in liver as compared to the
vehicle, SRBC and cyclophosphamide-treated groups. The secretion of
melatonin via pineal gland was enhanced with Tc treatment. The extract also
increased the spleen lymphocyte proliferation. In RT-PCR analysis, the
expression of cytokines viz. IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α was more in Tc-treated
animals than vehicle and cyclophosphamide treatment. Hence, the study
confirms the immunomodulatory activity of Tc stem through altering the
concentration of antioxidant enzymes, increasing T and B cells and antibody
which play an important role in immunity, enhancing the concentration of
melatonin in pineal gland and increasing the level of cytokines like IL-2, IL-10
and TNF-α which plays an important role in immunity. © 2012 by School of
Pharmacy.

Ahmad, F., M. Ali and P. Alam (2010). "New phytoconstituents from the stem bark of
Tinospora cordifolia Miers." Natural Product Research 24(10): 926-934.
The phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Tinospora cordifolia
Miers (Menispermaceae) has afforded four new compounds, named
tinosporafuranol, tinosporafurandiol, tinosporaclerodanol, and
tinosporaclerodanoid, along with β-sitosterol, and their stereostructures have
been elucidated correspondingly as 4-seco-cleroda-19-ol-13-furanoid, 4-
seco-cleroda-6-en-18,19- diol-13-furanoid, cleroda-1(10)-en-6β-ol and
cleroda-1-one-2-en-11β, 15,16,18-tetraol-12,19-olide on the basis of spectral
data analyses and chemical reactions. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

Ahmad, M., M. A. Khan, M. Zafar and S. Sultana (2007). "Treatment of common

ailments by plant-based remedies among the people of district Attock (Punjab) of
northern Pakistan." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative
Medicines 4(1): 112-120.
District Attock is one of the resource-based areas of medicinal plants in the
north of Punjab province of Pakistan. The local people of the area have always
used medicinal plants for their common ailments by traditional methods.
Indigenous knowledge of local people about medicinal plants is directly linked
to their culture and history. It is therefore felt worthwhile to record the
indigenous knowledge about the plant-based remedies. The present

11 
 
 

communication deals with the common diseases treated by plant based

remedies such as abdominal pain and worms, asthma, cough and bronchitis,
cold, flu, influenza, diabetes, diarrheoa, dysentery, digestive disorders, ear
infections and eye complaints. 25 species belonging to 25 genera were used
for common ailments. It was found that plant based remedies were used in
Page | 12 
effective prescriptions, which are simple, inexpensive, and acceptable among
the local inhabitants of the area.

Ahmad, S. M., S. B. Hoot, P. H. Qazi and V. Verma (2009). "Phylogenetic patterns and
genetic diversity of Indian Tinospora species based on chloroplast sequence data and
cytochrome P450 polymorphisms." Plant Systematics and Evolution 281(1-2): 87-96.
Based on morphology, the species status and taxonomic affinities of three
species of Tinospora (T. cordifolia, T. sinensis, and T. crispa) with ranges in
India, have been questioned. To evaluate species delimitation and population
structure among 40 accessions of the three species, a relatively new marker,
cytochrome P450, was used. Five out of nine primers generated
polymorphisms with 39 out of 47 bands polymorphic. The P450 binary data,
when analyzed using distance methods, strongly supported the monophyly of
each Indian species and were congruent with previous RAPD work. To further
investigate the status of these species, we combined P450 and RAPD data. The
resulting unrooted phylogram highly supports the monophyly of each species
but with little population structure within each species. To understand the
phylogenetic placement of the three Indian Tinospora species within
Menispermaceae, chloroplast atpB and rbcL sequence data for a large
sampling of the family were analyzed using likelihood and parsimony
methods. The resulting phylogenies highly support the Indian Tinospora
species as part of a clade (expanded Tinosporeae), consisting of diverse
Menispermaceae from around the world. The three Indian species are
monophyletic and are most closely related to Tinospora species from Australia
(T. esiangkara and T. smilacina). © Springer-Verlag 2009.

Ahmed, F., F. Islam, N. Nahar, M. Ahmed, A. H. Rana, K. M. Hasanur Rahman, M. M.

Hossain and M. Rahmatullah (2012). "Assessment of bioactivity of Bangladeshi
medicinal plants using brine shrimp lethality assay." Advances in Natural and Applied
Sciences 6(8): 1325-1329.
Twenty six Bangladeshi medicinal plants used in traditional medicines were
evaluated for brine shrimp lethality toxicity. Different solvent extracts of
Trachyspermum ammi, Cissampelos pareira, Vetiveria zizanioides, Cassia
angustifolia, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cinnamomum tamala, Neolomarckia
cadamba, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus tricolor, Brassica juncea, Brassica
oleracea, Raphanus sativus, Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Elettaria
cardamomum, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Prunus cerasoides,
Chenopodium album, Spinacia oleracea, Symplocos racemosa, Terminalia

12 
 
 

chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Cyperus rotundus, Pterocarpus santalinus, and

Lagenaria siceraria were used in the study. Of the 26 plants tested, 20 plants
(76.9%) were toxic to brine shrimp (LC 50 &lt; 30 microg/ml). Among the
extracts screened, the ethanolic extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves and
methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis whole plants had the highest toxicity
Page | 13 
to brine shrimp (LC 50 = 0.06 microg/ml). The drug vincristine sulfate was
considered as reference standard.

Ahmed, S. M., L. R. Manhas, V. Verma and R. K. Khajuria (2006). "Quantitative

determination of four constituents of Tinospora sps. by a reversed-phase HPLC-UV-
DAD method. Broad-based studies revealing variation in content of four secondary
metabolites in the plant from different eco-geographical regions of India." Journal of
Chromatographic Science 44(8): 504-509.
This paper describes the separation and quantitation of important markers,
such as 20β-hydroxyecdysone, tinosporaside, cordioside, and columbin,
present in three species of Tinospora viz, T. cordifolia, T. malabrica, and T.
crispa. A reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-
UV-diode array detection (DAD) method employing gradient elution is thus
developed. The marker compounds isolated from 70% ethanolic extract of T.
cordfolia by repeated column chromatography are identified on the basis of
1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. The compounds are separated on
a RP (RP-18, 5 μm, 250 x 4.6-mm i.d.) column using water-acetonitrile gradient
and are detected by the HPLC-UV-DAD method. The calibration curves that
result from marker compounds in the concentration range of 100-2000 ng on
column exhibit a good correlation (r2 ≥ 0.99978). The method is successfully
applied to separate and study the content of four marker compounds in 40
different accessions of three Tinospora species collected from different
regions of India. The studies reveal that the maximum amount of the marker
compounds is present in Tinospora cordifoliaspecies, especially from
accessions collected from higher altitudes of the Jammu province (North
India).

Ain, M. R., S. Akhter, S. Alam and R. Ali (2009). "Phytopharmaceuticals: An extensive

review." Pharmaceutical Reviews 7(4).

Akhila, A., K. Rani and R. S. Thakur (1991). "Biosynthesis of the clerodane furano-
diterpene lactone skeleton in Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 30(8): 2573-2576.
The isotope ratios in cis-clerodane furanoditerpene lactones labelled from
[4R-3H1, 2-14C]MVA suggested two 1,2-hydrogen shifts and two 1,2-methyl
shifts during the formation ofthe ring system of these diterpenes. Chemical
degradation of clerodane diterpenoids radiolabelled from [2-14C]MVA
revealed that the gem-methyls of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP)
retained their identity during the cyclization. © 1991.

13 
 
 

Akhtar, M. S. (1985). "Pharmacological significance of plants and herbs used in

islamic medicine." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 35(1): 28-34.

Akhtar, M. S., Z. Ahmad and V. V. Ramamurthy (2010). "Description of two new

Page | 14 
species of microgastrini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from India." Zootaxa(2608): 57-
62.
Parapanteles sireeshaae Ahmad et Akhtar, sp. nov., is described from Bapatla,
Andhra Pradesh, India. Specimens of the new species were reared from
Hyposidra successaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on Tinospora cordifolia
(Ranunculales: Menispermaceae) in betel vine garden. The new species is
distinguished from P. masoni Austin et Dangerfield by the punctation on
coxae and anterior diagonal carina of propodeum. Pholetesor hayati Akhtar,
sp. nov., is described from Jammu and Kashmir, India and distinguished from
P. salalicus (Mason) by the size of frons, sculpture on tergite II and smooth
tergite III. The Pholetesor is recorded for the first time from the Oriental
region. Copyright © 2010, Magnolia Press.

Akhtar, S. (2010). "Use of Tinospora cordifolia in HIV infection." Indian Journal of

Pharmacology 42(1): 57.

Akram, M., A. Hamid, A. Khalil, A. Ghaffar, N. Tayyaba, A. Saeed, M. Ali and A. Naveed
(2014). "Review on medicinal uses, pharmacological, phytochemistry and
immunomodulatory activity of plants." International Journal of Immunopathology
and Pharmacology 27(3): 313-319.
Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine.
Researchers have discovered some important compounds from plants. The
present work constitutes a review of the medicinal plants whose
immunomodulant activity has been proven. We performed PUBMED, EMBASE,
Google scholar searches for research papers of medicinal plants having
immunomodulant activity. Medicinal plants used by traditional physicians or
reported as having immunomodulant activity include Acacia concocinna,
Camellia sinensis, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Piper longum Linn, Gelidium amansii,
Petroselinum crispum, Plantago major and Allium sativum. Immunomodulant
activities of some of these medicinal plants have been investigated. The
medicinal plants documented have immunomodulant activity and should be
further investigated via clinical trial.

Akram, M. and A. Nawaz (2017). "Effects of medicinal plants on alzheimer’s disease

and memory deficits." Neural Regeneration Research 12(4): 660-670.
Alzheimer’s disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by memory deficits. Various studies have been carried out to
find therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease. However, the proper

14 
 
 

treatment option is still not available. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease,
but symptomatic treatment may improve the memory and other dementia
related problems. Traditional medicine is practiced worldwide as memory
enhancer since ancient times. Natural therapy including herbs and medicinal
plants has been used in the treatment of memory deficits such as dementia,
Page | 15 
amnesia, as well as Alzheimer’s disease since a long time. Medicinal plants
have been used in different systems of medicine, particularly Unani system of
medicines and exhibited their powerful roles in the management and cure of
memory disorders. Most of herbs and plants have been chemically evaluated
and their efficacy has also been proven in clinical trials. However, the
underlying mechanisms of actions are still on the way. In this paper, we have
reviewed the role of different medicinal plants that play an important role in
the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits using conventional
herbal therapy. © 2017, Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

Alajmi, M. F., A. Hussain and P. Alam (2017). "Concurrent analysis of the biologically
active markers β-amyrin and β-sitosterol by applying a validated high-performance
thin-layer chromatography method In the aerial parts of tinospora cordifolia and
calotropis gigantia." Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC 30(3): 175-180.
In this study, we have developed a validated high-performance thin-layer
chromatography (HPTLC) method for the concurrent estimation of the
biomarkers β-amyrin and β-sitosterol in di-chloromethane and ethanol
extracts of the aerial parts of Tinospo-ra cordifolia (TCDC and TCET) and
Calotropis gigantia (CGDC and CGET). Chromatographic estimations were
carried out on HPTLC (glass-backed silica gel 60 F 254 ) plates with solvents
hexane and ethyl acetate in the ratio of 7.5:2.5, v/v (as the mobile phase). Post
development, the plate was derivatized with p-anisaldehyde reagent to furnish
compact spots of β-amyrin and β-sitosterol and scanned at λ max = 530 nm.
Well-resolved, compact as well as intense peaks of β-sitosterol (R = 0.26 ±
0.001) and β-amyrin (R = 0.39 ± 0.001) were found. The linear regression
equation and the correlation coefficient square (r 2 ) forβ-amyrin (Y = 6.118x +
460.76 and 0.9959) and β-sitosterol (Y = 7.109x + 1069.1 and 0.9967) in the
concentration range of 100-1400 ng spot -1 indicated good linear
relationship. The low values of the percent relative standard deviation (% RSD)
for intra-day and inter-day precisions for β-amyrin (1.003-1.148 and 0.993-
1.105) and β-sitosterol (0.578-0.969 and 0.513-0.813) suggested that the
method is precise. The % recovery and % RSD values were found to be 98.42-
99.29% and 1.103-2.103, respectively, for β-amyrin and 98.33-99.39% and
1.375-2.346, respectively, for β-sitosterol, which confirms the good accuracy of
the proposed method. The quantity of β-amyrin in TCDC, CGDC, TCET, and
CGET was found to be 70.14, 10.76, 4.85, and 0.87 μg mg -1 , respectively, of
the dried weight of the extracts, while the β-sitosterol content was found to
be 19.4, 18.5, 1.18, and 0.27 μg mg -1 , respectively. The highest quantity of β-

15 
 
 

amyrin and β-sitosterol in the dichloromethane fractions of T. cordifolia and C.

gigantia validated the wide range of their proved activities including
antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective features. The above developed
method can be further employed in the analysis of these markers in marketed
preparations. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Page | 16 

Alajmi, M. F., R. A. Mothana, A. J. Al-Rehaily and J. M. Khaled (2018).

"Antimycobacterial Activity and Safety Profile Assessment of Alpinia galanga and
Tinospora cordifolia." Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
2018.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a common deadly infectious disease and worldwide
a major health problem. The current study was therefore designed to
investigate the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of different extracts of
Alpinia galanga and Tinospora cordifolia. Moreover, a safety assessment for
both plants was carried out. Dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts of each
plant were examined against H37Rv INH-sensitive and resistant INH strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The safety assessment of both plants has been
performed through in vivo acute and chronic toxicity studies in animal model.
Body weight, food consumption, water intake, organ's weight, and
haematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum were
evaluated. The extracts of A. galanga and T. cordifolia produced significant
and dose-dependent inhibitory activity with maximum effect of 18-32% at 50
μg/ml against both strains of M. tuberculosis. No effect on the body weight or
food and water consumption was observed but A. galanga caused significantly
an increase in the relative weight of the heart, liver, spleen, and kidney.
Haematological studies of both plants revealed a slight but significant fall in
the RBC and WBC level as well as haemoglobin and platelets. In addition, A.
galanga extracts increased significantly liver enzymes and bilirubin and
glucose. © 2018 Mohamed F. Alajmi et al.

Alam, N., O. P. Agrawal, Rimpi, P. Alam, S. Agrawal, M. Kaushik, J. S. Dhari and O. P.

Sharma (2011). "Natural immunoenhancers." Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology 4(10): 1526-1532.
Natural Immunoenhancers are used to stimulate and maintain our immune
system. The basic use of Immunoenhancers is to keep us healthy and function
of our body normally in proper manner. There are so many Immunoenhancers
that are natural and synthetic in nature. Natural Immunoenhancers are mostly
preferred now days because they have less or negligible side effect chances
and because of naturally origin they are widely trusted and accepted by
peoples and patients. In this article we discuss several natural
Immunoenhancers which are very effective and widely used and also trusty.
Most of naturally origin Immunoenhancers are obtained from plants for
example Glycyrrhiza glabra and Withania somnifera and some of

16 
 
 

Immunoenhancers are obtained from animals like colostrum and vitamin D

from animal milk etc. This article gives brief view about the drug constituents
and their use and effect over body, and also origin of drug and their
constituent. Sometimes our body due to some physical factors like age, sex,
exercise climate, and surrounding starts responding negatively at this stage it
Page | 17 
is known as autoimmuno disorder. To prevent our body from autoimmuno
disorders we discuss use of various natural origin drugs. Naturally origin
immune enhancers are mostly found in our food chain but we are not well
aware of them. This article also helps us the immune enhancers present in our
diet. © RJPT All right reserved.

Alam, P., M. Ali, R. Singh, Madhurima, S. Ahmad and F. Shakeel (2009). "A validated
HPLC method for estimation of cordifolioside a in Tinospora cordifolia, miers and
marketed formulations." Journal of Chromatographic Science 47(10): 910-913.
A simple, economic, robust, reproducible, selective, and precise high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for estimation of
cordifolioside A in both 60% methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia and
marketed formulation is developed and validated in the present study. The
mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water (25:75%, v/v) give a sharp and
well-defined peak of cordifolioside A at the retention time of 9.52 ± 1.03 min.
HPLC estimation of cordifolioside A is carried out at wavelength of 210 nm
with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The linear regression analysis data for the
calibration curve shows good linear relationship with correlation coefficient of
0.997 in the concentration range of 0.5-50 μg/mL. The linear regression
equation is y = 29716x - 4417.4. The limit of detection and limit of
quantification are 0.18 and 0.55 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method is
validated for accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and robustness as per ICH
guidelines. The proposed method with high degree of precision and accuracy
is employed for the estimation of cordifolioside A in methanolic extract and in
formulation. Statistical analysis proved that the method is precise,
reproducible, selective, and accurate for the estimation of cordifolioside A.

Alam, P., M. Ali, R. Singh and F. Shakeel (2009). "Densitometric HPTLC analysis of
cordifolioside A in Tinospora cordifolia and commercial formulations." Acta
Chromatographica 21(4): 683-692.
A densitometric HPTLC method for analysis of cordifolioside A both in 60%
methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia and in a commercial formulation
has been established and validated. Cordifolioside A was separated on
aluminum-backed silica gel 60 F254 plates with chloroform-methanol 85:15
(%, v/v) as mobile phase. A compact band was obtained for cordifolioside A at
R F 0.52 ± 0.03. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were
20.12 and 60.36 ng per band, respectively. The highly precise and accurate

17 
 
 

method was used for analysis of cordifolioside A. © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó,

Budapest.

Alexander, C. P., C. John Wesly Kirubakaran and R. D. Michael (2010). "Water soluble
fraction of Tinospora cordifolia leaves enhanced the non-specific immune
Page | 18 
mechanisms and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus." Fish and Shellfish
Immunology 29(5): 765-772.
The present paper describes the effect of water-soluble fraction of the leaves
of the Indian medicinal plant, Tinospora cordifolia (Miers) on the non-specific
immunity and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Fish
were intraperitoneally injected with 0, 6, 60 or 600 mg kg-1 body weight, of
the water soluble fraction. The non-specific humoral (lysozyme, antiprotease
and complement) and cellular (production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species and myeloperoxidase) responses and disease resistance against
Aeromonas hydrophila were tested. All the doses of water-soluble fraction
tested, significantly enhanced the serum lysozyme, antiprotease and natural
haemolytic complement activities on most of the days tested. Similarly, all the
doses of water-soluble fraction used, enhanced the cellular myeloperoxidase
activity on all the days tested. The enhancement in the ROS and RNI
production by peripheral blood leucocytes was observed on almost all the
days tested, in most of the treated groups. All the doses of water-soluble
fraction when administered as a single or double dose gave protection in
terms of reduced percent mortality which is reflected in the increased Relative
Percent Survival (RPS) values. The results clearly indicate the
immunostimulatory and disease resistance properties of T. cordifolia leaf
fraction and so its potential to be used as an immunoprophylactic in finfish
aquaculture. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Ali, D. and H. Ali (2014). "Assessment of DNA damage and cytotoxicity of palmatine
on human skin epithelial carcinoma cells." Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry
96(6): 941-950.
The present investigation was carried out to examine the cytotoxic and
genotoxic effects of a Tinospora cordifolia crude methanolic extract
(palmatine) on human skin epithelial carcinoma cells (A431). T. cordifolia is
one of the indispensable medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic medicine for
treatment of various diseases and recommended for improving the immune
system. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation was carried out using A431
cells treated with different concentrations of palmatine. The duration of the
treatment was 24 and 48 hr. A cellular proliferative capacity test showed that
palmatine produced cytotoxicity in concentration- and time-dependent
manner. Further, palmatine induced significant intracellular reactive oxygen
species generation and elevated lipid peroxidation, as well as activities of
catalase and superoxide dismutase. DNA fragmentation analysis using the

18 
 
 

comet assay showed that palmatine induced genotoxicity in a concentration-

and time-dependent manner. Evidence indicates palmatine is capable of
induction of oxidative stress resulting in cell death and genomic instability. ©
2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

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Ali, H. and S. Dixit (2012). "In vitro screening of combined extracts of some medicinal
plants of indian origin for antioxidant and antibacterial activity." Asian Journal of
Chemistry 24(12): 5845-5847.
The use of natural products as medicine has been practiced from ancient time
in world. With an estimation of WHO that as many as 80 % of world's
population rely on herbal traditional medicines as their primary health care.
Based on local use of common diseases and ethnobotanical knowledge, an
attempt has been made to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial
activity of combined extracts of Aloe barbandesis (leaves), Tinospora cordifolia
(stem), Azadirachta indica (leaves) and Ocimum sactum (leaves). In this study
the combine extract of selected plant materials, were analyzed for their
antioxidant activity by peroxide value method and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
radical scavenging method along with the reference sample ascorbic acid. The
extract were further analyzed to determine their total phenolic content by
Folin-Ciocalteau method and total flavonoid content by Dowd method along
with the reference sample rutin and gallic acid respectively. The extract
exhibited significant antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content.
The combined extract also showed significant antibacterial activity against
Escherichia coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus cohni,
Klebsialla pneumonia. The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to
well diffusion method by using gram positive S. aureus, S. cohni and gram
negative E. coli, Klebsialla pneumonia, Proteus. The result indicated that the
combine extract had maximum antibacterial activity against, Staphylococcus
cohni compare to the other microorganism. The extract can be used
effectively for medication purposes.

Ali, H. and S. Dixit (2013). "Extraction optimization of Tinospora cordifolia and

assessment of the anticancer activity of its alkaloid palmatine." The Scientific World
Journal 2013.
Objective. To optimize the conditions for the extraction of alkaloid palmatine
from Tinospora cordifolia by using response surface methodology (RSM) and
study its anticancerous property against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Methods. The effect
of three independent variables, namely, extraction temperature, time, and
cycles was investigated by using central composite design. A single topical
application of DMBA (100 g/100 L of acetone), followed 2 weeks later by
repeated application of croton oil (1% in acetone three times a week) for 16
weeks, exhibited 100 percent tumor incidence (Group 2). Results. The highest

19 
 
 

yield of alkaloid from Tinospora cordifolia could be achieved at 16 hours of

extraction time under 40°C with 4 extraction cycles. Alkaloid administration
significantly decreases tumor size, number, and the activity of serum enzyme
when compared with the control (Group 2). In addition, depleted levels of
reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase and
Page | 20 
increased DNA damage were restored in palmatine treated groups.
Conclusion. The data of the present study clearly indicate the anticancer
potential of palmatine alkaloid in DMBA induced skin cancer model in mice. ©
2013 Huma Ali and Savita Dixit.

Ali, H. and S. Dixit (2013). "Infrared spectroscopic analysis of skin tumor of mice
treated with several medicinal plants." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 3(5):
405-408.
Objective: To evaluate the differences between cancerous tissue, drug treated
tissue and its corresponding normal tissue by infrared spectroscopic analysis.
Methods: Methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Aloe
barbandesis, Tinospora cordifolia and Triticum aestivum were assessed for the
isolation and purification of active compound. After that, combine crude and
combine isolated samples were prepared. Skin tumor was induced by topical
application of 7, 12-dimethyl benz (a) anthracene and promoted by croton oil
in Swiss albino mice. To assess the chemopreventive potential of different
drugs, it was administered at a concentration of 400 mg/kg body weight daily
up to 16 weeks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to
differentiate the drug treated tissues with the normal and cancerous tissue. In
the present study, spectra of different tissues were recorded in the range of
400-4000 cm-1. Results: The results of the present study have shown that the
remarkable difference exists between the IR spectra of normal, drugs treated
and cancerous tissue in terms of frequencies and intensities of prominent
bands of cellular biomolecules. Conclusions: Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy analysis suggests the chemopreventive effect of above treated
drugs and the best result was observed in combine crude sample and in
combine isolated sample or synergistic effect of individual crude and isolated
extract in 7, 12-dimethyl benz (a) anthracene croton oil induced skin
carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. © 2013 Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine
Press.

Ali, M., T. Isah, Dipti and A. Mujib (2015). Climber plants: Medicinal importance and
conservation strategies. Biotechnological Strategies for the Conservation of Medicinal
and Ornamental Climbers, Springer International Publishing: 101-138.
Climbing plants are groups of plants that often show unique horticultural uses
because of their beauty-imparting features. As the stems are weak, these
plants have evolved various climbing devices in order to support growth and
development. This climbing habit is predominantly seen in angiosperms and

20 
 
 

some members of ferns, and Gnetum is the only representative genus of

gymnosperm. Several families such as Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and
Dioscoreaceae are exclusively climbers, while over 50 species of families like
Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Calastraceae, and Apocynaceae are also of climber
types. Besides their aesthetic use, the plants are of high medicinal value as
Page | 21 
almost all contain pharmaceutically active bio-compounds like michellamines
A and B (anti-HIV properties) present in Ancistrocladus korupensis, various
saponins (Asparagus racemosus), diosgenin (Dioscorea deltoidea), colchicine
(Gloriosa superba), cordifolioside A (Tinospora cordifolia), momordin
(Momordica balsamina), protoberberine, syringin, shatavarin I-IV, asparagine,
aglycones, etc. Many of these plants are widely used in folk and traditional
medicines. The prevalence of diseases and high cost of modern Medicare
coupled with increasing load of human population across the globe have
resulted in overexploitation of plants/climbers with extinction possibilities. A
large number of plants including the above have already been endangered.
Therefore, a balanced approach is needed in order to preserve germplasm of
climbers for future uses. The application of biotechnological interventions and
ex situ conservation approaches like in vitro cryopreservation and
setting/strengthening germplasm or seed banks have opened a new vista for
preservation of climbers. In this chapter, the history, distribution, and
medicinal applications of select climbers have been discussed. Different
conservation strategies have also been described in climbers, keeping various
challenges in mind to its success. © Springer International Publishing
Switzerland 2016.

Alsuhaibani, S. and M. A. Khan (2017). "Immune-stimulatory and therapeutic activity

of tinospora cordifolia: Double-edged sword against salmonellosis." Journal of
Immunology Research 2017.
The present study was aimed at determining the activity of aqueous and
methanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (AETC and METC) against
Salmonella typhimurium. In vitro anti-Salmonella activity of T. cordifolia was
determined through the broth dilution and agar well diffusion assays. The
immune-stimulating potential of AETC or METC was determined by measuring
the cytokine levels in the culture supernatants of treated murine J774
macrophages. Antibacterial activity of AETC or METC was determined by
treating S. typhimurium-infected macrophages and BALB/C mice. The toxicity
of AETC or METC was determined by measuring the levels of liver
inflammation markers aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase
(ALT) and antioxidant enzymes. Macrophages treated with AETC or METC
secreted greater levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β. METC showed greater
activity against S. typhimurium infection in macrophages and mice as well.
Treatment with METC resulted in increased survival and reduced bacterial load
in S. typhimurium-infected mice. Moreover, METC or AETC treatment reduced

21 
 
 

the liver inflammation and rescued the levels of antioxidant enzymes in S.

typhimurium-infected mice. The results of the present study suggest that the
use of T. cordifolia may act as a double-edged sword in combating
salmonellosis. © 2017 Sultan Alsuhaibani and Masood A. Khan.

Page | 22 
Amane, H., S. Kaore and N. Kaore (2014). "In vitro study of antimicrobial properties of
tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 5(1):
P747-P753.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of
Tinospora cordifolia extracts against three standard ATCC strains of
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The
efficacy of extract was measured in terms of Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and zone of
inhibition (mm). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous as well as ethanolic extracts
were tested in vitro using standard microbroth dilution method with double
dilution, against ATCC strains of E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa for determination of MIC. MBC values were
determined by subculture on standard solid media. The Kirby Bruer's Disk
Diffusion Method was then used to observe the zones of inhibition to a range
of concentration at MIC values with other broad spectrum antibiotics. Both
aqueous and ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed activity against
standard ATCC strains of E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in vitro at very high concentrations. Further studies are required to
explore the antimicrobial efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia against clinical
isolates.

Amin, Z. and S. P. Hidayat (2017). "Promising herbals as adjunctive to standard

antituberculosis therapy." Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development
8(2): 220-225.
Background: Using ‘STOP TB’ strategy, World has succeed decreasing TB case
and mortality rate. Neverthless, both numbers remains high. By this study, we
aimed to find any natural products could be used as adjunctive tuberculosis
therapy in order to achieve better treatment result. Method: Review related
articles found from Pubmed, Google Scholar, cochrane, and personal
databases. Result: There was five natural products (Dzherelo, Curcumin,
Cathecin, Jawarish amla, and Chinesse herbal medicine) showed promising
result when used as adjunctive to standard antituberculosis therapy. Dzherelo,
curcumin, and CHM enhanced sputum conversion and improved lung lesions.
Dzherelo and cathecin reduced free radicals agent. All herbals, except CHM is
reported alleviating adverse antituberculosis drugs effects. Additionally,
dzherelo also could modulated humoral and cellular immune system.
Discussion: Inadequate drug regimens for treating TB cases, poor adherence
due to long duration of therapy and adverse drug reaction, and uncompetent

22 
 
 

immune system can lead to treatment failured. Using herbal products as

adjunctive tuberculosis therapy could improved tuberculosis treatment result.
Conclusion: As adjuvant therapy, dzherelo and curcumin products are superior
than others herbal products, but further investigation still needed. © 2017,
Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.
Page | 23 

Amir, M., M. A. Dar, Wahiduzzaman, A. Islam, F. Ahmad and M. Imtaiyaz Hassan

(2016). "Purification and characterization of RGA2, a Rho2 GTPase-activating protein
from Tinospora cordifolia." 3 Biotech 6(1).
Rho GTPases activating protein 2 (RGA2) is primarily involved in the
modulation of numerous morphological events in eukaryotes. It protects
plants by triggering the defense system which restricts the pathogen growth.
This is the first report on the isolation, purification and characterization of
RGA2 from the stems of Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plant. The RGA2 was
purified using simple two-step process using DEAE-Hi-Trap FF and Superdex
200 chromatography columns, with a high yield. The purity of RGA2 was
confirmed by SDS-PAGE and identified by MALDI-TOF/MS. The purified
protein was further characterized for its secondary structural elements using
the far-UV circular dichroism measurements. Our purification procedure is
simple two-step process with high yield which can be further used to produce
RGA2 for structural and functional studies. © 2016, The Author(s).

Amir, M., M. A. Haque, Wahiduzzaman, M. A. Dar, A. Islam, F. Ahmad and M. I. Hassan

(2016). "Purification and characterization of oligonucleotide binding (OB)-fold
protein from medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Chromatography B:
Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 1008: 38-44.
The oligonucleotide binding fold (OB-fold) is a small structural motif present
in many proteins. It is originally named for its oligonucleotide or
oligosaccharide binding properties. These proteins have been identified as
essential for replication, recombination and repair of DNA. We have
successfully purified a protein contains OB-fold from the stem of Tinospora
cordifolia, a medicinal plants of north India. Stems were crushed and
centrifuged, and fraction obtained at 60% ammonium sulphate was
extensively dialyzed and applied to the weak anion exchange chromatography
on Hi-Trap DEAE-FF in 50mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0. Eluted fractions were
concentrated and applied to gel filtration column to get pure protein. We
observed a single band of 20-kDa on SDS-PAGE. Finally, the protein was
identified as OB-fold by MALDI-TOF. The purified OB-fold protein was
characterized for its secondary structural elements using circular dichroism
(CD) in the far-UV region. Generally the OB-fold has a characteristic feature as
five-stranded beta-sheet coiled to form a closed beta- barrel. To estimate its
chemical stability, guanidinium chloride-induced denaturation curve was
followed by observing changes in the far-UV CD as a function of the

23 
 
 

denaturant concentration. Analysis of this denaturation curve gave values of

8.90±0.25kcalmol-1 and 3.78±0.18M for δGD° (Gibbs free energy change at
25°C) and Cm (midpoint of denaturation), respectively. To determine heat
stability parameters of OB-fold protein, differential scanning calorimetry was
performed. Calorimetric values of δGD°, Tm (midpoint of denaturation), δHm
Page | 24 
(enthalpy change at Tm), and δCp (constant-pressure heat capacity change)
are 9.05±0.27kcalmol-1, 85.2±0,3°C, 105±4kcalmol-1 and 1.6±0.08kcalmol-
1K-1. This is the first report on the isolation, purification and characterization
of OB-fold protein from a medicinal plant T. cordifolia. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Amir, M., Wahiduzzaman, M. A. Dar, M. A. Haque, A. Islam, F. Ahmad and M. I. Hassan

(2016). "Purification and characterization of Ras related protein, Rab5a from
Tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 82: 471-
479.
Ras related protein (Rab5a) is one of the most important member of the Rab
family which regulates the early endosome fusion in endocytosis, and it also
helps in the regulation of the budding process. Here, for the first time we
report a simple and reproducible method for the purification of the Rab5a
from a medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. We have used weak cation-
exchange (CM-Sepharose-FF) followed by gel-filtration chromatography. A
purified protein of 22-kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE which was identified as
Rab5a using MALDI-TOF/MS. Our purification procedure is fast and simple
with high yield. The purified protein was characterized using circular dichroism
for the measurement of secondary structure followed by GdmCl- and urea-
induced denaturation to calculate the values of Gibbs free energy change
(δGD), δGD°, midpoint of the denaturation Cm, i.e. molar GdmCl [GdmCl] and
molar urea [Urea] concentration at which δGD=0; and m, the slope
(=∂δGD/∂[d]) values. Furthermore, thermodynamic properties of Rab5a were
also measured by differential scanning calorimeter. Here, using isothermal
calorimeteric measurements we further showed that Rab5a binds with the
GTP. This is a first report on the purification and biophysical characterization
of Rab5a protein from T. cordifolia. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Anand Raj, L. F. and E. Jayalakshmy (2015). "A biogenic approach for the synthesis
and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles produced by tinospora cordifolia."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(8): 384-386.
Objective: The study mainly focuses on the preparation and characterization of
Zinc oxide nanoparticles using an aqueous stem extract of Tinospora
cordifolia. Methods: Zinc Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a biological
method using the stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia using Zinc acetate
dehydrate in the presence of Sodium hydroxide. The synthesized Zinc Oxide
nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM),
Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared

24 
 
 

Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: SEM results reveal that the shape of Zinc oxide
nanoparticles was spherical and the average size ranges from 37-42 nm. EDX
analysis provides the elemental composition of Zinc and oxygen present in the
ZnO nanoparticles. The weight percentage of Zinc, oxygen and carbon was
found to be 62.45, 28.82 and 7.51 respectively. Chemical bond formations
Page | 25 
were confirmed by using FTIR analysis. Conclusion: Thus the study suggests
that Tinospora cordifolia can be used for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles in
a simple, cost effective and an eco friendly way. It can also serve as an
alternative to conventional chemical method. © 2015, International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Anil Rege, A. A. and A. Sadashiv Chowdhary (2014). "Evaluation of Ocimum sanctum

and Tinospora cordifolia as probable HIV-protease inhibitors." International Journal
of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 25(1): 315-318.
Ethanol extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
Miers ex Hook. f. &amp; Thoms. were included for the present in vitro study.
Pepsin was used as a substitute for HIV-protease to evaluate inhibitory activity
of these extracts, as pepsin has close resemblance with HIV-protease in
proteolytic activity. Extracts of O. sanctum and T. cordifolia showed potent
inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 123.73 and 11.20 μg/ml respectively. In
our earlier study, these extracts exerted their anti-HIV activity via multiple
mechanisms of action; viz., interference with the gp120 / CD4 interaction and
inhibition of HIV-reverse transcriptase. In the present study, they also showed
potent inhibitory activity against pepsin enzyme, suggesting that they may be
useful as HIV protease inhibitors. The inhibitory activity could be attributed to
flavonoids and phenolic content respectively.

Anis, M. and M. Iqbal (1986). "Antipyretic utility of some Indian plants in traditional
medicine." Fitoterapia 57(1): 52-55.

Anita, M. K. Dubey, A. Khati and R. S. Chauhan (2016). "Immunostimulatory and

growth promoting potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) miers on fingerlings of
amur carp." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 54(10): 659-663.
The enhancement of immunity of fish through application of natural
immunostimulants would help in minimizing the risk of occurrence of diseases
in aquaculture. The present study was designed to evaluate the growth
promoting and immunostimulatory effect of Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia
(Thunb.) Miers ex Hook F. leaf powder in fingerlings of Amur carp (Cyprinus
carpio haematopterus Martens). The fingerlings were divided into four
treatment groups, T1, T2, T3 and T4. Experimental diets were prepared by
mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard cake, soybean meal and vitamin mineral
mixture. The leaf powder of T. cordifolia was incorporated into diets D2, D3
and D4 @ 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%, respectively. In control diet D1, leaf powder

25 
 
 

of T. cordifolia was not incorporated. T1 group fishes were fed with D1 diet, T2
with D2, T3 with D3 and T4 with D4 @ 5% body weight per day for 90 days.
Fingerlings fed with diet D4 achieved significantly improved Specific Growth
Rate (1), Feed Conversion Ratio (2.76), and Gross Conversion Efficiency (0.361)
as compared to the control and all other treatments (P &lt;0.05).
Page | 26 
Hematological and biochemical parameters, total leuckocyte count
(53.849×103/μL), total erythrocyte count (3.50×106/μL), hemoglobin
concentration (17.17%), total serum protein, albumin and globulin (12.35, 1.56
and 10.78 g/dL) in D4 diet fed fishes showed increase as compared to the
control and all other treatments (P &lt;0.05). The above research revealed that
Tinospora cordifolia leaf powder has significant growth promoting and
immunostimulatory potential in Amur carp raising. © 2016, National Institute
of Science Communication. All rights reserved.

Anju, K., L. Anitha Jegadeeshwari, D. Vidhya Lakshmi and N. Nagendra Gandhi (2018).
"A review on indian tribal plants and their biogenic properties." Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11(4): 43-49.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is considered to be nature-
friendly and risk-free to the ecosystem. India is copious in biodiversity; the
traditional medicine consists of the plant as a major component. The tribal
people who lived in the rural region are entirely dependent on the tribal plant
for their medical emergencies. These tribal plants have attracted the modern
drug industry to develop drugs which are economical with minimal side-
effects. The present study focuses on the tribal plants such as Aegle marmelos,
Andrographis paniculata, Acacia arabica, Ficus religiosa, Cassia auriculata,
Punica granatum, and Tinospora cordifolia used by the Bhilla, Irular, Dimasa,
Paliyan Sholaga, and Dantewada tribes of India for their antimicrobial activity.
Since these tribal plants are well known for its medicinal properties, the AgNPs
synthesized from these plants were found to have enhanced antimicrobial
activity than the pure plant extract. © 2018 The Authors.

Ansari, J. A., N. Rastogi, M. K. Ahmad, A. A. Mahdi, A. R. Khan, R. Thakur, V. K.

Srivastava, D. P. Mishra, N. Fatima, H. J. Khan and M. Waseem (2017). "ROS mediated
pro-apoptotic effects of Tinospora cordifolia on breast cancer cells." Frontiers in
Bioscience - Elite 9(1): 89-101.
The inevitable development of chemoresistance and unmanageable side
effects are the major therapeutic challenges in management of breast cancer
imposing an urgent need for identification of novel therapeutic agents. In the
present investigation, we report anti-proliferative activity of chloroform
fraction of Tinospora cordifolia (TcCF), an Ayurvedic medicinal plant, on breast
cancer cells. We found that TcCF inhibited growth of breast cancer cells, MDA-
MB-231 and MCF-7. More interestingly, we observed TcCF treatment
increased intra-cellular ROS levels, altered expression of pro and anti-

26 
 
 

apoptotic genes, decreased colony formation ability and induced apoptosis in

breast cancer cells. We also found that inhibition of ROS abrogated TcCF
induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells, emphasizing the role ROS in TcCF
induced breast cancer cell death. Furthermore, we identified the presence of
pharmacologically active compounds like rutin and quercetin which account
Page | 27 
for the anti-cancer property of TcCF against breast cancer cells. These data
show TcCF is a promising anti-cancer agent against breast cancer cells.

Antonisamy, P., M. Dhanasekaran, S. Ignacimuthu, V. Duraipandiyan, J. D. Balthazar, P.

Agastian and J. H. Kim (2014). "Gastroprotective effect of epoxy clerodane diterpene
isolated from Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Guduchi) on indomethacin-induced gastric
ulcer in rats." Phytomedicine 21(7): 966-969.
The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effect of epoxy clerodane
diterpene (ECD), isolated from Tinospora cordifolia on indomethacin-induced
gastric ulcer in rats. Administration of indomethacin exhibits extreme levels of
ulcer index (UI) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Indomethacin down
regulated PGE2, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and pro-angiogenic
factors (VEGF and EGF). The ECD pretreatment considerably increased the
levels of PGE2, anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors. The
ulcer-healing activity of ECD was inhibited by pre-administration of the
specific COX-1 inhibitor (SC560) and nonspecific NOS inhibitor (l-NAME),
which indicates the involvement of PGE2 and NOS in ECD induced ulcer
healing activity. These findings suggest that ECD exerts its antiulcer activity by
reinforcement of defensive elements and diminishing the offensive elements.
© 2014 Elsevier GmbH.

Anuj, S. A. and K. B. Ishnava (2013). "Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles

by using dried stem powder of Tinospora Cordifolia, its antibacterial activity and
comparison with antibiotics." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4(4):
P849-P863.
It is a well-known fact that silver nanoparticles are highly toxic to
microorganisms. So, nowadays the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver
nanoparticles is a major area of research in the field of nanobiotechnology.
The problem with most of the chemical and physical methods of silver
nanoparticles is that they are expensive and can also involve the use of toxic,
hazardous chemicals, which may pose biological and environmental risks. To
overcome this, the biological method provides a feasible alternative. But a
major drawback of using bacteria, algae and fungi to synthesize silver
nanoparticles is that it is very slow and the cell culture maintaining process
when in comparison with plant extracts. Hence, the use of plant materials to
synthesize silver nanoparticles becomes an option that is feasible. The
Tinospora cordifolia is an important medicinal plant. Recently, this plant also
used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In this present study, we have

27 
 
 

synthesized silver nanoparticles using Tinospora cordifolia dried stem powder

from 1mM aqueous silver nitrate. Utilizing the reduced property of stem
powder, silver nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature. The stem
powder extracts mixed with silver nitrate showed a gradual change in the
color of the extracts from yellow to dark brown. The formation of silver
Page | 28 
nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Energy dispersive
spectroscopy (EDAX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against antibiotic resistant bacteria
is very important characteristic of silver nanoparticles. When we compare the
silver nanoparticles with the antibiotics, it provides an idea about the
efficiency of silver nanoparticles.

Anushiravani, M., M. Bakhshaee, A. Taghipour, H. Naghedi-Baghdar, M. K. Farshchi, S.

S. Hoseini and M. R. Mehri (2018). "A systematic review of randomized controlled
trials with herbal medicine on chronic rhinosinusitis." Phytotherapy Research 32(3):
395-401.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease with evidence to show that
its incidence and prevalence are increasing. Medicinal plants are commonly
used to treat CRS. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness
and safety of herbal preparations for treatment of the patients with CRS.
Cochran, Embase, ISI, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched until
August 1, 2016. Only randomized controlled trials were included. Four
randomized controlled trials were included in this systematic review. Various
medicinal plants were studied in each article. Inclusion and exclusion criteria,
and outcome measures varied among different articles. The results of this
trials showed that this special medicinal plants may be effective in the
treatment of CRS. No serious reactions were reported during the
administration of herbal remedies in the 4 studies. However, trials with a well-
designed approach are needed to study the actual safety and efficacy of herbs
in the treatment of CRS. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Aranha, I., F. Clement and Y. P. Venkatesh (2012). "Immunostimulatory properties of

the major protein from the stem of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb, guduchi (Tinospora
cordifolia)." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139(2): 366-372.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), a widely used
plant in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine is well known for its
immunomodulatory activity; however, the presence of an immunomodulatory
protein (ImP) in guduchi has not been investigated. Materials and methods:
Guduchi ImP was purified from dry stem powder extract by anion-exchange
chromatography on Q-Sepharose. Characterization of guduchi ImP was
performed by SDS-PAGE, periodic acid-Schiff staining, HPLC, and
immunochemical analyses. Immunostimulatory activity was assessed by

28 
 
 

lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activation assays. Fresh guduchi

stem/leaf, guduchi satwa and guduchi capsules were also analyzed for the
presence of guduchi ImP. Results: Guduchi ImP was purified to homogeneity
from dry stem powder extract (∼150 mg protein per 100 g guduchi stem
powder) as a single chain acidic protein (25 kDa) without glycans; it was
Page | 29 
noticeably absent in guduchi leaf. Guduchi satwa and guduchi capsule
preparations also lacked this protein. Guduchi ImP showed ∼3-fold mitogenic
activity compared to untreated murine splenocytes in the 1-10 μg/mL
concentration range; 5-7-fold increase in mitogenic activity was seen in the
case of murine thymocytes vs. control. The purified protein also induced nitric
oxide production from macrophages present in isolated murine peritoneal
exudates cells. Guduchi ImP displays enhanced phagocytosis of yeast cells by
macrophages. Guduchi ImP does not possess hemagglutination activity
(towards rabbit and human erythrocytes of all blood groups) indicating that
the immunomodulatory protein is not a lectin. Conclusions: The confirmation
of an immunomodulatory protein in guduchi stem showing
lymphoproliferative and macrophage-activating properties reinforces the
rationale of the use of guduchi preparations in several Ayurvedic medicines
for immunomodulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an
immunomodulatory protein isolated from guduchi. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland
Ltd.

Aranha, I. and Y. P. Venkatesh (2018). "Humoral immune and adjuvant responses of

mucosally-administered Tinospora cordifolia immunomodulatory protein in BALB/c
mice." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine.
Background: In traditional medicine, guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is
considered as an adaptogen with immunomodulatory prowess. A 25 kDa
protein from guduchi stem has been characterized as an immunomodulatory
protein (ImP). Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrinsic
immunogenicity of guduchi ImP and adjuvant activity using ovalbumin (OVA)
as antigen in BALB/c mice. Methods: Mice were given guduchi ImP (30 and 60
μg) by intranasal administration to respective groups (n = 6) on days 1, 14 and
thereafter weekly till day 42. Immunogenic response was monitored by serum
IgG/IgA levels (days 14, 35 and 50). The adjuvant activity was measured by
serum anti-OVA IgG/IgA responses to administration of 30 μg OVA with
guduchi ImP. The effect of guduchi ImP on the spleen status was examined by
splenic weight (day 50). Results: Guduchi ImP administration displayed a
significant increase in anti-guduchi ImP IgG (5–7 fold) and anti-guduchi ImP
IgA (3–4 fold) on day 50 vs. control. Guduchi ImP showed a significant
increase in anti-OVA IgG (6–7 fold) and anti-OVA IgA (4–5 fold) on day 50 vs.
control. The splenic index of guduchi ImP group increased significantly in both
the immune and adjuvant response groups; however, the splenic index in the
adjuvant response group was markedly higher. Conclusions: The results

29 
 
 

indicate that guduchi ImP is a strong immunogen by itself and enhances the
immunogenicity of mucosally-administered antigen in BALB/c mice. Based on
the results of this animal study, it appears that guduchi ImP shows a potential
for future studies in humans. © 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore
and World Ayurveda Foundation
Page | 30 

Archana, S. Jatawa, R. Paul and A. Tiwari (2011). "Indian medicinal plants: A rich
source of natural immuno-modulator." International Journal of Pharmacology 7(2):
198-205.
Immuno-modulators play a key role in immunity of each animal in this world.
Almost all animals have their own system to produce different immuno-
modulators at different time. This review focuses on the use of a variety of
natural products/drugs in the enhancement and suppression of impaired
immune system under unfavorable conditions. The main accent of this review
is to emphasize on the need to evaluate the potential of Indian Ayurvedic
remedies as adjuvants to counteract side effects of modern therapies. This
study also highlights on the process involved in drug discovery from plant
extracts in India. The review assigned a brief discussion on past and present
scenario of herbal medicines in India with some important recommendations,
suggestions and future directions in this area of herbal medicines. © 2011
Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Arora, N., A. K. Banerjee and M. L. Narasu (2018). "Zika outbreak aftermath: Status,
progress, concerns and new insights." Future Virology 13(8): 539-556.
Zika, a neurotrophic virus belonging to Flaviviridae family of viruses and
transmitted by vector mosquitoes of Aedes species, took the world by storm
during its recent outbreak. Its spread to newer territories, unprecedented pace
of transmission, lack of existing therapeutic agents and vaccines and an empty
drug pipeline raised an alarm. Uncertainty about full spectrum of diseases and
its long-term consequences, newly discovered modes of transmission and
controversies over vector status of mosquito species like Culex
quinquefasciatus led to layers of complexity and presented new hurdles and
challenges in Zika virus research. This review summarizes the progress and
updates of efforts, concerns, financial burden and available resources in light
of newly acquired knowledge in Zika virus research. © 2018 2018 Future
Medicine Ltd.

Arora, N., K. Shah and S. Pandey-Rai (2016). "Inhibition of imiquimod-induced

psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice by herbal extracts from some Indian medicinal
plants." Protoplasma 253(2): 503-515.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune human skin disorder that is characterized by
excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, scaly plaques, severe inflammation
and erythema. The pathophysiology of psoriasis involves interplay between

30 
 
 

epidermal keratinocytes, T lymphocytes, leukocytes and vascular endothelium.

Increased leukocyte recruitment and elevated levels of cytokines, growth
factors and genetic factors like interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23,
tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor
(TGF)-β, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, signal transducer and activator of
Page | 31 
transcription (STAT-3), 15-lipoxygenase (LOX)-2, coiled-coil alpha-helical rod
protein 1 (CCHCR1), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and vitamin
D receptor (VDR) are the most critical factors governing the exacerbation of
psoriasis. In the present study, an attempt was made to elucidate the
preventive role of herbal extracts of four dermo-protective Ayurvedic plants,
Tinospora cordifolia (TC), Curcuma longa (CL), Celastrus paniculatus (CP) and
Aloe vera (AV), against psoriasis-like dermatitis. Parkes (P) strain mice were
initially induced with psoriasis-like dermatitis using topical application of
imiquimod (IMQ, 5 %), followed by subsequent treatment with the herbal
extracts to examine their curative effect on the psoriasis-like dermatitis-
induced mice. The extracts were orally/topically administered to mice
according to their ED/LD50 doses. Phenotypical observations, histological
examinations, and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
analyses of the skin and blood samples of the control, IMQ-treated and herbal
extract-treated psoriasis-like dermatitis-induced mice lead to the conclusion
that the combination extract from all the plants was instrumental in
downregulating the overexpressed cytokines, which was followed by the CL
extract. Moreover, lesser yet positive response was evident from CP and TC
extracts. The results suggest that these plants can prove to have tremendous
preventive potential against the disease and can open the way to new
therapeutic strategies for psoriasis treatment. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Wien.

Arora, R., R. Chawla, R. Marwah, P. Arora, R. K. Sharma, V. Kaushik, R. Goel, A. Kaur, M.

Silambarasan, R. P. Tripathi and J. R. Bhardwaj (2011). "Potential of complementary
and alternative medicine in preventive management of novel H1N1 flu (swine flu)
pandemic: Thwarting potential disasters in the bud." Evidence-based Complementary
and Alternative Medicine 2011.
The emergence of novel H1N1 has posed a situation that warrants urgent
global attention. Though antiviral drugs are available in mainstream medicine
for treating symptoms of swine flu, currently there is no preventive medicine
available. Even when available, they would be in short supply and ineffective in
a pandemic situation, for treating the masses worldwide. Besides the
development of drug resistance, emergence of mutant strains of the virus,
emergence of a more virulent strain, prohibitive costs of available drugs, time
lag between vaccine developments, and mass casualties would pose difficult
problems. In view of this, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
offers a plethora of interesting preventive possibilities in patients. Herbs
exhibit a diverse array of biological activities and can be effectively harnessed

31 
 
 

for managing pandemic flu. Potentially active herbs can serve as effective anti
influenza agents. The role of CAM for managing novel H1N1 flu and the mode
of action of these botanicals is presented here in an evidence-based approach
that can be followed to establish their potential use in the management of
influenza pandemics. The complementary and alternative medicine approach
Page | 32 
deliberated in the paper should also be useful in treating the patients with
serious influenza in non pandemic situations. © Copyright 2011 Rajesh Arora
et al.

Arora, R., D. Gupta, R. Chawla, R. Sagar, A. Sharma, R. Kumar, J. Prasad, S. Singh, N.

Samanta and R. K. Sharma (2005). "Radioprotection by plant products: Present status
and future prospects." Phytotherapy Research 19(1): 1-22.
The development of radioprotective agents has been the subject of intense
research in view of their potential for use within a radiation environment, such
as space exploration, radiotherapy and even nuclear war. However, no ideal,
safe synthetic radioprotectors are available to date, so the search for
alternative sources, including plants, has been on going for several decades. In
Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been
used to treat free radical-mediated ailments and, therefore, it is logical to
expect that such plants may also render some protection against radiation
damage. A systematic screening approach can provide leads to identifying
potential new candidate drugs from plant sources, for mitigation of radiation
injury. This article reviews some of the most promising plants, and their
bioactive principles, that are widely used in traditional systems of medicine,
and which have rendered significant radioprotection in both in vitro and in
vivo model systems. Plants and their constituents with pharmacological
activities that may be relevant to amelioration of radiation-mediated damage,
including antiemetic, antiinflammatory, antiosidant, cell proliferative, wound
healing and haemopoietic stimulatories are also discussed. Copyright © 2005
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Arumugam, M., S. Lulu, S. Kumari and N. V. D. Kumari (2013). "Computational

screening and evaluation of bioactive compounds against NS3 helicase of HCV."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(4): 370-376.
Objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem
worldwide causing both acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and end-stage
liver diseases. Non structural protein (NS), NS3 helicase which is necessary for
HCV replication is used as the potential target for the inhibition of the HCV.
The present study aims to investigate the inhibitory activities of the 24
different compounds from 11 plants against the NS3 helicase protein of HCV
using computational techniques. Methods: Docking, simulation and bioactivity
based screening has been applied to identify the better phytochemical(s) that
can act against hepatitis. The NS3 (PDB: 1HEI) protein is docked with 24

32 
 
 

phytochemicals of 11 various medicinal plants and subjected to the drug-

likeliness and bioactivity estimation. Results: The results reveal that tinospride
from, Tinospora cordifolia has shown better drug-likeliness, activity and
stability. Conclusion: A number of natural antiviral compounds have been
reported in the medicinal plants and tested for their efficacy in treating
Page | 33 
hepatitis. Thus by inhibiting NS3 protein one can not only prevent replication
but also circumvent the problem of viral resistance.

Arun, N., T. Murugasamy, P. Santhosh and S. Suganthi (2013). "A study on invitro
antiinflammatory activity of a polyherbal formulation using HRBC model."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(SUPPL 3): 305-310.
Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the role of the
methanolic extract of polyherbal formulation has powerful retardation effect
on phenyl hydrazine induced hemolysis. Methods: RBC has got the simplest
structure and can be used as a very good model to detect the direct effect of
a toxin on the cell membrane as well as protective effects by antidotes.
Destabilization of the cell membrane in RBC can lead to lysis of the cell and
release of haemoglobin in the medium. The extent of hemolysis can help us to
reveal the extent of toxicity. Results: The anti-hemolytic activity may be
because of the presence of Phytochemicals such as flavoniods and tannins,
which are believed to be potent antioxidants. The results of the present
investigation indicate that the possibility of employing the polyherbal
formulation extract as an antioxidant substance to ameliorate the oxidative
damage of cells. Conclusion: The extent of hemolysis is amelioriatiated by our
polyherbal formulation by 61.52%.at 500μg/ml.

Arun Sam Lal, A., P. Balakrishna Murthy and K. Sadasivan Pillai (2007). "Screening of
hepatoprotective effect of a herbal mixture against CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in
Swiss albino mice." Journal of Environmental Biology 28(2): 201-207.
The hepatoprotective potential of a herbal mixture was evaluated against CCl4
induced liver injury in Swiss albino mice. Liv 52, a commercially available
polyherbal hepatoprotective drug was evaluated for comparison. The potential
toxicity of the above herbal hepatoprotective agents was also compared. It
was observed that there was a reduction in the enzyme biomarkers (Aspartate
and Alanine Transaminase) of liver injury in the herbal mixture treated groups,
which was similar to the reduction initiated by Liv 52. An increase in
glutathione was observed in the herbal mixture treated groups and it was
assumed that the herbal mixture protects the liver by virtue of its antioxidant
nature along with high regeneration initiation potential. From the study it is
also concluded that the herbal mixture is safer than Liv 52. © Triveni
Enterprises.

33 
 
 

Arunvanan, M., S. K. Sasi, H. Mubarak and A. Kanagarajan (2013). "An overview on

anti diabetic activity of Siddha medicinal plants." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research 6(SUPPL. 2): 46-50.
Siddha system of medicine, one of the ancient medical systems has the great
potential of medicinal resources as repository since ages. Diabetes is a major
Page | 34 
lifestyle disorder, the prevalence of which is increasing globally. Diabetes
mellitus is compared with Madhumegam in Siddha literature. Most of the
contemporary drugs work on insulin metabolism and several metabolic
pathways to reduce hyperglycaemic conditions. The conventional Siddha
drugs works on the same platform through its basic principles. Siddha
medicinal plants which are having hypoglycaemic activity by involving various
metabolic pathways are taken in to account and considered for a review. This
process will create some new ideas in the avenue of research.

Arya, S. and J. Sharma (2010). "Modulation of radiation induced changes in nucleic

acid content of liver of Swiss albino mouse by tinospora cordifolia (miers)." Iranian
Journal of Radiation Research 8(3): 179-185.
Background: Radiotherapy is the main modality of cancer treatment. There are
many chemical radio-protectors which unfortunately have lethal or toxic
effect. Therefore the search is on to find out natural plant based
radioprotectors. A well known medicinal plant,which is more acceptable to the
body, Tinospora cordifolia, was tested in animal tissues against gamma
radiations. Radioprotective effects of Tinospora cordifolia (Miers) extract
against radiation induced biochemical changes in liver of Swiss albino mouse
were investigated. Materials and Methods: For experimental study, healthy
swiss albino mice were selected from an inbred colony and divided into six
groups and exposed to 6Gy and 8Gygamma radiation (control) or 6Gy and
8Gy gamma radiation with 5mg/ kg body weight of TC extract (experimental),
sham irradiated (Normal) and plant extract only. Mice were sacrificed at
various post irradiation intervals and liver was removed for quantitative
estimation of DNA and RNA. Results: On the first day post irradiation in
control group (6Gy and 8Gy both). DNA content decreased significantly as
compared to the sham irradiated controls. Then there was continuous increase
uptill 28th day but it remained below the normal.Decrease in DNA content of
liver in the experimental group (6Gy) was observed on 1st day but the values
were higher than that of the controls. RNA content increased in the control
animals treated with 6Gy and 8Gy which was maximum at day 3, followed by a
decrease at the subsequent intervals. Increase in the amount of RNA was
recorded in the experimental animals also. Then came down to the normal on
10th day in the experimental groups (P<0.01). Conclusion: These results
indicate that TC is able to protect nucleic acids the liver of Swiss albino mouse
against gamma radiation.

34 
 
 

Arya, S. and J. Sharma (2010). "Tinospora cordifolia (Miers) extract provides

protection against radiation induced alterations in intestinal mucosa of Swiss albino
mouse." Pharmacologyonline 1: 293-313.
Intestinal protection in mice against radiation injury by Tinospora cardifolia
(TC)(5mg/kg/body weight/day) was studied from day 1/4 to days 30 after
Page | 35 
whole body gamma radiation (6 Gy and 8 Gy). Villus length, goblet cells/villus
Section/crypt Section, total cell population/villus or crypt Section, mitotic
cells/crypt Section of jejunum are good parameters for the assessment of
radiation damage. There was significant decrease in the villus length, total cell
population and mitotic cells, whereas goblet cell count significantly increased
after irradiation. Tinospora cordifolia pretreatment resulted in a significant
increase in villus length, total cell population and mitotic cells, whereas goblet
cells were lesser than those which were irradiated without TC at each autopsy
day. The results suggest that Tinospora cordifolia pretreatment provides
protection against radiation induced alterations in intestinal mucosa of swiss
albino mouse.

Ashok, P. K. and R. Bijalban (2012). "Hepatoprotective herbal medicinal plants: An

review." Pharma Research 8(1): 148-155.
Liver injury is major health problems about more than 900 drugs implicated in
case of liver injury. Hepatotoxicity is caused by the alcoholic consumption,
toxic substances and certain drugs which produce injury to liver such as-
carbon tetra chloride, Thioacetamide, high doses of Paracetamol,
antitubercular drugs, chemotherapeutic agents and some of organic and
inorganic compounds etc. World health organization estimate that 80% of
total population used herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care
without any side effects. In the case of liver disease or severe liver damage,
most of the liver cells destroy Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver
cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages in
liver or turn into fibrotic state. Some hepatoprotective herbal medicines
prevent liver injury caused by hepatotoxicity. More herbal therapy to treat
various liver disorders .The Present review is aimed at compiling data on
different medicinal plants that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models
using modern scientific system.

Ashwini, S. and K. Girish (2014). "Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of

methanolic leaf extract of Coleus aromaticus benth." International Journal of
Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(4): 270-274.
In the present study, the aqueous extracts of seven plants such as Cassia
auriculata L., Coleus aromaticus Benth, Lawsonia inermis L., Mimosa pudica L.,
Phyllanthus niruri L., Tinospora cordifolia Miers., and Tribulus terrestris L., were
screened for their antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria like
Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Proteus

35 
 
 

mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus. The

antibacterial assay was performed by the agar-well diffusion method. Coleus
aromaticus, whose aqueous extract recorded antibacterial activity at 10
mg/ml, was subjected to methanol extraction and tested for the presence of
phytochemical compounds and also for antibacterial activity at different
Page | 36 
concentrations viz., 0.25 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 6
mg/ml, 8 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the
leaves extract revealed the presence of reducing sugar, protein, phenolic
compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and
terpenoids. Methanolic leaf extract of C. aromaticus showed moderate to high
activity against all the investigated bacterial pathogens. The results indicated
that the methanolic leaf extract of C. aromaticus is pharmacologically active
and is a good antibacterial agent. Further investigations are required on
isolation and characterization of the bioactive principle responsible for
antibacterial activity. © JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation.

Aslam, M. S., M. S. Ahmad, A. S. Mamat, M. Z. Ahmad and F. Salam (2016). "An update
review on polyherbal formulation: A global perspective." Systematic Reviews in
Pharmacy 7(1): 35-41.
Polyherbal formulation has been used all around the world due to its
medicinal and therapeutic application. It has also known as polyherbal therapy
or herb-herb combination. This article enlists some commercial and
noncommercial polyherbal formulation all around the world. The authors have
focused last six years of Publications on Polyherbal formulation in different
countries and found that India have topped among the number of
publications on polyherbal formulation followed by Nigeria, South Korea,
Pakistan and Bangladesh. List of other countries also mentioned on scientifc
contribution of polyherbal therapy. The authors have mentioned list of
publications on polyherbal formulation in the treatment of different diseases
are based on pharmacological activity in the year 2015 and found that most
polyherbal formulation found in the treatment of diabetes followed by an
antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anti-in?ammatory and anxiety disorder.

Asthana, J. G., S. Jain, A. Mishra and M. S. Vijay Kanth (2001). "Evaluation of

antileprosy herbal drug combinations and their combinations with dapsone." Indian
Drugs 38(2): 82-86.
The extracts of six herbal drugs stated to be antileprotic viz., Swertia chirata,
Tinospora cordifolia, Achyranthes aspera, Acacia catechu, Lawsonia inermis
and Nerium indicum have been tested against nine selected pathogens having
characteristics common to Mycobacterium leprae. Three active drugs selected
from above were screened against bacterial cultures using Tryptic Soy Broth
media individually and in combination with each other. Further each drug
extract and their combinations were screened in presence of dapsone. Swertia

36 
 
 

chirata is found to be superior in activity than other two drugs. The inter-
combinations have given better results than any one of the drugs alone.
Dapsone in combination with these drugs has shown improved antileprotic
activity.

Page | 37 
Atal, C. K., M. L. Sharma, A. Kaul and A. Khajuria (1986). "Immunomodulating agents
of plant origin. I: Preliminary screening." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18(2): 133-
141.
The immunobiological activity was investigated of certain medicinal plants
widely used in the Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for treatment of
chronic infections and immunological disorders. The effect of an ethanolic
extract of each drug was studied on delayed type hypersensitivity, humoral
responses to sheep red blood cells, skin allograft rejection, and phagocytic
activity of the reticuloendothelial system in mice. Picrorhiza kurroa was found
to be a potent immunostimulant, stimulating both cell-mediated and humoral
immunity. Tylophora indica, Aconitum heterophyllum and Holarrhena
antidysenterica appeared to stimulate phagocytic function while inhibiting the
humoral component of the immune system. Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum
gratissimum appeared to improve the phagocytic function without affecting
the humoral or cell-mediated immune system. Hemidesmus indicus
suppressed both the cell-mediated and humoral components of the immune
system. © 1986.

Atara, A. G., R. Manjusha, C. R. Harisha, P. Pandya and V. J. Shukla (2014).

"Pharmacognostical and physicochemical evaluation of Chitraka haritaki avaleha: A
compound Ayurvedic formulation." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Pharmacy 5(3): 274-279.
Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha is a Leha Kalpana (semisolid preparation of drugs,
prepared with addition of jaggery and boiled with prescribed decoction)
specifically indicated for oral use in treatment of nasal disorders in Ayurveda.
It is also indicated in various disorders like Kshaya (Pthisis), Kasa (Cough),
Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis/sinusitis), Krimi (Helminthiasis / Worm infestation),
Arsha (Haemorrhoids), Swasa (Asthma/dyspnoea) and Agnimandhya
(Digestive impairment). In this study, effort has been made to overcome from
the controversy regarding ingredients in the finished product of Chitraka
Haritaki Avaleha and attempted to standardize the final product as per
guidelines of API. In present study it has been used in Nasa Arsha (Nasal
Polyposis). The presence of tannins, parenchyma cells, fibers, starch grains,
pollen grains, acicular and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, rosette
crystals, stone cells etc. were the characteristic features observed in the
microscopy of prepared formulation. Physicochemical analysis showed that
Ash value was 2.5 % w/w, pH was 5.80, Loss on drying was 23.5 % w/w,

37 
 
 

Alcohol soluble extractive value was 69 %, Water soluble extractive value was
61 % and 97.49 % level of Total sugar in Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha.

Awasthi, M., S. Singh, S. Tiwari, V. P. Pandey and U. N. Dwivedi (2018). Computational

approaches for therapeutic application of natural products in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Page | 38 
Neuromethods, Humana Press Inc. 132: 483-511.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by deterioration of cognitive
functions and behavioral changes eventually leading to cell death and
dementia. Till date, several efforts have been made to analyze the causes,
symptoms, and cure of AD and also to identify biochemical changes and
pathogenesis of the brain affected with AD. Several attempts have been made
to treat AD by combined drug therapy directed against its various targets.
However, the side effects due to long-term administration of these drugs have
motivated attempts for development of a new generation of therapeutics
based on natural products. Drug discovery based on plant-derived natural
products has a long and successful history. To further enhance the
identification of novel drugs from natural sources, natural product research
has been increasingly combined with computer-aided drug design
approaches. This chapter reviews the recent advances in the application of
chemoinformatic methods to quantify the chemical diversity and structural
complexity of natural products and analyze their arrangement in chemical
space with respect to the treatment of AD. The computational approaches
involved in the whole drug discovery pipeline from target identification and
mechanism of action to identification of novel leads and drug candidates have
been depicted and discussed, with the aim to provide a general view of
computational tools and databases available. The advancement in virtual
screening has also been discussed to systematically identify bioactive
compounds from natural product databases, and the progress in target
identification methods has also been presented to discover molecular targets
of compounds from natural origin. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media
LLC.

Ayyanar, M. and S. Ignacimuthu (2008). "Pharmacological actions of Cassia auriculata

L. and Cissus quadrangularis wall: A short review." Journal of Pharmacology and
Toxicology 3(3): 213-221.
Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an
impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources,
many based on their use in traditional medicine. Therapeutically interesting
and important drugs can be developed from plant sources which are used in
traditional systems of medicines. Indian traditional system of medicine is
based on empirical knowledge of the observations and the experience over
millennia and more than 5000 plants are used by different ethnic communities
in India. The present communication constitutes a review on the medicinal

38 
 
 

properties and pharmacological actions of Cassia auriculata L. and Cissus

quadrangularis Wall. used in Indian traditional medicine. These plants are
known to contain various active principles of therapeutic value and to possess
biological activity against a number of diseases. © 2008 Academic Journals
Inc.
Page | 39 

Babu, P. S. and P. S. M. Prince (2004). "Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of

hyponidd, an ayurvedic herbomineral formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 56(11): 1435-1442.
Hyponidd is a herbomineral formulation composed of the extracts of ten
medicinal plants (Momordica charantia, Melia azadirachta, Pterocarpus
marsupium, Tinospora cordifoliá, Gymnema sylvestre, Enicostemma littorale,
Emblica officinalis, Eugenia jambolana, Cassia auriculata and Curcuma longa).
We have investigated hyponidd for its possible antihyperglycaemic and
antioxidant effect in diabetic rats. Rats were rendered diabetic by
streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg kg-1 body weight). Oral administration of
hyponidd (100 mg kg -1 and 200 mg kg-1) for 45 days resulted in significant
lowered levels of blood glucose and significant increased levels of hepatic
glycogen and total haemoglobin. An oral glucose tolerance test was also
performed in experimental diabetic rats in which there was a significant
improvement in blood glucose tolerance in the rats treated with hyponidd.
Hyponidd administration also decreased levels of glycosylated haemoglobin,
plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides, ceruloplasmin
and α-tocopherol in diabetic rats. Plasma reduced glutathione and vitamin C
were significantly elevated by oral administration of hyponidd. The effect of
hyponidd at a dose of 200 mg kg-1 was more effective than glibenclamide
(600 μg kg-1) in restoring the values to near normal. The results showed that
hyponidd exhibits antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activity in STZ-induced
diabetic rats.

Badar, V. A., V. R. Thawani, P. T. Wakode, M. P. Shrivastava, K. J. Gharpure, L. L.

Hingorani and R. M. Khiyani (2005). "Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic
rhinitis." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 445-449.
The efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) extract in patients of allergic rhinitis
was assessed in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Seventy-
five patients were randomly given either TC or placebo for 8 weeks. They were
clinically examined and Hb %, TLC, DLC and nasal smear was done. At the end
of trial baseline investigations were repeated, drug decoded and results
analyzed. With TC treatment 100% relief was reported from sneezing in 83%
patients, in 69% from nasal discharge, in 61% from nasal obstruction and in
71% from nasal pruritus. In placebo group, there was no relief in 79% from
sneezing, in 84.8% from nasal discharge, in 83% from nasal obstruction, and in
88% from nasal pruritus. The difference between TC and placebo groups was

39 
 
 

highly significant. TLC increased in 69% patients in drug treated group and in
only 11% with placebo. After TC, eosinophil and neutrophil count decreased
and goblet cells were absent in nasal smear. After placebo, decrease in
eosinophil and neutrophil count was marginal and goblet cells were present.
TC significantly decreased all symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Nasal smear
Page | 40 
cytology and leukocyte count correlated with clinical findings. TC was well
tolerated. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Badole, S. L., S. M. Chaudhari and A. A. Zanwar (2013). Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)

Miers. (Menispermaceae): Beneficial effect on skin diseases. Bioactive Dietary Factors
and Plant Extracts in Dermatology, Humana Press Inc.: 481-486.

Badruzzaman Siddiqui, M. and W. Husain (1994). "Medicinal plants of wide use in

India with special reference to Sitapur district (Uttar Pradesh)." Fitoterapia 65(1): 3-6.
The paper deals with seventeen medicinal plants used in abortion, asthma,
dysentery, fever, hydrocoel, gonorrhoea, menstrual cycle, bubo, tumour, piles,
puerperal fever, etc. in the Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Bafna, P. A. and R. Balaraman (2005). "Anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity of

Pepticare, a herbomineral formulation." Phytomedicine 12(4): 264-270.
Pepticare, a herbomineral formulation of the Ayurveda medicine consisting of
the herbal drugs: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Emblica officinalis and Tinospora
cordifolia, was tested for its anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity in rats. Effects
of various doses (125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) of Pepticare were
studied on gastric secretion and gastric ulcers in pylorus-ligation and on
ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. The reduction in ulcer index in
both the models along with the reduction in volume and total acidity, and an
increase in the pH of gastric fluid in pylorus-ligated rats proved the anti-ulcer
activity of Pepticare. It was also found that Pepticare was more potent than G.
glabra alone in protecting against pylorus-ligation and ethanol-induced
ulcers. The increase in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced
glutathione and membrane bound enzymes like Ca 2+ATPase, Mg2+ATPase
and Na+K+ATPase and decrease in lipid peroxidation in both the models
proved the anti-oxidant activity of the formulation. Thus it can be concluded
that Pepticare possesses anti-ulcer activity, which can be attributed to its anti-
oxidant mechanism of action. © 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Bafna, P. A. and R. Balaraman (2006). "Antioxidant activity of pepticare, a

herbomineral formulation, in experimentally induced renal and cardiac damage."
Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 6(1): 1-12.
Pepticare, a herbomineral formulation, was administered orally to rats at the
dose levels of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg to investigate its effect on
isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction and cisplatininduced renal

40 
 
 

damage. The drug reduced the levels of serum creatine kinase (CK), glutamic
oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and uric acid
in isoproterenol-induced cardiac damage. In cisplatin-induced renal damage,
Pepticare reduced the serum levels of creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen
(BUN) and uric acid. It was further found that administration of Pepticare
Page | 41 
increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced
glutathione (GSH), membrane bound enzymes like Ca 2+ ATPase, Mg 2+
ATPase and Na + K + ATPase and decreased lipid peroxidation (MDA) in heart
and kidney, respectively. Thus it can be concluded that Pepticare possesses
antioxidant activity and protects the heart and kidney from damage caused by
isoproterenol and cisplatin, respectively. © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All
rights reserved.

Bafna, P. A. and R. Balaraman (2011). "Effect of activit, a herbomineral formulation, on

experimentally- induced gastric lesions in rats." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science 1(10): 134-139.
Activit, a herbomineral formulation, containing extracts derived from Mucuna
pruriens, Withania somnifera, Argyreia speciosa, Centella asiatica, Tribulus
terrestris, Asparagus racemosus, Piper longum, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Nux
vomica, Tinospora cordifolia and Shring bhasma, was studied for its protective
effect against gastric lesions induced by ethanol and pylorus-ligation. The
formulation was tested at the doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body
weight (p.o.) in rats for its effect on various gastric and antioxidant
parameters. The reduction in ulcer index in both the models; along with the
reduction in volume and total acidity, and an increase in the pH of gastric fluid
in pylorus-ligated rats proved the anti-ulcer activity of Activit. The increase in
the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD),
catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH)] along with membrane bound
enzymes (Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ATPase and Na+K+ ATPase) and a decrease in
lipid peroxidation (MDA) in both the ulcer models by Activit demonstrated its
antioxidant effect. Thus it can be concluded that Activit possesses anti-ulcer
activity, which can be attributed to its antioxidant mechanism of action.

Bahadur, S., P. Mukherjee, S. Milan Ahmmed, A. Kar, R. Harwansh and S. Pandit

(2016). "Metabolism-mediated interaction potential of standardized extract of
Tinospora cordifolia through rat and human liver microsomes." Indian Journal of
Pharmacology 48(5): 576-581.
Objective: Tinospora cordifolia is used for treatment of several diseases in
Indian system of medicine. In the present study, the inhibition potential of T.
cordifolia extracts and its constituent tinosporaside to cause herb-drug
interactions through rat and human liver cytochrome enzymes was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Bioactive compound was quantified through reverse
phase high-performance liquid chromatography, to standardize the plant

41 
 
 

extracts and interaction potential of standardized extract. Interaction potential

of the test sample was evaluated through cytochrome P450-carbon monoxide
complex (CYP450-CO) assay with pooled rat liver microsome. Influence on
individual recombinant human liver microsomes such as CYP3A4, CYP2D6,
CYP2C9, and CYP1A2 isozymes was analyzed through fluorescence microplate
Page | 42 
assay, and respective IC 50 values were determined. Results: The content of
tinosporaside was found to be 1.64% (w/w) in T. cordifolia extract.
Concentration-dependent inhibition was observed through T. cordifolia
extract. Observed IC 50 (μg/ml) value was 136.45 (CYP3A4), 144.37 (CYP2D6),
127.55 (CYP2C9), and 141.82 (CYP1A2). Tinosporaside and extract showed
higher IC 50 (μg/ml) value than the known inhibitors. T. cordifolia extract
showed significantly less interaction potential and indicates that the selected
plant has not significant herb-drug interactions relating to the inhibition of
major CYP450 isozymes. Conclusions: Plant extract showed significantly higher
IC 50 value than respective positive inhibitors against CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9, and
1A2 isozymes. Consumption of T. cordifolia may not cause any adverse effects
when consumed along with other xenobiotics. © 2016 Indian Journal of
Pharmacology Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.

Bairy, K. L. (2002). "Wound healing potentials of plant products." Journal of Natural

Remedies 2(1): 11-20.
Wounds are perhaps, inescapable events in the life of an organism and at
times they are dangerous or even life threatening. In the management of
wound, control of pain, bleeding and infection have received due attention
and have been successfully dealt with. These achievements, together with
astounding advances in the surgical skill, and techniques, have greatly
improved the asthetics of wound scar. Yet there is a ring of truth in what has
been recently emphasized "the scope of surgery over the centuries has been
directly proportional to the degree to which we have been able to depend
upon repair and resistance to infection. Extensive screening of plants for
wound healing profile has shown some good results. These plant products
affect various phases (coagulation, inflammation, fibroplasia, collagenation,
epithelization and wound contraction) of healing alike or differently. This is
possible because various phases of wound healing are apparently
independent, but interlinked and run concurrently. Some plant products are
already in use. Isolation of active principles of these plants may provide the
basic nucleus upon which synthetic drugs can be produced. The selected and
careful use of these plant products may definitely help in better wound
management. Hence it is possible that, herbal remedies definitely hold hope
for the discovery of potent prohealers.

42 
 
 

Bairy, K. L., K. Roopa, S. Malini and C. M. Rao (2002). "Protective effect of Tinospora
cordifolia on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rats." Journal of Natural
Remedies 2(1): 49-53.
Objectives: To study the possible antiulcer effects of alcoholic extract of
Tinospora cordifolia in different animal models of ulcers. Methods and
Page | 43 
materials: The alcoholic extract of the whole plant was prepared and tested for
antiulcer activity at the dose of 400 mg/Kg PO in pyloric ligation, ibuprofen
and cold restraint induced gastric ulcer models. The effect of the extract was
compared with famotidine (3.6mg Kg PO). Besides, the effect was also
compared with misoprostal (7.2 μg/kg PO) in case of ibuprofen induced ulcer
model. The antiulcer effects of the drugs were assessed on the parameters
such as number, size and index of ulcers and the volume, acidity, and pH of
gastric juice. Result: The extract of Tinospora cordifolia, famotidine and
misoprostol significantly (p<0.05) reduced ulcer index in the models
employed. While the antiulcer effect of the extract was comparable to that of
the standard drugs in ibuprofen and stress induced ulcer models, its effect
was significantly (p<0.05) lesser than that of famotidine in pyloric ligation
method. Conclusion: Tinospora cordifolia possesses gastric ulcer protective
principles.

Bajpai, V., S. Kumar, A. Singh, N. Bano, M. Pathak, N. Kumar, S. Misra-Bhattacharya

and B. Kumar (2017). "Metabolic fingerprinting of dioecious Tinospora cordifolia
(Thunb) Miers stem using DART TOF MS and differential pharmacological efficacy of
its male and female plants." Industrial Crops and Products 101: 46-53.
Variations due to geographical location and dioecious nature have shown
implications in the chemical and pharmacological properties of medicinal
plants and their herbal products. Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most
important dioecious plant distributed throughout India and very widely used
in many herbal products and formulations. In this study a method combining
direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source coupled to high-resolution time-
of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer (MS) along with multivariate analysis was
developed and applied for metabolic fingerprinting and screening of the
major phytochemicals in this plant. Using this approach phytodiversity in
plants due to gender and geographical distribution were studied in T.
cordifolia stem cuttings without any processing. An aqueous/ethanolic stem
extracts of male and female T. cordifolia were also evaluated for
immunomodulatory activity in inbred strain of age and sex matched BALB/c
mice. A characteristic nine and sixteen marker peaks were respectively,
identified as gender and geographical markers for T. cordifolia stem. It also
discriminates the herbal and polyherbal formulations of T. cordifolia stem
using principal component analysis. Female plant stem extract caused a
significant up regulation in the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
cytokines and activated the peritoneal exudate cells leading to significant

43 
 
 

release in reactive oxygen species and enhanced the in vitro lymphocyte

proliferation than male stem extract. This finding underscore the importance
of gender in all dioecious medicinal plants where only vegetative parts are
used as a source of drug as the pharmacological activity may vary depending
on the sex of the plant used. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
Page | 44 

Bajpai, V., S. Kumar, A. Singh, J. Singh, M. P. S. Negi, S. K. Bag, N. Kumar, R. Konwar

and B. Kumar (2017). "Chemometric Based Identification and Validation of Specific
Chemical Markers for Geographical, Seasonal and Gender Variations in Tinospora
cordifolia Stem using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS Analysis." Phytochemical Analysis 28(4):
277-288.
Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia is a widely distributed medicinal plant used
in various traditional and commercial Ayurvedic formulations. Due to the wide
use of this plant it is important to know the extent of variability in the
metabolite profile resulting from geographical location, season and gender.
Objective: To develop a statistical approach based on phytochemical markers
for confident prediction of variations in metabolic profile and cytotoxicity due
to geographical, seasonal and gender difference in T. cordifolia stem.
Methods: A HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method was used for the metabolite profiling
of T. cordifolia stem. The data were analysed using chemometric methods
including Student's t-test, ANOVA, FA/PCA and ROC curve analysis and
validated for the identification of chemical variations. The bioactivity of
selected samples was also tested using a cell cytotoxicity assay to assess the
functional aspect of the phytochemical variability. Results: The chemometric
approach applied here identified marker ions for geographical locations (m/z
294.1139 and 445.2136), seasons (m/z 344.1482, 359.1501, and 373.1305) and
gender (m/z 257.1380) with 100% statistical sensitivity and specificity. An in
vitro cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that male T. cordifolia stem was the most
effective in inhibiting the growth of cancerous cell lines. Conclusions: The
developed and validated chemometric approach identified the analytical
markers for phytochemical variations in unknown T. cordifolia stem samples
from male or female plants and samples collected from different geographical
locations and seasons. The results are supported by comparative cytotoxic
activity data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bajpai, V., A. Singh, P. Chandra, M. P. S. Negi, N. Kumar and B. Kumar (2016). "Analysis
of phytochemical variations in dioecious Tinospora cordifolia stems using
HPLC/QTOF MS/MS and UPLC/QqQLIT-MS/MS." Phytochemical Analysis 27(2): 92-
99.
Introduction The stem of dioecious Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is a
commonly used traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India having several
therapeutic properties. Objective To develop and validate LC-MS methods for

44 
 
 

the identification and simultaneous quantitation of various secondary

metabolites and to study metabolomic variations in the stem of male and
female plants. Methods Ethanolic extract of stems were analysed by HPLC/ESI-
QTOF-MS/MS for rapid screening of bioactive phytochemicals. High resolution
MS and MS/MS in positive ESI mode were used for structural investigation of
Page | 45 
secondary metabolites. An UPLC/ESI-QqQLIT-MS/MS method in MRM mode
was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of five
bioactive alkaloids. Results Identification and characterisation of 36
metabolites including alkaloids, sesquiterpenes and phytoecdysteroids were
performed using LC-MS and MS/MS techniques. The bioactive alkaloids such
as jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, isocorydine, palmatine and tetrahydropalmatine
were successfully quantified in male and female plants. The mean abundances
of magnoflorine jatrorrhizine, and oblongine were significantly (P &lt; 0.05)
higher in male plants while mean abundances of tetrahydropalmatine,
norcoclaurine, and reticuline were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in female
plants. Conclusions Phytochemicals in the stem of male and female Tinospora
cordifolia showed significant qualitative and quantitative variations. LC-MS
and MS/MS methods can be used to differentiate between male and female
plants based on their chemical profiles and quantities of the marker bioactive
alkaloids. This chemical composition difference was also evident during
vegetative stage when there were no male and female flowers. Copyright ©
2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bakrania, A. K., S. Nakka, B. C. Variya, P. V. Shah and S. S. Patel (2017). "Antitumor

potential of herbomineral formulation against breast cancer: Involvement of
inflammation and oxidative stress." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 55(10):
680-687.
Breast cancer, the most frequently diagnosed cancer is a leading cause of
death in females worldwide. Here, we evaluated the effect of herbomineral
formulation [Cruel capsule (CC), an ayurvedic proprietary medicine] on DMBA-
induced mammary carcinogenesis in rat. Fifty days postpartum female
Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into control, control treated with
herbomineral formulation (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.), disease control, disease
treated with herbomineral formulation (30mg/kg/day,p.o.). Breast cancer was
induced by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (60 mg/kg, p.o). Animals were
palpated twice weekly for the incidence and tumor size. After 48 h of last
dose, blood was collected for estimations of LDH, GGT, C-RP & ESR. Animals
were sacrificed and tumors isolated for histopathological examinations and
antioxidant studies. Treatment with formulation showed significantly
decreased LDH, GGT, CRP & ESR compared to disease control group.
Histopathological examinations showed hyperplastic and well demarcated
tubular inflammation which was improved by treatment with the formulation.
Treatment also showed significant decrease in MDA and increase in GSH and

45 
 
 

SOD levels in breast homogenate as compared to the disease control group.

From the present investigations, we can conclude that the herbomineral
formulation (CC) inhibits the tumor progression and the mechanism for the
chemopreventive potential of formulation may be due to its anti-
inflammatory, antiangiogenic and antioxidant potential. © 2017, National
Page | 46 
Institute of Science Communication. All rights reserved.

Bala, M., K. Pratap, P. K. Verma, B. Singh and Y. Padwad (2015). "Validation of

ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and
immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC."
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 175: 131-137.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f.
& Thomas. (Menispermaceae) is one of the most widely used plants in various
traditional medicinal systems including "Ayurveda". The plant is used for the
treatment of jaundice, rheumatism, urinary disorder, skin diseases, diabetes
and anemia. The phytoconstituents present in the plant belongs to different
class of compounds such as alkaloids, diterpenoids lactones, glycosides,
steroids, phenol, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. Aim of the study
The aim of present study was the isolation, structure elucidation,
quantification and pharmacological evaluation of secondary metabolites from
T. cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Materials and
methods Different extracts and fractions were prepared from the stem of T.
cordifolia. Pure molecules were isolated using normal phase chromatography
and characterized on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques.
The anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activities of different extracts,
fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated against four different
human cancer cell lines, KB (human oral squamous carcinoma), CHOK-1
(hamster ovary), HT-29 (human colon cancer) and SiHa (human cervical
cancer) and murine primary cells respectively. A simple, normal phase HPTLC
method was also developed for the quantification of three bioactive
compounds i.e N-formylannonain (1), 11-hydroxymustakone (5) and
yangambin (8) in the stem of T. cordifolia hosted on fifteen different plants.
Results Chromatographic purification of different fractions led to the isolation
of eight pure molecules i.e N-formylannonain (1), magnoflorine (2),
jatrorrhizine (3) palmatine (4), 11-hydroxymustakone (5), cordifolioside A (6),
tinocordiside (7) and yangambin (8). All extracts and fractions were active
against KB and CHOK-1 cells whereas among the pure molecules palmatine
(4) was found to be active against KB and HT-29; tinocordiside (7) against KB
and CHOK-1; yangambin (8) against KB cells however N-formylannonain (1)
and 11-hydroxymustakone (5), was found active for immunomodulatory
activity. HPTLC quantification of three active molecules i.e N-formylannonain
(1), 11-hydroxymustakone (5), and yangambin (8) were found in highest
quantity in the stem of T. cordifolia hosted on Mangifera indica, however,

46 
 
 

other two active molecules were not quantified due to their insufficient
quantity. Conclusion Eight compounds have been isolated and characterized
belonging to different classes. The pharmacological evaluation of extract,
fractions and pure molecules revealed the ethnomedicinal value of T.
cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. © 2015 Published
Page | 47 
by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Bala, M., P. K. Verma, S. Awasthi, N. Kumar, B. Lal and B. Singh (2015). "Chemical
prospection of important ayurvedic plant Tinospora cordifolia by UPLC-DAD-ESI-
QTOF-MS/MS and NMR." Natural Product Communications 10(1): 43-48.
A rapid, sensitive, and accurate ultra-performance liquid chromatography
coupled with mass spectrometric method (UPLC-MS) was developed and
validated for simultaneous determination of four bioactive compounds,
syringin (3), cordifolioside A (4), magnoflorine (6) and tinocordiside (10) in the
stem of Tinospora cordifolia. The analysis was performed using an Acquity C18
column and gradient elution of 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile at
a detection wavelength of 267 nm in 5 min. A high correlation coefficient
(r2>0.998) indicated good correlation between investigated compounds
concentration and their peak area within the test ranges. The LODs for
compounds 3, 4, 6 and 10 were 1.95, 0.97, 3.90 and 0.97 ng/mL, respectively,
and LOQs were 6.64, 3.20, 12.87 and 3.20 ng/mL, respectively. The overall
intra-and inter-day variations of the four compounds were less than 1%. The
variation of these four bioactive compounds in T. Cordifolia hosted on fifteen
different trees was also determined. The compounds (3, 4, 6 and 10) were
found in high amount in the T. Cordifolia hosted on Azadirachta indica and
Mangifera indica as compared with other plants. Twelve compounds were
identified on the basis of their mass and UV-vis spectra. The NMR
fingerprinting of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, fatty acid
methyl esters, polysaccharides and marker components of T. Cordifolia.

Balachandran, P. and R. Govindarajan (2005). "Cancer - An ayurvedic perspective."

Pharmacological Research 51(1): 19-30.
An integrated approach is needed to manage cancer using the growing body
of knowledge gained through scientific developments. Thousands of herbal
and traditional compounds are being screened worldwide to validate their use
as anti-cancerous drugs. The science of Ayurveda is supposed to add a step
on to the curative aspects of cancers that have resemblance with clinical
entities of arbuda and granthi mentioned in Sushrutha samhita. Hence, an
attempt is made in this review to discuss about the pathology and therapeutic
management of various cancers described in Ayurveda. Review of literature on
anticancer drugs of plant origin revealed identification of newer ayurvedic
drugs that are not mentioned in the ancient texts. These new findings add up
to ayurvedic science that has been developed through ages. In addition,

47 
 
 

details of experimental and clinical studies conducted on single and

compound ayurvedic preparations for their anticancer efficacy strongly
emphasize ayurvedic therapy as a scientifically driven one and not simply
unconventional. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page | 48 
Balaji, V., J. Selvaraj, S. Sathish, C. Mayilvanan and K. Balasubramanian (2013).
"Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Antidiabetic Effects of a Siddha Polyherbal
Preparation in the Liver of Type 2 Diabetic Adult Male Rats." Journal of Evidence-
Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 18(1): 29-42.
A siddha polyherbal preparation consisting of 5 medicinal plants, namely,
Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Salacia oblonga, Syzygium
aromaticum, and Tinospora cordifolia, in equal ratio, was formulated to
examine the molecular mechanism by which it exhibits antidiabetic effects in
the liver of high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The polyherbal
preparation treated type 2 diabetic rats showed an increase in insulin receptor,
Akt, and glucose transporter2 mRNA levels compared with diabetic rats.
Insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-2, Akt, phosphorylated Akt
substrate of 160kDa Threonine642 , α-Actinin-4, b-arrestin-2, and glucose
transporter2 proteins were also markedly decreased in diabetic rats, whereas
the polyherbal preparation treatment significantly improved the expression of
these proteins more than that of metformin-treated diabetic rats. The
expression pattern of insulin signaling molecules analyzed in the present study
signifies the therapeutic efficacy of the siddha polyherbal preparation. © The
Author(s) 2013.

Balaji, V., A. A. Williams, S. Sathish, C. Mayilvanan, A. Narasimhan and K.

Balasubramanian (2012). "Antidiabetic Potentials of a Novel Polyherbal Preparation
Formulated According to Principles of Siddha System of Medicine." Journal of
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17(3): 180-190.
According to the principles of Siddha system of medicine, the following
polyherbal preparation consisting of 5 plant parts in equal ratio namely,
Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Salacia oblonga, Syzygium
aromaticum, and Tinospora cordifolia was formulated to treat experimental
type 2 diabetic rats. So, using plants having aphrodisiac property in the
formulation is a rational approach and first of its kind, as there have been no
reports so far. Phenolics and other bioactive compounds present in polyherbal
preparation may be responsible for lipid-lowering effects and strong
antioxidant activity. Polyherbal preparation treatment reverted the activities of
glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes that are disturbed in diabetic rats. It is
concluded that polyherbal preparation treatment improves deranged lipid
profile, antioxidant status, glycogen content, and decreases lipid peroxidation,
which provides stability to membrane integrity and thus favors insulin

48 
 
 

receptor to achieve better glucose tolerance through a holistic approach. ©

The Author(s) 2012.

Balasubramani, S. P., P. Venkatasubramanian, S. K. Kukkupuni and B. Patwardhan

(2011). "Plant-based Rasayana drugs from Ayurveda." Chinese Journal of Integrative
Page | 49 
Medicine 17(2): 88-94.
Rasayana tantra is one of the eight specialties of Ayurveda. It is a specialized
practice in the form of rejuvenative recipes, dietary regimen, special health
promoting behaviour and drugs. Properly administered Rasayana can bestow
the human being with several benefits like longevity, memory, intelligence,
freedom from diseases, youthful age, excellence of luster, complexion and
voice, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, respectability and
brilliance. Various types of plant based Rasayana recipes are mentioned in
Ayurveda. Review of the current literature available on Rasayanas indicates
that anti-oxidant and immunomodulation are the most studied activities of
the Rasayana drugs. Querying in Pubmed database on Rasayanas reveals that
single plants as well as poly herbal formulations have been researched on. This
article reviews the basics of Rasayana therapy and the published research on
different Rasayana drugs for specific health conditions. It also provides the
possible directions for future research. © The Chinese Journal of Integrated
Traditional and Western Medicine Press and Springer-Verlag 2011.

Baldi, A., N. Choudhary and S. Kumar (2013). "Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents for
holistic treatment of diabetes." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 7(4): 278-
287.
Nutraceuticals is one of the promising approaches for prevention and
treatment of a large number of ailments. Nutrients, herbals and dietary
supplements are major constituents of nutraceuticals, which make it
instrumental in maintaining health, acting against various diseased conditions
and thus to promote the quality of life. Diabetes mellitus is one of them. It is a
multi-factorial metabolic disorder reflected by high blood sugar/glucose level.
In spite of significant development in drug discovery to treat this disease,
extensive efforts are on for finding a holistic approach by combining
compounds from natural and synthetic drugs. Botanicals, vitamins, anti-
oxidants, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids, collectively referred as ′
nutraceuticals′, are important sources of new therapies for type 2 diabetes and
insulin resistance. This review summarises nutraceuticals with proven anti-
diabetic potential in pre-clinical and clinical studies and explores the
possibility of a new approach, ′polypathy′ for synergistic management of
diabetes.

49 
 
 

Baliga, M. S., G. C. Jagetia, P. Venkatesh, R. Reddy and J. N. Ulloor (2004).

"Radioprotective effect of abana, a polyherbal drug following total body irradiation."
British Journal of Radiology 77(924): 1027-1035.
Effects of 20 mg/kg body weight of abana (ABE) on radiation-induced sickness
and mortality in mice exposed to 7 Gy to 12 Gy of gamma irradiation were
Page | 50 
studied. Treatment of mice with abana 1 h before irradiation delayed the
onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when
compared with the non-drug treated irradiated controls (double distilled
water, DDW). Abana provided protection against both the gastrointestinal and
haemopoietic deaths. However, animals of both the ABE+irradiation and
DDW+irradiation groups did not survive up to 30 days post-irradiation
beyond 11 Gy irradiation. The LD50/30 was found to be 8.5 Gy for the
DDW+irradiation group and 10.3 Gy for ABE+irradiation group. The
administration of abana resulted in an increase in radiation tolerance by 1.8
Gy, and the dose modification factor (DMF) was found to be 1.2. The
irradiation of animals resulted in a dose dependent elevation in lipid
peroxidation, and a reduction in glutathione (GSH) concentration on day 31
post-irradiation. Treatment of mice with abana before irradiation caused a
significant depletion in lipid peroxidation followed by a significant elevation in
GSH concentration in the liver of mice at day 31 post-irradiation. Abana
scavenged •OH, DPPH, ABTS•+ and NO• in a concentration dependent
manner in vitro. Our results indicate that the radioprotective activity of abana
may be due to free radical scavenging and increased GSH level in irradiated
mice.

Balliah, R. and M. Sudhakar (2015). "In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic and

antiproliferative activity of a polyherbal extract against H9c2 cardiac cells."
International Journal of PharmTech Research 8(10): 191-197.
Recent studies indicate that in addition to necrosis and apoptosis also plays a
vital role in the process of tissue damage after myocardial infarction, which
has a pathological and therapeutically implications. However, limited effort
has been made to correlate these effects to the active ingredients of the
polyherbal (PH) extract. The present study was designed to elucidate the
cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against H9c2 cardiac cell line, were
analysed the quantitative detection of caspase-3 activity during the early
apoptotic process was evaluated by Fluorometric Immunosorbant Enzyme
Assay (FIENA). Late stage of apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation.
PH extract appear to contain components that inhibit the proliferation of
H9c2cardiac cells. Expression of caspase-3 was induced by PH extract at 5g
eq/L after 6 hr of treatment increases compared to the control. An increase in
DNA fragmentation was also observed in the PH extract treatment. © 2015,
Sphinx Knowledge House. All Right Reserved.

50 
 
 

Banerjee, N., B. Saha and S. Mukhopadhyay (2018). "Intracellular ROS generated in

chikungunya patients with persisting polyarthralgia can be reduced by Tinospora
cordifolia leaf extract." VirusDisease 29(3): 375-379.
Chikungunya (CHIK) is an arboviral infection having huge global burden
affecting the life style of the patient badly due to debilitating polyarthralgia.
Page | 51 
This study aims to evaluate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in
peripheral blood of patients suffering with persisting polyarthralgia post CHIK
infection and the potential of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract in scavenging
those free radicals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the
patient. Peripheral blood was collected from written informed consented
patients and intracellular ROS was measured in PBMC of patients suffering
with persisting polyarthralgia 3 months post CHIK infection followed by the
study of free radical scavenging by T. cordifolia leaf extract in those cells
through flow cytometry. Control population comprising healthy donors were
also included in the study. As compared to healthy subjects, twofold higher
Intracellular ROS (17.89 ± 1.007 vs. 37.96 ± 1.510, P < 0.0001) was found in
patient PBMC. Ex-vivo treatment of those PBMC with ethanolic extract of T.
cordifolia leaf (1 μg/mL) decreased intracellular ROS significantly by twofold (P
< 0.0001). This study reports that CHIK infection produces high level of
intracellular ROS in the patients suffering with persisting polyarthralgia, which
was significantly scavenged by ex vivo treatment with T. cordifolia leaf extract.
© 2018, Indian Virological Society.

Banne, S. T., S. Nayak, Y. Girigaon, N. Parida and M. Naik (2014). "Anti-hemorrhoidal

drugs of Bhavaprakash Nighantu: A literary survey." International Journal of Research
in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 5(4): 551-557.
Hemorrhoid is a lifestyle disease. Lifestyle disease is caused by a change in the
way in which people live, as a result of the advancements in society or its
scientific progress. Lack of adequate physical activity, no exercise, smoking,
consumption of alcohol and irregular lifestyle patterns can be one of the main
causes of these diseases. Hemorrhoid is one such lifestyle related disease. It
can be effectively treated with over-the-counter medications, good fluid
intake and by following a diet rich in fiber. Diet failure leads to many diseases
including hemorrhoids, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative
colitis and Crohn's disease. In severe cases, piles may require surgical
intervention. Ayurveda plays vital role in curing Arsha (Hemorrhoids) and is
explained under mamsaroga. Many treatment modalities have been explained
in Brihatrayi (Charak, Sushruta, Vagbhata) and Laghutrayi (Sharangdhara,
Bhavaprakash and Madhav Nidan). Bhavaprakash mentions numerous drugs
acting on hemorrhoids. The present study was designed to screen the drugs
with Arshoghna, Visheshat Gudajapaham and Raktarshara, Gudaraktahruta,
Gudankurnash, Gudartinash, Vatarshahara properties. Out of 426 drugs 82

51 
 
 

were described for the treatment of hemorrhoids throughout the text which
includes herbal, mineral and animal origin drugs.

Bansal, R., R. S. Jat, S. Kumbhani and J. H. Rathod (2016). "Ethnomedicinal survey of

medicinal plants use from Narmada, Gujarat, India." Medicinal Plants 8(3): 233-237.
Page | 52 
The present study was conducted to document the indigenous knowledge of
medicinal plants used for management of diseases and ailments in Narmada,
Gujarat Province, India. The qualitative data was collected through semi
structured questionnaires and personal interviews from 50 informants. The
informants revealed the use of 23 medicinal plant species belonging to 19
families to cure 9 groups of diseases. Among the recorded plant species, trees
(39.13%) and herbs (39.13%) were the most common life forms. Leaf (66.66%)
was the most widely used plant part in the preparations and leaf
decoction/extract (56.56%) was the most commonly used practice. Azadirachta
indica with the maximum use value of 0.84 was mainly used to cure fever by
the tribal people. Informant consensus factor was highest for diabetes (0.97)
followed by lactation in women (0.96). Gymnema sylvestre and
Aeglemarmelos were used to cure diabetes, while, Asparagus racemosus and
Alstonia scholaris were used to increase lactation in women. The study showed
that that most of the tribal inhabitants were dependent on traditional
medicines for primary healthcare. Further, efforts are being made to
popularize cultivation of medicinal plants in the studied area. © 2016,
IndianJournals.com. All rights reserved.

Bansal, Y. K. and A. J. Bharati (2015). Selective protocols for in vitro propagation and
secondary metabolite production. Biotechnological Strategies for the Conservation of
Medicinal and Ornamental Climbers, Springer International Publishing: 429-447.
Ever since the commencement of human civilization, plants have been used
for multiple benefits, viz. food, medicines, timber, shelter and decorative
purposes. Decreasing efficacy of modern medicine inclined the global market
towards the herbal drugs providing plants as potent healers. Higher plants are
the major source of many secondary metabolites useful in pharmaceutical
industries. Commercial demand of secondary metabolites is increasing every
day, necessitating the exploitation of many endangered medicinal plants. In
vitro propagation has the potential to quickly provide very high multiplication
rate leading to conservation of endangered medicinal plants. It also enhances
the production of desirable secondary metabolites from callus and suspension
cultures throughout the years without any hindrance of external factors. The
importance of ornamental plants has been increasing from the 1970s
onwards, and international demand has been rapidly expanding from
aesthetic, environment and economic point of view. The present review gives
a consolidated account of in vitro protocols and secondary metabolite
production of some endangered ornamental and medicinal climbers, viz.

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Tinospora cordifolia, Abrus precatorius, Operculina turpethum, Clitoria

ternatea and Gymnema sylvestre. © Springer International Publishing
Switzerland 2016.

Bapat, R. D., R. S. Koti, N. N. Rege, N. K. Desai and S. A. Dahanukar (1995). "Can We

Page | 53 
Do Away With PTBD?" HPB Surgery 9(1): 5-11.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTBD) is performed in surgical
jaundice to decompress the biliary tree and improve hepatic functions.
However, the risk of sepsis is high in these patients due to
immunosuppression and surgical outcome remains poor. This raises a
question—can we do away with PTBD? To answer this query a study was
carried out in 4 groups of patients bearing in mind the high incidence of
sepsis and our earlier studies, which have demonstrated immunotherapeutic
potential of Tinospora cordifolia (TC): (A) those undergoing surgery without
PTBD (n = 14), (B) those undergoing surgery after PTBD (n = 13). The mortality
was 57.14% in Group A as compared to 61.54% in Group B. Serial estimations
of bilirubin levels carried out during the course of drainage (3 Wks) revealed a
gradual and significant decrease from 12.52 ± 8.3 mg% to 5.85 ± 3.0 mg%.
Antipyrine half-life did not change significantly (18.35 ± 4.2 hrs compared to
basal values 21.96 ± 3.78 hrs). The phagocytic and intracellular killing (ICK)
capacities of PMN remained suppressed (Basal: 22.13 ± 3.68% phago, and
19.1 ± 4.49% ICK; Post drainage: 20 ± 8.48% Phago and 11.15 ± 3.05% ICK).
Thus PTBD did not improve the metabolic capacity of the liver and mortality
was higher due to sepsis. Group (C) patients received TC during PTBD (n = 16)
and Group (D) patients received TC without PTBD (n = 14). A significant
improvement in PMN functions occurred by 3 weeks in both groups (30.29 ±
4.68% phago, 30 ± 4.84% ICK in Group C and 30.4 ± 2.99% phago, 27.15 ±
6.19% ICK in Group D). The mortality in Groups C and D was 25% and 14.2%
respectively during the preoperative period. There was no mortality after
surgery. It appears from this study that host defenses as reflected by PMN
functions play an important role in influencing prognosis. Further
decompression of the biliary tree by PTBD seems unwarranted. © 1995, OPA
(Overseas Publishers Association).

Baragi, U., P. Baragi, M. Vyas and V. Shukla (2011). "Standardization and quality
control parameters of Dashanga Kwatha ghana tablet: An Ayurvedic formulation."
International Journal of Ayurveda Research 2(1): 42-47.
Herbal medicines have a long therapeutic history and are still serving many of
the health needs of a large population of the world. However, the quality
control and quality assurance still remains a challenge because of the high
variability of chemical components involved. Herbal drugs, singularly and in
combinations, contain numerous compounds in complex matrices in which no
single active constituent is responsible for the overall efficacy. This creates a

53 
 
 

challenge in establishing quality control standards and standardization of

finished herbal drugs. Many preparations have been mentioned in Ayurvedic
text books for the treatment of Urdhwaga Amlapitta (non-ulcer dyspepsia).
Dashanga Kwatha is one such known formulation. In this study, Dashanga
Kwatha was converted into tablet form to increase the shelf life, make it easy
Page | 54 
to dispense, for dose fixation, etc. The Dashanga Kwatha Ghana tablet was
subjected to organoleptic analysis, phytochemical analysis, and qualitative
analysis to detect the presence of various functional groups, and to high
performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) examination by optimizing
the solvent systems. The investigation revealed the presence of tannins,
mucilage, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and
carbohydrates mainly.

Barbhuiya, A. R., G. D. Sharma, A. Arunachalam and S. Deb (2009). "Diversity and

conservation of medicinal plants in Barak valley, Northeast India." Indian Journal of
Traditional Knowledge 8(2): 169-175.
Through an ethnobotanical survey of Barak-valley, about 150 naturally
growing and frequently used medicinal plants were collected. Out of these
collections, 24 plant species have been highly prioritised for conservation.
Among these, population of Acorus calamus Linn., Aegle marmelos Linn.,
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Costus speciosus (Koem.ex.Retz) Sm., Rauvolfia
serpentina (L.) Benth.ex Kurz., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., etc are
reducing day-by-day due to over-exploitation for medicinal purposes, felling
for timber, etc. and also due to inherent poor natural regeneration. During the
exploration, emphasis was given on herbal treatment for everyday common
ailments and diseases, particularly used by the local tribes of Barak-valley such
as Riang, Kachari, Hmar, Rongmai Naga, and Manipuri and Teagarden
community. The study gives an account on the diversity of medicinal plants
and priority medicinal plants for conservation. The study also warrants an
herbal policy to address public awareness, cultivation and conservation on a
sustainable basis with in the environmental protection regime.

Barthwal, J., S. Nair and P. Kakkar (2008). "Heavy metal accumulation in medicinal
plants collected from environmentally different sites." Biomedical and Environmental
Sciences 21(4): 319-324.
Objective To estimate the heavy metal content in soil and selected medicinal
plants procured from environmentally different sites of the same city.
Methods Soil and plant samples of Abutilon indicum, Calotropis procera,
Euphorbia hirta, Peristrophe bycaliculata, and Tinospora cordifolia were
collected from 3 environmentally different sites of the city: heavy traffic area
(HTA), industrial area (IA), and residential area (RA). Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni were
estimated in soil and plant samples by inductively coupled plasma emission
spectrometry and compared. Results The level of heavy metal was higher in

54 
 
 

soil than in plant parts studied. Accumulation of heavy metals varied from
plant to plant. Pb was the highest in Calotropis procera root from HTA site
and the lowest in Peristrophe bycaliculata whole plant from IA site. It was also
lower in residential area than in heavy traffic area. Conclusion The level of
heavy metal content differed in the same medicinal plant collected from
Page | 55 
environmentally different sites of the same city. Thus, it reiterates our belief
that every medicinal plant sample should be tested for contaminant load
before processing it further for medication. Copyright © 2008 by China CDC.

Barua, C. C., A. Talukdar, A. G. Barua, A. Chakraborty, R. K. Sarma and R. S. Bora

(2010). "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of methanolic extract of Azadirachta
Indica (Neem) and Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) in rats." Pharmacologyonline 1: 70-
77.
The floral richness of the North East region cannot be neglected in context to
its medicinal importance and it is expected that screening and scientific
evaluation of plant extracts for their pharmacological activity may provide new
drug molecule that can combat various side effects of the commercially
available drugs. Azadirachta indica A. Juss; locally known as Neem, is reported
to have significant anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory
activities, which are complementary to wound healing process. In India,
various extracts of the plant Tinospora cordifolia (Sagunilota, Guduchi) are
used for the treatment of diabetes, hepatitis as well as various types of skin
diseases. Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing
activity of the methanol extracts of leaves of these two plants using excision
and incision wound models in Sprague Dawley rats. The healing effect
produced by each of the plant extracts, was assessed by rate of wound
contraction, skin breaking strength and histopathology of healing tissue. The
methanol extract of leaves of A. indica and T. cordifolia significantly promoted
the wound healing activity in both excision and incision wound models. In
incision wound, tensile strength of the healing tissue of A. indica and T.
cordifolia treated groups were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05)
compared to the control group. These findings were confirmed by
histopathological examination. The study thus revealed promising wound
healing activity of methanolic extract of A. indica and T. cordifolia and
provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use of these plants in the
management of wounds.

Baskaran, R., L. B. Priya, V. Sathish Kumar and V. V. Padma (2018). "Tinospora

cordifolia extract prevents cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in
experimental rats." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 9(4): 252-257.
Background: Cadmium (Cd) pollution is of serious concern due to its toxic
effects in both humans and animals. The study investigates the protective
effect of Tinospora cordifolia stem methanolic extract (TCME) on Cd induced

55 
 
 

hepatotoxicity. Objective(s): The objective of the study was to explore the

hepatoprotective effects of T. cordifolia extract. Materials and methods: Rats
were administered orally with Cd (5 mg/kg) and TCME (100 mg/kg) for 28
days. At the end of the treatment period, serum and liver tissues homogenates
were subjected to biochemical analysis. Results: Cd treated rats showed
Page | 56 
increased activities of the serum marker enzymes of liver damage such as AST
and ALT along with increased levels of LPO and protein carbonyl content in
liver tissues. Cd treatment also leads to decreased activities of endogenous
antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx and GST), membrane ATPases (Na + K +
ATPase, Ca 2+ ATPase and Mg 2+ K + ATPase) and the tissue glycoprotein
levels (hexose, fucose, hexosamine and sialic acid). Histological analysis
revealed vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes with focal necrosis upon Cd
administration. TCME co-treatment restored the biochemical and histological
alterations caused by Cd intoxication to near normal levels. Conclusion: The
results of the present investigation reveal the hepatoprotective nature of T.
cordifolia against Cd induced hepatotoxicity. © 2017 Transdisciplinary
University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation

Basu, R. C., S. Chakrabarti and D. N. Raychaudhuri (1968). "Record of the sexuales of

Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera : Aphididae) from India." Oriental Insects 2(3-4):
349-351.
This paper reports for the first time the occurrence of the sexuales of Aphis
craccivora Koch from India on Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Menispermaceae), a
new host-plant for the species. The differences between the viviparae and
sexuales of the species are mentioned. © 1968 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Behera, S. K. and M. K. Misra (2005). "Indigenous phytotherapy for genito-urinary

diseases used by the Kandha tribe of Orissa, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology
102(3): 319-325.
Studies on ethnomedicobotany of Kandha tribe of Orissa, India, are scanty. In
view of this the original ethno-botanical information and plant specimens
were collected from the Kandhamal district of Orissa by visiting the area
several times. The paper reports 27 plant species belonging to 24 families
used in the treatment of 17 diseases under the broad heading genito-urinary
diseases by the Kandhas of Orissa. The use of these plants does not
necessarily imply efficacy, but it does give a list of species that can be studied
pharmacologically for its active principles and bioactive effect. © 2005 Elsevier
Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Belhekar, S. N., P. D. Chaudhari, R. B. Pandhare and A. R. Pawar (2016). "Effect of

polyherbal and allopolyherbal formulation on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced
diabetic nephropathy in rats." International Journal of Toxicological and
Pharmacological Research 8(3): 138-145.

56 
 
 

Objective: The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of
polyherbal and allopolyherbal formulation on streptozotocin-nicotinamide
induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Material and Methods: The polyherbal
formulation was prepared by mixing the five holistic extracts of Emblica
officinalis, Gymnema sylvestre, Terminalia arjuna, Tinospora cordifolia and
Page | 57 
Zingiber officinale. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction
(SFE) method. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in rat by streptozotocin
(STZ) 65mg/kg i.p. injected 15 min after nicotinamide (NAD) 110 mg/kg, i.p.
The diabetic rats were treated with metformin, a polyherbal formulation (PHF)
at three dose levels (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and allopolyherbal
formulation (APHF) at 200 mg/kg, p.o. The drugs were administered for 60 th
days after induction of DM. Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured on 0, 15
th , 30 th , 45 th , 60 th days of study whereas glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1C ),
the plasma insulin level was measured at the end of the study. Various
parameters of renal function tests, such as serum creatinine, urea, uric acid,
total protein and albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and markers of
oxidative stress such as renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH)
level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured
at the end of the study. After 60 days treatment, urine creatinine, urea, uric
acid, albumin, urine volume and kidney weight were measured and
histopathological examination was also carried out. Result and Discussion: At
the end of the study, the diabetic control rats were showed significant
increase in BGL, HbA1c and urine volume while treatment of diabetic rats with
PHF and APHF was showing a significant decrease in BGL, HbA1c, urine
volume. Diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in renal function, which
was reflected by an increase in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and BUN and
urine albumin while a decrease in serum total protein and albumin and urine
creatinine, urea and uric acid. In addition, STZ-NAD caused renal tubular
damage with a higher MDA level, depletion of SOD and CAT activity and GSH
level. All the above parameters were significantly reversed with PHF and APHF
treatment. Conclusion: This finding suggests that the treatment with PHF and
APHF showed significant nephro-protective effect against STZ-NAD induced
DN. © 2016, International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological
Research. All rights reserved.

Bhadane, V. V., G. G. Patil and P. Y. Mali (2008). "Some traditional herbal formulations
in the treatment of rheumatism from Jalgaon district, Maharashtra." Journal of
Natural Remedies 8(1): 48-56.
Information on 91 plant species used especially for the treatment of
rheumatism, arthritis and general with such complaints by rural and tribal
communities of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra is presented in this paper. The
paper reveals utilization of 90 species of flowering plants belonging to 83
genera of 47 families. Besides, one fern is recorded for ethnobotanical

57 
 
 

purpose. Of these, 42 families are of dicotyledoneae class while 4 belong to

monocotyledoneae and 1 to pteridophytes. Brief information about the
plant/plant parts used, botanical names, local names, distribution, families and
the mode of preparation of drugs have been presented. As the traditional
herbal remedies are based on ancestral knowledge and empiric experiences,
Page | 58 
this type of ethno-medicinal survey appeared to be useful for the research on
medicinal plants for the betterment of mankind.

Bhalerao, B. M., D. M. Kasote, B. E. Nagarkar, S. D. Jagtap, K. S. Vishwakarma, P. K.

Pawar and V. L. Maheshwari (2012). "Comparative analysis of radical scavenging and
immunomodulatory activities of Tinospora cordifolia growing with different
supporting trees." Acta Biologica Szegediensis 56(1): 65-71.
According to Ayurveda, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae)
growing with physical support of Azadirachta indica Juss. (Meliaceae) (Neem)
is medicinally more active than that growing on other supporting trees. In
present study, comparative evaluation of antioxidant and immunomodulatory
activities of ethanol extracts of T. cordifolia growing with the support of four
different trees.viz Azadirachta indica (TCA), Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.
(Fabaceae) (TCB), Butea monosperma (Lamb.) Taub. (Fabaceae) (TCC) and
Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC. (Fabaceae) (TCD) was done. Evaluation of
immunomodulatory potential of the extracts at the dose of 200 mg/kg body
weight was done in rats, whereas phytochemical profile was established by
HPLC. In in vitro antioxidant potential, TCA showed the highest i) total phenol
content (21.5 mg/g dry weight), ii) total anti-oxidant activity (2144 μM Fe (II)/g
dry mass), iii) DPPH free radical scavenging (86.36%), and iv) anti-lipid
peroxidation potential (96.8%). It also showed the highest (11.7%) neutrophil
adhesion and 275% more reduction in paw edema volume over control in TCA
treated rats in vivo immunomodulatory activity. Only in humoral immune
response, TCD (4.66 HA units) was found to be superior over the rest three
extracts. In HPLC profiles of the extracts, TCA showed the presence of one
extra peak at 9.88 minutes.

Bhalerao, B. M., K. S. Vishwakarma and V. L. Maheshwari (2013). "Tinospora cordifolia

(Willd.) Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.- plant tissue culture and comparative chemo-
profiling study as a function of different supporting trees." Indian Journal of Natural
Products and Resources 4(4): 380-386.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms., family
Menispermaceae is an important medicinal plant, grows as a climber on
various trees. In callus induction studies from leaf explants, the best results
were obtained with 2, 4-D alone or in combination with kinetin. The calli thus
obtained grew in size with time in culture medium but failed to differentiate.
Shoot induction from nodal explants was best achieved on Murashige and
Skoog basal medium with kinetin (8 μM) or kinetin and BAP in combination

58 
 
 

(12 and 2 μM, respectively). Rhizogenesis on regenerated shoots was induced

by transferring them into medium fortified with NAA at 8 μM concentration.
As per Ayurveda, the plant growing with physical support of Azadirachta
indica A. Juss., (Neem) is medicinally more potent. In comparative chemical
fingerprinting analyses of T. cordifolia growing with support of four different
Page | 59 
trees, viz. A. indica A. Juss., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze, Acacia
leucophloea Willd., Prosopis juliflora DC, from the identical geo-climatic
conditions, the ethanolic stem extracts showed identical band pattern/spectra
in TLC, HPTLC, IR and UV spectroscopy. However, in IR and HPTLC analyses an
additional minor peak/band at wave number 1271.08 and at Rf. 0. 97,
respectively was seen in the extract of plant growing with the support of neem
tree.

Bhandari, P. R. (2013). "Plant products for radioprotection: Boon or bane?" Journal of

Cancer Research and Therapeutics 9(3): 545-546.

Bhandari, P. R. (2013). "A review of radioprotective plants." International Journal of

Green Pharmacy 7(2): 90-101.
Radioprotective compounds have been used to diminish morbidity or
mortality produced by ionizing irradiation. Initial developments of such agents
concentrated on thiol synthetic compounds, like amifostine. This agent
decreased mortality; however, there were difficulties in administering
aminothiols that led to adverse effects. Unfortunately, no ideal, safe synthetic
radioprotectors are available to date; hence, the exploration for other sources,
including plants, has been ongoing for several decades. A methodical
screening strategy can offer leads to isolating prospective novel candidate
drugs from plant sources, for alleviation of radiation injury. This article reviews
some of the most promising plants, and their bioactive principles, that are
extensively used in traditional systems of medicine, and which have rendered
noteworthy radioprotection in both in vitro and in vivo model systems.

Bhardwaj, U., B. K. Tiwary, A. Prasad and S. Ganguly (2012). "Effect of Tinospora

cordifolia extract on immune response and serum biochemical profile in broilers."
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 82(4): 379-381.
The present study was done to determine the effect of Tinospora cordifolia
stem extract in enhancing and strengthening the humoral and cell-mediated
immune response in broiler chicks against Newcastle disease along with its
impact on serum protein and hematological profile. The study indicated
marked overall promising and significant (P<0.01) improvement in the
concentration of both mean hemagglutination antibody titre and cell-
mediated immune status along with significantly (P<0.01) encouraging
response reflected by the hematological profile and biochemical parameters
in serum in the treated groups. The control birds were administered with

59 
 
 

levamisole, a potent and proven immunomodulator and a comparative study

was laid down between the treated and control groups in the present study
for the better analysis of the immunomodultory effects of T. cordifolia stem in
relation to the promising effects of levamisole.

Page | 60 
Bharti, D., S. Gupta and C. Arora Chugh (2013). "Antimicrobial activity of medicinal
plants against some pathogenic microbial strains." International Journal of
Phytomedicine 5(2): 154-158.
Methanol extracts of ten plant species have been screened for their
antimicrobial potential against fungal pathogens namely Aspergillus niger and
Candida albicans and bacterial strains Escherichia co/iand Bacillus subtiiis.
Extracts of all the plant species taken for the present study except Cucumis
anguri showed fungicidal activity against both the fungal pathogens used.
Leaves extract of Withania somnifera exhibited maximum 80-95% inhibition
against both of the fungal pathogens, while extract of Azadirachta indica
showed 88% growth inhibition against C. albicans. Acacia nilotica and
Withania somnifera have shown inhibition zones of 17 and 19mm respectively
against E coii and B subtiiis. All the plant species have shown significant
antibacterial potential in the range of 118mm against B subtiiis. Azadirachta
indica, Cucumis anguri, Embiica officinalis and Soianum nigrum did not exhibit
any antibacterial activity against E coli. The identification of these potential
herbs as antimicrobial agents will be helpful in replacing some commercially
synthesized antimicrobial drugs.

Bhatt, P., D. Swarup, R. Ranjan and R. C. Patra (2006). "Evaluation of extracts of

Tinospora cordifolia stem, Terminalia arjuna bark, Withania somnifera root, and juice
of Allium sativum cloves for amelioration of iron overload." Indian Journal of Animal
Sciences 76(5): 366-369.
The ameliorative potential of extract of medicinal herbs was studied during
and after intramuscular iron-administration using rabbits as experimental
animals. Adult New Zealand White rabbits (35) were divided in 7 equal groups
(groups 1 to 7). Intramuscular iron preparation (as sorbitol citric acid complex)
was injected on alternate day to the animals of groups 2 to 7 @ 120 mg/kg
body weight from day 1 to day 14. Rabbits of groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 received
concurrently ethanolic extract of Tinospora cardifolia stem. Terminalia arjuna
bark, Withania somnifera root or juice of Allium sativum cloves; while group 7
received a mixture of all 4 extracts in equal ratio @ 100mg/kg body weight,
orally during the period of iron administration, and thereafter, for another 14
days post-iron administration. Animals of group 1 received no treatment to
serve as negative control, while group 2 animals received only iron injections
to serve as positive control. The blood samples were collected at weekly
intervals from the start of the experiment for measurement of blood iron
concentration, erythrocytic lipid peroxides level, superoxide dismutase (SOD)

60 
 
 

and catalase activities. Increase in mean blood iron concentration was noted in
all groups receiving iron injections up to day 14, and that declined gradually
thereafter irrespective of treatment. Erythrocytic lipid peroxide level increased
with iron administration in different treatment groups (3-6) from the
respective day 0 level, but the values at different observation periods
Page | 61 
remained statistically comparable to respective day value of control group,
unlike the situation in group 2 rabbits, which were given no treatment during
or after iron overload.

Bhatt, R. K., J. B. Hanuman and B. K. Sabata (1988). "A new clerodane derivative from
Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 27(4): 1212-1216.
A new clerodane diterpenoid has been isolated from the stems of Tinospora
cordifolia. Its structure was established by spectroscopic means and by
comparison with closely related clerodane derivatives. © 1988.

Bhatt, R. K. and B. K. Sabata (1989). "A furanoid diterpene glucoside from Tinospora
cordifolia." Phytochemistry 28(9): 2419-2422.
A novel furanoid diterpene glucoside with the molecular formula C26H34O11
was isolated from the stems of Tinospora cordifolia. Its complete structure was
determined by spectroscopic and chemical studies along with the comparison
of the spectral data with the related furanoid diterpene glucosides. © 1989.

Bhattacharya, S. K., K. S. Satyan and A. Chakrabarti (1997). "Effect of Trasina, an

Ayurvedic herbal formulation, on pancreatic islet superoxide dismutase activity in
hyperglycaemic rats." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 35(3): 297-299.
Diabetes mellitus was induced in male CF strain rats by streptozotocin (STZ)
and hyperglycaemia and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of pancreatic
islet cells was assessed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. STZ induced significant
hyperglycaemia and a concomitant decrease in islet cell SOD activity. Transina
(TR), an Ayurvedic herbal formulation comprising of Withania somnifera,
Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Picrorrhiza kurroa and
shilajit, had little per se effect on blood sugar concentrations and islet SOD
activity in euglycaemic rats, in the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.
administered once daily for 28 days. However, these doses of TR induced a
dose- related decrease in STZ hyperglycaemia and attenuation of STZ induced
decrease in islet SOD activity. The results indicate that the earlier reported
anti-hyperglycemic effect of TR may be due to pancreatic islet free radical
scavenging activity, the hyperglycaemic activity of STZ being the consequence
of decrease in islet SOD activity leading to the accumulation of degenerative
oxidative free radicals in islet beta-cells.

61 
 
 

Bhattacharyya, D., S. Pandit, R. Mukherjee, N. Das and T. K. Sur (2003).

"Hepatoprotective effect of Himoliv®, a polyherbal formulation in rats." Indian
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 47(4): 435-440.
The effect of Himoliv (HV) was evaluated in carbon tetrachloride or
paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver necrosis was produced by
Page | 62 
administering single dose of either carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1 ml/kg, 50%
v/v with olive oil, s.c.) or paracetamol (PC, 1 g/kg, p.o.). The liver damage was
evidenced by elevated levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
(SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reacting substances
(TBARS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). HV pretreatment (0.5 and 1.0 ml/kg,
p.o.) significantly (P&lt;0.001) reduced CCl4 or PC-induced elevations of the
levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and TBARS, while the reduced concentration of SOD
due to CCl4 or PC was reversed. Silymarin (25 mg/ kg, p.o.), a known
hepatoprotective drug showed similar results.

Bhavani, S. (2015). "Review on anti-pyretics & analgesic herbs in siddha medicine."

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 7(10): 812-817.
In Siddha system of medicine, there are many polyherbal formulations used as
antipyretics. This review article looks into the details of few commonly used
herbs and elucidates scientifically as anti-pyretics, analgesic, anti-microbial &
antiinflammatory potential. Also Siddha compound herbal and herbo-mineral
preparations in treating fever are included.antimalarial activity of
Andrographis paniculata, Cedrus deodara are also of great significance. ©
2015, Pharmainfo Publications. All rights reserved.

Bhuvad, S. and K. Nishteswar (2016). "Assessment of free radical scavenging activity

of ten madhuraskandha drugs through uv spectroscopic and chromatographic
technique." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(3): 92-
96.
Objective: Acharya Charaka had classified Asthapana bastidravya (corrective
enema) based on Rasa (Taste), called as Rasaskandha (a group of drugs having
similar taste). He ascertained some criteria to include drugs in the group such
as drug having either similar Rasa (taste) or Vipaka (biotransformation) or
Prabhava (principle responsible for a specific action). The study was planned
to endorse the grouping of Madhuraskandha based upon Rasayana karma
(rejuvenation) vis a vis antioxidant activity as well as to evaluate the natural
source of antioxidants. Methods: The study was planned to assess the free
radical scavenging activities often drugs by adopting DPPH [2, 2-di-(4-tert-
octylphenol)-1-picrylhydrazyl], H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) and superoxide
scavenging activity and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay with
UV spectroscopy. Further, methanolic extract often drugs was subjected to
thin layer chromatography followed by DPPH technique. Results: The aqueous

62 
 
 

extracts of Abutilon indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Tribulus terrestris,

Boerhavia diffusa, Group A and Group C had shown potent antioxidant activity
in concentration-dependent manner by illustrated methods. DPPH-TLC (thin
layer chromatography) assay showed that maximum active compounds were
found in methanolic extracts of Asparagus racemosus and Tinospora
Page | 63 
cordifolia. Conclusion: The result revealed that the drugs included in the
Madhuraskandha have similar attributes of Rasayana Karma or possess
antioxidant activity. The combination of ten drugs can be a good source of
natural antioxidants. © 2016, 2016 The Authors.

Biradar, S. P., A. S. Tamboli, T. S. Patil, R. V. Khandare, S. P. Govindwar and P. K. Pawar

(2017). "Phytoextracts protect saccharomyces cerevisiae from oxidative stress with
simultaneous enhancement in bioremediation efficacy." Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology 55(7): 469-478.
Bioremediation efficacies are highly affected by abiotic stresses imparted by a
verity of pollutants due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These
stressed cells can be treated using natural or synthetic antioxidants. Such an
approach could prove beneficial to bioremediation agents as the exogenously
added antioxidant compounds would scavenge the generated free radicals.
This would definitely lead to increased longevity of the involved organism and
carry out superior treatments. In present study, Malachite Green (MG) was
found to exert oxidative stress on Saccharomyces cerevisiae through
generation ROS. A 2 h exposure of MG though achieved 99% decolourization,
the cells revealed a significant decrease (97.8%) in colony forming units (CFU)
upon further subculture. Natural antioxidants from Centella asiatica,
Phyllanthus emblica, Asperagus racemosus and Tinospora cordifolia extracts,
however, restored the CFU with a loss of only 16-33%. The MG stressed cells
indicated an increase in ROS by 6.7 fold which was reduced to near normal
due to augmentation with plant extracts. MG damaged the nuclear material
up to 90% and inclusion of phytoextracts protected the cells revealing only 0-
7% nuclear damage. Induction in apoptosis (92%) and necrosis (23%) in MG
exposed cells was noted, while plant extracts augmentation reduced apoptosis
to 15-49% and necrosis to 10-16%. Activities of antioxidant enzymes such as
superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly
decreased in phyto-augmented cells when compared to MG stressed cells.
Dye degrading enzymes, namely lignin peroxidase, laccase, NADH-DCIP
reductase and MG reductase were found to show induction in activities during
MG utilization. Since antioxidants from plant extracts could protect the cells
form oxidative stress, they were used to treat MG for 20 continuous
decolourization cycles. Augmentation of C. asiatica, P. emblica, A. racemosus
and T. cordifolia extracts at 20th decolourization cycle revealed 75, 79, 74 and
93% superior decolorization efficacies as compared to unaugmented cells.
These natural antioxidants to protect bioremediation agents form oxidative

63 
 
 

stress, thus concluded to show enhanced treatment. © 2017, National

Institute of Science Communication. All rights reserved.

Birari, R., S. K. Roy, A. Singh and K. K. Bhutani (2009). "Pancreatic lipase inhibitory
alkaloids of Murraya koenigii leaves." Natural Product Communications 4(8): 1089-
Page | 64 
1092.
In the continuing search for newer pancreatic lipase inhibitors from plants, a
total of 63 extracts from 21 different plants were screened to study their
pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity in vitro. All three extracts (DCM, EtOAc
and MeOH) of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng leaves (Rutaceae) exhibited
antilipase activity greater than 80%. Further, bioactivity guided fractionation of
the EtOAc extract led to the isolation of four alkaloids, namely mahanimbin,
koenimbin, koenigicine and clausazoline-K, with IC 50 values of 17.9 μM, 168.6
μM, 428.6 μM and &lt;500 μM, respectively. This study reports for the first
time the PL inhibitory potential of carbazole alkaloids from plants.

Birla, H., S. N. Rai, S. S. Singh, W. Zahra, A. Rawat, N. Tiwari, R. K. Singh, A. Pathak and
S. P. Singh (2019). "Tinospora cordifolia Suppresses Neuroinflammation in
Parkinsonian Mouse Model." NeuroMolecular Medicine 21(1): 42-53.
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative central nervous system
disorder, is characterised by progressive loss of nigrostriatal neurons in basal
ganglia. Previous studies regarding PD have suggested the role of oxidative
stress along with neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. Accordingly, our
study explore the anti-inflammatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia aqueous
extract (TCAE) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra hydropyridine (MPTP)-
intoxicated Parkinsonian mouse model. MPTP-intoxicated mice showed
significant behavioral and biochemical abnormalities which were effectively
reversed by TCAE. It is evident that TCAE inhibits the MPTP-intoxicated
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and its associated pro-inflammatory
cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from immunohistochemistry and
Western blot analysis. In MPTP-intoxicated mice, microglial and astroglial-
specific inflammatory markers, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1
(Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively were increased
while were significantly reduced in TCAE treatment. Expression of pro-
inflammatory cytokine genes, TNF-α, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and Interleukin-1β
(IL-1β) were found to be upregulated in MPTP-intoxicated mice, whereas TCAE
treatment restored their levels. Additionally, anti-inflammatory factor
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene was found to be downregulated in MPTP-
intoxicated mice which were significantly restored by TCAE treatment. Tyrosine
hydroxylase (TH) expression was reduced in MPTP-intoxicated mice, while its
expression was significantly increased in TCAE-treated group. Our result
strongly suggests that T. cordifolia protects dopaminergic neurons by

64 
 
 

suppressing neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced Parkinsonian mouse model.

© 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Bishayi, B., S. Roychowdhury, S. Ghosh and M. Sengupta (2002). "Hepatoprotective

and immunomodulatory properties of Tinospora cordifolia in CCl4 intoxicated
Page | 65 
mature albino rats." Journal of Toxicological Sciences 27(3): 139-146.
Effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract on modulation of hepatoprotective and
immunostimulatory functions in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxicated
mature rats is reported here. Administration of CCl4 (0.7 ml/kg body weight
for 7 days) produces damage in the liver as evident by estimation of enzymes
such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate
pyruvate transminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as serum
bilirubin level. CCl4 administration also causes immunosuppressive effects as
indicated by phagocytic capacity, chemotactic migration and cell adhesiveness
of rat peritoneal macrophages. However, treatment with T. cordifolia extract
(100 mg/kg body weight for 15 days) in CCl4 intoxicated rats was found to
protect the liver, as indicated by enzyme level in serum. A significant reduction
in serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin were observed following T.
cordifolia treatment during CCl4 intoxication. Treatment with T. cordifolia
extract also deleted the immunosuppressive effect of CCl4, since a significant
increment in the functional capacities of rat peritoneal macrophages (PMφ)
was observed following T. cordifolia treatment. The results of our experiment
suggest that treatment by T. cordifolia extract may be the critical remedy for
the adverse effect of CCl4 in liver function as well as immune functions.

Bisht, V. K., J. S. Negi, A. K. Bhandari and R. C. Sundriyal (2011). "Anti-cancerous plants

of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A review." International Journal of Cancer Research 7(3):
192-208.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Anti-cancerous
activity is the effects of natural, synthetic or biological chemical agents to
reverse, suppress or prevent carcinogenic progression. Several synthetic
agents are used to cure the disease but they have their toxicity and hence the
research is going on to investigate the plant derived chemotherapeutic
agents. An attempt has been made to review important medicinal plants used
for the treatment and prevention of neoplasm from Uttarakhand. This article
considered 24 plants from the state having anti-cancerous property. These
plants contain several anti-cancerous bioactives such as saponins, flavonoids,
polyphenols, tannins and alkaloids etc. This study also incorporates the ethno-
botany and biological activities of these important plants. © 2011 Academic
Journals Inc.

Block, K. I. (2010). "Integrative Cancer Therapies: In this issue." Integrative Cancer

Therapies 9(4): 315-316.

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Bonvicini, F., M. Mandrone, F. Antognoni, F. Poli and G. A. Gentilomi (2014).

"Ethanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia and Alstonia scholaris show antimicrobial
activity towards clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and carbapenemase-
producing bacteria." Natural Product Research 28(18): 1438-1445.
Page | 66 
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of
crude extracts of three plants from Ayurveda tradition (Tinospora cordifolia,
Alstonia scholaris, Crataeva nurvala) against reference microbial strains and
clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and
carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. IC50 values were obtained
by micro-dilution methods meeting the requirements of the NCCLS standard.
The cytotoxicity of the extracts was also investigated on a mammalian cell line.
Extracts displayed a variable degree of antimicrobial activity and did not
interfere with mammalian cell proliferation. T. cordifolia and A. scholaris
exhibited a higher inhibitory activity against clinical isolates of MRSA and
carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae compared with reference strains,
while C. nurvala exhibited a different behaviour. An antifungal activity towards
Candida albicans was observed for A. scholaris extract. Results indicate that
constituents from T. cordifolia and A. scholaris may be a potential source of
new therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

Castillo, A. L., M. O. Osi, J. D. A. Ramos, J. L. De Francia, M. U. Dujunco and P. F.

Quilala (2013). "Efficacy and safety of Tinospora cordifolia lotion in Sarcoptes scabiei
var hominis-infected pediatric patients: A single blind, randomized controlled trial."
Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 4(1): 39-46.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Tinospora cordifolia
lotion including its cure rate and clearance time compared with permethrin
lotion. Materials and Methods: A single blind, randomized, controlled, pilot
clinical study was performed in three government institutions to investigate
clinical efficacy of T.cordifolia lotion in sixty-six clinically-diagnosed scabies-
infected patients. The patients were treated with T.cordifolia or permethrin
lotions for three consecutive days for two weeks and clinical assessment of
each patient was performed for five weeks. Results: T. cordifolia lotion and
permethrin significantly reduced the mean global evaluation score after four
weeks of treatment. The two lotions showed comparable effects as anti-
scabies agent. Moreover, the clearance time (days) and cure rate using the two
lotions did not differ. Clinical improvement, mean clearance time and cure rate
of T.cordifolia lotion are comparable with permethrin. Conclusions: Tinospora
cordifolia lotion exhibits anti-scabies activity comparable with permethrin. Its
incorporation as therapeutic reagent in Sarcoptes scabiei infections is highly
recommended.

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Cecchini, S., M. Paciolla, A. R. Caputo and A. Bavoso (2014). "Antioxidant potential of

the polyherbal formulation "immuPlus": A nutritional supplement for horses."
Veterinary Medicine International 2014.
In order to counteract harmful effects of oxidative stress due to pathological
conditions or physical exercise, horses are often administered dietary
Page | 67 
supplements having supposed high antioxidant activities. The aim of the
present study was to identify the in vitro antioxidant potential of "ImmuPlus",
a polyherbal formulation (Global Herbs LTD, Chichester, West Sussex, Great
Britain), containing three medicinal plants (Withania somnifera, Tinospora
cordifolia, and Emblica officinalis), known in Ayurveda for their use in human
disease treatment. Extracts obtained by different solvents (water, methanol,
ethanol, acetone, and hexane) were tested for total antioxidant capacity, total
reducing power, scavenging activity against DPPH radical, and total
polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Our results showed that, except as regards
hexane, all the used solvents are able to extract compounds having high
antioxidant activity, even when compared to ascorbic acid. Regression analysis
showed significant correlations between antioxidant properties and
polyphenol/flavonoid contents, indicating the latter, known for their beneficial
effects on health of human and animal beings, as major components
responsible for the strong antioxidant capacities. Moreover, obtained results
suggest the effective role of the polyherbal mixture as good source of
antioxidants in horses. © 2014 Stefano Cecchini et al.

Chakraborty, B., A. Nath, H. Saikia and M. Sengupta (2014). "Bactericidal activity of

selected medicinal plants against multidrug resistant bacterial strains from clinical
isolates." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 7(S1): S435-S441.
Objective: To investigate the antibacterial effect of Curcuma longa (C. longa),
Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) and Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) against
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus mirabilis of clinical origin.
Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of said medicinal plants and
establishment of multidrug resistant character of these bacteria were carried
out using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Results: The results of
MIC and MBC showed that these clinical bacterial isolates were phenotypically
multidrug resistant against standard antibiotics (>500 μg/mL). Compared to
standard antibiotics, C. longa, Z. officinale and T. cordifolia were more
effective in killing these microbes as evident from MIC and MBC values (5 to
125 μg/mL). Moreover, C. longa had highest antibacterial efficacy compared
to Z. officinale and T. cordifolia. Conclusions: The result thus obtained
suggests that bioactive principles of these plants can be used particularly
against these multidrug resistant bacteria of clinical origin. © 2014 Hainan
Medical College.

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Chakraborty, B. and M. Sengupta (2012). "Supporting the immune system through

functional modulation of carbon tetrachloride intoxicated splenic macrophages by
administering Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2(7):
117-124.
Page | 68 
The suppression of immune system leads to the development of several
chronic illnesses; in replying to this the available allopathic system of medicine
is provided with limited tools for treatment and prevention. In this context, the
present investigation focuses on immunostimulant properties of an aqueous
extract of Tinospora cordifolia in splenic macrophages isolated from carbon
tetrachloride induced immunosuppressive mice. Our results suggested that
carbon tetra chloride intoxication (0.5ml/Kg body weight) significantly altered
the functional status like morphology, cell adhesion, phagocytosis,
myeloperoxidase (MPO) release, nitric oxide (NO) release, DNA fragmentation
and killing capacity of splenic macrophages. However administration of
aqueous fraction of Tinospora cordifolia stem parts at a dose of 40 mg/kg
body weight (in vivo) in CCl4 intoxicated male albino mice ameliorated the
effect of CCl4, as was evident from the scanning electron micrographs,
percentage of morphologically altered macrophages, phagocytosis activity,
cell adhesion, MPO release, NO release, DNA fragmentation and intracellular
killing capacity. Thus, it has been coclude that bioactive compounds presents
in polar fractions of Tinospora cordifolia were accountable for boosting the
immune system.

Chandan, N. G., T. Deb and S. Manju Bhargavi (2013). "Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity
of tinospora cordifolia in albino rats." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 4(2): P78-P85.
This study was conducted to evaluate anti-ulcer activity of Tinospora cordifolia
in albino rats. Albino rats of wistar variety of either sex weighing 140-165gms
were evenly divided into different treatment groups. The aqueous extract of
Tinospora cordifolia was investigated for its anti- ulcer activity against pylorus
ligation, aspirin induced and ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats at 400mg/kg
body weight p.o. In pylorus ligated rats, Tinospora cordifolia extract has
shown significant (P<0.01) reduction in gastric volume, total acidity & ulcer
index as compared to control. There was also significant (P<0.01) reduction in
ulcer index seen among Tinospora cordifolia extract treated rats of aspirin and
ethanol induced models. The anti-ulcer activity was further confirmed by
histopathological examination of rat stomach. Thus the present study
concludes Tinospora cordifolia extract having potential anti- ulcer activity in
the three models tested.

Chandra, R., V. Kumar, S. Tripathi and P. Sharma (2018). "Heavy metal phytoextraction
potential of native weeds and grasses from endocrine-disrupting chemicals rich

68 
 
 

complex distillery sludge and their histological observations during in-situ

phytoremediation." Ecological Engineering 111: 143-156.
Sugarcane-molasses based distillery waste is a threat to environment for its
safe disposal due to complexation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
containing mixture of organic pollutants. This study revealed that distillery
Page | 69 
sludge contains not only mixture of complex organic pollutants but also
retains high quantity of Fe (5264.49), Zn (43.47), Cu (847.46), Mn (238.47), Ni
(15.60), and Pb (31.22 mg kg −1 ) which enhances the toxicity of sludge to the
environment. The major identified organic compounds were benzene, 1-ethyl-
2-methyl, benzene, 1-ethyl-4-methyl benzoic acid, 3,4,5-tris(TMS oxy), TMS
ester; hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester; stigmasterol TMS ether; 5α-cholestane,4-
methylene; campesterol TMS; β-sitosterol and lanosterol. These compounds
are listed under the EDCs also as per U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
However, the phytoextraction potential of growing native weeds and grasses
i.e. Argemone mexicana, Saccharum munja, Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum
purpureum, Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, Tinospora cordifolia,
Calotropis procera and Basella alba revealed the high accumulation of Fe, Zn,
Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb in their root and leaves compared to shoot. This indicated
high accumulation and translocation capabilities of these plants. Further, the
bioaccumulation coefficient factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) was
found &gt;1 for majority of plants for various metals. Thus, this given strong
evidence for hyperaccumulation tendency of these native weeds and grasses
from complex polluted sites. Furthermore, the ultrastructural observations of
root tissues also revealed the deposition of heavy metals at various cellular
components without any apparent toxic effects. This indicated the variable
adaptive characteristics of these plants growing at a hazardous waste polluted
site. Thus, the study given a strong evidence for application of these weeds
and grasses as tools for in-situ phytoremediation and eco-restoration of
polluted sites. © 2017

Chandraju, S., R. Nagendraswamy, S. Chidankumarc and N. Girija (2011). "Nutritional

additives of distillery spentwash on the production of creeper medicinal plants in
normal and spentwash treated soil." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
15(2): 297-302.
Cultivation of some creeper medicinal plants namely, Amruthaballi (Tinospora
cordifolia), Asthisamharka (Cissus quadrangularis, Basale (Basella rubra), was
made by irrigation with distillery spentwash of different proportions. The
spentwash i.e. primary treated spentwash (PTSW) and 33% spentwash were
analyzed for their plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium
and other physical and chemical parameters. Experimental soils i.e. normal soil
(plot-1) and spentwash treated (plot-2) soil was tested for their chemical and
physical parameters. The sets of creeper medicinal plants were sowed in the
prepared land and irrigated with raw water (RW) and 33% spentwash.

69 
 
 

Influence of spentwash in normal and spentwash treated soils on proximate

principles (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, calcium,
phosphorous, and iron), vitamin content (carotene and vitamin-c), minerals
and trace elements (magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc,
chromium and nickel) of plants was investigated at their respective maturity. It
Page | 70 
was found that the nutrients of all medicinal plants were high in 33% than raw
water irrigation. Further, the nutrients uptakes were very high in spentwash
treated soil (plot-2) than normal soil (plot-1) and raw water irrigations for all
types of plants. It concludes that the subsequent use of diluted spentwash for
irrigation enriches the soil fertility and hence the diluted spentwash (33%) is
an effective, eco-friendly irrigation medium for cultivation of creeper
medicinal plants without any adverse effect on soil and environment.

Chandrasekar, S. B., K. Divakar, A. T. Pawar, D. Goli, R. Harisha, M. Bhanumathy, G.

Sushma and H. N. Shivaprasad (2010). "Involvement of opioid, adenosine and 5-HT3
receptors in antinociceptive effects of an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation." Medical
Principles and Practice 20(1): 66-70.
Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antinociceptive
effects of an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation in rats and mice employing the
tail immersion test and acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively.
Materials and Methods: With the tail immersion method, rats received two
different doses (270 and 405 mg/kg BW, p.o.) of a formulation, pethidine (5.4
mg/kg BW, p.o.) as a reference standard and the combination of the higher
dose of the formulation with naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.), an opioid receptor
antagonist, and caffeine (16 mg/kg, i.p.), used as an adenosine receptor
antagonist. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, mice received two
different doses (390 and 585 mg/kg, BW, p.o.) of formulation, diclofenac
sodium (15 mg/kg, BW, p.o.) as a reference standard and the combination of
the higher dose of the polyherbal formulation with ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg,
i.p.), a serotonin receptor antagonist. Results: The polyherbal formulation (405
mg/kg) exhibited a significant (p < 0.01) antinociceptive effect using the tail
immersion method. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the formulation
showed significant (p < 0.01) dose-dependent activity. The antinociceptive
effect of the polyherbal formulation apparently involved an opiate-like
mechanism, since its antinociceptive action was attenuated by naloxone
pretreatment. In addition, antinociceptive activity was attenuated by caffeine
and reversed by ondansetron pretreatment. Conclusion: Our data suggest that
the polyherbal formulation possessed centrally and peripherally mediated
antinociceptive properties. The activity could be mediated through opioid,
adenosine, and serotonin receptors and via inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-
and/or lipoxygenase-dependent pathways. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG,
Basel.

70 
 
 

Chandrasekaran, C. V., L. N. Mathuram, P. Daivasigamani and U. Bhatnagar (2009).

"Tinospora cordifolia, a safety evaluation." Toxicology in Vitro 23(7): 1220-1226.
Tinospora cordifolia is one of the indispensable medicinal plants used in
veterinary folk medicine/Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of
diverse diseases and recommended for improving the immune system by
Page | 71 
means of body resistance. In the current study, we evaluated the genotoxic
risk of the aqueous extract of T. cordifolia (TC) in a battery of four different
genotoxicity tests viz., Ames, in vitro chromosome aberration (CA), rodent
bone marrow micronucleus (MN), and Comet assay. Experimental results
confirmed that in Ames test up to 5000 μg/plate of TC did not exhibit any
mutagenic effect in Salmonella typhimurium mutant strains (TA97a, TA98,
TA100, TA102, and TA1535). In CA assay, TC was not clastogenic to human
peripheral blood lymphocytes up to a concentration of 3000 μg/ml. In MN
and Comet assays, TC was pre-treated for 7 days at three dose levels (150, 200
and 250 mg/kg body weight) orally to male Balb/c mice. The results showed
that TC treatment did not display clastogenicity and DNA damaging effect in
bone marrow erythrocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes respectively. ©
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chandrashekharaiah, K. S., M. N. Bolaki, G. S. Sanjay, A. Bathija, V. K. Murthy, M.

Narayanaswamy and N. R. Swamy (2013). "Anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic
properties of methanolic extracts of medicinal plants." Biosciences Biotechnology
Research Asia 10(2): 607-612.
Total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and alpha
amylae inhibitory potential was determined for three selected medicinal plants
- Gymnema sylvestre, Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora cordifolia. The plant
extracts were prepared with methanol. The total phenolic content of
methonolic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora
cordifolia. were 6.862, 20.862 and 7.987 mg GAE/g plant material respectively .
All the three plants showed anti oxidant activities with their IC 50 values were
6.862, 20.862 and 7.987 μg/ml compared to IC 50 value of the standard L-
Ascorbic acid, which was 11.59μg/ml. The extracts of Gymnema sylvestre
showed ±- amylase inhibition. Thus the results provided evidence that among
the studied plants, Gymnema s ylvestre potential sources of natural
antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.

Chatterjee, S. (1996). "EAZMOV: Mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action." Indian

Journal of Indigenous Medicines 18(2): 183-186.

Chatterjee, S. (2001). "Effect of Immu-21, a herbal formulation on granulocyte-

macrophage colony stimulating factors, macrophage maturation and splenic plaque
forming cells in experimental animals." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 33(6): 442-
444.

71 
 
 

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of immunostimulating action of

Immu-21. Methods: Swiss albino mice were treated with Immu-21 at various
doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, orally) for 15 and 30 days. Granulocyte-Macrophage
Colony Stimulating Factors (GM-CSF) was estimated in the serum of the
experimental animals. Numbers of esterase positive cells in the bone marrow
Page | 72 
were counted. Plaque forming cells in spleen of the experimental mice were
estimated following sheep RBC challenge. Results: Immu-21 significantly
enhanced the GM-CSF activity, number of esterase positive bone marrow cells
and plaque forming cells of spleen in experimental animals. The
immunostimulatory effect of Immu-21 is dose-dependent. Conclusion: The
present study suggests that Immu-21 modulates macrophage maturation and
function. Stimulation of plaque forming cell production from spleen by this
product helps in stimulating humoral arm of immunity in experimental
animals.

Chatterjee, S. and S. K. Agrawala (2003). "Effect of herbal ELKP-1 on experimental

diabetic nephropathy." Phytomedica 4: 43-48.
A study was conducted to assess the effect of ELKP-1 on streptozotocin
induced diabetic nephropathy in rats under strict insulin therapy.
Streptozotocin was administered to Wistar rats to induce diabetic
nephropathy. The rats were divided into various groups and provided
following treatments on confirmation of hyperglycaemia and glycosuria.
Group-1: Healthy control, Group-2: Diabetic control, Group-3: Diabetic +
Insulin treatment (day 3 - 62), Group-4: Diabetic + Insulin treatment + ELKP-1
(day 3 - 62), Group-5: Diabetic + Insulin treatment (day 23 - 62) and Group-6:
Diabetic + Insulin treatment + ELKP-1 (day 23 - 62). Urinary albumin excretion
was measured on days 32 and 62, while renal hypertrophy, renal lipid peroxide
content and creatinine clearance were studied on day 62 at sacrifice of the
animals. Streptozotocin induced glomerulopathy in rats. Therapy with insulin
protected the animals from diabetic nephropathy to certain extent. Addition
of ELKP-1 to insulin treatment showed synergistic effect with higher degree of
protection. Insulin alone or in combination with ELKP-1 provided better results
when given from the initial stage of onset of glycosuria compared to that
when given in established cases of diabetes. ELKP-1 in combination with
insulin provided better results when given soon after establishment of
diabetes as compared to insulin monotherapy from the beginning of the
onset of hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. The plant ingredients of ELKP-1 with
reported nephroprotective and nephrogenic effects along with their
antioxidative actions helped in prevention of early stage diabetic renal
damage.

Chaudhari, G. M. and R. T. Mahajan (2015). "Comparative antioxidant activity of

twenty traditional Indian medicinal plants and its correlation with total flavonoid and

72 
 
 

phenolic content." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and

Research 30(1): 105-111.
In nature, plants have capacity to synthesize various secondary metabolites
like alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, lignin, tannins, phenolic compounds and
flavonoids for their defense purpose and benefited to humans. Naturally
Page | 73 
occurring phenolic compounds and flavonoids have high potential as
antioxidant principle to restore, conserve and repair cellular damage. Cellular
damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in
several diseases, and hence natural antioxidants have significant importance in
human health. Investigation has been carried out on different parts of twenty
Indian medicinal plants belonging to various families for their possible
antioxidation properties. The methanolic extract of various plant parts were
analyzed for total phenol, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant, radical
scavenging activity. Total phenols ranged from 12.21 to 355.25 mg gallic acid
equivalents/g and flavonoids from 3.37 to 147.79 mg rutin equivalents/g of
dry plant extract. All the extracts showed different level of antioxidant
activities as evaluate by different in vitro assays such as total antioxidant
activity, ferric ion reducing power, nitric oxide radical scavenging and DPPH
radical scavenging activity. Total flavonoid content correlated with antioxidant
activity to lower extent as compared to phenolic content. In general, the
samples with the highest total phenol values had the highest antioxidant
activities. The results reveal that Terminalia arjuna Roxb., Terminalia chebula
Retz., Terminalia bellirica Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn. and Curcuma longa
Linn. species showed remarkable antioxidant activities, consequently
representing promising plant source of phytomedicine. The members of
combretaceae occupy first rank as antioxidant agent among selected twenty
Indian medicinal plants. Thus, these plants would be considered as promising
sources of antioxidant phytochemicals. © 2015, Global Research Online. All
rights reserved.

Chaudhary, R., S. Jahan and P. K. Goyal (2008). "Chemopreventive potential of an

Indian medicinal plant (Tinospora cordifolia) on skin carcinogenesis in mice." Journal
of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 27(3): 233-243.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), an Indian medicinal plant, was used to explore
antitumor promoting activity in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. For
this purpose, mice were treated by single application of DMBA (100 μg/100 μl
of acetone) and two weeks later promoted by croton oil (1% in acetone three
times a week) until the end of the experiment (i.e., 16 weeks). Oral
administration of the above extract at the preinitiational stage (i.e., seven days
before and seven days after DMBA application; group IV), promotional stage
(i.e., from the time of croton oil application; group V), and both pre- and
postintiational stage (i.e., from the time of DMBA application and continued
until the end of the experiment; group VI; on the shaven backs of the mice at

73 
 
 

the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 16 weeks) recorded significant
reduction in tumor weight, tumor incidence in comparison to control (i.e.,
mice treated with DMBA and croton oil; group III). Furthermore, cumulative
number of papillomas, tumor yield, tumor burden, and tumor weight showed
significant reduction along with significant elevation of phase II detoxifying
Page | 74 
enzymes, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver and skin in the animals
administered with such plant extract concomitant to carcinogen exposure.
Thus, the present data strongly suggests that the Tinospora cordifolia extract
has anti-tumor potential in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model. ©
2008 by Begell House, Inc.

Chaudhury, R. R. and G. Bodeker (2003). "Symposium on HIV/AIDS and traditional

medicine of the global holistic health summit, Bangalore, 14 January 2003." National
Medical Journal of India 16(2): 105-106.

Chauhan, M. S., A. Farooqui and A. Trivedi (2017). "Plants foraged by bees for honey
production in northern India: The diverse flora of India and its implications for
apiculture." Acta Palaeobotanica 57(1): 119-132.
The plants foraged by bees for honey production vary from place to place in
the diverse flora of India. This paper reports a palynological study of honey
from eight sites of agriculture and urbanisation in the Gangetic Plain of Uttar
Pradesh (UP), and presents data from similar studies done in India. Pollen
grains of 55 species were recorded in the honey from south-western, central
and eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh, where Ageratum conyzoides, a noxious
invasive weed, is a very dominant plant taxon. The second plant community
used for foraging by honeybees consists of Syzygium cumini, Feronia limonia,
Eucalyptus globulus, Prosopis spicigera, Prosopis juliflora, Brassica campestris,
Pimpinella tomentosa, Xanthium strumarium, and Ziziphus sp. The third plant
community foraged by honeybees includes diverse plant species such as
Capparis sp., Ficus sp., Murraya koenigii, Aegle marmelos, and Tinospora
cordifolia, as well as Caryophyllaceae and nectarless families. The last group of
plants foraged by honeybees comprises ca 37 species sparsely present in the
vicinity. If honeybees have access to their preferred plant species they rarely
visit non-preferred species, but in the urban and rural agricultural areas where
the vegetation is sparse they are forced to forage several other plants
including invasive species. The quality and character of honey, whether
multifloral, monofloral, or bifloral, largely indicates the changing pattern of
vegetation in a particular area, and can furnish decadal to century-scale
information about the vegetational changes induced by climate or
anthropopression. Palynological data also shed light on medicinally important
or allergenic pollen protein present in honey (valuable information for
consumers) and the details about plant taxa foraged by honeybees can be
used for branding and marketing particular types of honey.

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Chavan, T., A. Ghadge, M. Karandikar, V. Pandit, P. Ranjekar, O. Kulkarni, A. Kuvalekar

and N. Mantri (2017). "Hepatoprotective activity of satwa, an ayurvedic formulation,
against alcohol-induced liver injury in rats." Alternative Therapies in Health and
Medicine 23(4): 34-40.
Page | 75 
Context • Guduchi Satwa is an Ayurvedic formulation prepared from Tinospora
species. It has been used since ancient times to treat liver disorders. Objectives
• The study intended to assess the hepatoprotective potential of Satwa
prepared from 3 forms of Tinospora against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity.
Design • Male, albino Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, with 6 rats each:
3 control groups—healthy controls, negative controls, and positive controls—
and 3 intervention groups—Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora sinensis, and
Neem-Guduchi. Setting • The study was carried out at the Animal House
facility of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University’s Medical College
(Maharashtra, India). Intervention • Hepatotoxicity was induced by repeated
dosing with alcohol for 15 d for all groups except for the healthy controls. To
induce hepatotoxicity, the 5 groups received 1 mL of 30% alcohol PO per 100
g of body weight per day. The healthy controls and the negative controls
received no hepatoprotective treatments. The other 4 groups received the
dosing with alcohol 30 min after the hepatoprotective treatment, which they
also received for 15 d: (1) positive controls—100 mg of silymarin per kg of
body weight per day PO; (2) intervention group 1 (T cordifolia group)—200
mg of T cordifolia per kg of body weight per day PO; (3) intervention group 2
(T sinensis group)—200 mg of T sinensis per kg of body weight per day PO;
and (4) intervention group 3 (Neem-Guduchi group)—200 mg of Neem-
Guduchi per kg of body weight per day PO. Outcome Measures • Serum and
liver tissue were used for biochemical analysis. Results • For the negative and
positive control groups and the 3 intervention groups, the repeated dosing
with alcohol produced elevations in the levels of liver-marker enzymes and
changes in the lipid-profile status of the animals. Satwa from T cordifolia had a
specific action in maintaining the lipid profile: total cholesterol, high-density
lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein.
Improvement in the hepatic function, normalization of the lipid profile in the
serum and liver, and improvements in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and
oxidative-stress markers were observed in the animals treated with T sinensis
Satwa. Neem-Guduchi Satwa was found to have a specific action in
maintaining the lipid profile. The differential hepatoprotective effect of that
Satwa was also evident from the liver histology. Conclusions • The data
suggest that the 3 Satwa might be used in combination as a liver tonic that
can help restore and strengthen the liver functions. The current study shows
that the combination has the potential to be an effective liver tonic in animals.
Scientific data from clinical trials of the 3 Satwa are not available. Systematic

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clinical trials are required that can yield information on their effects in humans.
© 2017, InnoVision Communications. All Rights Reserved.

Chi, S., G. She, D. Han, W. Wang, Z. Liu and B. Liu (2016). "Genus Tinospora:
Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology." Evidence-based
Page | 76 
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016.
The genus Tinospora includes 34 species, in which several herbs were used as
traditional medicines by indigenous groups throughout the tropical and
subtropical parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The extensive literature survey
revealed Tinospora species to be a group of important medicinal plants used
for the ethnomedical treatment of colds, headaches, pharyngitis, fever,
diarrhea, oral ulcer, diabetes, digestive disorder, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Indian ethnopharmacological data points to the therapeutic potential of the T.
cordifolia for the treatment of diabetic conditions. While Tinospora species are
confusing in individual ingredients and their mechanisms of action, the
ethnopharmacological history of those plants indicated that they exhibit
antidiabetic, antioxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial,
antiosteoporosis, and immunostimulation activities. While the clinical
applications in modern medicine are lacking convincing evidence and support,
this review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge of the traditional
uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicities of the genus
Tinospora to reveal its therapeutic potentials and gaps, offering opportunities
for future researches. © 2016 Sensen Chi et al.

Chimurkar, L., R. K. Jha, N. D. Pise, A. Jha, V. K. Chimurkar and P. Manjrekar (2012).

"Comparison of antioxidant potential of some herbal formulations: In vitro
assessment of DPPH and peroxyl radical scavenging activity." Journal of Datta Meghe
Institute of Medical Sciences University 7(4): 239-242.
Objective: To evaluate and compare in vitro antioxidant activity of roots of
Glycyrrhiza glabra,Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera. Method: Plant
materials eg. Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania
somnifera were collected, authenticated, dried and prepared in powdered
form, then methanolic extracts of dried root were prepered. They were
measured by in vitro models i.e.DPPH (2,2 Diphenyl, 1- Picryl- Hydrazyl) at
different conc. and peroxyl radical scavenging at 25 mcg, and these plants
were compared. The antioxidant potential of the extract were expressed as
Ic50. Result: According to DPPH method the IC50 of Glycyrrhiza glabra is 37.24
Tinospora cordifolia is 50.55 and Withania somnifera is 33.17, while according
to peroxyl radical scavenging method IC50 Glycyrrhiza glabra is 33., Tinospora
cordifolia is 33.55 and Withania somnifera 29.46. Conclusion: Result revealed
that Withania somnifera has more significant antioxidant potential than
Tinospora cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra.

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Chinnadurai, G. S., S. Krishnan and P. Perumal (2018). "Studies on detection and

analysis of proteases in leaf extract of medicinally important plants." Phytomedicine
40: 176-188.
Ethno-pharmacological relevance: The whole plant or the extracts obtained
from them have long been used as medicine to treat various human diseases
Page | 77 
and disorders. Notably, those plants endowed with protease activity have
been traditionally used as the agents for treating tumors, digestion disorders,
swelling, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and also for immune-modulation. Aim
of the study: Proteases occupy a pivotal position in enzyme based industries.
Plant proteases have been increasingly exploited for pharmaceutical, food,
leather and textile processing industries. Earlier investigations have focused on
the occurrence of proteases in medicinally unimportant plants. Therefore it
has been aimed to study the occurrence of proteolytic enzymes from
medicinally important plants establish any correlation exists between protease
activity and medicinal use of individual plants. Methods: Crude extract were
obtained from the leaves of 80 different medicinal plants. Tris–HCl buffer was
used as the extraction buffer and the supernatants obtained were used for
determination of total protein and protease activity using spectrophotometric
methods. Qualitative screening for the presence of protease was carried out
with agar diffusion method by incorporating the substrate. SDS-PAGE was
used to analyse the isoforms of protease and for determination of relative
molecular mass. Results: Relatively higher protease activities were observed in
the extracts of leaves of Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae), Wrightia tinctoria
(Apocyanaceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae), Adhatoda vasica
(Acanthaceae) and Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). No correlation was found
between the total protein content and protease activity in individual plant
species. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated the presence of multiple forms of
protease of higher molecular weight range in several plant species. We found
a strong correlation between the protease activity and medicinal application
of the plant Conclusion: The present study has unequivocally revealed that the
leaves of medicinal plants could serve as excellent sources of proteases which
could be exploited for various industrial, food and pharmaceutical
applications. © 2018 Elsevier GmbH

Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). "Tuberculosis and nature's pharmacy of putative anti-

tuberculosis agents." Acta Tropica 153: 46-56.
Due to the growing problem of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains, coupled with the twinning of tuberculosis (TB) to human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), the
burden of TB is now difficult to manage. Therefore, new antimycobacterial
agents are being sought from natural sources. This review focuses on natural
antimycobacterial agents from endophytes and medicinal plants of Africa,
Europe, Asia, South America and Canada. In the countries mentioned in this

77 
 
 

review, numerous plant species display putative anti-TB activity. Several

antimycobacterial chemical compounds have also been isolated, including:
ellagitannin punicalagin, allicin, anthraquinone glycosides, iridoids,
phenylpropanoids, beta-sitosterol, galanthimine, crinine, friedelin, gallic acid,
ellagic acids, anthocyanidin, taraxerol, termilignan B, arjunic acid,
Page | 78 
glucopyranosides, 1-epicatechol, leucopelargonidol, hydroxybenzoic acids,
benzophenanthridine alkaloids, neolignans, and decarine. These compounds
may provide leads to novel and more efficacious drugs to lessen the global
burden of TB and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. If there is a long-term
remedy for TB, it must lie in nature's pharmacy of putative antimycobacterial
agents. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Chintalwar, G., A. Jain, A. Sipahimalani, A. Banerji, P. Sumariwalla, R. Ramakrishnan

and K. Sainis (1999). "An immunologically active arabinogalactan from Tinospora
cordifolia." Phytochemistry 52(6): 1089-1093.
An arabinogalactan of mean M(r) 2.2 x 106 has been isolated from the dried
stems of Tinospora cordifolia and examined by methylation analysis, partial
hydrolysis and carboxyl reduction. Purified polysaccharide showed polyclonal
mitogenic activity against B-cells, their proliferation did not require
macrophages.

Chintalwar, G. J., S. Gupta, G. Roja and V. A. Bapat (2003). "Protoberberine alkaloids

from callus and cell suspension cultures of Tinospora cordifolia." Pharmaceutical
Biology 41(2): 81-86.
Callus and cell suspension cultures were established from the stem explants of
the plant Tinospora cordifolia. Accumulation of berberine and jatrorrhizine
(protoberberine alkaloids) was observed in both callus and cell suspension
cultures. The alkaloids were also exudated into the surrounding nutrient
medium by non-immobilized and immobilized cultures. The root extracts of T.
cordifolia showed higher levels of jatrorrhizine compared to the levels of
berberine. An HPLC method was standardised for the separation, identification
and quantification of these alkaloids.

Chopra, A. (2000). "Ayurvedic medicine and arhtritis." Rheumatic Disease Clinics of

North America 26(1): 133-144.
The fundamental principles of Ayurveda are briefly reviewed. The ancient
classification of arthritis is described along with the comparisons to the
modem system. Though the diagnosis is historical and clinical, it is based on
the tridosha hypothesis. The Ayurvedic pathogenesis links arthritis to the gut.
Management chiefly consists of diet and lifestyle changes, the panchkarma
process, and herbal drugs. The rasayana concept of immunomodulation is
introduced. Clinical ethno-validation of the ancient therapy is necessary to
meet the modern requirements and set up an interface with modem medicine.

78 
 
 

Chopra, A., M. Saluja, G. Tillu, S. Sarmukkaddam, A. Venugopalan, G. Narsimulu, R.

Handa, V. Sumantran, A. Raut, L. Bichile, K. Joshi and B. Patwardhan (2013).
"Ayurvedic medicine offers a good alternative to glucosamine and celecoxib in the
treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind,
Page | 79 
controlled equivalence drug trial." Rheumatology (United Kingdom) 52(8): 1408-
1417.
Objective. To demonstrate clinical equivalence between two standardized
Ayurveda (India) formulations (SGCG and SGC), glucosamine and celecoxib
(NSAID). Methods. Ayurvedic formulations (extracts of Tinospora cordifolia,
Zingiber officinale, Emblica officinalis, Boswellia serrata), glucosamine sulphate
(2 g daily) and celecoxib (200mg daily) were evaluated in a randomized,
double-blind, parallel-efficacy, four-arm, multicentre equivalence drug trial of
24 weeks duration. A total of 440 eligible patients suffering from symptomatic
knee OA were enrolled and monitored as per protocol. Primary efficacy
variables were active body weight-bearing pain (visual analogue scale) and
modified WOMAC pain and functional difficulty Likert score (for knee and hip);
the corresponding a priori equivalence ranges were ∓1.5 cm, ∓2.5 and ∓8.5.
Results. Differences between the intervention arms for mean changes in
primary efficacy variables were within the equivalence range by intent-to-treat
and per protocol analysis. Twenty-six patients showed asymptomatic
increased serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) with otherwise normal
liver function; seven patients (Ayurvedic intervention) were withdrawn and
SGPT normalized after stopping the drug. Other adverse events were mild and
did not differ by intervention. Overall, 28% of patients withdrew from the
study. Conclusion. In this 6-month controlled study of knee OA, Ayurvedic
formulations (especially SGCG) significantly reduced knee pain and improved
knee function and were equivalent to glucosamine and celecoxib. The
unexpected SGPT rise requires further safety assessment. Trial registration:
Clinical Drug Trial Registry - India, www.ctri.nic.in, CTRI/2008/091/000063. ©
The Author 2013 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British
Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved.

Chopra, A., M. Saluja, G. Tillu, A. Venugopalan, G. Narsimulu, R. Handa, L. Bichile, A.

Raut, S. Sarmukaddam and B. Patwardhan (2012). "Comparable efficacy of
standardized Ayurveda formulation and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQS) in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A randomized investigator-blind controlled
study." Clinical Rheumatology 31(2): 259-269.
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQS) is a popular disease-modifying
antirheumatic drug (DMARD) despite modest efficacy and toxicity. Ayurveda
(ancient India medicinal system) physicians treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with
allegedly safer herbal formulations. We report a head-to-head comparison in
an exploratory drug trial. The objective is to compare standardized Ayurvedic

79 
 
 

formulations and HCQS in the treatment of RA. One hundred twenty-one

patients with active moderately severe RA (ACR 1988 classified) were
randomized into a 24-week investigator-blind, parallel efficacy, three-arm (two
Ayurvedic and HCQS) multicenter drug trial study; polyherb (Tinospora
cordifolia and Zingiber officinale based) and monoherb (Semecarpus
Page | 80 
anacardium). Study measures included joint counts (pain/tenderness and
swelling), pain visual analogue scale, global disease assessments, and health
assessment questionnaire. Oral meloxicam (fixed-dosage schedule) was
prescribed to all patients during the initial 16 weeks. Patients on prednisolone
could continue a fixed stable dose (<7.5 mg daily). Rescue oral use of
paracetamol was permitted and monitored. All groups matched well at
baseline. An intent-to-treat analysis (ANOVA, significance P<0.05) did not
show significant differences by treatment groups. In the polyherb, monoherb,
and HCQS arms, 44%, 36%, and 51%, respectively, showed ACR 20 index
improvement. Several efficacy measures improved significantly in the HCQS
and polyherb groups with no difference between the groups (corrected P).
However, the latter was individually superior to monoherb. Only mild adverse
events (gut and skin, and none withdrew) were reported with no differences
between the groups. Forty-two patients dropped out. This preliminary drug
trial controlled for HCQS demonstrated a standardized Ayurvedic polyherb
drug to be effective and safe in controlling active RA. A better-designed study
with a longer evaluation period is recommended. © 2011 Clinical
Rheumatology.

Chopra, A., M. Saluja, G. Tillu, A. Venugopalan, S. Sarmukaddam, A. K. Raut, L. Bichile,

G. Narsimulu, R. Handa and B. Patwardhan (2011). "A randomized controlled
exploratory evaluation of standardized ayurvedic formulations in symptomatic
osteoarthritis knees: A Government of India NMITLI project." Evidence-based
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011.
The multidisciplinary "New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership
Initiative" Arthritis Project was undertaken to validate Ayurvedic medicines.
Herbal formulations in popular use were selected by expert consensus and
standardized using modern tools. Our clinical strategy evolved from simple
exploratory evaluations to better powered statistically designed drug trials.
The results of the first drug trial are presented here. Five oral formulations
(coded A, B, C, D and E), with a common base of Zingiber officinale and
Tinospora cordifolia with a maximum of four plant extracts, were evaluated;
with placebo and glucosamine as controls. 245 patients suffering from
symptomatic OA knees were randomized into seven arms (35 patients per
arm) of a double blind, parallel efficacy, multicentric trial of sixteen weeks
duration. The groups matched well at baseline. There were no differences for
patient withdrawals (17.5%) or adverse events (AE) of mild nature. Intention-
to-treat efficacy analysis, demonstrated no significant differences (P<.05) for

80 
 
 

pain (weight bearing) and WOMAC questionnaire (knee function); placebo

response was high. Based on better pain relief, significant (P<.05) least
analgesic consumption and improved knee status, "C" formulation was
selected for further development. Controlled exploratory drug trials with
multiple treatment arms may be used to economically evaluate several
Page | 81 
candidate standardized formulations. Copyright © 2011 Arvind Chopra et al.

Choudhary, N., M. B. Siddiqui and S. Khatoon (2014). "Pharmacognostic evaluation of

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and identification of biomarkers." Indian Journal of
Traditional Knowledge 13(3): 543-550.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, (Guduchi) is an evergreen perennial climber
belongs to the family Menispermaceae. It is a plant of significant medicinal
importance in the indigenous systems of medicine and designated as
Rasayana. All the parts of this plant are reported for various ethnobotanical
and therapeutic uses. Vegetative aerial parts, viz. leaves, stem and aerial root
were collected in various seasons and studied for macroscopical, anatomical,
physicochemical and phytochemical studies. Microscopically leaf of T.
cordifolia showed presence of anomocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes.
Stem showed wheel shaped appearance at the transverse cut surface, a
peculiar characteristic feature of the family Menispermaceae. Stem and aerial
root exhibit abundant mucilage canals, dense ceratenchyma and
characteristics wedge shaped medullary rays. Phytochemically, the various
extracts showed the presence of diverse phytochemicals such as alkaloids,
glycosides, polyphenols, steroids, tannins, etc. Leaf of T. cordifolia showed the
maximum concentration of sugar, starch, flavonoids, phenolic, and tannin
content as compare to aerial roots and stem. Tinosporaside and berberine
were evaluated as biomarkers for the plant T. cordifolia using TLC
fingerprinting.

Choudhary, V. and V. Gupta (2017). "Floral diversity of a sacred grove Nai-Ka-Nath

Bassi Jaipur, Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Ecology 44(3): 474-482.
The present study was carried out in the Nai-Ka-Nath sacred grove, Bassi
Jaipur, Rajasthan during the period of 2013 to 2015. There are 11 villages
include in this grove and divided into 4 zones. Total 180 plants species were
identified during this period. Of these 167 in North and North-East Zone, 174
in Middle Zone, 148 in South and South-East Zone and 130 species In North
Zone were documented. These include 41, 37, 92 44 and 60 percent tree,
shrubs, herbs, climbers and tuber species are common in these zones. The
topography and religious beliefs of local people are the main causes of
species variation. Plants Azadirachta indica, Abutilon indicum, Citrullus
colocynthis, Ocimum sanctum, Momordica balsamina, Tinospora cordifolia,
Asparagus racemosus, Gloriosa superba, and Urginea indica were commonly
used in the treatment of cough, cold, skin diseases, stomach problems, fever,

81 
 
 

piles, diabetes, arthritis, snakebite, poisonous insect, and weakness. Majority

(80%) local tribal people use traditional medicinal sources for primary health
care.

Choudhry, N., S. Singh, M. B. Siddiqui and S. Khatoon (2014). "Impact of seasons and
Page | 82 
dioecy on therapeutic phytoconstituents of Tinospora cordifolia, a Rasayana drug."
BioMed Research International 2014.
Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, Menispermaceae, is a dioecious creeper,
commonly known as "Giloe" or "Guduchi" with significant medicinal
importance in the traditional systems of medicine. It is designated as Rasayana
drug in Ayurveda and recommended for a number of diseases and also as
adaptogen and immunomodulator. The safety and efficacy of herbal
medicines are closely correlated with thequality of the source materials. The
aim of this study is to see the effect of seasons on phytoconstituents and how
these vary in male and female stem samples of T. cordifolia. The study
revealed that total phenolics and total sugar concentration obtained highest
values in summer season while starch and tannin content were found
maximumin winter season in both the genders. However, biomarkers,
tinosporaside and berberine, reached to their highest concentration in
monsoon season. Further, antioxidant potential revealed the highest inhibition
percentage in winter season as well as in late summer season. The results of
this study suggest that the female plant is best for its therapeutic
phytoconstituents and the best harvesting seasons may be either winter or
late summer for antioxidant potential and immunomodulator activities and
monsoon for antidiabetic activity of T. cordifolia. Copyright © 2014 Namrta
Choudhry et al.

Choudhury, A., I. Chakraborty, R. Bhattacharjee, T. S. Banerjee, D. R. Vana, D. Adapa

and R. Bhardwaj (2018). "An update on pathological implications of enzymatic
dysregulation in alzheimer’s disease." Biomedical Research (India) 29(10): 2215-2226.
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most prevalent non-reversible
neurodegenerative disorder that affects the memory and cognitive centres of
brain. It has been reported that, AD turns out to be prominent among the
people aged~65 or above and is regarded as the most common cause of
dementia. Moreover, AD stands among the leading causes of death in the first
world nations, accounting more than 60% incidence of progressive cognitive
impairment in elderly people. Amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles are two
putative cytotoxic entities that have been identified, aggregation of which has
been associated with the pathological signature of AD. Beta secretase-an
amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme, plays a pivotal role in such
pathogenic process of AD. Several other enzymatic dysregulations have also
been linked with AD. Involvement of enzymatic dysregulation is the most
discussed pathological implication in AD and therapeutic approaches have

82 
 
 

been postulated targeting such anomalies. Together, global consequences of

enzymatic dysregulation and related therapeutic possibilities in AD remain the
prime focus of present time. Therefore, research and study for the eloquent
insight into the AD pathology from enzymatic perspective is essential and the
same endeavour has been carried out in the present study. © 2018, Scientific
Page | 83 
Publishers of India. All rights reserved.

Choudhury, J., J. Bora, D. Baruah, T. Borah and B. K. Bharali (2014). "Portrayal of folk
medicinal practices among the indigenous people of north Tripura district of Tripura,
India." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 5(4): 480-488.
North east India is the richest reservoir of plant diversity in India and one of
the 'biodiversity hotspot' of the world. Tripura, which is a hilly state of this
region, is also rich in plant diversity. North Tripura district of Tripura is
comprising of mostly forest area and of which 82.67 % population living in
rural areas has high practices of traditional medicine for different disease
conditions. This study on folk medicinal practice was done in order to
document the existing folk drugs and treatment procedures among the
peoples of North Tripura district of Tripura with a view to provide lead
material for the discovery of new drugs of natural origin. For this local health
practitioner, village head, elderly experienced persons were interviewed during
2012-2013 in the medico-ethno botanical survey of North Tripura and folk
medicinal claims were documented. Present study reveals first-hand
information on 48 folk medicinal claims having plant parts, animal products
and minerals. Enumeration of the claims were arranged according to disease
condition wise providing information on scientific names of the used folk
drugs followed by local name, Sanskrit name, parts used, method of use with
dose and duration as informed by the claimants and their relevant properties
as per Ayurvedic texts. The documented folk medicinal claims have both
single herb preparation and compound formulations.

Choudhury, S., P. Sharma, M. D. Choudhury and G. D. Sharma (2012). "Ethnomedicinal

plants used by Chorei tribes of Southern Assam, North Eastern India." Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Disease 2(SUPPL.1): S141-S147.
Objective: To explore and enumerate the medicinal plants used by the Chorei
tribe residing in Sourthern Assam part of North Eastern India in the treatment
of various ailments. Methods: Systematic and intensive field surveys were
conducted in Chorei inhabited parts of Southern Assam part of North East
India to collect information on medicinal plants used by them in treatment of
various ailments. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and
personal observations made during the field visit. Results: A total of 53
different medicinal plants were recorded along with their vernacular names,
parts used and mode of utilization by the Chorei tribes. Each of the plants was
categorized according to their use in treatment of particular disease.

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Conclusions: The present study revealed that the Chorei tribe is primarily
dependent of medicinal plant for treatment of various ailments. © 2012 Asian
Pacific Tropical Medicine Press.

Choudhury, S. S. and P. J. Handique (2013). "TDZ enhances multiple shoot production

Page | 84 
from nodal explants of Tinospora cordifolia-a commercially important medicinal
plant species of NE India." Research Journal of Biotechnology 8(5): 31-36.
Tinospora cordifolia is an important and commercially exploited medicinal
plant species found in natural habitats of NE India. In an experiment of in vitro
propagation of this species, the formation of multiple shoots in high
frequency was achieved in nodal explants culture. MS basal medium was used
throughout the experiments with different combinations and concentrations
of BAP, Kinetin and Thidiazuron(TDZ).Combination of BAP(2mg/l),
Kinetin(4mg/l) and TDZ(0.20mg/l) in MS medium gave a maximum average of
10.29 nos. of shoots per explants within 30 days of inoculation. Individual
shoots from about 45 days old multiple shoot cultures were separated and
implanted in half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (2mg/l) for
rooting. Root initiation was noticed after 5-6 days and it became profuse after
5 weeks. The rooted plantlets were transplanted ex-vitro and raised in pots
under green house conditions for one month followed by their field transfer.
The survival percentage was found to be 80%. By the protocol described here
one can get at least 10-12 rooted plants from one explant in 90 days. The
rapidity (i.e. within 90 days ) of multiplication of true-to type plants (i.e. within
90 days) and efficient transplantation of T.cordifolia can be useful in
conservation and propagation of elite plants for commercial exploitation.

Chougale, A. D., V. A. Ghadyale, S. N. Panaskar and A. U. Arvindekar (2009). "Alpha

glucosidase inhibition by stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Enzyme
Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 24(4): 998-1001.
Inhibitors of alpha glucosidase have potential use in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus. The stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated for inhibition
of the enzyme. The extract was also found to inhibit the salivary and
pancreatic amylase and therefore can effectively reduce an increase in
postprandial glucose level. The crude ethyl acetate, dichloromethane (DCM),
chloroform and hexane extracts of Tinospora cordifolia were studied. 15 mg of
the DCM extract was most effective in that showed 100 % inhibition of the
alpha glucosidase whereas salivary amylase was inhibited to the extent of 75
% and pancreatic amylase to 83 %. On giving a maltose load of 2mg / g along
with 0.3 mg / g body weight of the DCM Tinospora stem extract a decrease
was revealed in the hyperglycemic shoot up in normal and diabetic animals by
50 and 58 % respectively as compared to the controls. The extract was found
to inhibit alpha glucosidase in a non-competitive manner.

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Chulet, R. and P. Pradhan (2009). "A review on rasayana." Pharmacognosy Reviews

3(6): 229-234.
Rasayana is one of the eight clinical specialities of classical Ayurveda.
Rasayana replenish the vital fluids of our body, thus keeping us away from
diseases. The rasayana therapy enhance the qualities of rasa, enriches it with
Page | 85 
nutrients so one can attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from
disorder, youthfulness, excellence of luster, complexion and voice, optimum
development of physique and sense organs, mastery over phonetics and
brilliance. Taking rasayana is helpful to increase the immunity of the person to
keep him away from disease and also reverses the disease process and
prevents the re-occurrence. The Rasayanas are rejuvenators, nutritional
supplements and possess strong antioxidant activity. They also have
antagonistic actions on the oxidative stressors, which give rise to the
formation of different free radicals. Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia,
Emblica officinalis, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monniera,
Withania somnifera, Triphala rasayana, Chyawanprash, Brahma rasayana are
very important rasayanas which are described in ayurveda and proved by new
researches. © Phcog.Net 2009.

Cicero, A. F. G. and A. Baggioni (2016). Berberine and its role in chronic disease.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Springer New York LLC. 928: 27-45.
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of
isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis [e.g. Berberis
aquifolium (Oregon grape), Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree
turmeric)], Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), Xanthorhiza simplicissima
(yellowroot), Phellodendron amurense[2] (Amur corktree), Coptis chinensis
(Chinese goldthread), Tinospora cordifolia, Argemone mexicana (prickly
poppy) and Eschscholzia californica (Californian poppy). In vitro it exerts
significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In animal models
berberine has neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects. In
humans, its lipid-lowering and insulin-resistance improving actions have
clearly been demonstrated in numerous randomized clinical trials. Moreover,
preliminary clinical evidence suggest the ability of berberine to reduce
endothelial inflammation improving vascular health, even in patients already
affected by cardiovascular diseases. Altogether the available evidences
suggest a possible application of berberine use in the management of chronic
cardiometabolic disorders. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland
2016.

Cingi, C., M. Conk-Dalay, H. Cakli and C. Bal (2008). "The effects of spirulina on
allergic rhinitis." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 265(10): 1219-1223.
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing globally due to various causes.
It affects the quality life of a large group of people in all around the world.

85 
 
 

Allergic rhinitis still remains inadequately controlled with present medical

means. The need of continuous medical therapy makes individuals anxious
about the side effects of the drugs. So there is a need for an alternative
strategy. Effects of spirulina, tinospora cordifolia and butterbur were
investigated recently on allergic rhinitis in just very few investigations.
Page | 86 
Spirulina represents a blue-green alga that is produced and commercialized as
a dietary supplement for modulating immune functions, as well as
ameliorating a variety of diseases. This double blind, placebo controlled study,
evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of spirulina for treating patients
with allergic rhinitis. Spirulina consumption significantly improved the
symptoms and physical findings compared with placebo (P < 0.001***)
including nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal congestion and itching. Spirulina is
clinically effective on allergic rhinitis when compared with placebo. Further
studies should be performed in order to clarify the mechanism of this effect.
© 2008 Springer-Verlag.

Citarasu, T., V. Sivaram, G. Immanuel, N. Rout and V. Murugan (2006). "Influence of

selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)
infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological,
biochemical and immunological changes." Fish and Shellfish Immunology 21(4): 372-
384.
Immunostimulants are the substances, which enhance the non-specific
defence mechanism and provide resistance against the invading pathogenic
micro-organism. In order to increase the immunity of shrimps against the
WSSV, the methanolic extracts of five different herbal medicinal plants like
Cyanodon dactylon, Aegle marmelos, Tinospora cordifolia, Picrorhiza kurooa
and Eclipta alba were selected and mixed thoroughly in equal proportion. The
mixed extract was supplemented with various concentrations viz. 100 (A), 200
(B), 400 (C), and 800 (D) mg kg-1 through artificial diets individually. The
prepared diets (A-D) were fed individually to WSSV free healthy shrimp
Penaeus monodon with an average weight of 8.0 ± 0.5 g for 25 days. Control
diet (E), devoid of herbal extract was also fed to shrimps simultaneously. After
25 days of feeding experiment, the shrimps were challenged with WSSV, which
were isolated and propagated from the infected crustaceans. The shrimps
succumbed to death within 7 days when fed on no herbal immunostimulant
diet (E). Among the different concentrations of herbal immunostimulant
supplemented diets, the shrimps fed on diet D (800 mg kg-1) significantly (P
&lt; 0.0001) had more survival (74%) and reduction in the viral load. Also the
better performance of haematological, biochemical and immunological
parameters was found in the immunostimulant incorporated diets fed
shrimps. The present work revealed that the application of herbal
immunostimulants will be effective against shrimp viral pathogenesis and they
can be recommended for shrimp culture. © 2006.

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da Costa, I. M., J. R. L. P. Cavalcanti, D. B. de Queiroz, E. P. de Azevedo, A. C. M. do

Rêgo, I. Araújo Filho, P. Parente, M. A. Botelho and F. P. Guzen (2017).
"Supplementation with Herbal Extracts to Promote Behavioral and Neuroprotective
Effects in Experimental Models of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review."
Page | 87 
Phytotherapy Research 31(7): 959-970.
Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of a neurodegenerative pathology that has
received a considerable amount of attention because of its clinical
manifestations. The most common treatment consists of administering the
drugs levodopa and biperiden, which reduce the effectiveness of the disease
and the progress of its symptoms. However, phytotherapy treatment of PD
has shown great potential in retarding the loss of dopaminergic neurons and
minimizing the behavioral abnormalities. The aim of this study is to
systematically review the use of supplemental herbal plants with cellular
protective effect and behavioral activity in in vivo and in vitro experimental
models. A total of 20 studies were summarized, where the effectiveness of
herbal extracts and their isolated bioactive compounds was observed in
animal models for PD. The main neurochemical mechanisms found in these
studies are schematically represented. The herbal extracts and their
biocompounds have antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and antiinflammatory
properties, which contribute to avoiding neuronal loss. Reports show that
besides acting on the biosynthesis of dopamine and its metabolites, these
compounds prevent D2 receptors' hypersensitivity. It is suggested that further
studies need be conducted to better understand the mechanisms of action of
the bioactive compounds distributed in these plants. Copyright © 2017 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dabur, R. and A. Mittal (2016). "Detection and qualitative analysis of fatty acid amides
in the urine of alcoholics using HPLC-QTOF-MS." Alcohol 52: 71-78.
Fatty acid amides (FAAs) in alcoholism lead to liver diseases. These amides
have been reported in plasma and in other organs of the body, while their
detection or presence in the urine is still unknown. Therefore, the focus of the
current study was to detect and analyze FAAs qualitatively in urine samples of
alcoholics. Furthermore, the effects of Tinospora cordifolia (hepatoprotective
medicinal plant) intervention on FAA levels in moderate alcoholics were also
analyzed. In the study, asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (n = 22) without
chronic liver disease and nonalcoholic healthy volunteers (n = 24) with a mean
age of 39 ± 2.0 years were selected. The first-pass urine and fasting blood
samples were collected in the morning on day 0 and day 14 after T. cordifolia
water extract (TCE) treatment and analyzed using automated biochemistry
analyzer and HPLC-QTOF-MS. Results indicated the increased levels of serum
triglycerides, cholesterol, and liver function enzymes in alcoholic subjects,
which were significantly down-regulated by TCE intervention. Multivariate

87 
 
 

discrimination analysis of QTOF-MS data showed increased urinary levels of

oleoamide (2.55-fold), palmitamide (5.6-fold), and erucamide (1.6-fold) in
alcoholics as compared to control subjects. Levels of oleamide (1.8-fold),
palmitamide (1.7-fold), and linoleamide (1.5-fold) were found to be increased
in plasma. Treatment with TCE in alcoholics (3.0 g lyophilized water
Page | 88 
extract/day) significantly decreased the plasma and urinary levels of all FAAs
except linoleamide. The HPLC-QTOF-MS approach for FAAs analysis in both
urinary and plasma samples of alcoholics worked very well. Moreover, findings
(i.e., increased levels of FAAs in urine and in plasma) further support other
findings that these amides play a very important role in alcoholism. Further,
like our previous findings, TCE proved its hepatoprotective effect against
alcoholism not only by lowering the levels of these detected FAAs, but also by
decreasing the level of liver-specific enzymes and lipids. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.

Dahanukar, S. A., U. M. Thatte, N. Pai, P. B. More and S. M. Karandikar (1988).

"Immunotherapeutic modification by Tinospora cordifolia of abdominal sepsis
induced by caecal ligation in rats." Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 7(1): 21-23.

Dahanukar, S. A., U. M. Thatte, N. N. Rege and R. D. Bapat (1990).

"Immunotherapeutic activity of tinospora cordifolia." European Journal of
Pharmacology 183(2): 608.

Daniyal, M. and M. Akram (2015). "Antifertility activity of medicinal plants." Journal of

the Chinese Medical Association 78(7): 382-388.
The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of medicinal
plants used as antifertility agents in females throughout the world by various
tribes and ethnic groups. We undertook an extensive bibliographic review by
analyzing classical text books and peer reviewed papers, and further
consulting well accepted worldwide scientific databases. We performed
CENTRAL, Embase, and PubMed searches using terms such as "antifertility",
"anti-implantation", "antiovulation", and "antispermatogenic" activity of plants.
Plants, including their parts and extracts, that have traditionally been used to
facilitate antifertility have been considered as antifertility agents. In this paper,
various medicinal plants have been reviewed for thorough studies such as
Polygonum hydropiper Linn, Citrus limonum, Piper nigrum Linn, Juniperis
communis, Achyanthes aspera, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, and
Barleria prionitis. Many of these medicinal plants appear to act through an
antizygotic mechanism. This review clearly demonstrates that it is time to
expand upon experimental studies to source new potential chemical
constituents from medicinal plants; plant extracts and their active constituents
should be further investigated for their mechanisms. This review creates a
solid foundation upon which to further study the efficacy of plants that are
both currently used by women as traditional antifertility medicines, but also

88 
 
 

could be efficacious as an antifertility agent with additional research and

study. © 2015.

Das, N., D. N. Panda and R. Panda (2001). "Synergistic effect of herbal

immunostimulant "Immu-21", and anticoccidials-IHP-250C* and ACC-7* against
Page | 89 
induced Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks." Phytomedica 2(1-2): 77-81.
Prophylactic efficacy of two anticoccidials-IHP-250C and ACC-7, and one
herbal immuno-stimulant-Immu-21 was studied against Eimeria tenella
infection in broiler chicks. IHP-250C and ACC-7 were given in feed 0.2% and
0.15% respectively from 5th to 40th day of life, whereas Immu-21 was given
0.01% from 5th to 20th day of life only. Moreover, the synergistic effect of
IHP-250C + Immu-21 and ACC-7 + Immu-21 was studied at the same dose
schedule. The birds were infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of E.tenella
on 21 day of life. The combination of IHP-250C and Immu-21 provided
highest protection against virulent E.tenella infection. Immu-21 was found to
be an efficient immune-potentiator against caecal coccidiosis in broiler birds.
Without possessing any per se anticoccidial property, Immu-21 alone
effectively checked the development of caecal lesions with performance index
of 82.81%, probably due to development of resistance. Moreover, it enhanced
the performance index of birds from 86.86% and 68.48% to 88.84% and
83.69% when given alongwith the anticoccidials-IHP-250C and ACC-7,
respectively. This conforms the compatibility and synergistic effect of Immu-
21 with anticoccidials used in this study. In addition, the pre-infection total
leucocyte count, total serum protein and serum globulin values of Immu-21
treated birds were significantly higher than infected - untreated birds. Immu-
21 is recommended to be incorporated in broiler ration to augment the
immune response to fight against coccidiosis and also other infections to
increase the economic return.

Das, P. K., M. R. Das, K. C. Acharya and S. K. Ray (2003). "Evaluation of herbal

immuno-stimulant "Immu-21" in prevention and treatment of bovine clinical
mastitis." Phytomedica 4: 13-20.
Immu-21 (ImmuPlus) a herbal immunostimulant, was evaluated for its efficacy
for prevention and effective treatment of clinical mastitis in bovines. The
different groups of cows suffering from clinical mastitis and those which were
more vulnerable to this disease were administered Immu - 21 alone and in
combination with antibiotics, to assess their comparative clinical and
immunological benefits. When animals affected with clinical mastitis were
treated with Immu-21 alone they showed 20% clinical recovery alongwith
significant rise in ALC and IgG levels. The use of appropriate antibiotic along
with Immu-21 showed 90% recovery alongwith significant increase in ALC and
IgG levels while treatment with antibiotic alone showed 70% recovery without
any significant rise in ALC and IgG levels. Thus it is concluded that it is most

89 
 
 

appropriate to use herbal immuno - stimulant Immu - 21 alongwith the

antibiotic for sustained and effective treatment of clinical mastitis and to
prevent recurrence by augmenting immune - status. In preventive Group-A,
out of 10 cows treated with Immu-21 (4g/100 kg body weight) orally once
daily for two weeks, no one was affected with mastitis upto 6 months
Page | 90 
observation period. In group-B also, out of 10 cows treated with levamisole
HCl 2.5 mg/kg body weight,S/C weekly once, for 4 weeks, none suffered from
mastitis. However one animal of the untreated control group showed clear
signs of clinical mastitis within the six months period of study. This indicates
that Immu-21 given orally was equally effective like levamisole hydrochloride
S/C for prevention of mastitis, in the vulnerable cows.

Das, S. C., T. Prabhu, A. K. Deb, T. Biswas and J. Prakash (2013). Studies of indigenous
and tribal medicinal plants of hilly Tripura. Acta Horticulturae, International Society
for Horticultural Science. 972: 37-46.
Tripura is a tiny hilly state, located in the north-eastern part of India. The state
has an abundance in valuable medicinal plants, naturally growing mostly in
hilly area and the agroclimatic conditions favour the diverse medicinal plants
and the area is considered to be a hot-spot of indigenous medicinal plants.
Hence, more than 270 plant species have been identified, which are being
used by local tribal people in treating various ailments. The important
indigenous and tribal medicinal plant species available are Terminalia chebula,
Tarminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia arjuna, Adhatoda
zeylanica, Alpinia galangal, Asteracantha longifolia, Eryngium foetidum,
Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus amarus, Leucas aspera, Lawsonia inemis,
Heliotrapium indcum, Datura stamonium, Coccimia indica, Cissus
quadrangularis, Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri,
Mucuna pruirens, Piper longum, Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos, Aloe
barbadensis, Tinospora cordifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia
diffusa, Byayphlium calycinum, Catharanthus roseus, Dillenia indica, Dioscorea
(D. alata, D. floribunda, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta and D. hamiltonia), Ocimum
sanctum, Rauvolfia serpentine, Sida cordifolia, Solanum spp., Withania
somnifera, Mentha arvensis, Vitex negundo and others tribal medicinal plants.
The tribal peoples of the state are familiar with the medicinal properties of
locally available medicinal plants that are used for common ailments. This
paper focusses on the potential of indigenous and tribal medicinal plants as a
medicinal value and their utility for tribals and in the interior area of the state.

Das, S. N., S. Chatterjee and S. K. Agrawala (1996). "Immunological effects of "IMMU-

21" on weight and protein contents of spleen in rats." Indian Journal of Indigenous
Medicines 18(2): 173-178.

90 
 
 

Das, S. N., S. Chatterjee, A. T. Rao and S. K. Agrawala (1996). "Long term toxicity study
of a polyherbal formulation Immu-21." Indian Journal of Indigenous Medicines 18(2):
163-171.
Administration of polyherbal formulation Immu-21 in rats daily for 30 days
upto ten times higher than recommended therapeutic dose was found to be
Page | 91 
nonlethal, nontoxic on haemopoietic, renal and hepatic systems. No adverse
effect was observed on general performance of rats (feed, water intake and
body wt.). The better hepatic function was evident by significantly less
(P<0.02) bilirubin and GOT levels in rats of group C (200 mg/kg). No gross as
well as histopathological changes in internal organs were observed in rats of
any of the groups except spleen weight which increased significantly (P<0.05)
in rats receiving Immu-21 200 mg/kg. Increase in spleen weight was due to
hyperactivity of spleenic pulp leading to proliferative changes of
reticuloendothelial system, as confirmed by histopathological examination of
spleen.

Das, S. N., V. Kumar, A. K. Mathur and S. K. Agrawala (2004). "Effect of insulin on

blood sugar of Prolmmu and EuMil administered caecal ligated rats." Phytomedica 5:
53-56.
An experiment was conducted to observe the glycaemic effect of insulin on
caecal ligated rats administered with different doses of ProImmu or EuMil. The
results of the experiment revealed that caecal ligated control rats became
refractile to exogenous insulin. Analysis of results also showed that caecal
ligated rats who received ProImmu or EuMil remained sensitive to exogenous
insulin. Both low and high dose levels (20 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) of these
two polyherbal fomulations, when administered to caecal ligated septic rats,
resulted in favourable conditions for insulin activity, particularly ProImmu
which was very effective at the dose of 20 mg/gk.

Das, S. N., V. Kumar, A. K. Mathur and S. K. Agrawala (2005). "Teratological study of

NefroLiv." Phytomedica 6: 117-122.
The present study was conducted to investigate the teratogenic effect of
NefroLiv in rats with 3 and 10 times higher than the recommended dose to
evaluate the safety of NefroLiv for use in pregnant women. Acetaldehyde (200
mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard foetotoxic and teratogenic agent. The
results indicate that NefroLiv (45 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.) is safe and free from
teratogenic or embryotoxic effect even when administered upto 10 times
higher than the recommended dose. The pregnant rats used in the study also
remained free of undesirable side effects or mortality. Rats treated with
acetaldehyde showed foetotoxic effects like intrauterine growth retardation,
shorter umbilical cord, intrauterine mortality and higher rate of foetal
resorption while rats treated with vehicle or NefroLiv (45 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.)
have not shown any such effects. NefroLiv is free from any embryotoxic or

91 
 
 

teratogenic effect and thus it is safe for use during pregnancy in

recommended therapeutic doses.

Das, S. N., Y. Singh and S. K. Agrawala (2001). "Some pharmacological and

toxicological studies on herbal anti-arthritic product ART-400." Phytomedica 2(1-2):
Page | 92 
85-87.
'ART-400' a poly herbal product is recommended to control the degenerative
process in articular cartilage and provide relief from pain and inflammation, in
Arthritic conditions. During pharmacological and toxicological studies in
laboratory animals, 'ART-400' did not show any effect on respiration of
anaesthetised rabbits, however, slight fall of arterial blood pressure in
anaesthetised dogs was observed. A positive inotropic action without negative
orpositive chronotropic action was seen in amphibian heart after pretreatment
with ART-400. Further, 'ART-400' did not modify the action of acetylcholine on
isolated ileum of rats, however, per se effect of 'ART-400' was having slight
relaxation of ileum. The ulcerogenic studies indicated that 'ART-400' does not
cause any kind of irritation or ulcers in stomach of albino mice.

Davies, K. S., R. Sivakumar, C. I. Sajeeth and Y. H. Babu (2013). "Evaluation of new

binder isolated from tinospora cordifolia for the preparation of paracetamol tablets."
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 4(2): 1183-
1194.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing is an important enterprise and oral tablet
manufacturing is the most significant of all, because more drugs are made as
tablets than any other dosage form. The way of tablet manufacturing has been
undergoing change in recent years and is likely to head in new directions. In
this study Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) a freely available, a climbing shrub
belonging to the family Menispermaceae, a cheap source of starch has been
chosen for isolation of starch (binder) and used for the preparation of
paracetamol model drug. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation
method using 4% w/v, 6% w/v, 8% w/v, 10% w/v and 12% w/v of Tinospora
cordifolia starch and compared with maize starch (Standered) as binding
agent. All the paracetamol tablets were evaluated for weight variation,
hardness, friability, disintegration time and in-vitro drug release etc. The study
results indicate the tablet with higest binder concentration showed maximun
hardness and disentigration time and minimum friability compared with
standard binder.

Dayananda, K. S. and S. M. Gopinath (2013). "Antidiabetic effect of a poly herbal

formulation (D) on human pancreaticamylase." International Journal of Pharma and
Bio Sciences 4(4): P460-P466.
Diabetes has become a common global health problem that affects
>170million people worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of death and

92 
 
 

disability. It is estimated that by 2030, the number will rise to 366 million
(www.who.int). The majority of diabetes (~90%) is type 2 diabetes (T2D)
caused by a combination of impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic beta
cells and insulin resistance of the peripheral target tissues, especially muscle
and liver., Traditional Medicines obtained from medicinal plants are used by
Page | 93 
about 40-60% of the world's population. Though there are many approaches
to control diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are
preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. In this review we have
studied the inhibitory effect of a polyherbal formulation consisting of ten
antidiabetic herbal plants Gymnemasylvestre, Steviarebaudiana,
Momordichacharantia, syzimumcumini, Withaniasomnifera,
Tinosporacardiofolia, Ocimumsanturm, Moringaoliefera, Momordica dioica
and Phyllanthusemblica,. The aqueous and ethanolic extract showed
significant inhibition on humanPancreaticamylase.

D'Cruz, S. C., S. Vaithinathan, R. Jubendradass and P. P. Mathur (2010). "Effects of

plants and plant products on the testis." Asian Journal of Andrology 12(4): 468-479.
For centuries, plants and plant-based products have been used as a valuable
and safe natural source of medicines for treating various ailments. The
therapeutic potential of most of these plants could be ascribed to their
anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antispasmodic,
analgesic and various other pharmacological properties. However, several
commonly used plants have been reported to adversely affect male
reproductive functions in wildlife and humans. The effects observed with most
of the plant and plant-based products have been attributed to the
antispermatogenic and/or antisteroidogenic properties of one or more active
ingredients. This review discusses the detrimental effects of some of the
commonly used plants on various target cells in the testis. A deeper insight
into the molecular mechanisms of action of these natural compounds could
pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies against their toxicity. ©
2010 AJA, SIMM & SJTU All rights reserved.

De, P., S. C. Dasgupta and A. Gomes (1998). "Immunopotentiating and

immunoprophylactic activities of immue 21, a polyherbal product." Indian Journal of
Pharmacology 30(3): 163-168.
Objective: To evaluate the immunopotentiating and immunoprophylactic
effects of immue-21 (I-21) a polyherbal Ayurvedic product. Methods: Effect of
I-21 (50 mg/kg, p.o), on morphometric and functional changes of mouse
peritoneal macrophage was evaluated. Its effect on chemotaxis assay for
leucocytes and on heamatological parameters were also studied. Adjuvant
effect of I-21 was studied in rabbits. Immunopotentiating effect of I-21 was
studied against UV rays, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine induced
immunosuppression in mice and rats. Immunoprophylactic effect of I-21 was

93 
 
 

studied in E. coli induced peritonitis in mice. Results: I-21 exhibited a

significant increase in both morphometric and functional changes of
macrophage in mice. It also significantly increased in vitro chemotaxis of
leucocytes and in vivo total WBC and RBC counts in albino mice. I-21
significantly potentiated humoral immunity in rabbits and showed significant
Page | 94 
protection against UV rays, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine A induced
immunosuppression. I-21 provided 50% protection against E. coli induced
abdominal peritonitis in albino mice. Conclusion: I-21 may have
immunopotentiating and immunoprophylactic activity.

Deep, P., G. Murugananthan and Nandkumar (2011). "Herbal formulation and its
evaluation for antidiabetic activity." Pharmacologyonline 3: 1134-1144.
The objective of the study is to prepare and investigate the herbal formulation
of Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum and Emblica officinalis for
antidiabetic effects. Herbal formulations PD1, PD2 and PD3 were prepared
using Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum and Emblica officinalis extracts.
Herbal formulations were evaluated for hypoglycemic effects and Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test (OGTT) in normal and Alloxan induced diabetic rats. In
hypoglycemic study and OGTT, there was a significant decrease in Blood
Glucose Level (BGL) in normal rats with formulation PD3, marginal decrease in
formulation PD2 and very less decrease in formulation PD1. In diabetic rats
PD3 shown significant decrease in Fasting Blood Glucose Level (FBGL) which
was comparable to Glibenclamide while the effects of formulation PD2 and
PD1 was not significant after treatment with prepared herbal formulations.
These results were also supported by serum lipid profile and histological
studies of liver and kidney.

Deole, Y. S., B. K. Ashok, S. S. Chavan, B. Ravishankar, A. B. Thakar and H. M. Chandola

(2013). "Experimental study on adaptogenic and antiulcer activity of Rasayana ghana
tablet (a tri-herbal formulation) in albino rats." Indian Journal of Natural Products and
Resources 4(1): 73-80.
Distress is one of the most dangerous epidemics having potential to cause
severe somatic and psychiatric disorders. Rasayana (rejuvenation therapy)
drugs in Ayurveda can be an answer to prevent stress induced disorders.
Rasayana powder, an Ayurvedic formulation, is used for health promoting and
anti-ageing benefits. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
adaptogenic and antiulcer potency of Rasayana Ghana tablet (RGT) in
experimental animals in reverse pharmacological approach. Charles Foster
strain albino rats of either sex were divided into five groups and treated as
Water control, Stress control, Ghee and Honey treated (Vehicle control), RGT
with vehicle control and Standard control. All the animals were subjected to
pharmacological protocol of forced swimming stress. RGT was administered
along with vehicle in the dose of 180 mg/kg orally for 7 consecutive days

94 
 
 

before subjecting to stress. The adaptogenic and anti-ulcer activities were

assessed on the basis of changes in rectal temperature, body weight, ulcer
index, haematological parameters and antioxidant activities. In forced
swimming hypothermia, pre-treatment with RGT caused significant
attenuation of rectal temperature when compared with both stress control
Page | 95 
group. The RGT showed significant attenuation on stress induced gastric
ulcers by quenching free radicals. Further it significantly prevented stress
induced leucopenia. Thus, it can be concluded that RGT along with ghee and
honey as vehicle possess anti-stress and adaptogenic activity.

Deorukhakar, S. R., A. Dethe, R. R. Vohra, R. Ghosh, J. Chaudhary and V. Kadam

(2008). "Antiinflammatory activity of a polyherbal formulation." Indian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 70(6): 785-787.
The antiinflammatory activity of the polyherbal formulation Entox® was
investigated in rats for acute and sub acute models of inflammation using
carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma methods
respectively at a dose of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg administered orally. The
formulation in doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg showed 51.61% and
54.84% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of 3 h. The percent
inhibition of granuloma by cotton pellet method was 27.92% and 53.17%,
respectively. The formulation showed a significant antiinflammatory activity in
both the experimental models and the activity was comparable to that of the
standard drug, indomethacin.

Desai, A. G., G. N. Qazi, R. K. Ganju, M. El-Tamer, J. Singh, A. K. Saxena, Y. S. Bedi, S. C.

Taneja and H. K. Bhat (2008). "Medicinal plants and cancer chemoprevention."
Current Drug Metabolism 9(7): 581-591.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although great
advancements have been made in the treatment and control of cancer
progression, significant deficiencies and room for improvement remain. A
number of undesired side effects sometimes occur during chemotherapy.
Natural therapies, such as the use of plant-derived products in cancer
treatment, may reduce adverse side effects. Currently, a few plant products are
being used to treat cancer. However, a myriad of many plant products exist
that have shown very promising anti-cancer properties in vitro, but have yet to
be evaluated in humans. Further study is required to determine the efficacy of
these plant products in treating cancers in humans. This review will focus on
the various plant-derived chemical compounds that have, in recent years,
shown promise as anticancer agents and will outline their potential
mechanism of action. © 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

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Desai, S., R. Metrani, S. Vantamuri, V. Ginigeri, K. Phadke and B. Hungund (2012).

"Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antitumour screening of endophytes of
Tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(4): 533-540.
Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as 'Guduchi' in India is a medicinal
plant which is used to treat various diseases. Phytochemical analysis of plant
Page | 96 
revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, total
phenols, cardiac glycosides and reducing sugars. The total phenol content was
0.39 mg GEA/mg, 0.25 mg GEA /mg for leaf and stem respectively. These
findings could be useful for both pharmaceutical companies and research
institutes in the development of new drugs. Out of nine endophytic fungal
isolates, eight belonged to Penicillium sp. and one remained unidentified.
Fungal extracts were tested for antimicrobial and antitumor activity. Result
showed that endophytes had good antibacterial activity compared to
antifungal activity. Antitumor activity assayed by SRB assay method using MCF
and SiHA cell lines was negative for endophytes selected. Since endophytes
are potent source of the secondary metabolites and also have antibacterial
property they can be used for pharmaceutical applications.

Desai, V. R., J. P. Kamat and K. B. Sainis (2002). "An immunomodulator from tinospora
cordifolia with antioxidant activity in cell-free systems." Proceedings of the Indian
Academy of Sciences: Chemical Sciences 114(6): 713-719.
The effect of an immunomodulator from Tinospora cordifolia with antioxidant
activity in cell-free systems on oxidative damage was studied. It was observed
that the treatment of mice with dry stem crude extract prevents
cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression and immunosuppression. The
degradation of proteins due to photosensitization was assessed by SDS-PAGE
and was effectively reduced by simultaneous treatment with partially purified
immunomodulator.

Desai, V. R., R. Ramkrishnan, G. J. Chintalwar and K. B. Sainis (2007). "G1-4A, an

immunomodulatory polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, modulates
macrophage responses and protects mice against lipopolysaccharide induced
endotoxic shock." International Immunopharmacology 7(10): 1375-1386.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are known to be the mediators of endotoxic shock
and several immunomodulatory herbs can modulate the expression of these
cytokines. Therefore we have investigated the possibility of using an
arabinogalactan polysaccharide, G1-4A, from the stem of Tinospora cordifolia,
for protection against endotoxin induced sepsis. There was 100% protection
against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced mortality in mice pretreated with G1-
4A. To elucidate the mechanism of action, its effect on macrophages, the
primary source of these pro-inflammatory molecules was evaluated. G1-4A
was shown to bind to the murine macrophages leading to their activation and
reciprocally inhibited binding of LPS to macrophages. Following treatment

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with G1-4A, there was a small increase in serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels.
However, challenge with LPS elicited significantly reduced levels of TNF-α in
G1-4A pretreated mice as compared to the controls while the level of soluble
TNFR was enhanced. An increase in serum IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ levels and
decrease in that of IL-10 was observed following challenge with LPS in mice
Page | 97 
pretreated with G1-4A as compared to the controls. In addition, G1-4A also
modulated the release of nitric oxide by murine macrophages. Similar
phenomenon was observed in a human monocytic cell line, U937. Thus G1-4A
appeared to induce tolerance against endotoxic shock by modulation of
cytokines and nitric oxide. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Deshpande, S. V., V. S. Deshpande and S. S. Potdar (2017). "Effect of panchakarma

and Ayurvedic treatment in postpartum rheumatoid arthritis (amavata): A case
study." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8(1): 42-44.
Dream of a mother is to get involved actively in upbringing of child, which is
impeded if she is suffering from painful condition like rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) in postpartum phase. It causes physical incapacity and psychological
trauma as well. Present case is a patient who developed RA one month after
full term delivery by caesarean section. In view of symptoms, she was
diagnosed as case of amavata. She received Ayurvedic treatment – Simhanada
guggulu, Pratapalankeshwara rasa, Dashamoola katutraya kashaya and
combination of Swarnabhupati rasa, Tapyadi loha, Mahavatavidhvansa,
Chopachini (Smilax china), Shunthi (Zinziber officinale) and Guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia) for four months and course of kala basti (medicated
enema) along with application of medicated oil (Vishagharbha taila abhyanga)
and sudation (bashpa sweda) for ten days. Complete remission was seen after
treatment for four months. The patient was free from oral analgesics. RA test
titer that was 160 international units per milliliter (IU/ml) before treatment
showed marked reduction (28.12 IU/ml) after 75 days of treatment and later
dropped in normal range (6.1 IU/ml). Normal milestones were seen in the
child receiving breast feeding. Application of Ayurvedic principles showed
excellent results in this case where modern medical management options
were limited due to lactation. © 2016 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore
and World Ayurveda Foundation

Devaliya, R. and M. Shirsat (2017). "Development and validation of RP-HPLC method

for quantification of berberine in ethanol fraction of methanol extract and developed
formulation of Tinospora cordifolia." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 33(2): 989-994.
Simple and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for quantification of
berberine in ethanol fraction of methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia and
its formulation. In this, separation was achieved on a HPLC System (Shimadzu)
Luna, C18 column. As mobile Phase acetonitrile and water (40:60) were used
with a flow rate of 1ml/min and maximum absorbance was found at 266nm. In

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this we obtained calibration curve in the range of 20 - 640 mg/mL. The slope
was 68734, intercept was 20563 and correlation coefficient was found to be
0.999. The limit of detection was 0.8 and limit of quantification was 1.7. For
berberine the method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Method was
highly precise and accurate because it shows low relative standard deviation
Page | 98 
as well as good % recovery values. Quantity of berberine was found was found
to be 282.3 ppm. In tablet of 325mg. © 2017, Oriental Scientific Publishing
Company. All rights reserved.

Devi, K., E. Santhini, R. Manikandan and N. M. Prabhu (2015). "The prevalence,

awareness and potential of complementary alternative medicine in type 2 diabetics
living in Madurai, India." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7(5): 469-473.
Introduction: The use of complementary alternative medicine (CAM) is
increasing, especially among patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this
study was to investigate the prevalence, awareness and potential effects of
CAM use amongst patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: A total of
357 healthy and T2D patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Blood
pressure was measured and HbA1c, glucose levels in blood and urine were
analyzed. Results: The prevalence of CAM usage was 45.4% among the
diabetes patients. Of the study population, 91.3% were aware of CAM and
reported using both biological and mind body based practices compared to
those using CAM as whole medical system. Family members were the major
reason patients chose CAM (55.6%) and 54.9% of the CAM users reported
their satisfaction with results. Better glycemic control was observed in CAM
users (p&lt;. 0.01) when compared to non-CAM users. Conclusion: The present
study suggests that CAM may play a role in improving glycemic control for
T2D and recommends further in depth studies among T2D patients which may
help to improve their health outcomes. © 2015 Elsevier GmbH.

Dey, A. and J. N. De (2012). "Traditional use of plants against snakebite in indian

subcontinent: A review of the recent literature." African Journal of Traditional,
Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(1).
Snakebite has been a major cause of mortality across the tropical countries
including Indian subcontinent. The present review deals with the enormous
amount of ethnobotanical work performed in the last few years involving use
of different plants against snakebite in Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh,
Pakistan and Nepal). From a variety of literature sources the data has been
compiled mentioning the plants, parts used, dosage, mode of administration,
name of the ethnic communities, geographical locations etc. depending on
the availability of information.

Dey, P. C., B. Nath, D. C. Nayak and S. K. Mukherjee (2004). "Clinical assessment of

nephtone for renal disorders in dogs." Phytomedica 5: 125-128.

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Dey, S., A. Saxena, A. Dan and D. Swarup (2009). "Indian medicinal herb: A source of
lead and cadmium for humans and animals." Archives of Environmental and
Occupational Health 64(3): 164-167.
The authors aimed to analyze 35 commonly used medicinal plants in India by
Page | 99 
exploring the possibilities of translocation of lead and cadmium into humans
and animals. They collected plant materials from the same sources used by
traditional healers and commercial drug manufacturers and estimated lead
and cadmium levels in leaf stem bark, roots, and seeds, depending on the
medicinal value of the plant portion. The authors determined lead and
cadmium content of the digested samples using an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. Lead and cadmium concentrations were higher in aerial
parts of the medicinal plants than in the roots. Lead concentration in 54.29%
of medicinal plants and cadmium concentration in 77.14% of medicinal plants
exceeded the maximum permissible level designated by the World Health
Organization. The results indicate that prolonged consumption of such
medicinal plants may be detrimental to one's health. © 2009 Heldref
Publications.

Dhama, K., S. K. Latheef, S. Mani, H. A. Samad, K. Karthik, R. Tiwari, R. U. Khan, M.

Alagawany, M. R. Farag, G. M. Alam, V. Laudadio and V. Tufarelli (2015). "Multiple
beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and
production-a review." International Journal of Pharmacology 11(3): 152-176.
Herbal medicine or herbahsihis a time-honored practice of natural medicine
tlmt is older than mankind itself. The practice of using traditional herbal
medicine based therapy is: nowaday s gaining more attention worldwide in
both human and animal health care systems. Among the livestock.sectors,
poultry production systems are the most, intensively reared with
developments;especially in the areãs of nutrition, disease control, genetic
improvement, management and organization of dietary requirements along
with the pressure of increasing demand for poultry products as well as threats
of emerging pathogens. So this sector is badly in need of sustainable
therapeutic and production aids especially based on herbs because of the
advantages like, low côät, éášy availability, no residual effect, free from the
threat of antibiotic resistance etc. Many herbs have been recorded to be
fruitfully used by veterinarians to treat a variety of disëäse conditions in
animalâ: The present study discusses the various useful and practical
applications of the rich heritage of herbal wealth for safeguarding poultry
health in general, combating infectious as well aš: non-infectious diseases
caused by microbes and parasites (both ecto-and endo parasites! along with
immunomodulatory actions for countering immunosuppressive diseases.
Moreover, highlighting herb-based poultry growth promoters for increasing
production performances use of herbs as anti oxidants and their role in

99 
 
 

organic egg and meat production is a special attraction of the review that will
draw the attention of the poultry specialists us well as farming community.
The information will be useful to increase poultry production and protect
thehealth of birds in a better way from traditional ways towards modem
perspectives and also would promote and popularize usage of herbs amongst
Page | 100 
poultry producers. © 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Dhama, K., S. Sachan, R. Khandia, A. Munjal, H. M. N. Iqbal, S. K. Latheef, K. Karthik, H.

A. Samad, R. Tiwari and M. Dadar (2016). "Medicinal and beneficial health
applications of tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): A miraculous herb countering various
diseases/disorders and its immunomodulatory effects." Recent Patents on Endocrine,
Metabolic and Immune Drug Discovery 10(2): 96-111.
Background: Plants have been known as an integral part of traditional
medicine because of their phytoconstituents with their miraculous substances.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/ Giloy) is one such plant having
pharmacological functions and medicinal values due to its several constituents
such as terpenes, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids. Thus, it has
been rightly mentioned in old texts as “Amrita”. Objective: The objective of the
present review is to extend the current knowledge, importance and beneficial
pharmacological applications of guduchi in humans for safeguarding various
health issues. Methods: We extensively reviewed, analyzed and compiled
salient information from the published literature available in PubMed and
other scientific databases. Results: The present review describes medicinal
applications of T. cordifolia in countering various disorders and usages as anti-
oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective,
cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, radioprotective,
anti-anxiety, adaptogenic agent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, a
thrombolytic agent, anti-diarrheal, anti-ulcer, anti-microbial and anti-cancer
agent. The plant is also a source of micronutrients viz. copper, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, zinc and manganese. A special focus has been made on its
health benefits in treating endocrine and metabolic disorders and its potential
as an immune booster. Several patents have been filed and granted to
inventions encompassing T. cordifolia as a major component of therapeutics
for ameliorating metabolic, endocrinal and several other ailments, aiding in
the betterment of human life expectancy. Conclusion: The information
presented would be beneficial for researchers, medical professionals and
pharmaceutical companies to design and develop effective medicines, drugs
and healthical products exploiting the multiple as well as specific modes of
actions of T. cordifolia, and also help in promoting and popularizing this rich
herb having promising potentials to prevent and treat various ailments. ©
2016 Bentham Science Publishers.

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Dhanabal, S. P., N. Lall, N. Pavithra and M. V. N. L. Chaitanya (2015). "Natural products

as an important leads for discovery of new antitubercular agents: A review."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(10): 2-7.
There is a very much need for a discovery of new molecules a potent molecule
that can cure tuberculosis and prevent the recurrence. A multidisciplinary
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approach is required to procure a potent bioactive compound and this
includes expertise in the fields of ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and
Phytochemistry. The present communication acts as a bioprospecting source
for the drug discovery against tuberculosis, including several anti tubercular
agents which is used by used by tribal people and prescribed by THPS which
showed a good inhibition rate. Therefore, this review strives to describe the
literature on the traditional plants/potent molecules those have been proved
to have antimicrobial activity and to provide essential discussion and
accelerate the research. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.

Dhanasekaran, M., A. A. Baskar, S. Ignacimuthu, P. Agastian and V. Duraipandiyan

(2009). "Chemopreventive potential of Epoxy clerodane diterpene from Tinospora
cordifolia against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma."
Investigational New Drugs 27(4): 347-355.
Medicinal plants are a promising source for identification of lead molecules
for cancer therapy. In our continuous search to discover bioactive compounds
from natural products, we isolated (5R, 10R)-4R, 8R-dihydroxy-2S, 3R:15, 16-
diepoxycleroda-13(16), 17, 12S:18,1S-dilactone (ECD), a diterpenoid from
Tinospora cordifolia and studied its chemopreventive potential in
diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats. Fifty
male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group I served as normal
control. Group II-IV were given DEN (0.01% in drinking water) for twenty
weeks. In addition, Group III (preventive treatment) received ECD (10 mg/kg
body weight) throughout the study. Group IV (curative treatment) received
ECD (10 mg/kg body weight) for the last 8 weeks. Group V received ECD alone
(10 mg/kg body weight) throughout the experimental period. At the end of
the experimental period all the animals were sacrificed and analyzed for
biochemical end points to assess the effect of ECD treatment in DEN induced
HCC. The animals treated with DEN showed a decrease in the activities of
antioxidant (SOD, CAT) and detoxification enzymes (GSH, GPx) with increase in
the activities of the hepatic markers (SGOT, SGPT, LDH). Treatment of ECD in
both preventive and curative DEN induced animals increased the level of
antioxidants and detoxification enzymes, and decreased serum transaminase
level and hepatic marker enzymes to near normal. Histopathological and
nodular incidence also confirmed that ECD remarkably reduced tumor
incidence and reversed damaged hepatocytes to normal. Our findings confirm
that ECD exhibits preventive effect against chemically induced HCC in rats.

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ECD can be a potent chemopreventive drug for HCC. © 2008 Springer

Science+Business Media, LLC.

Dhanraj, K., A. Joseph, R. Saravanan and S. Ramalingam (2018). "Herbal cure for the
Leukemia- A challenging progression." Journal of Global Pharma Technology 10(1):
Page | 102 
20-27.
Traditional medicine system is still used by approximately 65-80% of the
world's population in developing countries because of its fewer side effects.
Most of the molecules derived from plants are effective against different
cancer with different targets. The review mainly deals different plants such as
Alismaorientale, Annona global, Tinosporacordifolia, Euphorbia formosana
Hayata which are used in the treatment of leukemia. It throws light on the
therapeutic efficacy of different plant molecules such as berberine, flavanoids,
caffeic acid and kolavirion with the mode of action in different cells, which
have already been used for the treatment of leukemia. This review will
promote research towards the development of plant based drugs which could
be used for the treatment for the cancer. © 2009-2018, JGPT.

Dhawan, B. N. (2002). "Prioritizing Indian flora for drugs development." Indian Drugs
39(3): 178-183.

Dhingra, D. and P. K. Goyal (2008). "Evidences for the involvement of monoaminergic

and GABAergic systems in antidepressant-like activity of Tinospora cordifolia in
mice." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70(6): 761-767.
The present study was taken up to investigate the effect of petroleum ether
extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers, on depression in mice. The extract
(50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 14 successive days to
Swiss young albino mice (either sex) and evaluated for antidepressant-like
activity using tail suspension test and forced swim test. Petroleum ether
extract at all three doses produced significant antidepressant-like effect in tail
suspension test as well as in forced swim test and their efficacies were found
to be comparable to imipramine (15 mg/kg, p.o.) and sertraline (20 mg/kg,
p.o.). The extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg showed most potent effect and did
not show any significant change in locomotor functions of mice as compared
to control. The antidepressant-like effect of the extract was significantly
reversed by pretreatment of animals with prazosin (a 1 -adrenoceptor
antagonist), sulpiride (a selective dopamine D2 -receptor antagonist), p-CPA
(a serotonin synthesis inhibitor) and baclofen (GABA-B agonist), when tested
in tail suspension test. Moreover, petroleum ether extract also reduced the
mouse whole brain monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) activities as
compared to control, resulting in increase in the levels of brain monoamines.
Therefore, the extract may have potential therapeutic value for the
management of depressive disorders.

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Dhuley, J. N. (1997). "Effect of some Indian herbs on macrophage functions in

ochratoxin A treated mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 58(1): 15-20.
The effect of Indian herbs namely, Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia,
Withania somnifera and Picrorhiza kurrooa on the functions of macrophages
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obtained from mice treated with the carcinogen ochratoxin A (OTA) was
investigated. The chemotactic activity of murine macrophages was
significantly decreased by 17 weeks of treatment with OTA compared with
controls. Production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
was also markedly reduced. Treatment with Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora
cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Picrorhiza kurrooa significantly inhibited
OTA-induced suppression of chemotactic activity and production of IL-1 and
TNF-α by macropahges. Moreover, we found that Withania somnifera a
treated macrophage chemotaxis and that Asparagus racemosus induced
excess production of TNF-α when compared with controls.

Dhundi, S. N., P. Yadav, C. R. Harisha, V. J. Shukla, B. J. Patgiri and P. K. Prajapati

(2012). "Quality control parameters for dried aqueous extract of Guduchi (Tinospora
Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.)." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(2): 72-
76.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., commonly known as Guduchi, is widely
used in Ayurveda for the treatment of wide range of diseases and as a
Rasayana (rejuvenator) herb. It is used for its immunomodulatory, anti-
inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidant
and febrifugal activities. Guduchi Ghana (dried aqueous extract) of drug is
prescribed in fevers, diabetes, dyspepsia, jaundice, urinary problems, skin
diseases, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. This paper deals with detailed
quality control parametric analysis of Guduchi Ghana. The diagnostic
characters of this plant include simple and compound starch grains, prismatic
crystals of calcium oxalate, non-chlorenchymatus parenchyma cells.
Physicochemical parameters of Ghana revealed pH 4.4, moisture contain not
more than 10.05, ash value not more than 9.88 % w/w, acid insoluble extract
not less than 1.10 %w/w, water soluble extract not less than 56.08% and
alcohol soluble extract not less than 49.08 % w/w. HPTLC showed 4 and 2
spots in 254 and 366 nm respectively. Thus these may be considered as
quality control parameters for the Guduchi Ghana.

Dias, D. K., C. Atukorala, N. A. D. S. Amaratunga, B. Perera and L. P. A. Karunathilake

(2018). "The effects of Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia herbal treatment
on the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa and tongue."
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology 30(1): 21-29.
Objective The fruit of Emblica officinalis (Eo) and Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) has
been widely consumed as a folk medicine in Southeast Asia due to its

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nutritional and pharmacological effects. Number of laboratory research

showed these herbs have an inhibitory effect on cancer cells. A randomized
double blind prospective clinical trial was conducted during 2005–2009 to
determine whether a herbal preparation made from Eo and Tc has a
prognostic effect in the treatment of oral cancer. Material and methods The
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study group comprised of 114 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
(OSCC) of buccal mucosa (70) and tongue (44). Following conventional
treatment they were randomly assigned to a trial (51) and a control group
(63). The trial group was administered a herbal regimen consisting of Eo and
Tc in powdered form and the control group a placebo for three months. The
efficacy of the herbal regimen in the prognosis of OSCC patients was analysed
by the recurrence free survival and incidence of recurrences in relation to
patient's age and stage of the lesions. Results The results, showed statistically
significant improvements in the prognosis of the trial group consisted of
OSCC buccal mucosa with greatly reduced local (p = 0.02) and overall
recurrences (p = 0.05). The trial group of OSCC of the tongue, showed a highly
statistically significant reduction in nodal (p = 0.01) and overall recurrences (p
= 0.01).The reduction of nodal recurrence was greater in the OSCC tongue
group. Five-year combined recurrence-free survival of the trial groups
together (62.7%) was significantly better, in comparison to (42.3%) the control
group (p = 0.031). © 2017 Asian AOMS, ASOMP, JSOP, JSOMS, JSOM, and
JAMI

Dineshkumar, B., M. Analava and M. Manjunatha (2010). "Antidiabetic and

hypolipidaemic effects of few common plants extract in type 2 diabetic patients at
Bengal." International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism 18(2): 59-65.
Medicinal plants are used in rural India to treat diabetes due to their
traditional acceptability and availability. The plants are used as a crude
extracts or as mixtures to treat diabetes. The objective of this study was to
investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of Acalypha indica, Allium sativum,
Allium cepa, Azadirachta indica, Musa sapientum, Mangifera indica, Murraya
koenigii, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus and Tinospora cordifolia on
blood glucose and lipid profile in Type 2 diabetic patients. Four hundred Type
2 diabetics were selected randomly from 828 patients. Ten experimental and
ten control groups were formed each group comprising 20 patients. Aqueous
extract of a particular plant was given to a particular experimental group for
two months maintaining homogeneity in other variables to allow statistical
analysis. Blood samples were collected at monthly intervals and biochemical
parameters were analyzed. Fasting blood sugar level was lowered by
Mangifera indica (136±14 to 130±12 mg/dl, p<0.02), Murraya koenigii (134±9
to 129±10 mg/dl, p<0.03) and Azadirachta indica (125±12 to 120±9 mg/dl,
p<0.03). Ocimum sanctums not only lower total cholesterol (TC) (142±14 to
137±15 mg/dl, p<0.03) and LDL (91±14 to 85±19 mg/dl, p<0.03) level but

104 
 
 

also increase HDL (25±3 to 27±4 mg/dl, p<0.03) level. In addition, Allium
cepa, Mangifera indica, Murraya koenigii and Phyllathus amarus showed
significant (p<0.03) reduction in triglycerides (TG), TC, and very low density
lipoproteins (VLDL) levels. Mangifera indica, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum
santum, Phyllanthus amarus, Allium cep and Azadirachta indica exhibited anti-
Page | 105 
diabetic as well as hypolipidemic effects in Type 2 diabetic patients.

Dineshkumar, B., A. Mitra and M. Manjunatha (2010). "A comparative study of alpha
amylase inhibitory activities of common anti-diabetic plants at Kharagpur 1 block."
International Journal of Green Pharmacy 4(2): 115-121.
In India, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is on the increase and needs to be
addressed appropriately. In this study area, herbal remedies are considered
convenient for management of Type 2 diabetes with postprandial
hyperglycemia due to their traditional acceptability and availability, low costs,
lesser side effects. Comparative evaluation of alpha amylase inhibitory
activities of selected plants extracts. Kharagpur is situated in the Midnapur
West district of West Bengal in India. In this district, diabetes prevalence is
comparatively high. Ten common plants in IIT Kharagpur 1 Block namely,
Acalypha indica, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Musa
sapientum, Mangifera indica, Murraya, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus
and Tinospora cordifolia were tested for their alpha amylase inhibitory
activities to establish anti-diabetic potentials. The plant extracts were prepared
sequentially with petroleum ether, hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous.
The extracts obtained were subjected to in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay
using starch azure as a substrate and porcine pancreatic amylase as the
enzyme. Statistical difference and linear regression analysis were performed by
using Graphpad prism 5 statistical software. Ethanol extracts of Mangifera
indica, Azadirachta indica and petroleum ether extract of Murraya koenigii (at
a concentrations 10-100μg/ml) showed maximum percentage inhibition on
alpha amylase activity with an IC50 value of 37.86 0.32μμg/ml, 62.99 ±
1.20μg/ml and 59.0 ± 0.51μg/ml respectively when compared with acarbose
(IC50 value 83.33 ± 0.75μg/ml). The results showing that Mangifera indica,
Azadirachta indica and Murraya koenigii might be effective in lowering post
prandial hyperglycemia.

Direkbusarakom, S., Y. Ezura, M. Yoshimizu and A. Herunsalee (1998). "Efficacy of Thai

traditional herb extracts against fish and shrimp pathogenic bacteria." Fish Pathology
33(4): 437-441.
Sixteen species of Thai traditional herbs were selected for this study. They
were Andrographis paniculata, Cassia alata, Clinacanthus nutans, Eclipta alba,
Momordica charantia, Phyllanthus acidus, P. amarus, P. debilis, P. pulcher, P.
reticulatus, P. urinaria, Psidium guajava, Tinospora cordifolia, T. crispa and
white and red strains of Ocimum sanctum. Using an agar plate dilution

105 
 
 

method, they were tested for antibacterial activity against the pathogenic
bacteria: Aeromonas hydrophila, a Streptococcus species and 10 strains of
Vibrio. Eleven of the tested herbs showed antibacterial activity. Among them,
P. guajava and M. charantia displayed the highest activity against Vibrio
harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Page | 106 
of P. guajava against the tested bacteria was found to be 0.625 mg/m/, while
the MIC of M. charantia was 1.25 mg/m/.

Diwanay, S., D. Chitre and B. Patwardhan (2004). "Immunoprotection by botanical

drugs in cancer chemotherapy." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(1): 49-55.
Most of the synthetic chemotherapeutic agents available today are
immunosuppressants, cytotoxic, and exert variety of side effects that are
particularly evident in cancer chemotherapy. Botanical based
immunomodulators are often employed as supportive or adjuvant therapy to
overcome the undesired effects of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents and to
restore normal health. Total extract, polar and non-polar extracts, and their
formulations, prepared from medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurveda, namely,
Withania somnifera (Linn Dunal) (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Miers)
(Menispermaceae), and Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) (Liliaceae), exhibited
various immunopharmacological activities in cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated
mouse ascitic sarcoma. Treatment of ascitic sarcoma-bearing mice with a
formulation of total extracts of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia
(80:20) and alkaloid-free polar fraction of Withania somnifera resulted in
protection towards CP-induced myelo- and immunoprotection as evident by
significant increase in white cell counts and hemagglutinating and hemolytic
antibody titers. Treatment with these candidate drugs will be important in
development of supportive treatment with cancer chemotherapy. © 2003
Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diwanay, S., M. Gautam and B. Patwardhan (2004). "Cytoprotection and

immunomodulation in cancer therapy." Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer
Agents 4(6): 479-490.
Bioprospecting and natural products drug development for cancer treatment
has become an important area. Most of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents
are associated with toxicity towards normal cells and tissues. Optimal dosing
of cancer chemotherapeutic agents is often limited because of severe non-
myelosuppressive and myelosuppressive toxicities. It is a continuing challenge
to design therapy that is safer, effective and selective. Cytoprotective agents
offer opportunities to reduce treatment related toxicity of anticancer therapy
without diminution of efficacy. None of the available agents satisfy criteria for
an ideal cytoprotection. This has stimulated research for discovering natural
resources with immunomodulatory and cytoprotective activities. This article
describes chemical agents presently employed in clinical practice and reviews

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ethnopharmacological agents reported to have chemoprotective,

radioprotective, immunomodulating, adaptogenic and antitumour activities. ©
2004 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Dorle, A. D., K. S. Swami, S. K. Nagare and S. R. Hyam (2015). "Design and evaluation
Page | 107 
of novel topical gel of tinospora cordifolia as antimicrobial agent." Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(6): 237-239.
Objective: The present study deals with topical formulations of a bioactive
extract of Tinospora cordifolia and its evaluation. Methods: Dried, powdered
stem was extracted with chloroform using ultra-sonication method for 3 hrs.
Topical formulations like gels containing chloroform extract were formulated
using various gelling agents. These gels were evaluated for physicochemical
parameters, viscosity, spreadaibility, and antimicrobial activity. Results: A
topical gel was successfully formulated containing bioactive chloroform
extract of T. cordifolia. The gel was very effective as antimicrobial formulations.
Conclusion: These kinds of formulations can be very promising wound healing
medicines with ease of use and no side effects. © 2015, Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. All rights reserved.

Doshi, G., H. Une and P. Shanbhag (2013). "Rasayans and non-rasayans herbs: Future
immunodrug - Targets." Pharmacognosy Reviews 7(14): 92-96.
Ayurvedic Therapeutics describes vast number of medicinal herbs used as
′Vyadhirodhak Chamatav That has enlightened The application of herbs used
as corner stone in various diseases especially Those modulating The immune
system. Ayurveda literature comprises of rasayana and non-rasayana herbs.
Materia Medica entirely enriched with enormous data of rasayana medicinal
herbs acting as immunomodulators in existence. However, as such There is no
specific review of literature available for non-Rasayana herbs That have
immense potential as immunomodulators. This review article empowers data
on non-rasayana medicinal herbs as promising future Target for
immunotherapy.

D'Souza, S. F. (2005). "Polysaccharide from immobilized callus cultures." Industrial

Bioprocessing 27(11): 8.
Researchers from India's Bhaba Atomic Research Center investigated the
possibility of producing arabinogalactans from immobilized callus cultures of
Tinospora cardifolia which is a large climbing shrub. Using calcium chloride in
a medium supporting growth of the plant cells, researchers immobilized the
callus cultures on sodium alginate. They treated the cells with chitosan to
permeabilize them and used a polymeric neutral resin and Diaion HP 20 for in
situ removal of secondary metabolites. Resin and chitosan addition increased
production of arabinogalactan 10-fold compared with controls.

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Dua, D. and N. S. Srivastava (2016). "A study on antioxidant and anti-aging properties
of few medicinal plants." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences 8(1): 344-347.
Objective: The present study was undertaken to appraise the antioxidant and
antiaging properties of some important medicinal plants like Syzygium cumini
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L. (Jamun, the Indian Blackberry), Tinospora cordifolia L. (Giloy) and Trigonella
foenum-graecum L. (Methi). Methods: The methanolic extracts of these plants
were prepared, incubated with Pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells and total
antioxidant potential of these plants was determined by 2, 2-
diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)
assay. Lipid peroxidation assay was also performed to compare the free radical
generating potential of these plants. Lipofuscin estimation was done in
methanolic extracts of these plants to check which extract can reduce the
lipofuscin accumulation in cells which is an anti-aging parameter. Results: The
highest inhibition of DPPH radical and ferric reducing ability (FRAP assay) was
observed in methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini leaves followed by
Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves and lowest inhibition was shown by
Tinospora cordifolia leaf extracts. Lipid peroxidation assay done by
determining the amount of Malondialdehyde(MDA) formed and highest levels
of MDA was produced by Tinospora cordifolia leaf extracts followed by
Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf extracts and lowest values were obtained
were from Syzygium cumini leaf extracts. The anti-aging parameter which is a
determination of lipofuscin pigments in PC-12 cells treated with methanolic
extracts of different plants was also examined. Highest accumulation of
lipofuscin pigment was observed in cells treated with Tinospora cordifolia leaf
extracts followed by Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf extracts and lowest
values were obtained were from Syzygium cumini leaf extracts. Conclusion:
The results of these findings revealed that the plants which have highest
antioxidant potential could be a potent source of anti-aging drugs. © 2016
The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd.

Duraipandiyan, V. and S. Ignacimuthu (2011). "Antifungal activity of traditional

medicinal plants from Tamil Nadu, India." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine 1(SUPPL. 2): S204-S215.
Objective: To assess the antifungal activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and
methanol extracts of 45 medicinal plants and to determine the minimum
inhibitory concentration for each extract against human pathogenic fungi.
Methods: A total of 45 medicinal plants were collected from different places of
Tamil Nadu and identified. Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 45
medicinal plants were assessed for antifungal susceptibility using broth
microdilution method. Two known antifungal agents were used as positive
controls. Results: Most of the extracts inhibited more than four fungal strains.
From the evaluation we found that ethyl acetate extracts inhibited large

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number of fungal growth. Hexane extracts also nearly showed the same level
of inhibition against fungal growth. Methanol extracts showed the minimum
antifungal activity. Among the 45 plants tested, broad spectrum antifungal
activity was detected in Albizzia procera (A. procera), Atalantia monophylla,
Asclepias curassavica, Azima tetracantha, Cassia fistula (C. fistula),
Page | 109 
Cinnomomum verum, Costus speciosus (C. speciosus), Nymphaea stellata,
Osbeckia chinensis, Piper argyrophyllum, Punica granatum, Tinospora
cordifolia and Toddalia asiatica (T. asiatica). Promising antifungal activity was
seen in A. procera, C. speciosus, C. fistula and T. asiatica. Conclusions: It can be
concluded that the plant species assayed possess antifungal properties.
Further phytochemical research is needed to identify the active principles
responsible for the antifungal effects of some of these medicinal plants.

Dwivedi, S. K. and Enespa (2012). "Effectiveness of extract of some medicinal plants

against soil- Borne fusaria causing diseases on lycopersicon esculantum and solanum
melongena plants." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(4): 1171-
1180.
The antifungal activity of extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (leaves), Moringa
oleifera (bark) and Trachyspermum ammi (seeds) at three concentrations viz.,
25, 50, 75% (v/v) were evaluated in vitro by poisoned food technique against
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium solani causing wilt disease
on tomato and brinjal plants. The antifungal activity was assessed in terms of
percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth of the test fungi. All the plant
extracts showed significant inhibition in the mycelial growth of the test
pathogens. Among the extracts evaluated, M. oleifera againstFusarium
oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and T. cordifolia against Fusarium solani
completely inhibited mycelial growth at 75% concentration followed by T.
ammi seed extract.

Dwivedi, S. K. and Sangeeta (2014). "Evaluation of antagonistic potentiality of some

natural plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini." International Journal of
Pharma and Bio Sciences 5(1): B765-B772.
The effectiveness of aqueous extract of seven locally available medicinal plants
i.e. Trachyspermum ammi (seeds), Zingiber officinale (rhizome), Tinospora
cordifolia (leaves), Cymbopogon citratus (leaves), Moringa oleifera (bark) were
evaluated against the plant pathogenic fungus i.e. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lini (causing wilt in linseed). The plant extracts were screened for their
antagonistic property against the mycelial growth of the Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. lini at four different concentrations i.e. 10, 25, 50 and 75 percent by using
poisoned food technique. The results of this study have shown that all the five
plant extracts significantly (p ≤ 0.01) inhibited the growth of the test
pathogen. It was observed that Tinospora cordifolia (leaves), Cymbopogon
citratus (leaves) and Moringa oleifera (bark) completely inhibited the growth

109 
 
 

of pathogen at 75% concentration whereas Zingiber officinale (rhizome)

caused 89.65% inhibition followed by Trachyspermum ammi (seeds) (82.50%)
on the eighth day of inoculation.

Dwivedi, S. K. and Sangeeta (2015). "Efficacy of some medicinal plant extract against
Page | 110 
fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri causing chickpea wilt." Asian Journal of Crop Science
7(2): 138-146.
In the present study, in vitro test was carried out to analyze the antifungal
potentiality of aqueous extract of five medicinal plants against Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. ciceri by using poisoned food technique at four different
concentrations i.e., 10, 25, 50 and 75%. Among all medicinal plant extracts
Tinospora cordifolia, Cymbopogon citratus and Moringa oleifera showed the
promising antifungal potentiality against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri with
maximum inhibition i.e., 100% at 75% concentration followed by Zingiber
officinale and Trachyspermum ammi, respectively. © 2015 Asian Network for
Scientific Information.

Eddouks, M., A. Bidi, B. El Bouhali, L. Hajji and N. A. Zeggwagh (2014). "Antidiabetic

plants improving insulin sensitivity." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 66(9):
1197-1214.
Background Globally, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing at an
alarming rate. This chronic pathology gravely troubled the human health and
quality of life. Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance are involved in the
pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, insulin resistance is being
diagnosed nowadays in a growing population of diabetic and obese patients,
especially in industrialized societies. There are lots of conventional agents
available to control and to treat diabetes, but total recovery from this disorder
has not been reported up to this date. Plants provided a potential source of
hypoglycemic drugs and are widely used in several traditional systems of
medicine to prevent diabetes. A few reviews with less attention paid to
mechanisms of action have been published on antidiabetic plants. Objectives
The present review focuses on the various plants that have been reported to
be effective in improving insulin sensitivity associated with diabetes. Key
findings In this work, an updated systematic review of the published literature
has been conducted to review the antidiabetic plants improving insulin
sensitivity and 111 medicinal plants have been reported to have a beneficial
effect on insulin sensitivity using several in-vitro and in-vivo animal models of
diabetes. Conclusion The different metabolic and cellular effects of the
antidiabetic plants improving insulin sensitivity are reported indicating the
important role of medicinal plants as potential alternative or complementary
use in controlling insulin resistance associated with diabetes mellitus. © 2014
Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

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Elder, C. (2004). "Ayurveda for diabetes mellitus: A review of the biomedical

literature." Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 10(1): 44-50.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition that is extremely serious from both clinical and
public health standpoints. The traditional healthcare system of India,
Ayurveda, offers a balanced and holistic multi-modality approach to treating
Page | 111 
this disorder. Many Ayurvedic modalities have been subjected to empirical
scientific evaluation, but most such research has been done in India, receiving
little attention in North America. This paper offers a review of the English
language literature related to Ayurveda and diabetes care, encompassing
herbs, diet, yoga, and meditation as modalities that are accessible and
acceptable to Western clinicians and patients. There is a considerable amount
of data from both animal and human trials suggesting efficacy of Ayurvedic
interventions in managing diabetes. However, the reported human trials
generally fall short of contemporary methodological standards. More research
is needed in the area of Ayurvedic treatment of diabetes, assessing both
whole practice and individual modalities. This work was supported in part by
the Oregon Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Kaiser
Permanente Center for Health Research.

Engler, R. J. M., C. M. With, P. J. Gregory and J. M. Jellin (2009). "Complementary and

alternative medicine for the allergist-immunologist: Where do I start?" Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology 123(2): 309-316.e304.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies present a growing
information management challenge for physicians because nearly 40% of their
patients may be using and another 50% may be considering use of CAM as
part of their healthcare regimen. The National Health Statistics Reports for
2007 described the most commonly used nonvitamin, nonmineral therapy as
natural products (eg, herbals at 17.7%). More than 5% of children under the
age of 18 years used CAM for allergic conditions including asthma. The
amount and quality of information available and concerns about liability risk
represent a challenge for most physicians. This review focuses on
considerations for approaching a CAM-related consultation, incorporating
legal and logistic factors affecting how such an encounter should be
approached. A 10-step process is presented that addresses different
components of CAM consultations and what should be documented. Access
to timely, high-quality information regarding product specific efficacy and
safety data, as found in the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, is
needed to support CAM consultation efficiently. Understanding of serious
adverse events associated with CAM is limited; an international need exists for
improved safety surveillance and information sharing. Allergy-immunology, as
a specialty with expertise in adverse drug reaction evaluation and
management, has a unique opportunity to support enhanced CAM-related

111 
 
 

adverse events evaluations, reporting, and research. © 2009 American

Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.

Farag, N. H. and P. J. Mills (2003). "A randomized-controlled trial of the effects of a

traditional herbal supplement on sleep onset insomia." Complementary Therapies in
Page | 112 
Medicine 11(4): 223-225.
Objectives: To study the effectiveness and safety of a traditional herbal
supplement used for sleep onset insomnia. Design: A double-blind,
randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Setting: A total of 25
healthy volunteers (20-65 years of age) suffering from sleep onset insomnia
were recruited from the general population. Intervention: A traditional
Ayurvedic supplement formulated to reduce sleep onset insomnia. Main
Outcome Measure: Sleep latency. Results: The supplement led to a statistically
significant decrease in reported sleep latency of 16.72 min (S.D. = 44.8) as
compared to placebo (P = 0.003). There were no self-reported side effects.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that traditional herbal supplements may be
of significant benefit to patients suffering from sleep onset insomnia while
avoiding the negative side effects of commonly prescribed hypnotics. © 2003
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Firdhouse, M. J. and P. Lalitha (2015). "Maestro 9.4 as a tool in the structure based
screening of glycoalkaloids and related compounds, targeting aldose reductase."
Trends in Bioinformatics 8(1): 26-36.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the alarming common diseases of this century. In
India, according to the statistics of the International Diabetes Federation, 87
million of people are affected by Diabetes mellitus and this number is
expected to cross 100 million by 2030. This has created a thrust for the
development of new medicines. Recently, ban of pioglitazone, an oral anti-
diabetic drug by Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) on account of its side
effects, portrays the need for developing new drugs with less or no side
effects. Cheminformatics tools assist in screening several millions of
compounds and providing lead compounds in drug designing. This paper
focuses on screening of lead compounds in arriving at newer drugs for
Diabetes mellitus. Aldose reductase a cytosolic enzyme is the receptor to
which selected lead compounds are docked. Glycoalkaloids (present in bitter
melon) and related compounds were docked onto aldose reductase and
based on the GLIDE score, structural modifications were carried out to arrive
at the highest GLIDE score. A commercially available molecule recommended
for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus was also taken for reference. Glycoalkaloids were
found to possess high GLIDE score compared to standard. In order to analyze
the competence of the Schrodinger software a comparison was made with an
internet freeware Hex 6.3 version. The flexible receptor docking of Schrodinger

112 
 
 

was found to be more advantageous than the Hex 6.3. © 2015, Asian Network
for Scientific Information.

Gacche, R. N. and N. A. Dhole (2006). "Antioxidant and possible anti-inflammatory

potential of selected medicinal plants prescribed in the Indian traditional system of
Page | 113 
medicine." Pharmaceutical Biology 44(5): 389-395.
The 50% alcohol extracts of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem) (Gentianaceae),
Cedrus deodar (Roxb. ex Lamb) (Pinaceae), Boerhavia diffusa (Linn.)
(Nyctaginaceae), Berberis aristata (Linn.) (Berberidaceae), Withania somnifera
Dunal (Solanaceae), Pongamia glabra (Vent) (Papilionoideae), Petrocarpus
santalinus (Linn.) (Papilionoideae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers
(Menispermaceae), and Acrous calamus (Linn.) (Araceae), were screened for
antioxidant and possible anti-inflammatory potential. The evaluation of
antioxidant potential was determined by performing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl
hydrazine (DPPH•) reduction assay, OH radical (OH •) scavenging activity,
estimation of vitamin C, total polyphenols, and inhibition of polyphenol
oxidase (PPO) as a model oxidizing enzyme. To understand the possible anti-
inflammatory potential of the selected plants, trypsin and β-glucuronidase
inhibition assays were carried out. All the plants under study were found to be
effective scavengers of DPPH radicals. Among the tested plants, only
Pongamia glabra, Petrocarpus santalinus, Tinospora cordifolia , and Acrous
calamus were found to possess OH radical scavenging activity. Appreciable
amounts of vitamin C and phenolics were estimated from all the plant extracts
under study. Except for Pongamia glabra , all the tested plants demonstrated
significant PPO inhibitory activity. The plants under study were found to have
moderate antiproteolytic activity toward trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine
serum albumin. Except for Cedrus deodar and Acrous calamus , none of the
plant extracts showed β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. The results of the
current study may be of use for standardization and validation of herbal drugs
containing the above mentioned plants as one of the ingredients. © 2006
Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.

Gacche, R. N. and N. A. Dhole (2011). "Profile of aldose reductase inhibition, anti-

cataract and free radical scavenging activity of selected medicinal plants: An attempt
to standardize the botanicals for amelioration of diabetes complications." Food and
Chemical Toxicology 49(8): 1806-1813.
Phytotherapy has played an important role in the management of diabetes
and related complications. In the present study different fractions of
Catharanthus roseus L. (Apocynaceae), Ocimum sanctum L. (Labiatae),
Tinospora cordifolia Willd. (Menispermaceae), Aegle marmelos L. (Rutaceae),
Ficus golmerata L. (Moraceae), Psoralea corlifolia L. (Fabaceae), Tribulus
terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae), and Morinda cetrifolia L. (Rubiaceae) were
evaluated as possible inhibitors of aldose reductase (AR: a key enzyme

113 
 
 

implicated in cataractogenesis) and antioxidant agents. Anti-cataract activity

of the selected plants was demonstrated using 'sugar induced lens opacity
model' and the cytotoxicity studies were carried out using MTT assay. Among
the tested plants, water extract of M. cetrifolia (IC50 0.132. mg/ml) exhibited
maximum AR inhibitory activity as compared to other phytofractions which
Page | 114 
showed the activity in an IC50 range of 0.176-0.0.82. mg/ml. All the plant
fractions showed considerable antioxidant potential. Sugar induced lens
opacity studies revealed that, M. cetrifolia possess significant anti-cataract
potential to maintain lens opacity as compared to glucose induced lens
opacity in bovine lens model. The extract of the selected plants showed
moderate cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line. Results of the present studies
may find useful in converting botanicals into therapeutic modalities. © 2011
Elsevier Ltd.

Gahlaut, A. and A. K. Chhillar (2013). "Evaluation of antibacterial potential of plant

extracts using Resazurin based microtiter dilution assay." International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(2): 372-376.
Objective: Antimicrobial potential of ten medicinal plants i.e. Picrorhiza kurroa,
Datura metel, Acacia catechu, Cissus quadrangularis, Cassia tora, Berberis
aristata, Pongamia pinnata, Emblica officinalis, Saraca asoca and Tinospora
cordifolia was evaluated against six bacterial strains i.e. Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Plant extracts were
prepared by using Soxhlet extraction. Five extract from each plant were
prepared using five solvents on the basis of increasing polarity. Minimum
inhibitory concentration of extracts was determined by resazurin based
microtiter dilution assay. Results: Percent yields of petroleum ether and
chloroform extracts of plant leaves was found to be in the range of 0.80 -
2.98%. Percent yields of acetone, methanol and water extract were found to
ranging from 2.87- 5.77%. S. asoca extracts were found to be endowed with
highest antimicrobial activity out of the ten plants used in the study. Leaves
water extract of S. asoca showed lowest minimum inhibitory concentration
(0.15 mg/mL) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: It was observed
that leave water extracts of S. asoca could be potential reservoir of bioactive
compounds. Post treatment analysis of proteome of test micro-organisms
could explore potential anti-bacterial targets.

Gahlaut, A., A. Gothwal and R. Dabur (2012). "TLC based analysis of allelopathic
effects on tinosporoside contents in Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Research 4(6): 3082-3088.
Plants may favorably or adversely affect other plants through allelochemicals.
The objective of this study was to examine the allelopathic effects of P.
pinnata, A. indica and Z. jujuba on phytochemical profile of Tinospora

114 
 
 

cordifolia. In current study auxiliary buds of plant were cultured on Murasinge

and Skoog medium, proved to be the good for shoot as well as root
induction. To ensure the quality of plants grown by culture the juice of the
plants collected from various supports from the same garden was analyzed by
thin layer chromatography (TLC). A total number of 11 spots were observed.
Page | 115 
Out of the 11 spots three of Rf value 0. 192 (Tinosporaside), 0. 551 (berberine)
and 0. 717 were found to be universally present in the plants used in the
study, which can be used as chemical markers of the plant. Densitometric
profiles of the chromatograms showed variable amounts of constituents in the
juice of plants supported by various trees. Tinosporaside contents were found
to be significantly high in the plant supported by A. indica tree as comparative
the plant supported by wall. Berberine contents were found to be almost same
in all the plants, a bit higher levels were observed in the plant supported by P.
pinnata. Tinosporaside and berberine showed to have antioxidant properties.
However, overall antioxidant activity was observed to be high because of
highest levels of tinosporaside in the plant supported by A. indica. The TLC
profiles of explants grown with different concentration of aqueous extract of
A. indica were found to be highly affected when observed after 8 days of
culture. The significant difference was observed in the tinosporaside contents
after 15 days growth of tissue cultured plants in presence of A. indica root
extracts.

Gala, V., N. John and K. Desai (2013). "Evaluation of the potential of five medicinal
plants to inhibit acyl homoserine lactone based quorum sensing in Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 4(2): B445-B453.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are common
nosocomial pathogens, well recognized for their multidrug resistance. Acyl-
homoserine lactone (Acyl-HSL) based Quorum sensing (QS) is known to
regulate virulence and biofilm maturation in these organisms; hence,
inhibition of QS will help to control their pathogenicity. In the study, 5 plants,
Rubia cordifolia, Tinospora cordifolia, Picrorhiza kurroa, Cassia fistula and
Bauhinia variegata were screened for QS inhibition. A comparison of different
extracts from the above plants, for short and long acyl-HSL inhibition in both
pathogens, was carried out using reporter strains, Chromobacterium
violaceum ATCC12472 and Escherichia coli MG4/pKDT17 respectively. Ethyl
acetate extracts of T. cordifolia inhibited short as well as long acyl-HSLs with
about 78% & 71% inhibition of long acyl-HSLs in P. aeruginosa and A.
baumannii respectively; higher than the positive control, garlic extract (29%
and 33% respectively). Further, absence of antibacterial activity of the plant
extract confirmed its QS inhibitory potential.

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Gala, V. C., N. R. John, A. M. Bhagwat, A. G. Datar, P. S. Kharkar and K. B. Desai (2016).

"Attenuation of quorum sensing-regulated behaviour by Tinospora cordifolia extract
& identification of its active constituents." Indian Journal of Medical Research
144(JULY): 92-103.
Background & objectives: The pathogenicity of the nosocomial pathogens,
Page | 116 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii is regulated by their
quorum sensing (QS) systems. The objective of the present study was to
examine the effect of the cold ethyl acetate extract of Tinospora cordifolia
stem on virulence and biofilm development in the wild type and clinical strains
of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. The study was further aimed to identify the
probable active constituents in the plant extract. Methods: P. aeruginosa
virulence factors viz., LasA protease, LasB elastase and pyocyanin production
were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Biofilm formation was studied using
crystal violet staining-microtitre plate assay. The plant extract was fractionated
using silica gel column chromatography and the most active fraction was
derivatized using silylation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). In silico testing of the molecules identified in GC-MS
was performed, for binding to the P. aeruginosa LasI and LasR proteins, to
predict the QS inhibitory molecules. Results: The plant extract inhibited three
major virulence factors in P. aeruginosa; it exhibited enhanced biofilm
formation in P. aeruginosa while decreased biofilm development in A.
baumannii. The most active fraction obtained from column chromatography,
exhibited suppression of virulence as well as biofilm in both the organisms.
Docking scores were calculated for all the molecules identified in GC-MS, and
high docking scores were obtained for 2,3,4-triacetyloxybutyl acetate, methyl
16-methyl heptadecanoate, 2-(5-ethenyl-5-methyloxolan-2-yl)propan-2-ol,
methyl hexadecanoate and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol. Interpretation &
conclusions: The compounds showing high docking scores could probably be
the QS inhibitors. These molecules can be screened further for the
development of new anti-infective drugs. © 2016, Indian Council of Medical
Research. All rights reserved.

Game, F. L., R. J. Hinchliffe, J. Apelqvist, D. G. Armstrong, K. Bakker, A. Hartemann, M.

Löndahl, P. E. Price and W. J. Jeffcoate (2012). "A systematic review of interventions to
enhance the healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes." Diabetes/Metabolism
Research and Reviews 28(SUPPL. 1): 119-141.
The outcome of management of diabetic foot ulcers is poor, and there is
continuing uncertainty concerning optimal approaches to management. It was
for these reasons that in 2006 the International Working Group of the Diabetic
Foot (IWGDF) working group on wound healing undertook a systematic
review of the evidence to inform protocols for routine care and to highlight
areas which should be considered for further study. The same working group
has now updated this review by considering papers on the interventions to

116 
 
 

improve the healing of chronic ulcers published between December 2006 and
June 2010. Methodological quality of selected studies was independently
assessed by two reviewers using Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
criteria. Selected studies fell into the following ten categories: sharp
debridement and wound bed preparation with larvae and hydrotherapy;
Page | 117 
wound bed preparation using antiseptics, applications and dressing products;
resection of the chronic wound; hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT);
compression or negative pressure therapy; products designed to correct
aspects of wound biochemistry and cell biology associated with impaired
wound healing; application of cells, including platelets and stem cells;
bioengineered skin and skin grafts; electrical, electromagnetic, lasers,
shockwaves and ultrasound; other systemic therapies which did not fit in the
above categories. Heterogeneity of studies prevented pooled analysis of
results. Of the 1322 papers identified, 43 were selected for grading following
full text review. The present report is an update of the earlier IWGDF
systematic review, but the conclusion is similar: that with the exception of
HBOT and, possibly, negative pressure wound therapy, there is little published
evidence to justify the use of newer therapies. This echoes the conclusion of a
recent Cochrane review and the systematic review undertaken by the National
Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guidelines Committee in the UK.
Analysis of evidence presents considerable difficulties in this field particularly
as controlled studies are few and the majority are of poor methodological
quality. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gami, B. and F. Parabia (2011). "Evaluation of acetone extract of three Indian

medicinal plants for schizonticidal properties in Plasmodium falciparum."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 3(1): 1373-1384.
Increased resistance against Plasmodium falciparum in the present drugs is an
impetus for dynamic study filed for new antimalarial agent from plants &amp;
chemically synthesized molecule. In present attempt, acetone extract of
Alstonia scholaris, Moringa oleifera, and Tinospora cordifolia, was tested for
schizonticidal activity of Plasmodium falciparum. The 50 % inhibitory
concentration (IC50) value range from 0.08 μM to 0.26μM. Components of
acetone fraction were separated by high performance thin layer
chromatography (HPTLC) and scanned at 366 nm. All plants showed strong
schizonticidal activity. All the three plant extracts by further purification could
be use as an effective, alternative source of herbal anti-malarial drugs.

Gami, B. and F. Parabia (2011). "Screening of methanol & acetone extract for
antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants species of Indian folklore."
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(1): 69-75.
In search for new and safe antibacterial agent medicinal plants have been
continuously investigated. The metha-nol and acetone extract of Alstonia

117 
 
 

scholaris (stem bark), Achyranthus aspera (whole plant) Moringa oleifera

(leaves), Tinospora cordifolia (stem), and Enicostema hyssopifolium (stem)
were screened for their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method.
The susceptibility of the microorganisms to the extracts of these plants was
compared with each other and with selected standard antibiotics. The
Page | 118 
antimicrobial activities of these plants were discussed according to their
phytochemical components. Finding of current research was suggest A.
scholaris and M. oleifera can be explored as a new source of antibacterial
compound, for Enterobacter aerogens (ATCC13048), Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC9144), and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC4698). ©JK Welfare &
Pharmascope Foundation.

Gandhi, S., M. M. Devi, S. Pal, R. P. Tripathi and S. Khushu (2012). "Metabolic

regulatory variations in rats due to acute cold stress &amp; Tinospora Cordifolia
intervention: High resolution 1H NMR approach." Metabolomics 8(3): 444-453.
Acute cold stress may trigger systemic biochemical and physiological changes
in the living organisms, which leads to rapid loss of homeostasis. These
changes may reverse due to self-regulatory mechanism of the organism or by
the intervention of suitable medication in the form of herbs. The present study
was undertaken to assess the alterations in metabolites levels arising due to
acute cold stress and to monitor the restoration of these changes by suitable
herb intervention. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to acute cold
stress of -10°C for 3 h and urine samples were collected and analyzed by NMR
spectroscopy in conjugation with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The
study revealed highly significant biochemical changes in urinary metabolites
and also demonstrated the protective effects of Tinospora Cordifolia (Tc)
extract on the stressed rats. These changes suggest the involvement of various
metabolic pathways such as Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle, gut microbiota,
renal function, catecholamines and muscle metabolism in the metabolic
alterations induced by cold stress and the compensation required to restore
homeostasis. The present study forms the basis of future studies to establish
potential biomarkers for cold stress in humans and lay down the optimum
dosage of Tc to be administered for providing immunity to the body as
prophylactic and mitigating agent against environmental insult such as cold
stress. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Gangan, V. D., P. Pradhan, A. T. Sipahimalan and A. Banerji (1996). "Palmatosides C, F:

Diterpene furan glucosides from Tinospora cordifolia - Structural elucidation by 2D
NMR spectroscopy." Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section B Organic and Medicinal
Chemistry 35(6): 630-634.
Furanoid diterpene glucosides, Palmatosides C(1) and F(2) have been isolated
as tetraacetates from the n-BuOH fraction of T. cordifolia stems. Their
structures have been elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies.

118 
 
 

Gangan, V. D., P. Pradhan and A. T. Sipahimalani (1997). "Phytoecdysones from

Tinospora cordifolia: Structural elucidation of Ecdysterone and makisterone A by 2D
NMR spectroscopy." Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section B Organic and Medicinal
Chemistry 36(9): 787-792.
Page | 119 
The n-BuOH fraction of the methanolic extract of T. cordifolia stems, has been
acetylated and subjected to exhaustive chromatography (column, radial and
preparative TLC). Two phytoecdysones, viz. ecdysterone 1 and makisterone A
2 have been isolated as their polyacetates. Their structures have been
elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies.

Gangan, V. D., P. Pradhan, A. T. Sipahimalani and A. Banerji (1994). "Cordifolisides A,

B, C: Norditerpene furan glycosides from Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 37(3):
781-786.
Several glycosides were isolated, as polyacetates, from the n-BuOH fraction of
the Tinospora cordifolia stems. The structures of three new norditerpene furan
glycosides cordifoliside A, B and C have been established by 1D and 2D NMR
spectroscopy. © 1994.

Gangan, V. D., P. Pradhan, A. T. Sipahimalani and A. Banerji (1995). "Norditerpene

furan glycosides from Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 39(5): 1139-1142.
Two new norditerpene furan glycosides (cordifoliside D and cordifoliside E)
were isolated, as their tetraacetates, from the polar butanol extract of
Tinospora cordifolia stems. The structural elucidations and relative
configurations are based on high-resolution 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. ©
1995.

Ganguly, S. and A. Prasad (2011). "Role of plant extracts and cow urine distillate as
immunomodulators: A RE." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(4): 649-651.
Immunomodulator is a substance which stimulates or suppresses the
components of immune system including both innate and adaptive immune
responses (Agarwal and Singh, 1969). The modulation of immune system by
various medicinal plant products has become a subject for scientific
investigations currently worldwide. Keeping this in view, the present article has
been constructed to highlight the importance of herbal extracts and cow urine
distillate as potent immunomodulators for livestock. ©2011 Academic
Journals.

Gangwar, S. S., L. C. Chaudhary, N. Agarwal, R. Nath and D. N. Kamra (2018). "Effect of

leaves containing bioactive compounds from North Eastern Region of india on in
vitro fermentation and methane production." Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology
18(3): 451-458.

119 
 
 

The leaves of ambervel (Tinospora cordifolia), air plant (Bryophyllum

pinnatum), papaya (Carica papaya), harad (Terminalia chebula), arjun
(Terminalia arjuna), bahera (Terminalia bellirica), bael (Aegle marmelos),
katahal (Artocarpus heterophyllus), curry tree (Murraya koenigii), chota
dhatura (Xanthium strumarium ), lohpohi (Vernonia albicans), bhedai lota
Page | 120 
(Padaraea foetida) were tested for their effects on gas and methane
production, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and fermentation characteristics in
in vitro gas production test using goat rumen liquor as inoculum. The
substrate used was concentrate mixture and wheat straw mixed in 1:1 ratio.
Inclusion of leaves powder at 10% level resulted in reduction (P < 0.05) in gas
production ml/g DM or DDM of the substrate with only bhedai lota leaves.
The highest inhibition of methane production (ml/g DM or DDM) was
observed with bahera (49.3% inhibition) followed by papaya (31.1% inhibition),
ambervel (17.4% inhibition), air plant (18.1% inhibition and katahal leaves (16.7
% inhibition) with no change in TVFA and acetate to propionate ratio. The
IVTD of substrate ranged from 60.96 to 65.5% including control showing no
effect of inclusion of any of the leaves on IVTD of the feed. The results
indicated that bahera, papaya, ambervel, air plant and kathal leaves appeared
to have a potential to inhibit rumen methanogenesis without adversely
affecting rumen fermentation characteristics. © 2018 Indian journals.

Garg, R., D. C. Mohana and K. Manjunath (2013). "In vitro antibacterial activity and
phytochemical analysis of some traditional herbs." International Journal of Pharma
and Bio Sciences 4(1): 994-1003.
Fourteen medicinal plants known as traditional herbs were investigated for in
vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Escherichia coli bacteria using disc diffusion method. The
results of screening are encouraging as out of 14 plants, 11 plant extracts
(Activity Profile 78.57%) showed antibacterial activity against one or more
tested bacterial species. Eight extracts (Activity Profile 57%) inhibited the
growth of S. aureus. E. faecalis was the most susceptible bacteria inhibited by
11 plant extracts (Activity Profile 78.57%). Among screened plants only two
species (Activity Profile 14%) i.e., Cassia spectabilis and Lantana camara were
found active against E. faecalis, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae and between
these two species C. spectabilis was found more effective antibacterial agent
than L. camara. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of various
phytoconstituents and thus validating their uses in various herbal remedies.

Garg, R., D. C. Mohana and K. Manjunath (2013). "Screening for antioxidant activity in
traditionally used medicinal herbs: Comparison of total phenols, radical scavenging
and dna damage protecting activity." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 4(2): P657-P664.

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Herbal infusions of nine traditionally used medicinal plants were screened for
total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA) and oxidative
DNA damage protecting capacity by chemical assays. The TPC was determined
in order to know its correlation with RSA. The extracts of T. cordifolia and C.
spectabilis presented highest TPC values (34.21 ± 0.93 and 28.36 ± 1.05 mg
Page | 121 
GAE/g) and showed strong RSA (96.29 ± 0.91 and 84.68 ± 0.90 mg TE/g). A
significant relationship (R2 = 0.915, p&lt; 0.01) was found between TPC and
RSA indicating that phenolics are contributing to the antioxidant properties of
these plants. The qualitative analysis of DNA damage protecting activity
revealed the potential of T. cordifolia, V. negundo, O. sanctum and C.
phlomides extracts as potent DNA damage protecting agent. Present study
validates the uses of these herbs in various herbal ailments to treat many
illnesses associated with oxidative stress.

Gargi, M., S. Thakur, S. S. Anand, S. Choudhary and P. Bhardwaj (2017). "Development

and characterization of genomic microsatellite markers in Tinospora cordifolia."
Journal of Genetics 96: 25-30.

Gavahne Rahul, C. and M. Usha (2010). "Somatic embryogenesis of Tinospora

cordifolia using in vitro leaf explants." Research Journal of Biotechnology 5(1): 39-43.
This study investigates factors affecting the production of somatic embryos in
Tinospora cordifolia. Fully expanded leaves taken from in-vitro grown plants
were used as explants. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog
medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA or 2, 4-D.
Explants grown on medium supplemented with 21.48uM NAA gave callus with
organized globular protuberances. Somatic embryos when cultured on media
containing ABA matured and gave rise to a number of secondary somatic
embryos. These somatic embryos germinated when transferred to half
strength MS medium supplemented with 5.77uM GA3 and 2.32uM Kinetin.

Gayathri, G. A. and G. Mahalingam (2016). "Review on enhancement of glucose

uptake and up-regulation of glucose transporters by antidiabetic medicinal plants."
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9(2): 34-39.
Glucose is a key fuel in mammalian cells that import by a process of facilitative
diffusion mediated by glucose transporters (GLUT). A defect in GLUT
expression for prolong time leads to diabetes mellitus. Medicinal plants used
in traditional treatments confirm a possibility of tackling diabetes by
regulating the GLUT activity in the body, with lesser side effects. Resistant of
tissues to insulin is a major manifestation in type 2, and the cause can be
localized in defect of glucose that can be reverse by medicinal plants. In vitro,
in vivo, and in silico studies of plant extracts and its active compounds support
for their multiple target mechanisms. Many medicinal plants used in the
traditional medicine enhancing the translocation of GLUT and this could lead

121 
 
 

to a new approach for treating type 2 diabetes. © 2016, Asian Journal of

Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. All rights reserved.

Geeta, S., M. Sethukumar Kamath, K. Nagendra and R. P. Shenoy (2017). "A clinical
analysis of evaluating the usefulness and efficacy of the ayurvedic drug Tinospora
Page | 122 
cordifolia in humans." Advanced Science Letters 23(3): 2007-2008.
Guduchi commonly known as Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is a glabrous climbing
shrub of the family, Menispermaceae, indigenous to the tropical areas of India.
The active principles of TC possess immunomodulatory activities. A number of
studies have been done to evaluate the usefulness of this drug. The present
study aimed to evaluate. The multi-potent effect of TC acts as an effective
drug for common acute conditions. 25 patients symptomatic with acute
conditions like fever, cold, allergy and rhinitis reported at the Ayurveda Clinic
of Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Karnataka for the months July and August of
2012. These patients were administered TC extract in capsule form (from the
Himalaya Drug Company) as 250 mg/TD for 15 days. Hematological and renal
function tests were performed in these patients before and after the
administration of TC. There was no complained of any adverse/side effects
during and after the period of the drug intake at the given dose and duration.
A significant change was observed in Neutrophil, Eosinophil counts and ESR (p
value < 0.05) after administration of TC. However, no changes observed in
renal function tests. Hence TC can be considered as an Immunomodulatory
agent in cases of common acute conditions. It was also observed that TC was
effective in relieving the clinical symptoms that the patients reported prior to
the administering of TC in cases of Allergic Rhinitis, Cold and fever and
thereby boosting their immunity. © 2017 American Scientific Publishers. All
rights reserved.

Geetha, K. A., M. Josphin and S. Maiti (2007). "Gender instability in Tinospora

cordifolia - An immunomodulator." Current Science 92(5): 591-592.

Ghadge, P., S. Giramkar, M. Sangwan, O. Kulkarni, A. Wele, A. Kuvalekar, S. Jagtap and

S. Gadgil (2013). "In vitro free radical scavenging potential of common traditional
Ayurvedic extract: Kashaya and Ksheerpaka." International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(3): 676-679.
Objective: In Ayurvedic therapeutics, drugs in crude as well as processed forms
are used. The ingredients are extracted from the plant and put to therapeutic
use through various ways; the commonest are Kashaya and Ksheerapaka.
Present study was designed to evaluate comparative free radical potential of
these dosage forms. Methods: Kashaya are decoctions prepared using raw
herbal material concentrated in water whereas in Ksheerpaka milk is used as a
solvent for the medicinal components to be extracted. Apart from therapeutic
action of the drug, Ksheerpaka are supposed to nourish tissues and have more

122 
 
 

anabolic effects than their respective Kashaya. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and total
phenolic content assays of Arjuna, Guduchi and Pipali were performed using
the standard procedure. Results: The percentage inhibition from Fe3+ to Fe2+,
in case of Kashaya was higher (50.29 to 89.92) than respective Ksheerpaka
(13.65 to 46.79). Similarly, Kashaya had comparatively higher DPPH free-
Page | 123 
radical scavenging activity than Ksheerpaka with percentage inhibition of
32.67 to 85.49. ABTS showed very less antioxidant activity in Ksheerpaka. The
total phenols in Ksheerpaka showed undetectable content as against in case
of their Kashaya. Arjuna showed maximum amount of total phenols 56 mg/g
of GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent) than other herbs in comparison. Conclusion: In
contrast to the popular belief in Ayurvedic practice, our studies suggested that
Kashaya exhibiting better free radical scavenging activity and phenol content
than Ksheerpaka which can be attributed to the time taken for extraction of
contents.

Ghate, N. B., D. Chaudhuri and N. Mandal (2013). "In vitro assessment of Tinospora
cordifolia stem for its antioxidant, free radical scavenging and DNA protective
potentials." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4(1): 373-388.
Antioxidants have reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability with great
relevance in the prevention of oxidative stress. The present study aimed to
examine the antioxidant and ROS scavenging activities of 70% methanolic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant was found a significant source of
carbohydrate, alkaloid, ascorbic acid, tannin, phenolic and flavonoid
compound. The extract was found to be an antioxidant with a TEAC value of
0.257 ± 0.03. The extract has shown different radical scavenging activity and
128.86± 4.07 /g/ml, 103.17 ± 5.75 /g/ml, 51.98 ± 4.80 /g/ml, 327.38 ± 21.44
/g/ml, were determined as IC50 value for hydroxyl radical, superoxide, nitric
oxide, and hypochlorous acid respectively. The plant inhibits lipid peroxidation
with an IC50 of 75.86 ± 2.16 /g/ml. The extract also has good DNA protective
potential. In other words, the present results provide evidence that T.
cordifolia acts as an antioxidant and DNA protector.

Ghosal, S. and R. A. Vishwakarma (1997). "Tinocordiside, a new rearranged cadinane

sesquiterpene glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Natural Products
60(8): 839-841.
A rearranged cadinane sesquiterpene glycoside named tinocordiside (1),
consisting of a tricyclic skeleton with a cyclobutane ring, has been isolated
from the immunomodulatory aqueous fraction of the Indian medicinal plant
Tinospora cordifolia. The structure has been established by spectroscopic and
chemical methods.

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Ghosh, N., R. Ghosh, V. Mandal, S. C. Mandal, V. Kumar and P. N. Singh (2009). "In
vitro antioxidant study of Livosyp: A polyherbal formulation." Pharmacologyonline 1:
903-912.
Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species indicated in various diseases
and ailments. In this study, the antioxidant activity of Livosyp, a polyherbal
Page | 124 
formulation, is evaluated by various antioxidant assays like total reducing
power, DPPH free radical scavenging, hydroxyl free radical scavenging,
hydrogen peroxide scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging including total
phenol and flavonoid content. The various antioxidant activities were
compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT)
and ascorbic acid. The results from the above studies indicate that Livosyp
possesses potent antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity is quantitatively
equivalent to that of the standards used, i.e., BHT and ascorbic acid.

Gireesh, G. M., P. G. Latha, S. R. Suja, V. J. Shine, S. Shyamal, G. George and S.

Rajasekharan (2010). "Antidiabetic activity of a herbal formulation from Tinospora
cordifolia stem and Plumbago rosea root in wistar rats." Indian Drugs 47(1): 14-18.
The herbal formulation containing Tinospora cordifolia stem and Plumbago
rosea root (PRTC) was scientifically evaluated for antidiabetic effects in alloxan
induced diabetic rats. It produced significant lowering in blood glucose levels
(BGL) of alloxan pretreated rats, at 500 mg/kg dose, which was signi.cantly
lower than the BGL produced by glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). PRTC also
produced significant anti lipid peroxidant effects in vitro at 5 mcg/mL
concentration and was free of toxicity, upto 1000 mg/kg p.o. in mice.

Girijamba, R., P. Hariprasad, S. Brijesh Singh and S. R. Niranjana (2014). "Anti-mildew

activity of methanolic extract from selected medicinal plants against Plasmopara
halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & de Toni incitant of sunflower downy mildew disease."
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 5(4): B1010-B1019.
Methanolic extracts of eight medicinal plants were screened for their anti-
mildew activity against Plasmopara halstedii, incitant of downy mildew of
sunflower. Extracts of Morinda citrifolia, Zingiber officinale, and Tinospora
cordifollia were found to be best in reducing the sporulation of P. halstedii in
both the whole leaf and leaf disc method. Further; the phytochemical analysis
of these extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids,
flavonoids, reducing sugars, phenolics, tannins, saponins and terpenoids.
Different compounds from the plant extracts were partially purified through
preparative thin layer chromatography and analyzed for their antimildew
activity following leaf disc method. The assay confirmed that bioactive
compound from M. citrifolia (Rf, 0.47), Z. officinale (Rf, 0.6) and T. cordifollia
(Rf, 0.12) were antimildew in nature. In vitro sporangiosporicidal assay
revealed that, partially purified antimildew compounds significantly reduced

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the viable sporangiospores and also inhibited the release of sporangiospores

from sporangia.

Girish, M. and K. Priyadarshini (2012). "Influence of Tinospora cordifolia on wound

healing in albino rats." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(2): P379-
Page | 125 
P384.
Objective: To investigate the effect of tinospora cordifolia (TC) on resutured
incision and dead space wounds in albino rats. Materials and Methods:
Resutured incision and dead space wounds were inflicted in albino rats under
light ether anesthesia with aseptic precautions. Treatment group received
tinospora cordifolia and control animals received vehicle orally for a period of
10 days. On the 11th day, after estimating breaking strength of resutured
incision wounds, animals were sacrificed and granulation tissue removed from
dead space wounds to estimate breaking strength, hydroxyproline content,
quantification of granulation tissue and histopathological assessment in both
control and treated groups. Results: TC significantly (P<0.05) promoted the
healing process in both the wound models studied. Conclusion: TC promote
wound healing, perioperative use of TC could promote the healing of surgical
wounds.

Goel, B., N. Pathak, D. K. Nim, S. K. Singh, R. K. Dixit and R. Chaurasia (2014). "Clinical
evaluation of analgesic activity of Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia) using animal
model." Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 8(8): HC01-HC04.
Introduction: Pain is a very well-known signal of ill health and analgesics are
the drugs that are used to relieve pain. The main problem with these drugs
remains that of side effects. Safer alternatives are natural herbs. Guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia) is one such plant with analgesic potential but few
studies are there. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic activity of commercially
available extract of Guduchi (T. cordifolia). Materials and Methods: For this
purpose commercially available extract of Guduchi (T. cordifolia) by Himalaya
Drug Company, Bangalore was used. Albino rats were divided randomly in
three groups of six rats each. Group 1 (control) received distilled water orally,
group 2 (test) received T. cordifolia extract in dose of 300 mg/kg orally and
group 3(standard) received Pentazocine in dose 10mg/kg intraperitoneally.
Analgesic activity was evaluated using hot plate and abdominal writhing
method. All the observations were analysed statistically using student's t-test.
Observation and Results: T. cordifolia extract significantly (p<0.05) increased
the response time and decreased the number of writhes in hot plate method
and abdominal writhing method respectively, on comparison with the control
group. Conclusions: The above findings suggest that this commercially
available extract of Guduchi (T. cordifolia) possess analgesic activity. This
analgesic activity probably involves peripheral as well as central mechanisms

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as the extract showed analgesic activity in both hot plate and abdominal
writhing method.

Goel, H. C., J. Prasad, S. Singh, R. K. Sagar, P. K. Agrawala, M. Bala, A. K. Sinha and R.

Dogra (2004). "Radioprotective potential of an herbal extract of Tinospora cordifolia."
Page | 126 
Journal of Radiation Research 45(1): 61-68.
A preparation of Tinospora cordifolia (RTc) administered i.p. (200 mg/kg b.w.)
to strain "A" male mice 1 h before whole body gamma-irradiation was
evaluated for its radioprotective efficacy in terms of whole body survival,
spleen colony forming units (CFU), hematological parameters, cell cycle
progression, and micronuclei induction. Preirradiation treatment with RTc
rendered 76.3% survival (30 days), compared to 100% mortality in irradiated
control and prevented radiation induced weight loss. On 10th postirradiation
day, the endogenous CFU counts in spleen were decreased with increasing
radiation doses 12.0 (5 Gy), 2.16 (7.5 Gy) and 0.33 (10 Gy) but pre-irradiation
administration of 200 mg/kg b.w. of RTc increased CFU counts to 31.16, 21.83
and 3.00 respectively. Pre-irradiation RTc treatment could restore total
lymphocyte counts (TLC) by the 15th day to normal. It also increased the S-
phase cell population that was reduced following 2 Gy irradiation in a time
dependent manner. 2 Gy irradiation-induced micronuclei were also decreased
by a pre-irradiation administration of RTc from 2.9 to 0.52%. Because the
radioprotective manifestation of RTc observed in several systems in
experimental animals can be exploited for human applications.

Goel, H. C., I. Prem Kumar and S. V. S. Rana (2002). "Free radical scavenging and
metal chelation by Tinospora cordifolia, a possible role in radioprotection." Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology 40(6): 727-734.
Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia inhibited Fenton (FeSO 4 ) reaction and
radiation mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation in a dose dependent fashion
with an IC 50 value of 700 μg/ml for both Fenton and radiation mediated 2-
DR degradation. Similarly, it showed a moderate but dose dependent
inhibition of chemically generated superoxide anion at 500 μg/ml
concentration and above with an IC 50 value of 2000 μg/ml. Aqueous extract
inhibited the formation of Fe 2+ -bipiridyl complex and formation of comet
tail by chelating Fe 2+ ions in a dose dependent manner with an IC 50 value
of 150 μg/ml for Fe 2+ -bipirydyl formation and maximally 200 μg/ml for
comet tail formation, respectively. The extract inhibited ferrous sulphate
mediated lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner With an IC 50 value
of 1300 μg/ml and maximally (70%) at 2000 μg/ml. The results reveal that the
direct and indirect antioxidant actions of T. cordifolia probably act in
corroboration to manifest the overall radioprotective effects.

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Goel, H. C., L. Singh, S. Tyagi and M. A. Rizvi (2008). "Tinospora cordifolia protects
mouse peritoneal macrophages from LPS-induced death." Journal of Complementary
and Integrative Medicine 5(1).
In the present study, RTc, an aqua-alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia, a
potential radioprotector, was evaluated for its ability to protect peritoneal
Page | 127 
macrophages (PMs) against LPS-induced death in ex vivo conditions using
DNA fragmentation and survival assays. The effect of RTc on nitric oxide (NO)
and TNF- production by LPS induced PMs was also assessed. The interaction
of RTc with DNA (plasmid relaxation assay) and its effect on sodium
nitroprusside (SNP) generated nitric oxide (NO) were also analysed. LPS
induced significant DNA fragmentation in a dose dependent manner,
decreased macrophage survival (48.2 ± 2.2% of control), and increased NO
(32.4 ± 1.5 μM nitrite/106 cells) and TNF- levels (1943.4 ± 94.7 pg/ml)
significantly as compared to their respective control values. Pre-treatment with
RTc (-1h) decreased DNA fragmentation (13.4 ± 0.4%), increased survival (87.5
± 4.2% of control), and reduced NO (18.9 ± 0.7 μM nitrite/106 cells) and TNF-
levels (418.5 ± 19.5 pg/ml) significantly. RTc also inhibited radiation-induced
relaxation of plasmid DNA and significantly quenched SNP-generated NO
even at low concentrations (64.6 ± 3.6% inhibition at 2.25 μg/ml, p ≤ 0.001).
Such diverse effects of RTc on PMs could explain the radioprotective efficacy
of this herbal extract. Copyright ©2008 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights
reserved.

Gokarn, R. A., S. Gokarn, Galib, C. R. Harisha and B. Patgiri (2014). "Comparative

pharmacognostical variations in stem, true root and aerial root of Tinospora
cordifolia willd." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 8(2): 105-113.
Context: Amrita (Tinospora cordifolia Willd.) an often used perennial climber
used in different clinical conditions and various researches are useful in
understanding its potential, but comparative pharmacognostical study of
stem, true root and aerial root is not available till date. Root of Amrita is often
used in folklore medicine. As true root is not abundantly available, aerial roots
may be considered in the place of true root. Objective: The present study was
designed to evaluate the similarities between stem, true root, aerial root and
to substantiate the use of aerial root in place of true root. Materials and
Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic and histochemical study of fresh samples
of stem, aerial root and true root of Amrita was carried out. Results: The
distinctive character of stem shows dominant pericyclic fibre and pith. True
root is devoid of pith where as aerial root has condensed pith consisting of
lignified parenchyma. Conclusion: Specific individual characters of stem and
true root and similar characters of aerial root were evident.

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Gokarn, R. A., M. B. Nariya, B. J. Patgiri and P. K. Prajapati (2017). "Toxicological

studies of Rasasindura, an ayurvedic formulation." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences 79(4): 633-640.
Rasasindura is a unique, Ayurvedic mercurial preparation widely used by
practitioners. This investigation is an attempt to perform acute and chronic
Page | 128 
oral toxicity evaluation of Rasasindura along with an adjuvant Guduchi Ghana
(solidifi d aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia Will.) in rats. Oral acute
toxicity study of test drug was carried at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg orally in
rats. For chronic toxicity, Rasasindura with adjuvant was administered at
therapeutic equivalent dose (45 mg/kg, orally), therapeutic equivalent dose×5
(225 mg/kg, orally), therapeutic equivalent dose×10 (450 mg/kg, orally) for 90
days and an additional recovery group of therapeutic equivalent dose×10 for
30-day observation after the treatment period. Acute toxicity result showed
that drug did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxicity or mortality up
to an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg in rats. Chronic toxicity results showed that
Rasasindura, even at a level as high as therapeutic equivalent dose×10 level,
had no signifi cant effect whatsoever on the ponderal and hematological
parameters. Although the drug produced mild to moderate adverse changes
(in kidney, liver, intestine, and stomach) at therapeutic equivalent dose×10
dose level, equivalent of which are unlikely to be ever employed in a clinical
trial. The observed changes were not seen at the lower dose levels as well as
in the recovery study. Hence, it is suggested that the Rasasindura, along with
the adjuvant prepared as per the customary method, is safe for consumption
at the therapeutic dose level.

Gondane, P. and N. J. Gaikwad (2011). "Phytochemical and pharmacological

investigation of tinospora cordifolia miers." Asian Journal of Chemistry 23(8): 3757-
3758.
Three extracts of Tinospora cordifolia have been prepared and evaluated for
anti-diabetic activity. Ethyl acetate extract shows prominent activity when
compared to the reference standard. An attempt is to isolate the active
constituents responsible for hypoglycemic activity from ethyl acetate extract,
five new phytoconstituents were isolated and their antidiabetic activity was
studied. The active constituent's preliminary structure was elucidated by IR
and mass spectra.

Gopa, S., H. V. Marthak and G. D. Dhoot (2013). "Micropropagation and

phytochemical analysis of two medicinal plants of Western Maharashtra."
International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 5(1): 37-40.
Micropropagation of important medicinal plants and induction of callus was
carried out for Nyctanthes arbor- tristis Linn. and Tinospora cordifolia.
Murashige and Skoog's (MS) media supplemented with 2.5 μM of
Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 4.4 μM of BAP showed best response. Screening

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of Phytochemical constituents was performed using generally accepted

laboratory techniques for qualitative evaluation. The constituents screened for
were tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, flavanoids, reducing
compounds and caratenoids. These plants can be considered as potential
source of useful drugs.
Page | 129 

Goswami, P., A. Khale and S. Shah (2011). "Medicinal herbs and obesity: A review."
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 11(1): 69-74.
Since ancient time people have used plants. In the beginning, plant use was
restricted to food, medicine and shelter but with the passage of time man
explored the potential of plants for a number of other purposes. World Health
Organization estimates traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs cater to the
health needs of nearly 80% of world population. Obesity is one of the most
serious public health problems of 21st century. Obesity is a medical condition
in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an
adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased
health problems. Consequently, over consumption of calories and reduced
physical activity is the root cause of obesity. Obesity may lead to serious
health related complication. Almost all researchers believe that prevention
could be the key strategy for controlling obesity. Obesity can be prevented by
physical activity (exercise) and diet control. Obese people are getting social
injustice &amp; unfair treatment. Since time immemorial, various herbs are
used to treat conditions like malaria, cold, cough, kidney stone, diabetes and
obesity. Examples of various herbs used in obesity are Commiphora mukul,
Pterocarpus marsupium, Fucus vesiculosis, Gymnema sylvestre, Salacia
reticulate etc. An attempt has been made to review medicinal plants which are
effective to treat obesity in the present article.

Goswami, S. K., P. Manoj Kumar, R. Jamwal, S. Dethe, A. Agarwal and I. Mohammed

Naseeruddin (2012). "Screening for Rho-kinase 2 inhibitory potential of Indian
medicinal plants used in management of erectile dysfunction." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 144(3): 483-489.
The aim of the study: Activation of Rho-kinase 2 (ROCK-II) results in
contraction of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle and ROCK-II inhibitors relax
corpus cavernosum in vitro and in vivo hence, plant extracts capable of
inhibiting ROCK-II enzyme may be useful in management of erectile
dysfunction (ED). The aim of the study was to screen selected Indian medicinal
plants, having similar ethnopharmacological use for ROCK-II inhibition.
Materials and methods: Some Indian medicinal plants reported as
aphrodisiacs in Ayurveda and modern scientific literature were collected,
authenticated and extracted. Direct methanol and successive aqueous extracts
of these plants were screened for ROCK-II inhibitory activity using HTRFR
KinEASE™ STK S2 Kit (Cisbio Bioassays). Relaxant effect of potent extract was

129 
 
 

recorded on isolated rat corpus cavernosum. Results: Methanolic and

successive aqueous extracts of 30 plants were screened for ROCK-II inhibition
and 15 herbal extracts showed inhibition ranging between 50 and 88% at 50
μg/mL. While IC50 of Y-27632, a standard ROCK-II inhibitor, was found to be
163.8±1.2 nM. The Methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (METC) with IC50
Page | 130 
value of 6.09±0.17 μg/mL was found to be most potent and relaxed isolated
rat corpus cavernosum significantly (p&lt;0.01). Chebulagic and chebulinic acid
of METC were found to inhibit ROCK-II and might be responsible for the
inhibitory potential of the extract. The traditional use of plants like Butea
frondosa, Syzygium aromaticum, Butea superba, Chlorophytum borivilianum
and Mucuna pruriens, as aphrodisiacs and for male sexual disorder (MSD)
might be in part due to the ROCK II inhibitory potential of these plants.
Conclusion: Some of the Indian medicinal plants have ROCK-II inhibitory
potential and those deserve further investigation. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Govindarajan, R., D. P. Singh and A. K. S. Rawat (2007). "High-performance liquid

chromatographic method for the quantification of phenolics in 'Chyavanprash' a
potent Ayurvedic drug." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 43(2):
527-532.
Quantification of bioactive principles through modern analytical tools is
essential for establishing the authenticity, creditability, prescription and usage
of Ayurvedic medicines/herbal formulations. 'Chyavanprash' is one of the
oldest and most popular Ayurvedic preparations, used widely as a health
promotive and disease preventive 'Rasayana' drug in India and elsewhere. The
rejuvenating and tonic properties of 'Chavanprash' are considered majorly due
to their antioxidant principles, which in turn is due to the presence of phenolic
compounds. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
method for the separation and quantitative determination of the major
antioxidant compounds from 'Chyavanprash' has been developed. The use of
Waters Symmetry ® column and an acidic mobile phase enabled the efficient
separation of phenolic compounds (catechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside,
syringic acid and gallic acid) within a 35 min analysis. Validation of the method
was done with a view to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision,
accuracy and robustness. In addition optimization of the complete extraction
of phenolic compounds were also studied. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.

Govindarajan, R., M. Vijayakumar and P. Pushpangadan (2005). "Antioxidant

approach to disease management and the role of 'Rasayana' herbs of Ayurveda."
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(2): 165-178.
The disease preventive and health promotive approach of 'Ayurveda', which
takes into consideration the whole body, mind and spirit while dealing with
the maintenance of health, promotion of health and treating ailments is

130 
 
 

holistic and finds increasing acceptability in many regions of the world.

Ancient Ayurvedic physicians had developed certain dietary and therapeutic
measures to arrest/delay ageing and rejuvenating whole functional dynamics
of the body system. This revitalization and rejuvenation is known as the
'Rasayan chikitsa' (rejuvenation therapy). Traditionally, Rasayana drugs are
Page | 131 
used against a plethora of seemingly diverse disorders with no
pathophysiological connections according to modern medicine. Though, this
group of plants generally possesses strong antioxidant activity, only a few
have been investigated in detail. Over about 100 disorders like rheumatoid
arthritis, hemorrhagic shock, CVS disorders, cystic fibrosis, metabolic
disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, gastrointestinal ulcerogenesis and
AIDS have been reported as reactive oxygen species mediated. In this review,
the role of free radicals in these diseases has been briefly reviewed. 'Rasayana'
plants with potent antioxidant activity have been reviewed for their traditional
uses, and mechanism of antioxidant action. Fifteen such plants have been
dealt with in detail and some more plants with less work have also been
reviewed briefly. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gowrishankar, R., M. Kumar, V. Menon, S. M. Divi, M. Saravanan, P. Magudapathy, B.

K. Panigrahi, K. G. M. Nair and K. Venkataramaniah (2010). "Trace element studies on
tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae), Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae), moringa
oleifera (Moringaceae), and phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae) using PIXE." Biological
Trace Element Research 133(3): 357-363.
Traditionally, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. F. &Thomson
(Menispermaceae), Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae), Moringa oleifera Lam.
(Moringaceae), and Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) are some of the
commonly used medicinal plants in India for curing ailments ranging from
common cold, skin diseases, and dental infections to major disorders like
diabetes, hypertension, jaundice, rheumatism, etc. To understand and
correlate their medicinal use, trace element studies on the aqueous extract of
these medicinal plants have been carried out using particle-induced X-ray
emission technique. A 2-MeV proton beam was used to identify and
characterize major and minor elements namely Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn, Br, and Sr in them. Results have revealed that these elements are
present in varying concentrations in the selected plants. Notable results
include very high concentrations of Cl, K, and Ca in all the leaf samples,
appreciable levels of Mn in all plants, high Zn content in T. cordifolia, and the
aqueous extract of Moringa leaves compared to others and relative higher
concentrations of Cr in all the plants.

Goyal, P. K., P. Sharma, J. Parmar and P. Verma (2011). "Radiation-induced testicular

injury and its amelioration by tinospora cordifolia (an Indian medicinal plant) extract."
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011.

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The primary objective of this investigation is to determine the deleterious

effects of sub lethal gamma radiation on testes and their possible inhibition
by Tinospora cordifolia extract (TCE). For this purpose, one group of male
Swiss albino mice was exposed to 7.5Gy gamma radiation to serve as the
irradiated control, while the other group received TCE (75mg/kgb.wt./day)
Page | 132 
orally for 5 consecutive days half an hr before irradiation to serve as
experimental. Exposure of animals to 7.5Gy gamma radiation resulted into
significant decrease in body weight, tissue weight, testes- body weight ratio
and tubular diameter up to 15 days of irradiation. Cent percent mortality was
recorded by day 17th in irradiated control, whereas all animals survived in
experimental group. TCE pretreatment rendered significant increase in body
weight, tissue weight, testes- body weight ratio and tubular diameter at
various intervals as compared to irradiated group. Radiation induced
histological lesions in testicular architecture were observed more severe in
irradiated control then the experimental. TCE administration before irradiation
significantly ameliorated radiation induced elevation in lipid peroxidation and
decline in glutathione concentration in testes. These observations indicate the
radio- protective potential of Tinospora cordifolia root extract in testicular
constituents against gamma irradiation in mice. Copyright © 2011 Priyanka
Sharma et al.

Grossman, L. D., R. Roscoe, A. R. Shack and C. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice

Guidelines Expert (2018). "Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Diabetes."
Canadian Journal of Diabetes 42: S154-S161.

Grover, J. K., S. S. Rathi and V. Vats (2002). "Amelioration of experimental diabetic

neuropathy and gastropathy in rats following oral administration of plant (Eugenia
jambolana, Mucurna pruriens and Tinospora cordifolia) extracts." Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology 40(3): 273-276.
Extract of M. charantia (200mg/kg), E. jambolana (200mg/kg), M. pruriens
(200mg/kg) and T. cordifolia (400 mg/kg) was administered for 50 days in STZ
induced diabetic mice, the plasma glucose concentration was reduced by 24.4,
20.84, 7.45 and 9.07 % respectively. Tail flick latency (TFL) and gastric transit
percentage were significantly higher in diabetic controls versus normal
controls. M. charantia and E. jambolana modified it favorably while M. pruriens
and T. cordifolia did not exert any favorable change.

Grover, J. K., V. Vats and S. S. Rathi (2000). "Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia

jambolana and Tinospora cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key
metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 73(3): 461-470.
In India, the decoction of kernels of Eugenia jambolana (EJ) and extracts of
Tinospora cordifolia (TC) are used as a household remedy for diabetes. These

132 
 
 

also form constituents of many herbal formulations for diabetes that are
marketed in this country. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of aqueous and
alcoholic extracts as well as lyophilized powder of these two plants was
evaluated in diabetic animals using different doses of diabetogenic agents for
varying duration (21-120 days) so as to assess their effect in mild (plasma
Page | 133 
sugar > 180 mg/dl, duration 21 days), moderate (plasma sugar > 280 mg/dl,
duration 120 days) and severe (plasma sugar > 400 mg/dl, duration 60 days)
diabetes mellitus. In the pilot study (mild diabetes), maximum reduction of
73.51 and 70.37% in glucose levels was seen in animals receiving 200 mg/kg
per day of lyophilized powder of EJ and 400 mg/kg per day of aqueous extract
of TC after 3 and 15 weeks of treatment, respectively. There percent reduction
in glucose decreased significantly in the moderate and severe diabetes; 55.62
and 17.72% for EJ and 48.81 and 0% for TC at the similar time intervals. The
alteration in hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content and hepatic
glucokinase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate and phosphofructokinase
levels in diabetic mice were partially restored by EJ but not by TC. The
mechanism of action of EJ and TC is discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science
Ireland Ltd.

Grover, J. K., V. Vats, S. S. Rathi and R. Dawar (2001). "Traditional Indian anti-diabetic
plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic
mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76(3): 233-238.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of daily oral feeding
Momordica charantia (MC) (200 mg/kg), Eugenia jambolana (EJ) (200 mg/kg),
Mucuna pruriens (MP) (200 mg/kg) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) extracts for
40 days on blood glucose concentrations and kidney functions in
streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Plasma glucose levels, body weight, urine
volume and urinary albumin levels were monitored on every 10th day over a
40-day period while plasma creatinine levels were assessed at the beginning
and end of experiment. Renal hypertrophy was assessed as the ratio between
the kidney weight and total body weight. Plasma glucose concentrations in
STZ-diabetic mice were reduced by the administration of extracts of MC, EJ,
TC and MP by 24.4, 20.84, 7.45 and 9.07%, respectively (P<0.005 for MC, EJ,
MP and P<0.05 for TC). Urine volume was significantly higher (P<0.005) in
diabetic controls and MC, EJ, MP and TC treatment prevented polyuria
(P<0.001, 0.0001, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). After 10 days of STZ
administration urinary albumin levels (UAE) were over 6 fold higher in diabetic
controls as compared to normal controls. Treatment with MC, EJ, MP and TC
significantly prevented the rise in UAE levels from day 0 to 40 in comparison
to diabetic controls (P<0.0001, 0.0001, 0.05, 0.05, respectively). Renal
hypertrophy was significantly higher in diabetic controls as compared to non-
diabetic controls. MC and EJ partially but significantly (P<0.05) prevented renal
hypertrophy as compared to diabetic controls. TC and MP failed to modify

133 
 
 

renal hypertrophy. Results indicate that these plant drugs should be studied
further. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Grover, J. K., S. Yadav and V. Vats (2002). "Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic
potential." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81(1): 81-100.
Page | 134 
Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine.
Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in treatment of
various human ailments. India has about 45 000 plant species and among
them, several thousands have been claimed to possess medicinal properties.
Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient
literature or used traditionally for diabetes have shown anti-diabetic property.
The present paper reviews 45 such plants and their products (active, natural
principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned/used in the Indian
traditional system of medicine and have shown experimental or clinical anti-
diabetic activity. Indian plants which are most effective and the most
commonly studied in relation to diabetes and their complications are: Allium
cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Cajanus cajan, Coccinia indica, Caesalpinia
bonducella, Ficus bengalenesis, Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia,
Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Swertia chirayita, Syzigium cumini,
Tinospora cordifolia and Trigonella foenum graecum. Among these we have
evaluated M. charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Mucuna pruriens, T. cordifolia, T.
foenum graecum, O. sanctum, P. marsupium, Murraya koeingii and Brassica
juncea. All plants have shown varying degree of hypoglycemic and anti-
hyperglycemic activity. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gulati, K., A. Ray, P. K. Debnath and S. K. Bhattacharya (2002). "Immunomodulatory

Indian medicinal plants." Journal of Natural Remedies 2(2): 121-131.
The traditional Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda) describes different
modalities involved in the prevention and treatment of disease and stresses
upon the role of diet, life style and drugs as cornerstones of therapy.
Medicinal plant products are known to modify different aspects of human
physiology and exert an alleviating influence on several pathophysiological
states, and concepts of immunity and immunomodulation can be traced back
several hundred years to the history of medicine. However, it is only in recent
years that the scientific concept of immunomodulation has been forwarded,
and it now appears that some of the beneficial effects of Indian medicinal
plants, proposed in Ayurveda by Charaka and Sushruta Samhita, may be due
to these "immunomodulatory" effects. Several research groups have worked
on the scientific basis of such immunomodulatory effects of plant products,
and as a result, considerable data has accrued. The present review summarizes
some of these experimental data in an attempt to justify some of their
beneficial effects in health and disease, and also to provide insights into the
future research in this area.

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Guo, R., M. H. Pittler and E. Ernst (2007). "Herbal medicines for the treatment of
allergic rhinitis: A systematic review." Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology
99(6): 483-495.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of herbal medicines for the treatment of
Page | 135 
allergic rhinitis (AR). Data Sources: Five electronic databases until November 8,
2005; bibliographies of located articles; manufacturers of commercially
available preparations; and experts in the field. Study Selection: We only
included double-blind randomized clinical trials (RCTs), which tested a herbal
medicine against placebo or active comparator, in patients with AR, and
evaluated clinically relevant outcomes. Study selection, data extraction, and
evaluation of methodological quality were performed independently by 2
reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion and by seeking the
opinion of the third reviewer. Meta-analysis was only performed if data were
considered suitable for pooling. Results: Sixteen eligible RCTs, testing 10
different herbal products against placebo or active comparator, were included.
Six RCTs studied Petasites hybridus (butterbur) extract for AR and suggest that
P hybridus is superior to placebo or similarly effective compared with
nonsedative antihistamines for intermittent AR. Two RCTs studied an Indian
herbal combination, Aller-7, in patients with AR and reported positive results.
Single RCTs were identified for 8 other herbal products as treatments for AR,
reporting positive outcomes, except for grape seed extract. The median
methodological quality score was 4 of a possible maximum of 5. Conclusions:
There is encouraging evidence suggesting that P hybridus may be an effective
herbal treatment for seasonal (intermittent) AR. However, independent
replication is required before a firm conclusion can be drawn because of the
financial support from the manufacturer of P hybridus extract to the 3 large
trials. There are also promising results generated for other herbal products,
particularly Aller-7, Tinospora cordifolia, Perilla frutescens, and several Chinese
herbal medicines. Although these results are confined to the paucity of data
and the small sample size, confirmation in larger and more rigorously
designed clinical trials is warranted.

Gupta, A., HemRaj, M. S. Karchuli and N. Upmanyu (2013). "Comparative Evaluation of

Ethanolic Extracts of Bacopa monnieri, Evolvulus alsinoides, Tinospora cordifolia and
their Combinations on Cognitive Functions in Rats." Current Aging Science 6(3): 239-
243.
The effects of ethanolic extracts of whole plants of Bacopa monnieri (BME),
Evolvulus alsinoides (EAE), Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) and their combinations in
equal proportion [CEP-1 (BME+EAE), CEP-2 (BME+TCE), CEP-3 (EAE+TCE) and
CEP-4 (BME+EAE+TCE)] were tested in amnesic rats using Radial arm maze
task performance (RAM) and Barnes maze test at 200 mg/kg p.o. The latency
to find food and target hole was observed in RAM and Barnes maze

135 
 
 

respectively. Cognitive dysfunction was induced by scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg

i.p.) treatment. BME, EAE, TCE and their combinations of equal proportion
(CEPs) showed significant decrease in latency to find food and target hole in
RAM and Barnes maze respectively. Inter comparison among single extract
alone treated groups revealed that BME treated animals showed significant
Page | 136 
difference as compared to EAE and TCE treated animals. All combinations of
equal proportion (CEPs) of these extracts showed significant difference in
latency to find food and target hole as compared to single extracts treated
animals. CEP-1 showed significantly better effect as compared to CEP-2 and
CEP-3. Significant difference in latency to find food and target hole was also
present between CEP-2 and CEP-3. Effect of CEP-4 was found to be
significantly better than CEP-1, CEP-2 and CEP-3 treated rats in both models.
From present investigation, it was concluded that ethanolic extract of Bacopa
monnieri, Evolvulus alsinoides and Tinospora cordifolia provided better
nootropic effect when used in combination. © 2013 Bentham Science
Publishers.

Gupta, A., H. Raj, B. Sharma and N. Upmanyu (2014). "Phytochemical comparison

between pet ether and ethanolic extracts of Bacopa monnieri, Evolvulus alsinoides
and Tinospora cordifolia." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 17(4): 590-593.
Bacopa monnieri, Evolvulus alsinoides and Tinospora cordifolia are established
ayurvedic herbs having neuropharmacological effect. In present study is aimed
to Phytochemical Comparison between Pet ether and Ethanolic extracts of
Bacopa monnieri (BME), Evolvulus alsinoides (EAE) and Tinospora cordifolia
(TCE). To identify the presence (+) or absence (-) of different
phytoconstituents in Pet ether and Ethanolic extracts of BME, EAE and TCE by
using various phytochemical testing methods. Phytochemical investigation
showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents in Pet ether and
Ethanolic extracts of BME, EAE and TCE. When comparison between Pet ether
and Ethanolic extracts of BME, EAE and TCE; Ethanolic extracts of these plants
showed more phytoconstituents as compared to Pet ether extracts of these
plants. From present investigation, it can be concluded that phytochemical
comparison is subsequently momentous and useful in finding chemical
constituents in the plant substances that may lead to their quantitative
evaluation and also pharmacologically active chemical compounds. © 2014
Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Gupta, K. K., A. Singh, H. K. Gupta, A. Upadhaya, A. Parashar and S. Kumar (2017).

"Management of thrombocytopenia in canine ehrlichiosis by herbal therapy."
Veterinary Practitioner 18(1): 31.

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Gupta, M., D. Banerjee and A. Mukherjee (2013). "Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic

and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of traditional herbal medicine
using rodents." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 5(6): 106-113.
The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of
botanical medicine prepared by taking equal amounts of dried stems of
Page | 137 
Tinospora cordifolia Willd, fruits of Emblica officinalis Gaertn and rhizomes of
Cyperus rotundus Linn were evaluated using standard methods. These
botanicals have been traditionally used in Indian system of medicine for
treatment of fever, joint pain, body ache and muscular pain in the form of
single or combined drug therapy. After acute toxicity studies, anti-
inflammatory effect was assessed using carrageen induced paw oedema test
and antipyretic effect using yeast induced pyrexia method. Tail immersion, hot
plate and writhings test were used for determining the analgesic properties.
Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenolic flavonoids,
tannin and saponins. Significant anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic
properties were noticed in dose dependant manner after methanolic extract
administration, especially at 500 mg/kg dose. These test drug activities were
sustained and comparable to the standard drugs while exhibiting no acute
toxicity. The findings indicate that the methanolic extract possesses
significantly high anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties
without any acute toxicity possibly due to the presence of flavonoids. © 2013
Academic Journals.

Gupta, M., S. Saumya Kanti and M. Arup (2013). "Anti-inflammatory effect of acetone,
methanolic and aqueous extracts of traditional herbal drug evaluated using cotton
pellet method." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research
5(1): 9-14.
The anti-inflammatory activity of a traditional antipyretic polyherbal drug was
assessed by preparing its acetone, methanolic and aqueous extracts using
cotton pellet method on rats. No mortality or toxic symptom was observed up
to the dose of 1000 mg/kg during acute toxicity studies while flavonoids,
tannins and carbohydrates were found present in all the extracts. The test
drug exhibited highly significant anti-inflammatory effect in case of all extracts
at 600 mg/kg dose which was close to that of the standard drug
Indomethacin. Slightly lower impact was observed when using test drug dose
of 400 mg/kg. Among the three extracts, the methanolic one exhibited the
highest inhibition of granulation tissue formation, the aqueous extract having
a slightly lower impact while the lowest effect was observed in case of the
Acetone extract.

Gupta, P., M. Bala, S. Gupta, A. Dua, R. Dabur, E. Injeti and A. Mittal (2016). "Efficacy
and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs—A

137 
 
 

mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action." Pharmacological Research

113: 636-674.
An increasing array of anti-diabetic drugs are available today, yet Type-2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM) – remains a life threatening disease, causing high
mortality and morbidity in developing and developed countries. As of now, no
Page | 138 
effective therapy is available for the complete eradication/cure of diabetes
and its associated complications. Therefore, it is time to re-think and revisit
molecular pathways and targets of each existing drug in order to identify
multiple targets from different signaling pathways that may be manipulated
simultaneously to treat or manage T2DM effectively. Bearing this goal in mind,
the article reviews the mechanisms of action of available anti-diabetic drugs
with in-depth mechanistic analysis of each therapy. The conventional and
herbal strategies are analysed and compared for their benefits and the
associated possible side effects. This critical information is necessary not only
for the development of better, novel and potent anti-diabetic therapy in
future but also for best possible combinational therapies and strategies with
the available drugs. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Gupta, P. and S. Kulshrestha (2016). "Characterization of a bioactive compound from

Tinospora cardifolia having activity against wide range of bacteria and fungi." Journal
of Pure and Applied Microbiology 10(1): 701-711.
Considering the vast potentiality of Tinospora cardifolia as a source for
antimicrobial drugs with reference to antibacterial, antifungal and anticandida
agents, a systematic investigation was undertaken to screen 17 samples of T.
cardifolia accessions collected from different Districts of Himachal Pradesh for
its activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Fungus and
Candida strains. The zone of inhibition varied with the plant extract, the
solvent used for extraction and the organism tested. Acetonic leaf extract was
found to be more potent being capable of exerting significant inhibitory
activity than other extracts. Highest antimicrobial activity was observed with
the acetonic leaf extract of T. cardifolia collected from Baijnath, District
Kangra. FT-IR analysis of the acetonic leaf extract revealed the presence of
different functional groups at wave numbers corresponding to the functional
groups of a number of compounds including Berberine. Thin layer
chromatography and HPLC of acetonic leaf extract of T. cardifolia indicated
alkaloid as a major active compound which was further confirmed to be
Berberine. Active component was isolated and purified by recrysyallization
method and tested for its antibacterial activity. The isolated compound was
characterized by HPLC, LCMS, GCMS, H1 and C13 NMR. HPLC peak of isolated
Berberine at retention time 4.024 mins was observed which was same as that
of standard Berberine. Molar mass observed by LCMS and GCMS was 336.1
which were same as that of standard Berberine. NMR also confirms the
presence of 18 H atoms as that present in standard Berberine.

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Gupta, P. K., P. Chakraborty, S. Kumar, P. K. Singh, M. G. Rajan, K. B. Sainis and S.

Kulkarni (2016). "G1-4A, a Polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia Inhibits the
Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Modulating Host Immune Responses in
TLR4 Dependent Manner." PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154725.
Page | 139 
Rapid emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a
major health concern and demands the development of novel adjunct
immunotherapeutic agents capable of modulating the host immune responses
in order to control the pathogen. In the present study, we sought to
investigate the immunomodulatory effects of G1-4A, a polysaccharide derived
from the Indian medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia, in in-vitro and aerosol
mouse models of MTB infection. G1-4A treatment of MTB infected RAW264.7
macrophages significantly induced the surface expression of MHC-II and CD-
86 molecules, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IL-12,
IFN-γ) and nitric oxide leading to reduced intracellular survival of both drug
sensitive (H37Rv) as well as multi drug resistant strains (Beijing and LAM) of
MTB, which was partially attributed to G1-4A induced NO production in TLR4-
MyD88 dependent manner. Similarly, bacillary burden was significantly
reduced in the lungs of MTB infected BALB/c mice treated with G1-4A, with
simultaneous up-regulation of the expression of TNF-α, INF-γ and NOS2 in
the mouse lung along with increased levels of Th1 cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-12
and decreased levels of Th2 cytokine like IL-4 in the serum. Furthermore,
combination of G1-4A with Isoniazid (INH) exhibited better protection against
MTB compared to that due to INH or G1-4A alone, suggesting its potential as
adjunct therapy. Our results demonstrate that modulation of host immune
responses by G1-4A might improve the therapeutic efficacy of existing anti-
tubercular drugs and provide an attractive strategy for the development of
alternative therapies to control tuberculosis.

Gupta, P. K. and S. Kulkarni (2018). "Polysaccharide rich extract (PRE) from Tinospora
cordifolia inhibits the intracellular survival of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in macrophages by nitric oxide induction." Tuberculosis 113: 81-90.
Plethora of clinical and scientific information obtained in recent past has
strengthened the idea that targeting critical constituents of host immune
system may have beneficial outcomes for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Macrophages being the primary host for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, offer an
attractive target for modulation. Owing to their negligible toxicity, plant
derived polysaccharides with the ability to activate macrophages; are suitable
candidates for immunomodulation. In the present study, effects of
polysaccharide rich extract (PRE) isolated from Tinospora cordifolia, on the
survival of intracellular MTB strains and activation of macrophages were
investigated. PRE treatment up regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as IL-β TNF-α IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ in RAW 264.7 cell line. Up

139 
 
 

regulation in the expression of NOS2 was observed along with concomitant

enhanced nitric oxide production post PRE treatment. Surface expression of
MHC-II and CD-86 was up regulated after PRE treatment. Above results
suggested the classical activation of macrophages by PRE treatment.
Furthermore, PRE treatment led to the activation of all the three classes of
Page | 140 
MAPK i.e p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs. Further, PRE up regulated the expression
of cytokines, NOS-2, MHC-II and CD-86 in MTB infected macrophages. PRE
treatment inhibited the intracellular survival of drug resistant MTB in
macrophages which was partially attributed to PRE mediated NO induction.
Thus our data demonstrate classical activation of macrophages by PRE
treatment and killing of intracellular MTB by NO induction. © 2018

Gupta, P. K., M. G. R. Rajan and S. Kulkarni (2017). "Activation of murine macrophages

by G1-4A, a polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, in TLR4/MyD88 dependent
manner." International Immunopharmacology 50: 168-177.
Macrophages are centrally placed in the innate immune system and their
activation is crucial to the generation of appropriate immune response in the
event of any pathogenic invasion, tumorigenesis or other human diseases.
Many plant derived polysaccharides are known to activate macrophages. In
the present study, effects of G1-4A, a polysaccharide derived from Tinospora
cordifolia, on the activation of macrophages were investigated. Our data
demonstrated the up regulation of expression of TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10
and IFN-γ in RAW 264.7 cell line and peritoneal macrophages after G-14A
treatment. Nitric oxide levels were also enhanced along with up-regulation of
NOS2 expression in murine macrophages post G1-4A treatment. Further, G1-
4A treatment up-regulated the surface expression of MHC-II and CD-86 in
macrophages. Using siRNA against TLR4, MyD88 and anti-TLR4 blocking
antibodies, we established that G1-4A activated macrophages by classical
pathway in TLR4-MyD88 dependent manner. Additionally, G1-4A treatment
activated p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs in macrophages. Using pharmaceutical
inhibitors of above MAPKs we concluded that G1-4A activates the
macrophages by activation of p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs in RAW264.7
macrophages. Thus our data suggests the activation of macrophages by
classical pathway after treatment of G1-4A. © 2017

Gupta, R. and V. Sharma (2011). "Ameliorative effects of Tinospora Cordifolia root

extract on histopathological and biochemical changes induced by Aflatoxin-B 1 in
mice kidney." Toxicology International 18(2): 94-98.
The present study was planned to investigate the ability of the Tinospora
cordifolia to scavenge free radicals generated during aflatoxicosis. A total no.
of 48 male Swiss albino mice (30 5 g) were exposed to Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) (2
g/30 g b.wt, orally) either individually or in combination with T. cordifolia (50,
100, 200 mg/kg, orally) once daily for 25 days. AFB 1 exposure led to

140 
 
 

significant rise in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and fall in

superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH),
glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione
reductase (GR), ascorbic acid, and protein content. T. cordifolia was found to
show protective effect by lowering down the content of TBARS and enhancing
Page | 141 
the GSH, ascorbic acid, protein, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz.,
SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase, GST, and GR in kidney. Histopathological
analysis of kidney samples also confirmed the protective values and
antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of herb. T. cordifolia showed
protection against aflatoxin-induced nephrotoxicity due to the presence of
alkaloids such as a choline, tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine,
tetrahydropalmatine, and magnoflorine.

Gupta, R. S. and A. Sharma (2003). "Antifertility effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)

stem extract in male rats." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 41(8): 885-889.
Oral administration of 70% methanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem to male
rats at the dose level of 100 rag/rat/day for 60 days did not cause body weight
loss but decreased the weight of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and
ventral prostate in a signficiant manner. Sperm motility as well as sperm
density were reduced significantly which resulted in reduction of male fertility
by 100%. The stem extract brought about an interference with
spermatogenesis. The round spermatids were decreased by 73.12%. However,
the population of preleptotene and pachytene spermatocytes were decreased
by 47.60% and 52.85% respectively, followed by secondary spermatocytes
(48.10%). Leydig cell nuclear area and mature Leydig cell numbers were
significantly reduced when compared with controls. Serum testosterone levels
showed significant reduction after Tinospora extract feeding. Seminiferous
tubule diameter, Leydig cell nuclear area as well as cross sectional surface area
of Sertoli cells were reduced significantly when compared to controls.
Biochemical parameters i.e. protein, sialic acid, glycogen contents of testes
decreased significantly. Seminal vesicular fructose also depleted whereas,
testicular cholesterol was elevated significantly followed by a reduction in
testosterone levels. These results suggested antifertility effects of the stem
extract of T. cordifolia in male rats.

Gupta, S. S. (1994). "Prospects and perspectives of natural plants products in

medicine." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 26(1): 1-12.
A vast majority of population particularly those living in villages depend
largely on herbal medicines. Scientific data on a good number of medicinal
plants investigated has been well documented. However, only very few drugs
of plant origin could reach clinical use and the National Formulary could not
adopt even a dozen of plant medicines. For this reason, a special effort is
needed for development of herbal drugs having therapeutic utility. This article

141 
 
 

discusses in a broader perspectives several plants reported to have anti-

asthmatic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, antifertility,
antidiabetic and antiviral effects.

Gupta, Y. K., M. Sharma, G. Chaudhary and C. K. Katiyar (2004). "Hepatoprotective

Page | 142 
effect of New Livfit®, a polyherbal formulation, is mediated through its free radical
scavenging activity." Phytotherapy Research 18(5): 362-364.
The effect of New Livfit®, a polyherbal formulation, was studied on
pyrogallol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Administration of pyrogallol 100
mg/kg, i.p. caused a significant increase in liver enzymes as well as a
significant increase in lipid peroxidation. Simultaneous administration of oral
New Livfit® and pyrogallol prevented these changes in hepatic damage. The
results of the study showed that New Livfit® exerted a hepatoprotective effect
against pyrogallol induced liver toxicity, which was mediated through its free
radical scavenging property. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Guru Prasad, B. R. (2011). "Assessment of ethno-medicinal plants from Chamundi Hill,

Mysore." Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 5(20): 5200-5202.
A survey has been done in Chamundi Hill of Mysore District for investigations
of ethano-medicinal plants. About 34 plants were reported in this preliminary
study which was used for various diseases. This manuscript is very useful for
those who working with herbal plants especially doctors and researchers and
those who are practicing Indian medicine system. ©2011 Academic Journals.

Gururaj, H. B., P. Giridhar and G. A. Ravishankar (2007). "Micropropagation of

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F & Thoms - A multipurpose medicinal
plant." Current Science 92(1): 23-26.

Halder, M., P. P. Dhar, N. C. Nandi and S. Akhter (2015). "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal

colonization in some plant species and relationship with the soil properties in the
BCSIR campus of Chittagong, Bangladesh." Research Journal of Biotechnology 10(8):
51-57.
Study on the relationship between the soil properties and arbuscular
mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of different plant species in the BCSIR
Laboratories, Chittagong campus was carried out. Fine roots and rhizosphere
soil of Acacia auriculiformis, Acalypha indica, Alpinia nigra, Artocarpus
heterophyllus, Averrhoa carambola, Cinnamomum tamala, Elettaria
cardamomum, Ficus benghalensis, Gardenia jasminoides, Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis, Jasminum sambac, Manihot esculenta, Mimosa pudica, Mimusops
elengi, Pinus palustris, Piper longum, Rauwolfia teraphylla, Sesbania sesban,
Swietenia mahagoni and Tinospora cordifolia were collected, stained,
processed and analyzed by established methods. Highest AM colonization was
in G. jasminoides and the lowest was in S. sesban. No AM colonization

142 
 
 

occurred in P. palustris. There were no regular correlations among the soil

properties and AM properties. Negative correlation between arbuscular
mycorrhizal colonization soil phosphorus was significant (r=-0.646, p<0.01%).
Significant and positive correlations between soil K contents, (r=0.826, p<0.01
for percent root colonization; r=0.601, p<0.01 for vesicular colonization and
Page | 143 
r=0.572, p<0.01 for arbuscular colonization) and AM properties were
remarkable. EC was significantly related with root colonization (r=-0.535,
p<0.05%). Vesicular colonization was significantly positive with the
colonization. Independent influence of soil properties on the AM properties of
host plant species for their nutritional acquisition in the field conditions was
emphasized.

Hamiduddin, M. A. Siddiqui, W. Ali, G. Jahangeer and A. Al (2018). "Unani

formulations for management of diabetes: An overview." International Journal of
Green Pharmacy 12(4): S769-S783.
Diabetes is a leading cause of death. In India, total number of diabetic patients
is expected to be 79.4 million in 2030. It is a multifactorial disease leading to
several complications. Traditional medicines are being looked up once again
for its treatment; the WHO also recommended its further investigation. In this
review, these drug its pharmacological activity and its formulation in Greco-
Arab or Unani Medicine in India is explored. Single-drug used in formulation
with reported anti-diabetic and related beneficial property are Gymnema
sylvestre, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Momordica charantia, Acacia arabica,
Eugenia jambolana, Trigonella foenum graecum, Punica granatum, etc.
Phytomedicine used in Unani medicine presents an exciting opportunity for
the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus with a
holistic approach, which includes various photochemical groups such as
alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolics. Beside hypoglycemic activity, these drugs
also have antioxidants, bitter and other activity related to disturbance in
carbohydrate metabolism. They are used in the form of decoctions, infusions,
tablets, pills, and powder such as Qurse Dhayabitus, Qurse Tabasheer, Safoof
Gilo, Qurse Marwareed, Qurse Gulnar, Dawaul Misk Talkh, Sharbate Afsanteen,
Roghane Qusht, and Ma-Us-shaeer and common marketed formulation is
Dolabi tablets, Qurs Kushta baiza murgh, Qurs Kushta Zamarrud, Qurs
Ziabetus, Safoof Ziabtes, Diab-eaze, etc. There is the tremendous scope of
Unani single and compound formulations in the comprehensive management
of diabetes particularly Type-2 diabetes; it can also be utilized as an adjuvant
with the conventional drug due to its diverse and related beneficial
pharmacological activity in diabetes. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All
Rights Reserved.

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Hamsa, T. P. and G. Kuttan (2012). "Tinospora cordifolia ameliorates urotoxic effect of

cyclophosphamide by modulating GSH and cytokine levels." Experimental and
Toxicologic Pathology 64(4): 307-314.
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly used anti-cancer drug which causes
toxicity by its reactive metabolites. In this study we investigated the effect of
Page | 144 
Tinospora cordifolia on urotoxicity induced by acute dose of CP using Swiss
albino mice model. Administration of an alcoholic extract of the plant T.
cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae) (200. mg/kg i.p.) for 5 days reduced CP
(1.5. mmol/kg body wt. i.p.) induced urotoxicity as evident from the
morphological analysis of bladder, decreased the relative bladder and liver
weights and also decreased level of urea nitrogen and protein in blood as well
as urine. Severely inflamed and dark coloured urinary bladders of the CP alone
treated animals were found to be normalized by the treatment of T. cordifolia.
GSH content, which was drastically reduced by CP administration in both
bladder and liver was enhanced by treatment with T. cordifolia.
Histopathological analysis of the bladder of CP alone-treated group showed
severe necrotic damage where as the T. cordifolia-treated group showed
normal bladder architecture. The lowered levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, after
CP treatment were found to be increased in treated animals. At the same time
the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, which was elevated during CP
administration, was significantly reduced by extract administration. This study
clearly demonstrates uroprotective role of T. cordifolia from CP induced
toxicities by modulating GSH and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. © 2010
Elsevier GmbH.

Haniffa, M. A. and P. Shanthi (2012). "Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial

screening of medicinal plants against aeromonas hydrophila." Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 5(2): 101-103.
The objective of the present study is to screen antimicrobial activity of
methanolic extracts of eight medicinal plants (Ocimum sanctum, Psidium
guajava, Punica granatum, Tinospora cardifolia,Withinia sominifera, Allium
sativum, Terminalia arjuna and Mentha arvensis) against the common fish
pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts
revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins,
terpenes and phenolic compounds. Among the eight medicinal plant extracts,
T.cardifolia and W.sominifera showed a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity
and expand least MIC and MBC values against A.hydrophila. All the other
herbal extracts showed a moderate antibacterial activity against the test
pathogen. The significant antibacterial activity of active extracts were
compared with standard antibiotics Kanamycin, Neomycin and Penicillin. The
results obtained in the present study suggested that T. cardifolia and
W.sominifera can be used for treating diseases caused by A.hydrophila in
aquaculture practices.

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Hanuman, J. B., R. K. Bhatt and B. Sabata (1988). "A clerodane furano-diterpene from
tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Natural Products 51(2): 197-201.
A new clerodane furano-diterpene 2 with the molecular formula C20H22O8
has been isolated from the stems of Tinospora cordifolia. Its spectral
Page | 145 
characteristics are very similar to those of known clerodane furano-diterpenes
and it is proposed to be an epimer of 6-hydroxyar-cangelisin [1] on the basis
of lH-and 13C-nmr spectral studies. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All
rights reserved.

Hanuman, J. B., R. K. Bhatt and B. K. Sabata (1986). "A diterpenoid furanolactone from
Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 25(7): 1677-1680.
A new diterpenoid furnolactone having molecular formula C20H22O6, has
been isolated from the stems of Tinospora cordifolia. Its spectral
characteristics are very similar to the clerodane diterpenoids. Its structure
followed from 1HNMR and 13CNMR studies. © 1986.

Hanuman, J. B., A. K. Mishra and B. Sabata (1986). "A natural phenolic lignan from
tinospora cordifolia miers." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1:
1181-1185.
Systematic chemical investigation of Tinospora cordifolia Miers has yielded a
new phenolic lignan along with the known compounds octacosanol,
nonacosan-15-one, and β-sitosterol. This lignan has been shown by a
combination of spectroscopic and chemical methods to be 3-(α,4-dihydroxy-
3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)tetrahydrofuran (1).

Haque, M. A., I. Jantan and S. N. Abbas Bukhari (2017). "Tinospora species: An

overview of their modulating effects on the immune system." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 207: 67-85.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Studies on the effects of natural
immunomodulators to heal various diseases related to the immune system
have been a growing interest in recent years. Amongst the medicinal plants,
Tinospora species (family; Menispermaceae) have been one of the widely
investigated plants for their modulating effects on the immune system due to
their wide use in ethnomedicine to treat various ailments related to immune-
related diseases. However, their ethnopharmacological uses are mainly with
limited or without scientific basis. Aim of this review In this article, we have
reviewed the literature on the phytochemicals of several Tinospora species,
which have shown strong immunomodulatory effects and critically analyzed
the reports to provide perspectives and instructions for future research for the
plants as a potential source of new immunomodulators for use as medicinal
agents or dietary supplements. Materials and methods Electronic search on
worldwide accepted scientific databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct,

145 
 
 

SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, ACS Publications

Today) was performed to compile the relevant information. Some information
was obtained from books, database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda,
MSc dissertations and herbal classics books written in various languages.
Results T. cordifolia, T. crispa, T. sinensis, T. smilacina, T. bakis, and T. sagittata
Page | 146 
have been reported to possess significant immunomodulatory effects. For a
few decades, initiatives in molecular research on the effects of these species
on the immune system have been carried out. However, most of the biological
and pharmacological studies were carried out using the crude extracts of
plants. The bioactive compounds contributing to the bioactivities have not
been properly identified, and mechanistic studies to understand the
immunomodulatory effects of the plants are limited by many considerations
with regard to design, conduct, and interpretation. Conclusion The plant
extracts and their active constituents should be subjected to more detail
mechanistic studies, in vivo investigations in various animal models including
pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies, and elaborate toxicity study
before submission to clinical trials. © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd

Harbans, S. and Y. K. Sharma (2011). "Clinical evaluation of the hepatoprotective

effect of katuki (picrorhiza kurroa royle ex benth.) processed in guduchi (tinospora
cordifolia wild.) miers in patients receiving lipid lowering drugs (statins)." Indian
Journal of Traditional Knowledge 10(4): 657-660.
The hypolipidaemic drugs have attracted considerable attention because of
their potential to prevent cardiovascular disease by retarding the accelerated
atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic individuals. Statins are the first choice drugs
for primary hyperlipidaemias with raised LDL and total cholesterol levels, with
or without raised triglycerides levels, as well as for secondary
hypercholesterolemia. Statin therapy is commonly associated with liver
damage in terms of elevated aminotransaminases. Simultaneous use of
hepatotoxicity reducing formulation is desirable for successful continuation of
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statins) over a desired period in
hyperlipidaemic patients. So, the present clinical study was planned to
evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex
Benth.) processed in Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers], on scientific
parameters. In the present clinical trial, two groups of patients receiving
standardized lipid lowering drug (Atrorvastatin 20 mg, twice daily) have been
studied to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of these drugs. The first group
was given 2 gm of Katuki processed in Guduchi, twice daily with statin
therapy. The second group was given 500 mg of starch powder filled in
capsules, twice daily with statin therapy. The trial was conducted for three
months and liver functions test were periodically evaluated to assess the
hepatoprotective effect of drugs under trial. At the end of the trial, trial group
exhibited its hepatoprotective efficiency over the control.

146 
 
 

Hardik, S., P. Biswajyoti and B. Surendra (2014). "Quantitative determination of three

constituents of rasayana churna (a classical ayurvedic formulation) by a reversed
phase HPLC." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 5(1): 17-
22.
Page | 147 
India has long tradition of using Ayurvedic medicines as therapeutic agent. In
comparison to rapid growth of herbal market, export rate of traditional Indian
medicine is quite insignificant. It might be due to lack of proper quality
control measures of raw materials and formulation. So, it is essential to ensure
quality, safety and efficacy of raw materials and formulation. Rasayana Churna
is a classical Ayurvedic formulation, which comprises dried powders of three
well known rejuvenating drugs viz. dried stem of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia
Miers.), dried fruit of Gokshur (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) and dried pericarp of
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) in equal proportion. It is used in Ayurveda
as Rasayana to enhance general body resistance, promote longevity, as anti-
stress and adaptogen. Therapeutic activity of Rasayana Churna may be
attributed to cordifolioside A, diosgenin and gallic acid. Cordifolioside A is an
active constituent of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.). Diosgenin is
steroidal saponin present in Gokshur (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) and gallic acid is
a phenolic compound present in Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). Several
research work have reported the quantitative estimation of active constituent
in individual drug but no established method was found for quantitative
analysis of Rasayana Churna. This is the first attempt ever regarding
quantitative estimation of Rasayana Churna by RP-HPLC. Various validated
methods were used for estimation of cordifolioside A, diosgenin and gallic
acid. These RP-HPLC methods can be used for routine quality control of raw
materials and Rasayana Churna.

Hardikar, S. M. (1980). "Efficacy of 'rumalaya' in rheumatoid arthritis." Medicine and

Surgery 20(8): 5-6.

Harie, U. N. and N. J. Gaikwad (2004). "Effects of Momordica charentia and Tinospora

cordifolia extract on intestinal drug transporter pump: P-glycoprotein [6]." Indian
Journal of Pharmacology 36(5): 319-320.

Haripriya, S. and U. Chandrasekhar (2011). "Immunocompetence potential of

Tinospora cordifolia on selected postmenopausal women." Journal of Medicinal
Plants Research 5(17): 4025-4029.
Postmenopausal age is such a special stage in the life of women. It has been
further estimated that postmenopausal women in India would constitute
about 14.1% of the total population by 2025. Several irritable symptoms
attributed to menopause are often encountered during these later years of life
and freedom from related symptoms and comfort could add life to years.

147 
 
 

Increasing the immunocompetence in the selected low immunocompetent

postmenopausal women is the urgent need to prevent secondary infection
and the main aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Tinospora
cordifolia on low immunocompetent postmenopausal women. A group of 200
postmenopausal women was selected and divided into two groups A and B of
Page | 148 
100 each. 100 women served as the experimental group and the remaining
100 served as the control group. The experimental group A consisted of
postmenopausal women with low immunocompetence and was treated with
525 mg/day of water extract of T. cordifolia. The control group was placed on
placebo treatment. The impact was studied in terms of weight changes and
biochemical parameters representing the symptoms in question over a period
of six months. Findings as related to low immunocompetence revealed that T.
cordifolia proved to be excellent booster of immunocompetence. © 2011
Academic Journals.

Harsha, V. H., S. S. Hebbar, V. Shripathi and G. R. Hegde (2003). "Ethnomedicobotany

of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India - Plants in treatment of skin diseases."
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84(1): 37-40.
Present paper deals with the herbal remedies for skin diseases in Uttara
Kannada district of Karnataka - a Southern State in India, which is located in
the hearts of Western Ghats. In an ethnobotanical exploration of this area 52
herbal preparations from 31 plants belonging to 21 families have been
recorded. This also includes 17 new claims to the ethnomedical knowledge.
The parts used and methods of preparation are discussed along with the
family and local name for all the plants. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
All rights reserved.

Hasan, S. M. R., M. M. Hossain, R. Akter, M. Jamila, M. E. H. Mazumder and S. Rahman

(2009). "DPPH free radical scavenging activity of some Bangladeshi medicinal plants."
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(11): 875-879.
Hydromethanol extracts of 15 Bangladeshi medicinal plants, traditionally used
in different ailments, were evaluated for antioxidant potential using DPPH
(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Among the extracts
Cocos nucifera, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Punica granatum and Syzygium
cumini were found displaying strong (90% or more) DPPH radical scavenging
action. Syzygium cumini exhibited the highest radical scavenging, with an IC
50 value of 4.25 μg/ml compared to the IC 50 value of 5.15 μg/ml as shown by
the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid, in a dose dependent fashion. © 2009
Academic Journals.

Hebbar, A., B. S. Gehlaut, M. A. Quadri and J. K. Bhardwaj (2012). "Hypocholesteremic

effects of polyherbal preparation on serum and egg yolk of poultry." Indian
Veterinary Journal 89(8): 133-135.

148 
 
 

The present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the hypocholestremic

effect of polyherbal preparation containing Allium sativum, Cuminum
cyminum, Terminalia arjuna, Cinnamonum zeylinicum and Tinospora
cordifolia. in the ratio of 3:2:2:2:1 on egg yolk and serum cholesterol. It was
concluded from the study that the polyherbal preparation at the dose rate of
Page | 149 
4500mg/kg of the diet showed a significant hypochlestremic effect (P<0.05)
on day 56 and can be effectively used for reducing cholesterol contents in egg
yolk and serum of poultry birds.

Hegde, S., M. Jayaraj and A. V. Bhandarkar (2015). "Pharmacognostic studies and

preliminary phytochemical analysis of cold and hot extracts of leaf of tinospora
malabarica miers - An important medicinal plant." International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 34(2): 19-25.
Herbal medicine is one of the oldest medicines in India, which heals many
diseases as mentioned in the Ayurveda and homeopathy. Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers. (Guduchi or Amrita) is one among the medicinal plants that has
been used by Indian folk practitioners since ages to treat many diseases. In
India, the genus Tinospora consists of four species and Tinospora malabarica
Miers. is the major adulterant for Amrita by the local herbal healers, who are
adulterating without standardization. T. malabarica Miers. can be confused
with T. cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. for substitution and tampering purposes. The
aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-anatomy and phytochemicals
of leaf of Tinospora malabarica Miers. for pharmacobotanical data that may
contribute to its identification and taxonomic definition from other species of
Tinospora. The leaf powder was investigated using light microscope which
shows the presence of oval or reiniform starch grains, multicellular uniseriate
trichomes, annular, spiral and pitted vessels with fibers. The leaf of the plant is
hypostomatic; shows anomocytic type of stomata. The preliminary
phytochemical analysis of hot and cold extracts, which showed the presence
of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and
phenols in both the extracts and gums, protein containing sulfur and
flavonoids are present only in cold extracts. © Copyright protected.

Hogh, L., S. Gupte, M. Dickie and S. K. Misra (1996). "Evaluation of herbal product
"Endosan" for control of weaning diarrhoea and promoting growth in pigs." Indian
Journal of Indigenous Medicines 18(2): 109-116.

Hosseini, A., R. Shafee-Nick and A. Ghorbani (2015). "Pancreatic beta cell

protection/regeneration with phytotherapy." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences 51(1): 1-16.
Although currently available drugs are useful in controlling early onset
complications of diabetes, serious late onset complications appear in a large
number of patients. Considering the physiopathology of diabetes, preventing

149 
 
 

beta cell degeneration and stimulating the endogenous regeneration of islets

will be essential approaches for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus. The current review focused on phytochemicals, the antidiabetic effect
of which has been proved by pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration.
Among the hundreds of plants that have been investigated for diabetes, a
Page | 150 
small fraction has shown the regenerative property and was described in this
paper. Processes of pancreatic beta cell degeneration and regeneration were
described. Also, the proposed mechanisms for the protective/ regenerative
effects of such phytochemicals and their potential side effects were discussed.
© 2015 Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas (Biblioteca). All rights reserved.

Hsia, S. H., M. Bazargan and M. B. Davidson (2004). "Effect of Pancreas Tonic (an
Ayurvedic herbal supplement) in type 2 diabetes mellitus." Metabolism: Clinical and
Experimental 53(9): 1166-1173.
Although there is widespread use of herbal dietary supplements that are
believed to benefit type 2 diabetes mellitus, few have been proven to do so in
properly designed randomized trials; their efficacy for intermediate-term
glucose control remains unclear. Pancreas Tonic is a botanical mixture of
traditional Indian Ayurvedic herbs currently available as a dietary supplement.
We report the results of a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled 3-month trial of Pancreas Tonic in type 2 diabetic patients
inadequately treated with diet/lifestyle or stable doses of sulfonylureas and/or
metformin for at least 3 months. Patients with type 2 diabetes for ≥ 1 year
were entered into 2 strata of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (stratum 1: 8.0%
to 9.9%; stratum 2: 10.0% to 12.0%). All subjects began a 1-month single-blind
placebo run-in phase, followed by randomization in a 2:1 ratio of active
treatment: placebo, to 3 months of double-blind treatment with either
Pancreas Tonic or matching placebo (2 capsules 3 times a day). Concurrent
oral agents were continued unchanged throughout the study. The primary
outcome was the change in HbA1c from randomization; results of each
stratum were analyzed independently. The baseline characteristics of 36
subjects who completed the study were comparable between treatment
groups. Nineteen subjects entered stratum 1 and 17 entered stratum 2. A
statistically significant reduction of HbA1c from randomization to end-of-
study was seen in the stratum 2 subjects (Pancreas Tonic: 10.1% ± 1.0% to
8.8% ± 1.9%, P = .004; placebo: 10.8% ± 1.4% to 11.2% ± 1.8%, not significant
[NS]). No significant HbA1c reductions were seen in the stratum 1 subjects.
There were no significant treatment-related differences in the fasting plasma
glucose (FPG), lipids, body mass index (BMI), body composition, blood
pressure, insulin sensitivity estimates using the minimal model, glucose and
insulin responses to a meal challenge, quality of life, adverse events, or other
safety indices between treatment groups. Pancreas Tonic was well tolerated.
Treatment with Pancreas Tonic (2 capsules 3 times per day) for 3 months

150 
 
 

significantly improved glucose control in type 2 diabetic patients with HbA 1c

levels between 10.0% to 12.0%. This study represents the first properly
designed, prospective intervention trial of therapy with an Ayurvedic herbal
supplement for intermediate-term glucose control in type 2 diabetes. © 2004
Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Page | 151 

Huang, W. T., C. Y. Tu, F. Y. Wang and S. T. Huang (2019). "Literature review of liver
injury induced by Tinospora crispa associated with two cases of acute fulminant
hepatitis." Complementary Therapies in Medicine 42: 286-291.
Introduction: Species of Tinospora are used as herbal remedies for the
treatment of various diseases with very few toxic effects having been reported.
Tinospora cordifolia (TCF) has been reported to effectively prevent
hepatotoxicity. However, there are an increasing number of cases revealing
that Tinospora crispa (TCP) might have the negative effect of inducing
hepatotoxicity. Because of the similar leaves, people may mistake TCP for TCF,
and consume it with the purpose of protecting liver function. Objective: Find
out the misusing level of TCP and TCF and which chemical compound in TCP
might induce hepatotoxicity. Methods: We report two cases of acute fulminant
hepatitis associated with chronic use of TCP. Given that the two herbs were
misidentified in these two reports, we investigated the frequency of erroneous
identification by using three keywords (“Guduchi” “Tinospora cordifolia”
“Tinospora crispa”) to search images from the Google Images database. To
further clarify the influence of liver function between TCP and TCF, we
searched PubMed (up to 29 July 2018) for relevant publications on clinical
trials or case reports. Results: Based on web review, over 35 percent of
websites failed to accurately identify these two herbs. The different effects on
liver function between TCP and TCF were compared through literature review.
It indicated that TCF exerted liver protection, TCP had a contrary effect,
suggesting its cis-Clerodane-type furano-diterpenoids might be an important
factor of inducing hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: We concluded that people
might cause hepatic injury or even death without correctly identifying these
two Tinospora species. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Huded, S., S. V. Gummadi, K. Sankh, H. N. Asha, H. S. Ashwini and K. Lingadore (2013).

"Evaluation of guduchi yoga in the management of vatarakta (gouty arthritis): A
clinical study." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 4(5): 688-
692.
Vatarakta is one of the main articular diseases, which is characterized by
severe pain, tenderness, inflammation and burning sensation in the affected
joints. It is a tridoshaja vyadhi, with vata pradhanyata and rakta as main
dushya. Sedentary lifestyle is one of the etiological factors of Vatarakta. The
etiology and symptomatology of Gout is very much similar to that of
Vatarakta. Gout is a pathological reaction of joint or periarticular tissues which

151 
 
 

results from deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals in joints

and tissues. In Ayurvedic classics, although we find plenty of dravyas for joint
disorders, the area of joint diseases management still remains to be elusive.
Hence the present clinical study aims to evaluate the efficacy of combined
effect of 'Guduchi extract and cucumber juice extract' in the management of
Page | 152 
Vatarakta (Gouty arthritis). In the present study, 20 patients fulfilling the
diagnostic criteria of Vatarakta and who met the American College of
Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for acute Gouty arthritis were selected. Detailed
profile which incorporated relevant data like symptomatology, physical signs
and investigation reports were considered for assessment criteria. The
'Guduchi Yoga' (Aqueous extract of Guduchi and Trapusha) was administered
to patients of either sex in the dosage of 1 g BID with lukewarm water after
food for 12 weeks (3 months). After the course of therapy for 12 weeks,
symptomatic improvement was observed with statistically significant results (P
< 0.001) along with attainment of normal serum uric acid levels followed by
feeling of general wellbeing. From the present study it can be concluded that
the combined effect of Guduchi and Trapusha extracts showed promising
results in the management of vatarakta.

Hussain, J., A. L. Khan, N. Ur Rehman, M. Hamayun, Z. K. Shinwari, W. Ullah and I. J.

Lee (2009). "Assessment of herbal products and their composite medicinal plants
through proximate and micronutrients analyses." Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research 3(12): 1072-1077.
Fourteen medicinal plant species, growing in different parts of Pakistan, have
been used to prepare two herbal products Mussafeen and Itreeful ustokhudus
by the Qarshi Industry Pvt Ltd. These products were selected to compare the
proximate parameters and micronutrients composition with medicinal plants
used therein. In proximate analysis carbohydrate, protein, fiber, fat, ash and
energy values while in case of micronutrients; Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Fe and Cd
were assayed. The proximate parameters of each medicinal plants used in
herbal products were different, however, Fumaria offcinalis has higher to
moderate values of ash, fat, carbohydrates and protein contents compared to
other species used in the herbal formulations. Looking at the herbal product's
proximate analysis, Mussafeen had highest percentage of fats, ash, proteins,
and fibers compared to Itreeful ustokhudus herbal products. In micronutrient's
analysis, Sphaeranthus hiritus, Fumaria offcinalis and Cuscuta reflexa had
higher concentration of Co, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni and Pb compared to other
composite materials of the herbal products. In case of herbal formulations,
Itreeful ustokhudus has the highest concentrations of almost all nutrients, that
is, Cu, Zn and Cd, while Mussafeen has highest concentrations of Fe, Pb and
Ni. However, the concentrations were found well below the threshold levels of
the standards mentioned by the World Health Organizations. © 2009
Academic Journals.

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Hussain, L., M. S. H. Akash, N. U. Ain, K. Rehman and M. Ibrahim (2015). "The

analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of Tinospora cordifolia."
Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 24(6): 957-964.
Background. Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) is a valuable resource due to
Page | 153 
its traditional uses in the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation, but no
sufficient scientific literature is available online to confirm its traditional uses in
these ailments. Objectives. This study was carried out to validate the
traditional uses of T. cordifolia in treating pain, inflammation and pyrexia,
using albino mice as an experimental animal model. Material and Methods.
The analgesic effects of T. cordifolia extract were assessed by using the acetic
acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test and tail-flick test. The carrageenan
test was performed to assess anti-inflammatory potential, and anti-pyretic
activity was evaluated by the brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia method. Results.
The results showed that the T. cordifolia extract exhibited significant analgesic
effects in a dose-dependent manner in the three pain models tested. The
extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-
induced inflammation test and antipyretic effects in the brewer's yeast-
induced pyrexia test in dose- -dependent manner compared to the effects
observed in the control group animals. Conclusions. From the findings of the
present study, it can be concluded that T. cordifolia extract has strong
analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects. Further studies are
required to investigate the therapeutic activities of the phytochemical
constituents of T. cordifolia against pain, inflammation and pyrexia. © 2015
Wroclaw Medical University.

Ikram, M., S. Gul Khattak and S. Naeemuddin Gilani (1987). "Antipyretic studies on
some indigenous Pakistani medicinal plants: II." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19(2):
185-192.
Eight Pakistani medicinal plants were investigated for antipyretic activity in
rabbits receiving subcutaneous yeast injections. Hexane- and chloroform-
soluble extracts of Aconitum napellus stems, Corchorns depressus whole plant
and Gmelina asiatica roots exhibited prominent oral antipyretic activity while
insignificant antipyretic effects were found in the hexane- and chloroform-
soluble portions of Melia azadirachta seeds, Tinospora cordifolia stems and
Vitex trifolia seeds. No antipyretic actions whatsoever were produced by
extracts of A. heterophyllum roots and Hedysarum alhagi aerial parts. Toxicity
studies revealed no noteworthy toxic or adverse effects for any of the above
plant extracts up to the highest oral doses of 1.6 g kg except in the case of A.
napellus. © 1987.

153 
 
 

Ilaiyaraja, N. and F. Khanum (2011). "Antioxidant potential of Tinospora cordifolia

extracts and their protective effect on oxidation of biomolecules." Pharmacognosy
Journal 3(20): 56-62.
Tinospora cordifilia is a medicinal plant, commonly known as guduchi or
amritha. In the present study, the antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of
Page | 154 
leaf and stem were evaluated by various in vitro methods. Scavenging effects
on DPPH, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power
(FRAP) were found to be highest in methanolic extract of leaf and ethyl
acetate extract of stem compared to all other extracts. These extracts also
exhibited significant protection against radical induced protein (BSA )
oxidation and plasmid DNA damage (pBR322). The extracts were further
evaluated for their inhibitory properties on AAPH (2, 2′-azo (2-
amidinopropane) dihydrochloride induced ex vivo oxidative stress in rat liver
homogenates. The results again showed the potent antioxidant nature of
methanolic extract of leaf and ethyl acetate extract of stem with respect to
inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation. Overall, stem extracts showed to be
the more effective antioxidant source than the leaf extracts with regard to all
the radical scavenging activities. These protective properties of the extracts
could be directly attributed to the presence of phytochemicals such as
polyphenols, tannins etc. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the potential
antioxidant activities of guduchi leaf as well as stem and therefore, it can be
used as a source of antioxidant for health benefits through dietary
supplementations.

Imtiyaj Khan, M., P. S. C. Sri Harsha, P. Giridhar and G. A. Ravishankar (2011).

"Pigment identification, antioxidant activity, and nutrient composition of Tinospora
cordifolia (willd.) Miers ex Hook. f & Thoms fruit." International Journal of Food
Sciences and Nutrition 62(3): 239-249.
The stem, leaf, and root of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) have been highly
exploited for medicinal preparations; however, the nutritional and
nutraceutical potential of its attractive red berries (fruits) have not so far been
studied. Pigments, berberine (107.0 mg/100 g) and lycopene (50.8 mg/100 g),
were identified in the deseeded fruit. Total phenol content in the fruit was 3.2
mg gallic acid equivalent/g. The IC50 of DPPḢ (82, and 468 ppm) and OḢ
(100, and 1,000 ppm) scavenging activity, and the EC50 of reducing power
(2,616, and 1,472 ppm) of hexane and methanol extracts, respectively, were
observed. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of the fruit extracts (150 and
300 ppm) were 1,107 and 2,614 μM trolox equivalent/g, respectively. Nutrient
composition including carbohydrate (18.4%), proteins (1.5%), lipids (6%) of
which ∼62% was unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins like ascorbic acid (0.24 μg),
niacin (0.7 mg), and tocopherols (2.4 mg) in 100 g fruits were determined.
Potassium content was 1.2 g/100 g dry tissue of berries. These findings show

154 
 
 

that components of T. cordifolia fruit could be bioactive and used in food,

pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. © 2011 Informa UK, Ltd.

Iqbal, H., M. Ishfaq, A. Wahab, M. N. Abbas, I. Ahmad, A. Rehman and M. Zakir (2016).
"Therapeutic modalities to combat leishmaniasis, a review." Asian Pacific Journal of
Page | 155 
Tropical Disease 6(1): 1-5.
Leishmaniasis is an emerging dermal disorder that causes high morbidity and
mortality levels with a wide spectrum of clinical complications. Current
situation of chemotherapeutic options with some attempts at immunotherapy
has remained a dilemma for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Primary
precautionary measure which relies on the managed control of the host and
sandfly bite prevention is difficult to establish, as the transmission of the
disease is manifested by various Leishmania species. Secondary and tertiary
prevention is dependent on the medical assistance using clinical guidelines
and adequate therapy. However, long course of duration and resistant nature
of drugs with pronounced side effects often lead to reduction or cessation of
treatment. The aim of this article is to view the current status of
chemotherapeutic agents used against leishmaniasis; a review of natural plant
extracts exhibiting antileishmanial activities in vitro or in vivo alone or in
combination with recommended drugs seeming to validate their use in folk
medicine, topical applications of ointments currently used to develop new
compounds under trial, substantial efforts in vaccine development and
insights about immunoregulation along with the recommendations and
guidelines for future perspectives. © 2016 Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine
Press.

Iqbal, H., Z. Sher and Z. U. Khan (2011). "Medicinal plants from salt range Pind Dadan
Khan, district Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(11):
2157-2168.
The paper presents ethno-medicinal information collected on 69 plant species
belonging to 41 families from the salt range, Pind Dadan Khan, district Jehlum,
Pakistan. The purpose of the study was to collect, codify and conserve
indigenous traditional knowledge of local flora for the benefit of the
community and its environment. The people have their distinct ways of life,
beliefs and traditions; and have been using local plants for various purposes
for generations. It was found that the community had a rich tradition of using
plant resources for common ailments; and that it preferred plant based
medicines, owing to their ready availability and low cost, with no stated side
effects. It was found that the products, depending upon type, were formulated
as powders, decoctions, leaf extracts or pastes, and were commonly used for
prevalent disorders; and that the area is under intense deforestation, biotic
interference and overgrazing. Consequently, valuable economic and medicinal
plants are under threat of depletion at a rate that urgently calls for strategies

155 
 
 

aimed at sustainable utilization of these plants. As a first step, it is suggested

that plant based industries and markets be better organized and promoted in
such way that any plans for poverty alleviation are synchronized with those for
conservation. © 2011 Academic Journals.

Page | 156 
Iqbal, J., B. A. Abbasi, T. Mahmood, S. Kanwal, B. Ali, S. A. Shah and A. T. Khalil (2017).
"Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach." Asian Pacific Journal
of Tropical Biomedicine 7(12): 1129-1150.
Cancer is a frightful disease and represents one of the biggest health-care
issues for the human race and demands a proactive strategy for cure. Plants
are reservoirs for novel chemical entities and provide a promising line for
research on cancer. Hitherto, being effective, chemotherapy is accompanied
by certain unbearable side effects. Nevertheless, plants and plant derived
products is a revolutionizing field as these are Simple, safer, eco-friendly, low-
cost, fast, and less toxic as compared with conventional treatment methods.
Phytochemicals are selective in their functions and acts specifically on tumor
cells without affecting normal cells. Carcinogenesis is complex phenomena
that involves many signaling cascades. Phytochemicals are considered suitable
candidates for anticancer drug development due to their pleiotropic actions
on target events with multiple manners. The research is in progress for
developing potential candidates (those can block or slow down the growth of
cancer cells without any side effects) from these phytochemicals. Many
phytochemicals and their derived analogs have been identified as potential
candidates for anticancer therapy. Effort has been made through this
comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones
achieved in cancer therapies using phytomolecules with their mechanism of
action on nuclear and cellular factors. Furthermore, drugs for cancer treatment
and their limitations have also been discussed. © 2017 Hainan Medical
University

Iqbal, J., A. Husain and A. Gupta (2005). "Sensitized photooxygenation of

tinosponone, a clerodane diterpene from Tinospora Cordifolia." Acta Chimica
Slovenica 52(4): 455-459.
The reaction of tinosponone (1) with singlet oxygen was studied by using
different combinations of photosensitizers (i.e. rose bengal, methylene blue,
riboflavin and benzophenone), solvents (i.e. benzene, chloroform, acetone,
acetonitrile and methanol) and singlet oxygen scavengers (i.e. DABCO and
sodium azide). Two major products (3S,4aS,4bS,8R,8aR,10aR)-8-Hydroxy-3-(5′-
hydroxy-2′-oxo-2′,5′-dihydrofuran-3′-yl)-4a, 8a-dimethyl-3,4,8,8a,9,10-
hexahydro-10aH-benzo[f]isochromene-1,5(4aH,4bH)-dione (2) and
(3S,4aS,4bS,8R,8aR,10aR)-8-Hydroxy-4a,8a-dimethyl-3-((1′R)- 3′-oxo-4′,6′-
dioxa-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-1′-yl)-3,4,8,8a, 9,10-hexahydro-10aH-
benzo[f]isochromene-1,5(4aH,4bH)-dione (3) were isolated in all the solvents

156 
 
 

except methanol. In methanol a single product (3S,4aS,4bS,8R,8aR,10aR)-8-

Hydroxy-3-(5′-hydroperoxy-2′-methoxy- 2′,5′-dihydrofuran-3′-yl)-4a,8a-
dimethyl-3,4,8,8a,9, 10-hexahydro-10aH-benzo[f]isochromene-1,5(4aH,4bH)-
dione (4) was obtained. All products were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H
NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis studies. The formation of products was
Page | 157 
explained by photooxidation of tinosponone. Effects of different solvents with
the variation of added singlet oxygen sensitizers and singlet oxygen
scavangers were observed on the yield of photooxidation products and were
correlated to the rate of singlet oxygen formation.

Islam, F., F. I. Jahan, S. Seraj, I. Malek, A. F. M. Nazmus Sadat, M. N. Monalisa, A.

Swarna, S. Sanam and M. Rahmatullah (2011). "Differences in selection of ailments
and medicinal plants by folk medicinal practitioners: A study of practitioners in
Barobazar village of Jhenidaha district, Bangladesh." American-Eurasian Journal of
Sustainable Agriculture 5(2): 293-303.
A comparative study as to ailments treated and medicinal plants used was
made among three practicing folk medicinal practitioners of Barobazar village
in Jhenidaha district, Bangladesh. Kaviraj 1 treated 11 different types of
disorders, using 16 different formulations containing 23 plant species. Kaviraj
2 treated 16 different types of disorders, using 21 formulations containing 37
plant species. One formulation of Kaviraj 2 also included a bird and a snail
species, and another formulation consisted of wearing an amulet. Kaviraj 3
treated 8 different types of disorders, using 13 formulations containing 15
plant species. Four types of ailments were treated in common between
Kavirajes 1 and 2; 1 common ailment between Kavirajes 1 and 3, and 5
common ailments between Kavirajes 2 and 3. Diabetes was the only common
ailment treated by all three Kavirajes. Ailments treated by Kaviraj 1 but not
Kavirajes 2 and 3 included respiratory tract disorders, hypertension, chicken
pox, anemia, acne, and helminthiasis. Kaviraj 2 apparently specialized in
treatment of erectile dysfunction and various types of animal, reptile and
insect bites, like snake bite, dog bite, cat bite, and poisonous insect bite.
Ailments treated only by Kaviraj 3 included ear ache, oral lesions and lesions
on the tongue, and fever. The choice of medicinal plant selected for treatment
of any particular ailment also differed widely among the Kavirajes. While
Kaviraj 1 treated diabetes with a combination of Ficus racemosa, Allium cepa,
Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Capsicum frutescens, and Brassica napus or
alternately, only with Abrus precatorius, Kaviraj 2 treated the same disease
with a combination of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Sida rhombifolia, and Kaviraj
3 treated diabetes with a combination of Tinospora cordifolia and Curcuma
longa. Kaviraj 1 treated leucorrhea with Zingiber purpureum or with a
combination of Asparagus racemosus, Withania somnifera and Piper cubeba;
Kaviraj 2 treated leucorrhea with a combination of Abroma augusta and
Scoparia dulcis. Kaviraj 3 treated gastrointestinal disorders with Scoparia

157 
 
 

dulcis. The plant, Heliotropium indicum was used by both Kavirajes 1 and 2 for
treatment of eye infections; however, Kaviraj 2 used the same plant also for
treatment of erectile dysfunction. Overall, it is concluded from the survey
results that Kavirajes practicing in the same area tend to concentrate or
specialize in treatment of certain diseases, which treatment is specific to the
Page | 158 
Kaviraj only. Notably, similar specialization methods are observed with
allopathic doctors, who besides treating some ailments in common with other
allopathic doctors, further tend to specialize in a given field, probably to face
less competition. The divergences in use of medicinal plants further suggest
that every individual Kaviraj possess his or her own repertoire of medicinal
plants. A single plant species may contain a wide variety of bioactive
phytochemicals, and the present survey results point out that to obtain a
comprehensive idea of the medicinal properties of plants, individual Kavirajes
of the country has to be surveyed to gather information on the various uses of
any particular plant species.

Ismail, M. Y. M. (2010). "Antiasthmatic herbal drugs - A review." International Journal

of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(3): 28-29.
Plants are always an exemplary source of drugs; in fact many of the currently
available drugs were derived either directly or indirectly from them. In the past
decade, research has been focused on scientific evaluation of traditional drugs
of plant origin for the treatment of various diseases. Since the time
immemorial, various herbs are used as antiasthmatic with efficient therapeutic
response. Examples of various herbs used in asthma are Adhatoda vasica,
Albizzia lebbeck, Artemicia caerulenscens, Boswellia serrata, Calotropis
gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cedrus deodara, Clerodendron serratum,
Curcuma longa, Eugenia caryophylis, Eleocarpus spharicus, Inula racemosa,
Ocimum sanctum, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Piper longum, Sarcostemma brevistigma,
Solanum xanthocarpum, Tephrosia purpurea, Tinospora cordifolia, Tylophora
asthmatica, Vitex negundo etc. An attempt has been made to review
antiasthmatic medicinal plants in the present article.

Jacob, J., B. M. Babu, M. C. Mohan, A. P. Abhimannue and B. P. Kumar (2018).

"Inhibition of proinflammatory pathways by bioactive fraction of Tinospora
cordifolia." Inflammopharmacology 26(2): 531-538.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thomson, a known
immunomodulatory agent extensively used in ayurveda, has not been
effectively validated for the mechanisms involved in immunomodulation and
the identification of the active principles. The bioactive fraction of T. cordifolia
(TBF) in methanol was used for nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity,
lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) dual inhibition and cytotoxicity
studies. Production of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-
α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in dendritic cell (DC) suspensions treated

158 
 
 

with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also studied. The bioactive principles

involved were identified with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-
quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometric (UPLC-Q-ToF MS/MS) system.
The results indicate significantly higher potency of TBF as compared to
positive standards for LOX/COX inhibition with moderate NO radical
Page | 159 
scavenging activity and the fraction was also found to be non-cytotoxic to
monocyte cells. A significant inhibition was also observed in TNF-α and IL-1β
production in LPS-treated DC suspensions as compared to standards, rolipram
and dexamethasone, respectively. 11 compounds were identified from TBF by
MS/MS system. The potent inhibition of LOX and COX enzymes with moderate
NO scavenging was indicative of a free radical scavenging-independent
mechanism of immunomodulation. Further investigations into the active
principles identified would result in the development of lead candidates with
potent therapeutic implications. © 2017, Springer International Publishing.

Jadhao, K. D., D. V. Badwe, M. P. Wadekar and M. Iqbal (2009). "Evaluation of

antioxidants from Tinospora cordifolia." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia
6(2): 803-806.
Tinospora cordifolia grown in wild in Melghat. It is known in Sanskrit as
"Amrita", in Hindi "Gulbel" or "Biloe" and in Marathi "Gulvel". It is bitter,
astringent, sweet, thermogenic, digestive etc. the present investigation was
undertaken to estimate antioxidants from this species is only due to its
multipurpose therapeutic values. The plants were collected from Melghat
(Dist. Amravati). Identification were done with the help of standard floras.
Fresh as well as shade dried plant material, leaves and fruit was used for
moisture content and estimation of ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, iron, phenol,
lycopene and carotene .Fresh leaves contain 360 mg ascorbic acid, 10.43 mg
lycopene, 5.24 mg carotene, 20.296 mg anthocyanin, 400 mg phenol and dry
leaves contain 290 mg ascorbic acid, 125 mg iron, 21.234 mg anthocyanin,
1240 mg phenol/100g .Fresh fruit shows 40 mg ascorbic acid, 0.6709 mg
lycopene, 6.36 mg carotene, 19.355 mg anthocyanin, 560 mg phenol and dry
fruit shows 3660 mg ascorbic acid, 37.5 mg iron, 19.061 mg anthocyanin, 2600
mg phenol/100 g.

Jagetia, G. C. (2007). "Radioprotective potential of plants and herbs against the

effects of ionizing radiation." Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 40(2): 74-
81.
Ionizing radiations produce deleterious effects in the living organisms and the
rapid technological advancement has increased human exposure to ionizing
radiations enormously. There is a need to protect humans against such effects
of ionizing radiation. Attempts to protect against the deleterious effects of
ionizing radiations by pharmacological intervention were made as early as
1949 and efforts are continued to search radioprotectors, which may be of

159 
 
 

great help for human application. This review mainly dwells on the
radioprotective potential of plant and herbal extracts. The results obtained
from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that several botanicals such as
Gingko biloba, Centella asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Ocimum sanctum,
Panax ginseng, Podophyllum hexandrum, Amaranthus paniculatus, Emblica
Page | 160 
officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Piper longum, Tinospora cordifoila, Mentha
arvensis, Mentha piperita, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale, Ageratum
conyzoides, Aegle marmelos and Aphanamixis polystachya protect against
radiation-induced lethality, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. The
fractionation-guided evaluation may help to develop new radioprotectors of
desired activities.

Jagetia, G. C. (2008). Radiosensitizing activity of the indian medicinal plant tinospora

cordifolia miers ex Hook F and Thoms in tumour-bearing mice. Herbal
Radiomodulators: Applications in Medicine, Homeland Defence and Space, CABI
Publishing: 287-304.

Jagetia, G. C. and M. S. Baliga (2004). "The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging

activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: A preliminary study." Journal of
Medicinal Food 7(3): 343-348.
The plant extracts of 17 commonly used Indian medicinal plants were
examined for their possible regulatory effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels using
sodium nitroprusside as an NO donor in vitro. Most of the plant extracts
tested demonstrated direct scavenging of NO and exhibited significant
activity. The potency of scavenging activity was in the following order: Alstonia
scholaris > Cynodon dactylon > Morinda citrifolia > Tylophora indica >
Tectona grandis > Aegle marmelos (leaf) > Momordica charantia >
Phyllanthus niruri > Ocimum sanctum > Tinospora cordifolia (hexane extract)
= Coleus ambonicus > Vitex negundo (alcoholic) > T. cordifolia
(dichloromethane extract) > T. cordifolia (methanol extract) > Ipomoea
digitata > V. negundo (aqueous) > Boerhaavia diffusa > Eugenia jambolana
(seed) > T. cordifolia (aqueous extract) > V. negundo
(dichloromethane/methanol extract) > Gingko biloba > Picrorrhiza kurroa > A.
marmelos (fruit) > Santalum album > E. jambolana (leaf). All the extracts
evaluated exhibited a dose-dependent NO scavenging activity. The A.
scholaris bark showed its greatest NO scavenging effect of 81.86% at 250
μg/mL, as compared with G. biloba, where 54.9% scavenging was observed at
a similar concentration. The present results suggest that these medicinal
plants might be potent and novel therapeutic agents for scavenging of NO
and the regulation of pathological conditions caused by excessive generation
of NO and its oxidation product, peroxynitrite.

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Jagetia, G. C., M. S. Baliga, R. Aruna, G. K. Rajanikant and V. Jain (2003). "Effect of

abana (a herbal preparation) on the radiation-induced mortality in mice." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 86(2-3): 159-165.
The effect of various doses (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80mg/kg body weight) of 50%
ethanolic extract of abana, a traditional herbal preparation, widely used in
Page | 161 
India for the treatment of heart ailments, was studied on the radiation-
induced mortality in mice exposed to 10Gy of γ-radiation. Treatment of mice
with different doses of abana delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the
symptoms of radiation sickness as compared to the irradiated controls. All
doses of abana provided protection against the gastrointestinal (GI) death,
however, the highest protection against GI death was observed for 20mg/kg
abana. Pretreatment of mice with 20mg/kg abana provided the best
protection as evidenced by the highest number of survivors after 30 days
post-irradiation in this group when compared to the other doses of abana.
Acute toxic studies revealed that the abana was non-toxic up to a dose of
1.6g/kg, where no drug-induced mortality was observed. The LD50 dose of
abana was found to be 1.8g/kg body weight. Our study demonstrates the
ability of abana as a good radioprotective agent and the optimum protective
dose of abana was 1/90 of its LD50 dose. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
All rights reserved.

Jagetia, G. C., V. Nayak and M. S. Vidhyasagar (2002). "Enhancement of radiation

effect by guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) in HeLa cells." Pharmaceutical Biology 40(3):
179-188.
The radiosensitizing effect of various guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers,
Menispermaceae) extracts, i.e., pretreatment with 10 μg/ml of methanol (Met),
aqueous (Aqu) or methylene chloride (Mch) extracts, was studied in the HeLa
cells exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 Gy of γ-radiation. The irradiation of cells
resulted in a dose-dependent decline in the clonogenicity of cells expressed as
reduction in cell survival. Treatment of HeLa cells with Met, Aqu or Mch extract
before exposure to different doses of γ-radiation resulted in a significant
decline in the cell survival when compared with the phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS) + irradiation group. The highest loss in the clonogenicity was observed
in Mch + irradiation group, where the cell survival was lower than doxorubicin
(Dox) + irradiation group. Conversely, the frequency of micronuclei increased
in a dose-dependent manner in all the groups and a significant elevation in
micronuclei frequency was observed in Met + irradiation, Aqu + irradiation,
Mch + irradiation and Dox + irradiation groups relative to the PBS +
irradiation group. The dose enhancement factor for micronuclei-induction
varied between 1.4 to 1.97, depending on the type of extract and dose of
irradiation. The dose response for all the groups was linear quadratic. The
biological response was determined by plotting the surviving fraction of cells
versus micronuclei frequency, respectively, for all the groups. The correlation

161 
 
 

between cell survival and micronuclei-induction was found to be linear

quadratic for all the groups. In spite of a good correlation between
micronuclei frequency and cell survival, the frequency of micronuclei was
lower in Mch + irradiation group than in the other two groups (i.e., Met and
Aqu), owing to the greater cell kill as evidenced by the higher decline in the
Page | 162 
cell survival in this group when compared to the other groups. However, the
statistical difference among all guduchi extracts pretreated groups was not
significant. The present study demonstrates that all the guduchi extracts were
able to enhance the effect of radiation significantly. However, the most
effective extract was Mch, where the reduction in the surviving fraction of cells
was higher than either Aqu + irradiation, Met + irradiation or Dox +
irradiation group.

Jagetia, G. C., V. Nayak and M. S. Vidyasagar (1998). "Evaluation of the antineoplastic

activity of guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) in cultured HeLa cells." Cancer Letters
127(1-2): 71-82.
Exposure of HeLa cells to 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml of guduchi extracts
(methanol, aqueous and methylene chloride) resulted in a dose-dependent
but significant increase in cell killing, when compared to non-drug-treated
controls. The effects of methanol and aqueous extracts were almost identical.
However, methylene chloride extract enhanced the cell killing effect by 2.8-
and 6.8-fold when compared either to methanol or aqueous extract at 50 and
100 μg/ml, respectively. Conversely, the frequency of micronuclei increased in
a concentration-dependent manner in guduchi-treated groups and this
increase in the frequency of micronuclei was significantly higher than the non-
drug-treated control cultures and also with respect to 5 μg/ml guduchi
extract-treated cultures, at the rest of the concentrations evaluated.
Furthermore, the micronuclei formation was higher in the methylene chloride
extract-treated group than in the other two groups. The dose response
relationship for all three extracts evaluated was linear quadratic. The effect of
guduchi extracts was comparable or better than doxorubicin treatment. The
micronuclei induction was correlated with the surviving fraction of cells and
the correlation between cell survival and micronuclei induction was found to
be linear quadratic. Our results demonstrate that guduchi killed the cells very
effectively in vitro and deserves attention as an antineoplastic agent.

Jagetia, G. C. and S. K. Rao (2006). "Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of dichloromethane

extract of guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hook F & Thoms) on cultured HeLa
cells." Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3(2): 267-272.
Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) have been shown to possess anti-tumor
properties, but the mechanism of the anti-tumor function of TCE is poorly
understood. This investigation elucidates the possible mechanism underlying
the cytotoxic effects of dichlormethane extracts of TCE, after selecting optimal

162 
 
 

duration and concentration for treatment. HeLa cells were exposed to various
concentrations of TCE, which has resulted in a concentration-dependent
decline in the clonogenicity, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and a
concentration-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) with a peak at
4 h and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release with a peak at 2 h. Our results
Page | 163 
suggest that the cytotoxic effect of TCE may be due to lipid peroxidation and
release of LDH and decline in GST. © The Author (2006). Published by Oxford
University Press. All rights reserved.

Jagetia, G. C. and S. K. Rao (2006). "Evaluation of the antineoplastic activity of

guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice." Biological
and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29(3): 460-466.
The anticancer activity of dichloromethane extract of guduchi [Tinospora
cordifolia (WILLD.) MIERS ex HOOK. F. & THOMS. Family: Menispermaceae
(TCE)] in the mice transplanted with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) was
investigated. The EAC mice receiving 25, 30, 40, 50 and 100 mg/kg, TCE
showed a dose dependent elevation in tumor-free survival and a highest
number of survivors were observed at 50 mg/kg TCE, which was considered as
an optimum dose for its neoplastic action. The average survival time (AST) and
median survival time (MST) for this dose were approximately 56 and 55 d,
respectively when compared with 19 d of non-drug treated controls.
Administration of 50 mg/kg TCE resulted in 100% long-term survivors (up to
90 d). An attempt was also made to evaluate the effectiveness of TCE in the
various stages of tumor development, where 50 mg/kg TCE was administered
intraperitoneally after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 d of tumor inoculation and these days
have been arbitrarily designated as stage I, II, III, IV or V, respectively for
reasons of clarity. The greatest anticancer activity was recorded for stage I, II
and III where number of long term survivors (LTS) was approximately 33, 25
and 17%, respectively. However, treatment of mice at stage IV and V did not
increase LTS, despite an increase in AST and MST. The EAC mice receiving 50
mg/kg TCE showed a time dependent depletion in the glutathione (GSH)
activity up to 12 h post-treatment and marginal elevation thereafter. This
depletion in GSH was accompanied by a drastic elevation in lipid peroxidation
(LPx) and a maximum elevation in LPx was observed at 6 h that declined
gradually thereafter. TCE exerted cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by reducing
the GSH concentration and increase in LPx simultaneously. © 2006
Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

Jagetia, G. C., T. K. Reddy, K. J. Malagi, B. S. Nayak, M. B. R. Naidu, P. B. Ravikiran, S. U.

Kamath, P. C. Shetty and D. S. Reddy (2005). "Antarth, a polyherbal preparation
protects against the doxorubicin-induced toxicity without compromising its
antineoplastic activity." Phytotherapy Research 19(9): 772-778.

163 
 
 

Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline drug widely used for the treatment of

various cancers, causes a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity that is
characterized by an irreversible dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart
failure. Antarth (ANT) a polyherbal preparation was evaluated for its
cardioprotective properties against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in
Page | 164 
mice. Mice were treated with 25 mg/kg ANT orally once daily for 5
consecutive days before a single intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg
doxoubicin. The animals were killed 30 h after DOX treatment. DOX induced a
significant elevation in the serum levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase
(GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatine kinase (CK-MB) and
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating its acute cardiotoxicity. The treatment
of mice with ANT before DOX administration significantly reduced the serum
levels of GPT, GOT, CK-MB and LDH indicating that ANT protected against the
DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Pretreatment of mice with 25 mg/kg ANT
inhibited the DOX-induced decline in the antioxidant status. Intraperitoneal
injection of 1.25 mg/kg DOX once daily for 9 consecutive days significantly
improved the survival of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC).
Treatment of EAC with 25 mg/kg ANT alone did not affect the anticancer
activity of DOX since ANT did not alter the tumor cell growth, the median
survival time and average survival time of tumor bearing mice. The present
study demonstrates that ANT protects mice against DOX-induced
cardiotoxicity, without compromising the antineoplastic activity of DOX.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Jagtap, A. G. and R. V. Iyer (2004). "Free radical scavenging action of Tinospora

cordifolia." Indian Drugs 41(2): 80-85.
Tinospora cordifolia belonging to the genus Tinospora is commonly known as
Guduchi or Giloe. Categorised as "Rasayana" it is used for a variety of diseases
and for fighting infections. In the present study, aqueous extract of the stems
of the herbal drug Tinospora cordifolia was investigated for its free radical
scavenging activity in Swiss albino mice. Sodium caseinate was used to elicit
macrophages and phenazine methosulfate was used to activate macrophages
in peritoneal fluid. The superoxide produced by activated macrophages was
measured by optical density. Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia in the dose of
100 mg/kg showed significant free radical scavenging activity as compared to
control animals. Free radicals have been reported to act as mediators for ulcer
formation and myocardial injury. Since, the aqueous extract of T. cordifolia
showed free radical scavenging activity, attempts were made to evaluate the
anti-ulcer activity (against KPF induced ulcers) and anti-ischaemic activity
(Isoprenaline induced cardiac ischemia) of aqueous extract of T. cordifolia in
Wistar rats. The studies revealed that aqueous extract of T. cordifolia in dose
of 100mg/kg had protective action against ulcers and cardiac ischemia and
can be further evaluated for diseases mediated by free radicals.

164 
 
 

Jahan, R., M. A. Khatun, N. Nahar, F. I. Jahan, A. R. Chowdhury, A. Nahar, S. Seraj, M. J.

Mahal, Z. Khatun and M. Rahmatullah (2010). "Use of menispermaceae family plants
in folk medicine of Bangladesh." Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 4(1): 1-9.
The Menispermaceae family of flowering plants comprises of about 70 genera
Page | 165 
and 420 species. The plants belonging to this family are mostly climbing
plants and the great majority of the species can be found in countries with a
tropical climate. Although small, the family contains a number of plants with
scientifically recognized important pharmacological activities. The folk
medicinal system of Bangladesh mainly relies on medicinal plants for
treatment of various ailments, where the folk medicinal practitioners
(otherwise known as Kavirajes) use whole plants or plant parts for oral or
topical administration for treatment of ailments. We conducted an
ethnomedicinal survey throughout over 100 regions and among seven
different tribes of Bangladesh to collect data on the use of Menispermaceae
family plants for medicinal purposes. Data was collected with the help of a
semi-structured questionnaire and plant specimens as pointed out by the
Kavirajes were identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. Six species
belonging to the Menispermaceae family were observed to be in use by the
Kavirajes. These six species were Cocculus hirsutus, Stephania glabra,
Stephania japonica, Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora crispa, and Tinospora
sinensis. Of the six species, Stephania japonica and Tinospora cordifolia were
most frequently used for treatment of ailments like diabetes, edema, pain,
bone fracture, debility, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract disorders,
helminthiasis, malaria, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis, measles, urinary tract
disorders, and hypertension. The folk medicinal use of several of these plants
has been validated through scientific studies. © 2010, American Eurasian
Network for Scientific Information.

Jahfar, M. (2003). "Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia."

Acta Pharmaceutica 53(1): 65-69.
Polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia was isolated, purified, hydrolysed,
trimethylsilylated and then subjected to GC-MC studies. The polysaccharide
composition was estimated as follows: glucose 98.0%, arabinose 0.5%,
rhamnose 0.2%, xylose 0.8%, mannose 0.2% and galactose 0.3%.

Jahfar, M. (2003). "Studies on a water soluble polysaccharide from Tinospora

cordifolia." Asian Journal of Chemistry 15(3-4): 1549-1553.
Polysaccharide from T. cordifolia was isolated, purified, hydrolyzed and
trimethylsilylated; then subjected to GC-MS studies and found (%) arabinose
0.5, rhamnose 0.2, xylose 0.8, mannose 0.2, galactose 0.3 and glucose 98.0.

165 
 
 

Jahfar, M. and P. Azadi (2004). "Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from

Tinospora cordifolia. II. Glycosyl linkages." Acta Pharmaceutica 54(1): 73-78.
Polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia was isolated, purified, methylated,
hydrolyzed, reduced and acetylated. The partially methylated alditol acetate
(PMAA) derivative thus obtained was subjected to GC-MS studies. The
Page | 166 
following types of linkages were noticed: terminal-glucose, 4-xylose, 4-
glucose, 4,6-glucose and 2,3,4,6-glucose.

Jain, A., S. S. Katewa, P. K. Galav and P. Sharma (2005). "Medicinal plant diversity of
Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2):
143-157.
The present study has been carried out in Sitamata wildlife sanctuary of
Chittorgarh and Udaipur district located in south-west region of Rajasthan. A
field survey of the study area was carried out during 2002-2004 to document
the medicinal utility of herbs occurring in this area. Two hundred fourty-three
genera belonging to 76 families have been reported which are used by the
tribals of about 50 villages around the sanctuary as means of primary health
care to cure various ailments. The study revealed the new ethnobotanical uses
of 24 plant species belonging to 20 genera. A list of plant species along with
their local name, plant part/s used and mode of administration for effective
control in different ailments of ethnomedicinal plants are given.

Jain, B. N., V. Jain and A. Shete (2010). "Antipsychotic activity of aqueous ethanolic
extract of Tinospora Cordifolia in amphetamine challenged mice model." Journal of
Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research 1(1): 30-33.
Tinospora cordifolia is reported to have CNS active principle and is used for
the treatment of various neurological disorders. Hence, the effect of aqueous
ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia was investigated for its putative
antipsychotic activity using amphetamine challenged mice model. Haloperidol
(1 mg/kg i.p.) was administered acutely to mice as standard drug. Control
animals received vehicle (10% DMSO). The in vivo receptor binding studies
were carried out to correlate the antipsychotic activity of the extract with its
capacity to bind to the DAD2 receptor. The results in SLA showed that the
hydro alcoholic extract of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia at a dose level of
250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed no significant antipsychotic activity in
amphetamine induced hyperactivity in mice when compared to standard.
Extract alone treated group at a dos level of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg
showed a decreased in locomotor activity when compared to the control. The
plant extract increased the DAD2 receptor binding in a dose dependent
manner in treated mice compared to the control group.

166 
 
 

Jain, R. and S. K. Jain (2010). "Traditional medicinal plants as anticancer agents from
chhattishgarh, india: An overview." International Journal of Phytomedicine 2(3): 186-
196.
An attempt has been made to review some medicinal plants used for the
prevention and treatment of cancer in Chhattisgarh. Information on the name
Page | 167 
of plants, family, parts used and method of preparation has been collected
from Ethanobotanical literatures. Information collected has revealed 53 plants
species that are used for treatment of cancer in Chhattisgarh. All these plants
were further reviewed for scientific evidence, 33 plants out of 53 plants were
found for possess anticancer, cytotoxic or antioxidant activity in various
preclinical or clinical studies. ©arjournals.org, All rights reserved.

Jain, R. and B. Prasad (2014). "Karyotype analysis and chromosome number

confirmation in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex Hook. F. and Thomas. A."
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 5(3): B996-B1001.
Karyotypic analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) was carried out to
determine the chromosomal classification by using "Aceto-orcine stain". The
plant is diploid with 2n=22 (18m+2Sm+2St) chromosomes and characterized
in eleven pairs of chromosomes. The chromosomes are very short with a mean
length 2.64 μm. and the total length of haploid complements was found 29.04
μm. The ideogram of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) was prepared for the first
time and it was found to be asymmetric. The ideogram confirms the
karyotypic formula K (n=11) = 9M+1Sm+1St.

Jameela Banu, M., R. Kalyani and K. Nellaiappan (1990). "Some properties of β-d-
galactosidase from the adult filarial nematode Setaria digitata." Veterinary
Parasitology 36(1-2): 27-36.
β-D-galactosidase (β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.23) activity
was localised in the digestive tract of Setaria digitata. The enzyme extract
shows maximum activity in the pH range between 3.5 and 5.0 and at 45°C. The
enzyme shows the Km value of 3.636 mM for the substrate 6-bromo-2-
naphthyl β-D-galactoside and Vmax of 28.57 nmol 6-bromo-2-napthol
liberated mg-1 protein min-1. Activation/inhibition of the enzyme by various
ions, medicinal plants and drugs has been studied. Polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis revealed that the enzyme exists as single form. The medicinal
plants and the drug filarin effectively inhibit the enzyme. The significance of
these results are discussed in relation to chemotherapy. © 1990.

Jana, U., R. N. Chattopadhyay and B. P. Shaw (1999). "Preliminary studies on anti-

inflammatory activity of Zingiber officinale rosc., Vitex negundo Linn. and Tinospora
cordifolia (Willid) miers in albino rats." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 31(3): 232-
233.

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Objectives: To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber officinale, Vitex

negundo and Tinospora cordifolia on carrageenin induced hind paw oedema
and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. Methods: Hind paw oedema was
produced by subplanter injection of carrageenin and paw volume was
measured plethysmometrically at '0' and '3' hours intervals after injection.
Page | 168 
Cotton pellet granuloma was produced by implantation of 50 ±1 mg sterile
cotton in each axilla under ether anaesthesia. The animals were treated with
Zingiber officinale, Virex negundo, Tinospora cordifolia and the standard
drugs acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone. Results: Zingiber officinale,
Vitex negundo and Tinospora cordifolia produced significant anti-
inflammatory effect in both acute and subacute models of inflammation. In
acute inflammation, effect of Tinospora cordifolia was more than acetylsalicylic
acid. In subacute inflammation, the results of these drugs were less than
phenylbutazone. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale, Vitex negundo and Tinospora
cordifolia possess anti-inflammatory effects in both acute and subacute
inflammation.

Janisch, K. M., J. Milde and E. F. Elstner (2005). "Evaluation and standardisation of the
antioxidant properties of two Indian remedies with biochemical test assays."
Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research 55(1): 30-37.
Two drugs composed of several different plant extracts are in use in Ayurvedic
medicine for the treatment of asthma and arthritis, respectively. There is
increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from several
enzymatic reactions are mediators of inflammatory events such as the above
mentioned. Plant extracts have the potential for scavenging such reactive
oxygen species, dependent on the individual test system. Using biochemical
model reactions relevant for the formation of ROS in vivo at inflammatory
sites, inhibition of the indicator reaction for the formation of ROS is thought
to represent a potential mechanism of the physiological activity of the
corresponding preparation.

Jariwala, J. K., A. K. Saluja, C. C. Anajwala and S. L. Dakhara (2011). "Simultaneous

estimation of Guggulsterone e & Z and Tinosporaside in Jivitprada vati by HPTLC
method." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 5(2): 113-117.
Jivitprada vati is an Ayurvedic formulation, which is consists of Guggul, Shilajit
and Galodhan Guggulsterone E & Z and Tinosporaside are active constituents
that are used for rheumatoid arthritis and erectile dysfunction. The purpose of
this study was to develop an HPTLC method of quantitative estimation of
marker compounds, Guggulsterone E & Z and Tinosporaside in laboratory
prepared authentic formulation and compare with three different marketed
formulation. The marker compounds were isolated from plant material and
authenticated by comparing its UV spectrum, IR spectrum and GC-MS
fragmentation pattern with standard marker and its literature studied. The

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four formulations were subjected to methanol extractions by Soxhlet

apparatus. Guggulsterone E & Z and Tinosporaside were quantified in the
above extracts by HPTLC method. The detection and quantification was
performed at a wavelength of 230 nm. The laboratory formulation was found
to contain 2.18% of Guggulsterone E, 1.898% of Guggulsterone Z and 0.954%
Page | 169 
of Tinosporaside while in case of marketed formulation MF-1, MF-2 and MF-3
was found to contain, respectively, 1.06%, 0.527%, 0.318% of Guggulsterone E
and 0.914%, 0.487%, 0.24% of Guggulsterone Z in the methanolic extracts of
formulations, whereas in MF-1 and MF-2 was found very less amount of
Tinosporaside (respectively, 0.347% & 0.14%) except in MF-3 which was
devoid of Tinosporaside. The method was found to be linear, precise and
accurate for quantitative estimation of E & Z Guggulsterone and
Tinosporaside in different formulation.

Jassal, P. S., W. H. Barlaskar, A. Kaur, A. Bhardwaj and L. Kaur (2014). "Antibacterial

and phytochemical analysis of ethnomedicinal plants." Research Journal of
Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(5): 1203-1208.
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems of Asparagus densiflorus,
Erythrina blakei, Swertia chirata, Tinospora cordifolia and Ziziphus mauritiana
were screened for their antibacterial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes,
Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella typhimurium. Out of five plant species
tested, T. cordifolia showed the maximum zone of inhibition against C.
perfringens (10mm) while, S. chirata, showed the maximum zone of inhibition
against E. aerogenes and S. typhimurium (12mm, 10.34mm). The
phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were carried out
for the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, cardiac
glycosides, terpenoids, quinones, amino acids, carbohydrates and alkaloids. T.
cordifolia and S. chirata were found to contain high amount of flavonoids
(1100 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml, respectively) and phenolics (580 μg/ml and 603
μg/ml, respectively). The results suggest that crude extracts from these plants
can be used for therapeutic purposes as potent antioxidants and
antimicrobials due to presence of various phtyochemicals in them.

Jayaganthan, P., P. Perumal, T. C. Balamurugan and R. P. Verma (2015). "Effect of

Tinospora cordifolia supplementation on sexual behaviour and semen production in
muzzafarnagari rams." Indian Journal of Animal Research 49(1): 140-142.
The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of dietary Tinospora
cordifolia supplementation on sexual behaviour, semen production and serum
testosterone level of Muzzafarnagari rams. Twelve rams were divided into two
groups in which one group served as control while the other group was
supplemented with T. cordifolia at the rate of 1g/kg body weight. Reaction
time, sexual behaviour, seminal parameters and serum testosterone level of
rams were evaluated. No significant changes were observed in reaction time,

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sexual behaviour and serum testosterone level of ram due to T. cordifolia

supplementation in the diet. © 2014, Indian Journal of Animal Research. All
Rights Reserved.

Jayaganthan, P., P. Perumal, T. C. Balamurugan, R. P. Verma, L. P. Singh, A. K.

Page | 170 
Pattanaik and M. Kataria (2013). "Effects of Tinospora cordifolia supplementation on
semen quality and hormonal profile in rams." Animal Reproduction Science 140(1-2):
47-53.
The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of dietary
supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia on physico-morphological,
biochemical, antioxidant profiles and serum testosterone concentration in
Muzzafarnagari rams. Twelve rams were randomly divided into two groups,
control (n = 6) and supplemental (n = 6) group. The control group was fed
with a diet satisfying NRC recommendations whereas the supplemental group
was fed with T. cordifolia at the rate of 1. g/kg body weight for 6 months. The
semen samples were collected 60 days post-feeding. The result revealed that
T. cordifolia supplementation did not have a significant effect on physico-
morphological, biochemical attributes of semen and serum testosterone
concentrations in rams. The concentration of cholesterol, superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase were, however, increased (P < 0.05) in seminal
plasma. It was concluded that the possible protective effects of T. cordifolia
supplementation were enhancing antioxidant enzymes and cholesterol
concentrations in semen which may be protected the spermatozoa during
cryopreservation and thus enhancing fertility in farm animals. © 2013 Elsevier
B.V.

Jayaprakash, R., V. Ramesh, M. P. Sridhar and C. Sasikala (2015). "Antioxidant activity

of ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia on N-nitrosodiethylamine
(diethylnitrosamine) induced liver cancer in male Wister albino rats." Journal of
Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 7: S40-S45.
Background: Cancer is a disease that evokes wide spread fear among people
and is one of the leading causes of deaths in the world. Diethylnitrosamine
(DEN) is a known carcinogen in rodent liver. DENs reported to undergo
metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form reactive
electrophiles that cause oxidative stress leading to cytotoxicity, mutagenicity
and carcinogenicity. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate
the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (EETC) in N-
nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced liver cancer in male Wister albino rats.
Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity was assessed by the levels of
lipid peroxidation (LPO), enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants. Result: A
significant levels of LPO was increased as the enzymic and nonenzymic
antioxidants values were decreased in liver cancer bearing animals.

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Conclusions: The administration of EETC to cancer bearing animals reverted

the LPO levels, enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants to near normal.

Jayaprasad, B. and P. S. Sharavanan (2014). "Ayurvedic approach on carbuncles and

its treatment." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 5(2): P340-P343.
Page | 171 
Carbuncle is a group of boils, which is caused by Methicilin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). If it is untreated, it may causes serious
complications like sepsis and infections in other parts of the body. In
Ayurveda, Carbuncles are said to be pidakas. These pidakas are one of the
major complications of diabetes. Acharya susrutha explains carbuncles as 10
types. In this article we tried to manipulate the ayurvedic view on carbuncles,
their types and the traditional medicines which are given to control it. This
article may give a vital platform for the scholars who work on this topic.

Jayaseelan, C., P. R. Gandhi, S. R. R. Rajasree, T. Y. Suman and R. R. Mary (2018).

"Toxicity studies of nanofabricated palladium against filariasis and malaria vectors."
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(1): 324-332.
The present study was carried out to establish the biofabrication of palladium
nanoparticles (PdNPs) using the plant leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia Miers
and its toxicity studies on the larvae of filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus
Say and malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi. The biofabricated PdNPs
were characterized by using UV–visible spectrum, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX and
HRTEM. HRTEM confirmed the PdNPs were slightly agglomerated and
spherical in shape and the average size was 16 nm. Gas chromatography and
mass spectrometry analysis result revealed that the major constituent present
in the T. cordifolia leaf extract is 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (31.79%) whereas the
minor compounds are 1-hexadecanol (7.97%), 1-octadecanol (7.70%), 1-
eicosanol (6.85%), behenic alcohol (5.36%), 1-tetradecene (6.22%),
cyclotetradecane (6.23%), 1-hexadecene (7.97%), 1-octadecene (7.70%), 1-
eicosene (6.85%), and 1-docosene (5.36%). T. cordifolia leaf extract exhibited
the larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus and
A. subpictus with the values of LC50 = 59.857 and 54.536 mg/L;
LC90 = 113.445 and 108.940 mg/L, respectively. The highest toxicity was
observed in the biofabricated PdNPs against the fourth instar larvae of C.
quinquefasciatus and A. subpictus with the values of LC50 = 6.090 and
6.454 mg/L; LC90 = 13.689 and 13.849 mg/L, respectively. Concerning non-
target effects, Poecilia reticulata were exposed to PdNPs for 24 h and did not
exhibit any noticeable toxicity. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that
PdNPs is a perfect ecological and inexpensive approach for the control of
filariasis and malaria vectors. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.

Jayaseelan, C., A. A. Rahuman, G. Rajakumar, A. Vishnu Kirthi, T. Santhoshkumar, S.

Marimuthu, A. Bagavan, C. Kamaraj, A. A. Zahir and G. Elango (2011). "Synthesis of

171 
 
 

pediculocidal and larvicidal silver nanoparticles by leaf extract from heartleaf

moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers." Parasitology Research 109(1): 185-194.
Insecticide resistance and inadequate attention to the application instructions
of topical pediculicides are common reasons for treatment failure. Essential
oils or plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to
Page | 172 
mammals and easy biodegradability. The present study was carried out to
establish the pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia Miers
(Menispermaceae) against the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer
(Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) and fourth instar larvae of malaria vector,
Anopheles subpictus Grassi and filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say
(Diptera: Culicidae). We reported the aqueous plant extract and synthesized
AgNPs against head lice and vectors. Direct contact method was conducted to
determine the potential of pediculocidal activity. The synthesized AgNPs
characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier
transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction. Head lice and mosquito larvae were
exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extracts and synthesized
AgNPs for 24 h. The results suggest that the optimal times for measuring
mortality effects of synthesized AgNPs were 33% at 5 min, 67% at 15 min, and
100% after 1 h. The maximum activity was observed in the synthesized AgNPs
against lice, A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50=12.46, 6.43 and 6.96
mg/L; r 2=0.978, 0.773 and 0.828), respectively. The findings revealed that
synthesized AgNPs possess excellent anti-lice and mosquito larvicidal activity.
These results suggest that the green synthesis of AgNPs have the potential to
be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of head lice and
vectors. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

Jayasundar, R., S. Ghatak, M. A. Makhdoomi, K. Luthra, A. Singh and T. Velpandian

(2018). "Challenges in integrating component level technology and system level
information from Ayurveda: Insights from NMR phytometabolomics and anti-HIV
potential of select Ayurvedic medicinal plants." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative
Medicine.
Background: Information from Ayurveda meeting the analytical challenges of
modern technology is an area of immense relevance. Apart from the cerebral
task of bringing together two different viewpoints, the question at the
pragmatic level remains ‘who benefits whom’. Objective: The aim is to
highlight the challenges in integration of information (Ayurvedic) and
technology using test examples of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
metabolomics and anti-HIV-1 potential of select Ayurvedic medicinal plants.
The other value added objective is implications and relevance of such work for
Ayurveda. Materials and methods: Six medicinal plants (Azadirachta indica,
Tinospora cordifolia, Swertia chirata, Terminalia bellerica, Zingiber officinale
and Symplocos racemosa) were studied using high resolution proton NMR

172 
 
 

spectroscopy based metabolomics and also evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity

on three pseudoviruses (ZM53 M.PB12, ZM109F.PB4, RHPA 4259.7). Results:
Of the six plants, T. bellerica and Z. officinale showed minimum cell
cytotoxicity and maximum anti-HIV-1 potential. T. bellerica was effective
against all the three HIV-1 pseudoviruses. Untargeted NMR profiling and
Page | 173 
multivariate analyses demonstrated that the six plants, all of which had
different Ayurvedic pharmacological properties, showed maximum differences
in the aromatic region of the spectra. Conclusion: The work adds onto the list
of potential plants for anti-HIV-1 drug molecules. At the same time, it has
drawn attention to the different perspectives of Ayurveda and Western
medicine underscoring the inherent limitations of conceptual bilinguism
between the two systems, especially in the context of medicinal plants. The
study has also highlighted the potential of NMR metabolomics in study of
plant extracts as used in Ayurveda. © 2017 Transdisciplinary University,
Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation

Jaykaran (2009). "Surrogate end points and their role in clinical trial." Indian Journal
of Pharmacology 41(1): 54.

Jena, G. B., K. V. S. Nemmani, C. L. Kaul and P. Ramarao (2003). "Protective effect of a

polyherbal formulation (Immu-21) against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity
in mice." Phytotherapy Research 17(4): 306-310.
The object was to evaluate the effects of a polyherbal formulation, Immu-21,
against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced chromosomal aberrations (CA) and
micronuclei (MN) in mice. CP alone (40 mg/kg, i.p.) produced classical as well
as non-classical chromosomal aberrations in mice, and the incidence of CA
was significantly more in the CP treated group when compared with that of
the control group. Immu-21, which contains extracts of Ocimum sanctum,
Withania somnifera, Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia, was given at
100 mg/kg, daily, over 7 days, and 30 mg/kg daily over 14 days and inhibited
both CP-induced classical and non-classical chromosomal aberrations (∼40%-
60% of control). A significant increase in MN was also observed in bone
marrow erythrocytes of mice treated with CP, and pretreatment with Immu-21
also significantly reduced these. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by estimating the
ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes
(NCEs). The present results indicate that chronic treatment with Immu-21
prevented CP-induced genotoxicity in mice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.

Jerang, G., B. M. Vrushabendra Swamy, S. Kotagiri, T. Dey and S. M. Fariyaz (2015).

"Indian medicinal plants with antidiabetic and related beneficial effects: A review."
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 6(3): 31-38.

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Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of
the world's population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants
used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. In India it is proving to
be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are
various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary
Page | 174 
complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and
low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related
beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is
compiled. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica
charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium,
Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. One
of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its
complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an
antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial.
Therefore information on antioxidant effects of these medicinal plants is also
included.

Jeyachandran, R. and S. P. Anand (2005). "Sensitivity of bacterial pathogens on the

medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Hook. F. and Thomson." Asian Journal of
Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 7(3): 555-557.
Aqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Tinospora cordifolia leaves and
stems were investigated individually for in vitro antibacterial activity by disc
diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter
faecalis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens. The
highest antibacterial activity was found in ethanolic leaf extracts. Its showed
the greater activity against E. coli and Proteus vulgaris and satisfactory results
against other test bacteria. The preliminary results of this study indicate that
the leaf extracts have potential of antibacterial activity. © Global Science
Publications.

Jiang, M. H., L. Zhu and J. G. Jiang (2010). "Immunoregulatory actions of

polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic
Targets 14(12): 1367-1402.
Importance of the field: Polysaccharides, one of main classes of bioactive
substances from Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), have been indicated to have
wide pharmacological activities, especially broad immunomodulatory and
antitumour effects. However, their immunoregulatory mechanisms are still not
fully understood yet. Areas covered in this review: Polysaccharides from CHM
(CHMPS) are reviewed with focus on their immunoregulatory function,
describing their immunoregulatory actions on immune organs, immune cells
and immune molecules, and discussing their effects on cell surface receptors
and cell signaling pathways. What the reader will gain: A better understanding
of the immunoregulatory effects of CHMPS and their structurefunction

174 
 
 

relationship. Take home message: CHMPS can active or regulate the immune
system including innate and adaptive responses, and have profound effects on
different diseases. Through examining the molecular mechanisms of the
immunomodulating effects of CHMPS, it can be shown that CHMPS have the
potential to be an adjuvant in cancer therapies. © Informa UK, Ltd.
Page | 175 

John Wesley, J., A. J. M. Christina, N. Chidambaranathan, N. R. Livingston Raja and K.

RaviKumar (2008). "Effect of alcoholic extract of tinospora cordifolia on acute and
subacute inflammation." Pharmacologyonline 3: 683-687.
To study the anti inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract of T. Cordifolia on
carrageenan - induced hind paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma models
in male wistar rats. The hind paw oedema was produced by subplantar
injection of carrageenan and the paw volume was measured
plethysmographically at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hr. In sub acute model, Cotton pellet
granuloma was produced by implantation of 50 ± 1 mg sterile cotton is axilla
under ether anaesthesia. The animals were fed with ethanolic extract at
various dose levels (125, 250, 375 and 500 mg/ kg). Diclofenac sodium was
used as a standard drug. The alcoholic extract (375 and 500 mg/kg showed
maximum inhibition of oedema by 66.72% and 83.21% at the end of 3 hr in
acute model of inflammation, respectively using a chronic test, the granuloma
pouch in rats, the extract exhibited a 51.25% and 60.21% reduction in
granuloma weight. Tinospora cordifolia possesses anti-inflammatory effects in
both acute and sub - acute inflammation.

Joladarashi, D., N. D. Chilkunda and P. V. Salimath (2012). "Tinospora cordifolia

consumption ameliorates changes in kidney chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate
in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutritional Science 1: 1-12.
Diabetes is known to alter kidney extracellular matrix (ECM) components.
Chondroitin sulphate (CS)/dermatan sulphate (DS), an ECM component, which
plays an essential role in kidney is altered during diabetes. The focus of this
study has been to examine the effect of Tinospora cordifolia (TC)
consumption, a potent plant widely used to treat diabetes, on kidney CS/DS.
Experimentally induced diabetic rats were fed with diet containing TC at 2·5
and 5 % levels and the effect of it on kidney CS/DS was examined. The CS/DS
content and CS:heparan sulphate ratio which was decreased during diabetic
condition were ameliorated in TC-fed groups. Disaccharide composition
analysis of CS/DS by HPLC showed that decreases in ‘E’ units and degree of
sulphation were modulated in 5 % TC-fed groups. Apparent molecular weight
of purified CS/DS from the control rat kidney was found to be 38 kDa which
was decreased to 29 kDa in diabetic rat kidney. Rats in 5 % TC-fed groups
showed chain length of 38 kDa akin to control rats. Expression of chondroitin
4-Osulfotransferase- 1, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 and N-
acetylgalactosamine 4 sulphate 6-O-sulfotransferase, enzymes involved in the

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synthesis of ‘E’ units which was reduced during diabetic condition, was
significantly contained in the 5 % TC-fed group. Purified CS/DS from 5 % TC-
fed group was able to bind higher amounts of ECM components, namely type
IV collagen and laminin, when compared with untreated diabetic rats. The
present results demonstrate that consumption of a diet containing TC at the 5
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% level modulates changes in kidney CS/DS which were due to diabetes. ©
Central Food Technological Research Institute 2012.

Joladarashi, D., N. D. Chilkunda and P. V. Salimath (2014). "Glucose uptake-

stimulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell
model system." Journal of Food Science and Technology 51(1): 178-182.
Diabetes mellitus is a multifunctional disorder with several causes and multiple
consequences. Nutraceuticals play a vital role in ameliorating diabetic
condition. The stems of the plant, Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) are often
used in Ayurvedic medicine for the management of diabetes. Earlier studies
have shown that T. cordifolia to be a potent antidiabetic plant material by
virtue of being rich in nutraceuticals. In the present study we were interested
to know if, T. cordifolia stem extracts are able to promote glucose uptake
through glucose transporters, 1 (GLUT1) and 3 (GLUT3), which are responsible
for basal glucose uptake. Hence, Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells were chosen
as a model which harbours both GLUT1 and GLUT3 and glucose uptake was
measured using a fluorescent analog 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-
yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D- glucose (2-NBDG). Serially, solvent extracted T.
cordifolia stems, especially water, ethanol and methanol extracts showed
glucose uptake activity. Uptake was stimulated in a dose dependent manner
at dosages of 1-100 μg. Glucose-stimulating activity does not seem to be
solely due to polyphenol content since methanol extract, with high amount of
polyphenol content (9.5 ± 0.1 g kg-1), did not stimulate higher glucose uptake
activity when compared to water extract. © 2011 Association of Food
Scientists &amp; Technologists (India).

Joshi, S. S., P. B. Ingle, S. R. Bhagwat, M. M. Pawar, K. B. Prajapati and R. C. Kulkarni

(2015). "Effect of dietary addition of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia) powder on broiler performance." Indian Journal of Animal
Sciences 85(12): 1358-1361.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of
ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder and guduchi (Tinospora
cordifolia) stem powder on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and
economics of feeding in broilers. In experiment 1, treatments were T 1 : basal
diet; T 2 : basal diet + ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder @ 1
g/kg of feed; T 3 : basal diet + ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root
powder @ 2 g/kg of feed. In experiment 2, treatments were T1: basal diet; T2:
basal diet + guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder @ 1 g/kg of feed; T3:

176 
 
 

basal diet + guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder @ 2 g/kg of feed.

The chicks were fed with standard basal diets in three different growth phases
i.e. pre-starter (0-10d), starter (11-21d) and finisher (22-42d). Supplementation
of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia significantly increased the
overall body weights, weekly gain in body weight of broilers compared to the
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control group. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per
kilogram of live broiler production were similar among the treatment groups.
The dietary addition of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia reduced
mortality rate compared to the control. Results indicated that ashwagandha
(Withania somnifera) and guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) powder improved
growth performance and reduced mortality, but did not have any effect on
feed conversion ratio and economics of feeding in broilers.

Jung, M., M. Park, H. C. Lee, Y. H. Kan, E. S. Kang and S. K. Kim (2006). "Antidiabetic
agents from medicinal plants." Current Medicinal Chemistry 13(10): 1203-1218.
Currently available therapeutic options for non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus, such as dietary modification, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin, have
limitations of their own. Many natural products and herbal medicines have
been recommended for the treatment of diabetes. The present paper reviews
medicinal plants that have shown experimental or clinical antidiabetic activity
and that have been used in traditional systems of medicine; the review also
covers natural products (active natural components and crude extracts)
isolated from the medicinal plants and reported during 2001 to 2005. Many
kinds of natural products, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics,
and some others, have shown antidiabetic potential. Particularly, schulzeines
A, B, and C, radicamines A and B, 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-L-glucitol, β-
homofuconojirimycin, myrciacitrin IV, dehydrotrametenolic acid, corosolic acid
(Glucosol™), 4-(α-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid, and 1,2,3,4,6-
pentagalloylglucose have shown significant antidiabetic activities. Among
active medicinal herbs, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), Pterocarpus
marsupium Roxb. (Leguminoceae), and Trigonella foenum graecum L.
(Leguminosae) have been reported as beneficial for treatment of type 2
diabetes. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Jyotshna and I. P. Singh (2013). "Pharmaceutical standardization of Indigenous

traditional medicine: Dhatri lauh." International Journal of Drug Development and
Research 5(3): 454-460.
The present study was carried out to set up quality control parameters for the
Indigenous traditional preparation-Dhatri lauh by making the use of classical
tests along with advanced analytical tools. Dhatri lauh prepared and has been
characterized by determining various physicochemical parameters in
comparison to marketed sample. X-ray diffraction techniques are proved to be
useful in obtaining finger print profile of prepared sample. This is the first

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report of fingerprinting of Dhatri lauh using advanced analytical tool. This

technique would be useful in studying qualitative and quantitative differences
in inorganic as well as organic chemical constituents. © 2013 Jyotshna et al,
publisher and licensee IYPF.

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Kabilan, S. J., R. Baskar and S. Duraisamy (2018). "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties of G-immune plus: A polyherbal formulation." International Journal of
Green Pharmacy 12(3): S583-S588.
Background: G-Immune Plus is a polyherbal formulated capsule made from
the extracts of Wedelia calendulacea, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera,
Centella asiatica, Emblica officinalis, Asparagus racemosus, and Tribulus
terrestris. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant properties of the polyherbal
formulation G-immune plus capsule were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, 2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-
benzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, total
antioxidant capacity assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and
copper reducing power capacity assay. Likewise, the anti-inflammatory
properties were evaluated by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and
membrane stabilization assay. Results and Discussion: The antioxidant capacity
and reducing activities by the antioxidants present in the formulation were
observed proving the presence of antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging
activity was observed with the IC50 value being 7.49 mg/ml from ABTS assay.
The anti-inflammatory activity by stabilizing the membrane was found with
the IC50 value being 7.02 mg/ml from membrane stabilization assay.
Conclusion: The present study suggested that this polyherbal formulated
capsule possess moderate to potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
activities. Due to the presence of multiple herbs with enormous therapeutic
activities within this formulation, the capsule could also exert multiple
pharmacological effects on its targets and making it a potent Ayurceutical
supplement for human health. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights
reserved.

Kakkar, A., D. R. Verma, S. Suryavanshi and P. Dubey (2013). "Characterization of

Chemical Constituents of Tinospora cordifolia." Chemistry of Natural Compounds
49(1): 177-179.

Kalekar, S., A. Karve, R. Munshi and S. Bhalerao (2012). "Evaluation of the adipogenic
potential and glucose uptake stimulatory activity of Phyllanthus emblica and
Tinospora cordifolia: An in vitro study." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 3(1): P230-P236.
The present study was conducted to explore the adipogenic potential and
glucose uptake stimulatory activity of Phyllanthus emblica and Tinospora
cordifolia using 3T3L1 fibroblast cell line as pre-adipocytes.The plant extracts

178 
 
 

were substituted for insulin in the Insulin-IBMX-DEX cocktail used for

differentiation of pre-adipocytes. The degree of differentiation of these plants
was assessed by Oil Red O staining of the adipocytes followed by
quantification of the stain. Glucose uptake activity exhibited by these plants at
the end of differentiation was also assessed. It was observed that both
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Phyllanthus emblica and Tinospora cordifolia exhibited minimal differentiation
of adipocytes as compared to the cells differentiated with IBMX-DEX alone
and the effect was less as compared to both insulin and pioglitazone
differentiated groups. However these plants demonstrated stimulation of
glucose uptake with Phyllanthus emblica showing greater effect. Hence, it is
necessary to explore the effect of these plants on glut-4 expression and the
transcription factors involved in adipogenesis followed by dose finding studies
to confirm their action.

Kalekar, S. A., R. P. Munshi, S. S. Bhalerao and U. M. Thatte (2013). "Insulin sensitizing

effect of 3 Indian medicinal plants: An in vitro study." Indian Journal of Pharmacology
45(1): 30-33.
Objective: Measurement of glucose uptake into peripheral tissue is an
important mechanism to assess Insulin sensitivity. The present in vitro study
was conducted to evaluate the Insulin sensitizing activity of Phyllanthus
emblica (Pe), Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) and Curcuma longa (Cl) by assessing
glucose uptake activity in a 3T3L1 adipocyte model. Materials and Methods:
The 3T3 L1 fibroblast cells were differentiated to adipocytes, using a cocktail
of insulin, isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and dexamethazone. These adipocytes
were initially treated with different concentrations of the selected plants
following which 2-deoxy glucose uptake was estimated using a radioactive
assay. The effects of plants on glucose uptake both in the presence and
absence of insulin was evaluated and compared with pioglitazone, a known
insulin sensitizer. Results: Pe and Tc per se significantly stimulated glucose
uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner with maximal effect
at higher concentrations (200μg/ml). The effect of both Pe and Tc at 200μg/ml
was comparable to insulin and greater than pioglitazone. Cl per se stimulated
glucose uptake with maximal effect at 50μg/ml. However, this effect was lesser
as compared to insulin with higher concentrations inhibiting glucose uptake.
When combined with insulin, an antagonist effect was observed between Pe,
Tc and insulin indicating a possible plant-drug interaction while Cl in
combination with insulin showed an increase in the glucose uptake as
compared to Cl alone. Conclusion: The results suggest that one of the
mechanisms for the anti-diabetic effect of Pe, Cl and Tc may be through an
insulin sensitizing effect (stimulation of glucose uptake into adipocytes).
Further studies using other target sites viz. skeletal muscle and hepatocytes
models and in an insulin resistant state would help substantiate this
conclusion.

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Kalekar, S. A., R. P. Munshi and D. K. Kulkarni (2014). "Evaluation of the anti-cataract

potential of tinospora cordifolia & phyllanthus emblica in an in vitro sugar induced
cataracteric lens organ culture model." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 5(1): P120-P130.
Page | 180 
The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro anti-cataract
potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) and Phyllanthus emblica (Pe). Aldose
Reductase Inhibitory (ARI) activity was evaluated using the method of
Kinoshita et al. Only that concentration of plant extracts demonstrating
maximum ARI activity was evaluated for anti-cataract and anti-oxidant
potential using an in vitro sugar induced cataracteric lens organ culture
model. Lens parameters evaluated included morphological variation, aldose
reductase (AR) activity, Total Protein content and anti-oxidant enzymes viz.,
catalase and Superoxide Dismutase. Quercetin, a pure flavonoid was used as a
positive control. Both Tc and Pe demonstrated dose dependent inhibition of
AR with maximum activity at 100μg/ml. Loss of lens transparency, increased
AR activity, decrease in soluble and total protein content was observed in
diabetic lenses as compared to normal lenses. The diabetic conditions
augmented anti-oxidant enzymes indicating oxidative stress. Supplementation
with Tc & Pe decreased AR levels, increased levels of total and soluble
proteins significantly with a decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase.
These results were comparable to quercetin. The results suggest that these
plants have the potential to arrest the progression of cataract which is
mediated by their anti-oxidant activity.

Kalekar, S. A., R. P. Munshi and U. M. Thatte (2013). "Do plants mediate their anti-
diabetic effects through anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic actions? An in vitro assay of
3 Indian medicinal plants." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13.
Background: Both experimental and clinical studies suggest that oxidative
stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes
mellitus. This oxidative stress leads to β-cell destruction by apoptosis. Hence
exploring agents modulating oxidative stress is an effective strategy in the
treatment of both Type I and Type II diabetes. Plants are a major source of
anti-oxidants and exert protective effects against oxidative stress in biological
systems. Phyllanthus emblica, Curcuma longa and Tinospora cordifolia are
three such plants widely used in Ayurveda for their anti-hyperglycemic activity.
Additionally their anti-oxidant properties have been scientifically validated in
various experimental in vitro and in vivo models. Hence the present in vitro
study was planned to assess whether the anti-hyperglycemic effects of the
hydro-alcoholic extracts of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe) and Curcuma longa (Cl)
and aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) are mediated through their
antioxidant and/or anti-apoptotic property in a streptozotocin induced stress
model.Methods: RINm5F cell line was used as a model of pancreatic β-cells

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against stress induced by streptozotocin (2 mM). Non-toxic concentrations of

the plant extracts were identified using MTT assay. Lipid peroxidation through
MDA release, modulation of apoptosis and insulin release were the variables
measured to assess streptozotocin induced damage and protection afforded
by the plant extracts.Results: All 3 plants extracts significantly inhibited MDA
Page | 181 
release from RIN cells indicating protective effect against STZ induced
oxidative damage. They also exhibited a dose dependent anti-apoptotic effect
as seen by a decrease in the sub G0 population in response to STZ. None of
the plant extracts affected insulin secretion from the cells to a great
extent.Conclusion: The present study thus demonstrated that the protective
effect of the selected medicinal plants against oxidative stress induced by STZ
in vitro, which was exerted through their anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic
actions. © 2013 Kalekar et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Kalem, I. K., Z. F. Bhat, S. Kumar and R. M. Jayawardena (2018). "Preservative potential

of Tinospora cordifolia, a novel natural ingredient for improved lipid oxidative
stability and storage quality of chevon sausages." Nutrition and Food Science 48(4):
605-620.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the preservative potential of
Tinospora cordifolia as a novel natural preservative in muscle foods.
Design/methodology/approach: Chevon sausages were used as a model
system and were prepared by incorporating different levels of T. cordifolia,
namely, T1 (0.25 per cent), T2 (0.50 per cent) and T3 (0.75 per cent), and
assessed for lipid oxidative stability and storage quality under refrigerated (4
± 10°C) conditions. Findings: Lipid oxidative stability showed a significant
improvement as the products incorporated with T. cordifolia exhibited
significantly (p = 0.001) lower thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (mg
malonaldehyde/kg) in comparison to control. A significant improvement was
also observed in the microbial stability as T. cordifolia-incorporated products
showed significantly lower values for total plate count (log cfu/g, p = 0.001),
psychrophilic count (log cfu/g, p = 0.003), yeast and mould count (log cfu/g, p
= 0.02) and free fatty acid (percentage of oleic acid, p = 0.01). Significantly
higher scores were observed for various sensory parameters of the treated
products during storage. Originality/value: Tinospora cordifolia successfully
improved the lipid oxidative and microbial stability of the model meat product
and may be commercially exploited as a novel preservative in muscle foods. ©
2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Kalem, I. K., Z. F. Bhat, S. Kumar, L. Wang, R. J. Mudiyanselage and H. F. Bhat (2018).

"Tinospora cordifolia: A novel bioactive ingredient for edible films for improved lipid
oxidative and microbial stability of meat products." Journal of Food Processing and
Preservation 42(11).

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The aim of the study was to develop a novel bioactive calcium alginate edible
film for meat products based on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
of Tinospora cordifolia, a newly proposed bioactive ingredient. Goat meat
sausages were utilized as a model system to analyse the efficacy of the
developed films with different concentration of T. cordifolia viz. 0.0% (T1),
Page | 182 
0.50% (T2), and 1.0% (T3) along with a control (without edible film). Significant
(p &lt; 0.05) lower values were observed for thiobarbituric acid reacting
substances (mg malonaldehyde/kg), microbial counts (total plate,
psychrophilic, and yeast and mould) and free fatty acid (% oleic acid) for the
products packaged in T. cordifolia containing edible films. Significant
(p &lt; 0.05) impact of T. cordifolia was also observed on the sensory scores of
the products. The results suggest a strong bioactive potential of T. cordifolia
as an ingredient for development of bioactive and biodegradable edible films
for muscle foods. Practical applications: The present study demonstrated the
potential of T. cordifolia as a novel bioactive ingredient for the production of
edible films with strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties for effective
retardation of lipid oxidative changes and other changes associated with
storage of meat products. The application of these films on the surface of the
meat products could help in improving the storage quality and microbial
stability without impairing their sensorial quality. This study reports for the
first time the use of T. cordifolia as a novel additive for the development of
bioactive edible and biodegradable films. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Kalikar, M., V. Thawani, U. Varadpande, S. Sontakke, R. Singh and R. Khiyani (2008).

"Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-
deficiency virus positive patients." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 40(3): 107-110.
Objectives: To assess the safety and efficacy of TCE in human immuno-
deficiency virus positive patients. Materials and Methods: Efficacy of Tinospora
cordifolia extract (TCE) in HIV positive patients was assessed in randomized
double blind placebo controlled trial. 68 HIV positive participants were
randomly assigned to two groups to receive either TCE or placebo for six
months. After clinical examination TLC, DLC, ESR, platelet count, hemoglobin
and CD4 count were done. The hematological investigations were repeated at
bimonthly intervals and CD4 count was repeated at the end of the study.
Patients were clinically reviewed at monthly intervals for compliance, refill and
ADR monitoring. The drugs were decoded at the end of the trial. Results: TCE
treatment caused significant reduction in eosinophil count and hemoglobin
percentage. 60% patients receiving TCE and 20% on placebo reported
decrease in the incidence of various symptoms associated with disease. Some
of the common complaints reported by patients on TCE were anorexia,
nausea, vomiting and weakness. Conclusion: Tinospora cordifolia extract, a
plant derived immunostimulant, significantly affected the symptoms of HIV.
This was validated by clinical evaluation. However not all of the objective

182 
 
 

parameters studied by us, back this up. Tinospora cordifolia could be used as
an adjunct to HIV/AIDS management.

Kalikar, M. V., V. R. Thawani, U. K. Varadpande, S. D. Sontakke, R. P. Singh and R. K.

Khiyani (2009). "Surrogate end points and their role in clinical trials: Reply from
Page | 183 
authors." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 41(1): 55.

Kalikar, M. V., V. R. Thawani, U. K. Varadpande, S. D. Sontakke, R. P. Singh and R. K.

Khiyani (2010). "Authors' reply." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 42(1): 57-58.

Kalpesh, I. and J. S. S. Mohan (2009). "Assessment of genetic diversity in the

medicinal climber Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) from Gujarat,
India." African Journal of Biotechnology 8(23): 6499-6505.
Genetic diversity was measured by isozymes in 25 accessions of the medicinal
climber Tinospora cordifolia from Gujarat, India. The germplasm was reared in
a field plot under identical conditions and mature stems were used for the
present study. Analysis of ten isozymes revealed the presence of 16 gene loci
and 33 alleles in 25 accessions. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was
45.0% and mean observed number of alleles per locus (A) was 1.57. The
average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) were
0.443 and 0.270, respectively show high levels of genetic variation among
different accessions. The UPGM dendrogram clearly depicts the spectra of
genetic diversity among various accessions. The clustering of accession TC-1
(Kheda) and TC-2 (Songhad) appears at the top of the dendrogram which are
genetically rich. These accessions should be conserved for future breeding
programme. © 2009 Academic Journals.

Kamal, A. S. Moses and R. Chaudhary (1990). "Two new species and a new
combination in Phaeoramularia from Uttar Pradesh, India." Mycological Research
94(5): 714-717.
Phaeoramularia tinosporae sp. nov. on Tinospora cordifolia, Phaeoramularia
hyptidigena sp. nov. on Hyptis suaveolens and Phaeoramularia calotropidis
(Ell. & Everh.) comb. nov. on Calotropis procera collected from Gorakhpur and
its suburbs are described, illustrated and compared with related species. ©
1990, British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.

Kaneria, M., B. Kanani and S. Chanda (2012). "Assessment of effect of hydroalcoholic

and decoction methods on extraction of antioxidants from selected Indian medicinal
plants." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2(3): 195-202.
Objective: To assess the effects of extraction methods on antioxidant activities
of selected Indian medicinal flora. Methods: Different parts of plants were
extracted by hydroalcoholic and decoction methods using water and various
concentrations of methanol (ME) viz. 75%, 50% and 25% ME. The antioxidant

183 
 
 

activity of all the different extracts was evaluated using two different
antioxidant assays viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
scavenging assay and superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. Total phenol
and flavonoid content was also estimated. Result s: The results showed that
the extracting solvent significantly altered the antioxidant property
Page | 184 
estimations of screened plants. High correlations between phenolic
compositions and antioxidant activities of extracts were observed. High levels
of antioxidant activities were detected in Manilkara zapota (M. zapota) as
compared with other screened plants. Conclusions: The results obtained
appear to confirm the effect of different methods on extraction of
antioxidants and antioxidant property of M. zapota.

Kannadhasana, R. and S. Venkataraman (2012). "Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic

activity of sedimental extract of Tinospora cordifolia in streptozotocin induced Type 2
diabetes." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(SUPPL.3):
520-527.
To study the Type 2 diabetes mediated obesity and their resurrection with
SETc using preclinical evaluation. A study kept for OGTT, RBGT with SETc in
normal and diabetic animals and the resulting time and dose dependant
reduction in BGC were recorded in vivo. The effect of test drug among the
gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the status of liver and
gastronemous muscle glucose intake were measured in vitro. Supporting
studies in regard of obesity were assessed with their biochemical parameters.
From the OGTT and RBGT, the blood glucose concentration of SETc
(1000mg/kg/p.o.) treated diabetic animals were found to lie in the range near
to the normal control (p<0.05) and maintenance of plateau therein.
Furthermore, 30 days treatment with SETc (1000mg/kg/p.o.), triggers the
glycolytic enzymes and restores the liver and muscle glycogen levels as
evidenced from its assay in vitro. The prolonged therapy with SETc showed its
positive impregnation over biochemical parameters and that particular with
high index of HDL-C and possible reduction in LDL-C levels. Finally on
conclusion, 30 days treatment of SETc (1000mg/kg/p.o) on diabetic subjects
was proven for its efficacy and clearly establishes the antidiabetic activity with
antiobese body built.

Kapil, A. and S. Sharma (1997). "Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora

cordifolia." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 58(2): 89-95.
The active principles of Tinospora cordifolia a traditional Indian plant were
found to possess anticomplementary and immunomodulatory activities.
Syringin (TC-4) and cordiol (TC-7) inhibited the in vitro immunohaemolysis of
antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by guinea pig serum. The reduced
immunohaemolysis was found to be due to inhibition of the C3-convertase of
the classical complement pathway. However, higher concentrations showed

184 
 
 

constant inhibitory effects. The compounds also gave rise to significant

increases in IgG antibodies in serum. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
were also dose-dependently enhanced. Macrophage activation was reported
for cordioside (TC-2), cordiofolioside A (TC-5) and cordiol (TC-7) and this
activation was more pronounced with increasing incubation times.
Page | 185 

Kapoor, N. and S. Saxena (2014). "Potential xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of

endophytic Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae." Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology 173(6): 1360-1374.
Xanthine oxidase is considered as a potential target for treatment of
hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia is predisposing factor for gout, chronic heart
failure, atherosclerosis, tissue injury, and ischemia. To date, only two inhibitors
of xanthine oxidase viz. allopurinol and febuxostat have been clinically
approved for used as drugs. In the process of searching for new xanthine
oxidase inhibitors, we screened culture filtrates of 42 endophytic fungi using
in vitro qualitative and quantitative XO inhibitory assays. The qualitative assay
exhibited potential XO inhibition by culture filtrates of four isolates viz. #1048
AMSTITYEL, #2CCSTITD, #6AMLWLS, and #96 CMSTITNEY. The XO inhibitory
activity was present only in the chloroform extract of the culture filtrates.
Chloroform extract of culture filtrate #1048 AMSTITYEL exhibited the highest
inhibition of XO with an IC<inf>50</inf> value of 0.61 μg ml -1 which was
better than allopurinol exhibiting an IC<inf>50</inf> of 0.937 μg ml-1 while
febuxostat exhibited a much lower IC <inf>50</inf> of 0.076 μg ml-1. Further,
molecular phylogenetic tools and morphological studies were used to identify
#1048 AMSTITYEL as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. This is the first report
of an endophytic Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae from Aegle marmelos
exhibiting potential XO Inhibitory activity. © 2014 Springer Science+Business
Media.

Kapoor, N. and S. Saxena (2018). "Endophytic fungi of Tinospora cordifolia with anti-
gout properties." 3 Biotech 8(6).
Targeting xanthine oxidase inhibition has been a prime strategy for
exploration and development of non-purine based drugs for anti-
hyperuricemic therapy. Recent studies from our laboratory have suggested
that fungal endophytes from medicinal plants could play a pivotal role in
exploration of novel therapeutic moieties. In the present study, 19 fungal
endophytes were isolated from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia and
evaluated for their XO inhibitory activity. In the qualitative assay, Out of 19
fungal endophytes, 7 endophytes exhibited > 30% XO inhibition, of which
isolates #1 TCSTITPLM, #53 TCSTITPLM, #105 TCSTITPLM and #83 TCSTITPLM
were found to exhibit XO inhibition in the range of 38–45%. Further, ethyl
acetate extract of #1TCSTITPLM exhibited 69% XO inhibitory activity followed
by chloroform extract of #53 TCSTITPLM with 63% XOI activity in the in vitro

185 
 
 

uric acid estimation assay. In the quantitative NBT titer plate assay, both
extracts exhibited 85% of XO inhibition. The present study is the first report of
fungal endophytes isolated from T. cordifolia exhibiting XO inhibitory activity.
Ethyl acetate and chloroform extract of #1 TCSTITPLM and #53 TCSTITPLM
demonstrated potent XO inhibitory action. Further studies are warranted for
Page | 186 
purification and characterization of the XO inhibiting moieties. © 2018,
Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Kapoor, S. and L. Bielory (2009). "Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: Complementary

treatments for the 21st century." Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 9(2): 121-127.
Even in the 21st century, some seeds of tradition remain firmly grounded
regardless of the technological advancements of humankind. One such
"tradition" involves using unconventional means - including mental healing,
herbal formulas, and healing hand therapies such as acupuncture - to treat
chronic illnesses. Although mental healing is unproven and energy therapy is
not completely understood, acupuncture, herbal therapy, and sublingual
immunotherapy have been described more extensively with mixed results that
lack consistency and high-quality scientific data. Researchers are working to
modernize these traditional therapies in the treatment of allergic disorders
and using advanced technology to alter what some call "the earth's natural
healing power" in hopes of developing a new, integrative form of medicine. ©
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009.

Kapoor, S. K. and J. Reisch (1973). "Bitter glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia Miers."
PROC.INT.CONGR.PHARM.SCI. 33: 217.

Kapoor, S. K. and J. Reisch (1973). "Bitter glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia Miers
(German)." Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 113(37): 1435.

Kapur, P., H. Jarry, W. Wuttke, B. M. J. Pereira and D. Seidlova-Wuttke (2008).

"Evaluation of the antiosteoporotic potential of Tinospora cordifolia in female rats."
Maturitas 59(4): 329-338.
The available courses of therapy to osteoporosis in menopausal women are
limited by several side effects generated. A need therefore arises to explore
herbal alternatives that are effective and safe. Objective: Present animal
studies were conducted to investigate the potential of Tinospora cordifolia
(TC) ethanolic stem extract as an antiosteoporotic agent. Methods: Three-
month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (ovx) or
sham operated and treated with vehicle (benzyl benzoate:castor oil; 1:4), E2 (1
μg/day) or TC (10, 50, 100 mg/kg b.wt) subcutaneously for 4 weeks. At the end
of experiment bone mineral density of tibiae was measured by quantitative
computer tomography. Serum was analyzed for the activity of alkaline
phosphatase and levels of osteocalcin, cross-laps and lipids. Uterus and

186 
 
 

mammary gland were processed for histological studies. Results: Ovx rats
treated with TC (10 mg/kg b.wt) showed an osteoprotective effect as the bone
loss in tibiae was slower than ovx controls. Serum osteocalcin and cross-laps
levels were significantly reduced. All the above effects of TC were much milder
than those produced by E2. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in TC
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treatment groups. Total cholesterol and LDL levels remained unaltered but
HDL levels were significantly lowered with TC (50 mg/kg b.wt) treatment.
Uterus and mammary gland showed no signs of proliferation after treatment
with TC extract. Conclusion: TC extract showed estrogen like effects in bone
but not in reproductive organs like uterus and mammary gland. Thus, this
study demonstrates that extract of T. cordifolia has the potential for being
used as antiosteoporotic agent. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights
reserved.

Kapur, P., B. M. J. Pereira, W. Wuttke and H. Jarry (2009). "Androgenic action of

Tinospora cordifolia ethanolic extract in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP."
Phytomedicine 16(6-7): 679-682.
Aim of the study: Recently, Tinospora cordifolia (TC) was shown to affect
prostate growth in rats. It is not known whether this is a direct effect of TC or
whether it is induced by altered hormone release. To investigate the actions of
TC on the prostate, human LNCaP cells were exposed to an ethanolic extract
of TC. Materials and Methods: LNCaP cells were incubated with the test
substances for 48 h. Proliferation was measured by MTT test and prostate-
specific antigen (PSA) secretion was determined with ELISA. Results: TC
showed a dose-dependent stimulation of proliferation of LNCaP cells. Co-
incubation with the anti-androgen flutamide (FLU) reversed the TC-induced
stimulation of PSA secretion. Conclusions: The reference compound
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) caused a significant increase of growth of LNCaP
cells. Similarly, TC stimulated proliferation of these prostate cells. The anti-
androgen FLU reversed the increase of PSA release caused by either DHT or
TC. Thus, we suggest that TC may contain androgenic compounds, which
appear to act via androgen receptor (AR). © 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights
reserved.

Kapur, P., W. Wuttke, H. Jarry and D. Seidlova-Wuttke (2010). "Beneficial effects of β-

Ecdysone on the joint, epiphyseal cartilage tissue and trabecular bone in
ovariectomized rats." Phytomedicine 17(5): 350-355.
Ecdysteroids are steroids found in invertebrates and plants. In mammals they
have protein anabolic effects. We have recently published antiosteoporotic
effects of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) extract and the search for the possible
active ingredients yielded the presence of β-Ecdysone (Ecd). Therefore, we
investigated the effects of pure Ecd in ovariectomized rats on morphological
changes in joint, epiphyseal cartilage and trabecular tissue. Following

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ovariectomy rats were fed for 1 month with Ecd containing food at a dose of
52.8 mg/day/animal. Positive and negative control animals received 17-β
Estradiol (E2, 132 μg/day/animal) and soy free (sf) food respectively. At
sacrifice, specimens consisting of upper tibiae-lower femurs and knee joint
were harvested and processed for histomorphometry. The parameters
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measured included thickness of the joint cartilage, thickness of the whole
epiphyseal growth plate and its three zones. Furthermore, the percentage of
trabecular bone in the metaphysis region of tibiae was quantified. Ecd and E2
induced a significant increase in the thickness of joint cartilage. The whole
epiphyseal growth plate and its proliferative and hypertrophic zones were also
increased by Ecd whereas E2 reduced their size. The percentage of trabecular
area in the metaphysis of tibia was significantly increased in Ecd and E2
treated animals. Results provide a plausible explanation for the
antiosteoporotic effects of TC. Hence, TC as well as other Ecd producing plants
or pure Ecd may be of value in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
and osteoarthritis which is of increasing importance due to aging and obesity
among individuals. © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Kar, A., B. K. Choudhary and N. G. Bandyopadhyay (2003). "Comparative evaluation of

hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats."
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84(1): 105-108.
In our experiments 30 hypoglycaemic medicinal plants (known and less
known) have been selected for thorough studies from indigenous folk
medicines, Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicines. In all the
experiments with different herbal samples (vacuum dried 95% ethanolic
extracts), definite blood glucose lowering effect within 2 weeks have been
confirmed in alloxan diabetic albino rats. Blood glucose values are brought
down close to normal fasting level using herbal samples at a dose of 250
mg/kg once, twice or thrice daily, as needed. While evaluating comparative
hypoglycaemic activity of the experimental herbal samples, significant blood
glucose lowering activities are observed in decreasing order in the following
24 samples - Coccinia indica, Tragia involucrata, G. sylvestre, Pterocarpus
marsupium, T. foenum-graecum, Moringa oleifera, Eugenia jambolana,
Tinospora cordifolia, Swertia chirayita, Momordica charantia, Ficus glomerata,
Ficus benghalensis, Vinca rosea, Premna integrifolia, Mucuna prurita,
Terminalia bellirica, Sesbenia aegyptiaca, Azadirachta indica, Dendrocalamus
hamiltonii, Zingiber officinale, Aegle marmelos, Cinnamomum tamala,
Trichosanthes cucumerina and Ocimum sanctum. Present studies besides
confirming hypoglycaemic activities of the experimental herbal samples, help
identify more potent indigenous hypoglycaemic herbs (in crude ethanolic
extract) from the comparative study of the reported experimental results. ©
2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

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Karamalakova, Y., G. Nikolova, M. Adhikari, S. Stoev, P. Agarwal, V. Gadjeva and Z.

Zhelev (2018). "Oxidative-protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia extract on plasma
and spleen cells after experimental ochratoxicosis." Comparative Clinical Pathology
27(6): 1487-1495.
The importance of Tinospora cordifolia extract was investigated for its
Page | 189 
possible protective effect in spleen and blood in male ICR albino mice against
ochratoxin A-induced toxicity (OTA). OTA instigates oxidative changes and
results in the overproduction of free radicals, changes in body/organ weight,
and the food consumption and is considered as a risk factor for animals and
humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and
consequent lipid-peroxidative damages caused by OTA are considered to be
the main mechanisms leading to oxidative stress disorders in organs and
blood. TC oral administrations prevent the physiological status of animals and
improve the biochemical parameters of the urine and plasma. Moreover, EPR
analysis show that TC administration decreased Asc• and NO• radicals and
ROS productions in the spleen and serum, even in OTA-treated group. The
significant decrease in MDA formation in the spleen and serum and the
increased expression of SOD activity in TC and TC + OTA groups confirm the
positive modulatory effect of TC extract on the cellular antioxidant system. TC
and TC + OTA treatment caused significant reduction of genotoxic potential
(8-OHdG) of OTA, followed by a decreased oxidative activity and gradual
recovery of ROS-induced DNA damage. The results suggested that TC extract
protect against OTA-induced oxidative disorders and other abnormalities. As
typical antioxidant TC could protect splenic macrophages and regain
intracellular antioxidant capacity. © 2018, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of
Springer Nature.

Karandikar, S. M. and V. Pandit (1994). "Update Ayurveda 1994." Drug News and
Perspectives 7(8): 498-500.

Karuppath, S., K. S. Snima, K. C. Ravindranath, S. V. Nair and V. K. Lakshmanan (2016).

"Anti-proliferative effect of tinospora cordifolia nano particles in prostate cancer
cells." Journal of Bionanoscience 10(2): 127-133.
Ayurvedic medicines are kind of medications which are having less side effects
and more efficacy, but lack scientific explanations about their mechanism that
hindered its world wide acceptance. With the emergence of nanotechnology,
the concept of nanomedicines in cancer therapy attracts tremendous attention
due to its novel drug formulation routes, site-specific action, better solubility,
improved efficacy and reduced side effects, even though the 5000-year-old
Indian system of ayurvedic medicines have been using the concept long
before. Tinospora cordifolia is a medicinal plant used alone or in combination
with other herbal drugs for different cancer therapy. In this present study, we
explored the role of nanoformulation of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract in

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prostate cancer cells. From our experiments, it was observed that there is no
significant apoptosis induction, but stops proliferation in cancer cells and are
compatible with erythrocytes and normal cells. Hence, we can conclude that
the drug is an anti proliferative agent for prostate cancer treatment. Copyright
© 2016 American Scientific Publishers.
Page | 190 

Katewa, S. S. and A. Arora (2001). "Hepato protective effect of certain

ethanomedicinal plants from Aravalli hills of Rajasthan." Indian Drugs 38(6): 332-335.
Present work was undertaken to ascertain the hepatoprotective effect of
certain ethnomedicinal plants viz, Achyranthes aspera, Indigofera cordifolia,
Indigofera linifolia and Tinospora cordifolia on Swiss albino mice.
Intraperitoneal injection of CCl 4 , significantly increased serum glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and
alkaline phosphates (ALP) activities. Simultaneous treatment along with extract
of any above mentioned ethnomedicinal plants caused improvement in
biochemical milieu compared to that of CCl 4 treatment alone. Recovery of
hepatic tissues was more pronounced in mice treated with Achyranthes aspera
and Tinospora cordifolia.

Kaur, G., P. K. Prabhakar, U. R. Lal and A. Suttee (2016). "Phytochemical and biological
analysis of Tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Toxicological and
Pharmacological Research 8(4): 297-305.
The aim of this work was to do phytochemical extraction and screening and
also evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant properties for Tinospora
cordifolia. The crude drug (Stem part) was successively extracted by Soxhlet
assembly using various solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of
different extracts was carried out using several colour and precipitate chemical
reagents as per described methods. Gram +ve bacteria (Staphylococcus
aureus) and Gram-ve bacteria (Escherichia coli) using the agar wells dilution
method. Preliminary phytochemical screening of T. cordifolia showed showed
the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and
amino acids in the crude drug. T. cordifolia stem extracts exhibited marked
dose dependent antimicrobial activity in vitro against both gram positive and
gram negative bacteria and can be used as a good therapeutic approach for
infectious disease management and therapy. Methanolic extract was found to
be more potent against both the group of bacteria. The T. cordifolia stem has
shown different types of phytochemicals. Methanolic extract of T. cordifolia
stem exhibited better antioxidant potential also. Further studies on isolation of
phyto-constituents and both in vitro and in vivo evaluation of
pharmacological activities of isolated bioactive constituents of the crude drug
are recommended as future works. © 2016, International Journal of
Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. All rights reserved.

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Kaur, H., D. Hindu and S. Kumar (2010). "Chemical investigation of epoxy-

hydroxyoxyacetyl bicyclo-ketone from tinospora species." Oriental Journal of
Chemistry 26(1): 273-274.
The compound 4,5-epoxy-7-hydroxy-6-oxyacetyl-2,2,6-trlmethyl-blcyclo
[4,4,0]-oct-7-ene-1-one has been isolated fromTinosporacordifolia and
Page | 191 
characterized by Cl MS, I.R., U.V., H 1 NMR and C 13 NMR spectroscopic
techniques.

Kaur, K. and M. C. Sidhu (2014). "Meiotic studies in some medicinal angiosperms

from Doaba region of Punjab, India." International Journal of Phytomedicine 6(2):
216-224.
The chromosome number and their behavior in 15 medicinal plant species
collected from Doaba region of Punjab, India have been studied. The species
have shown chromosome numbers like Basella rubra L. (n=22), Coccinia
cordifolia Cogn. (n=12), Dephinuum ajacss L. (n=8), Lens culinark Medic. (n=7),
Melllotus alba Desr. (n=8), Nccotiana puumbaginifolia Viv. (n=10),
Nymphioddes crsstata (Roxb.) Kuntze (n=9), Papaver rhoeas L. (n=7),
Raphanus sativus L. (n=9), Sesamum indccum L (n=13), Tnnospora cordifolia
(Wild.) Hook.f.et Thoms. (n=13), Triticum aestivum L. (n=21), V'ttex negundo L.
(n=17), Xanthium strumaruum L. (n=18) and Zea mays L. (n=10). Most of the
species are diploid with normal course of meiosis. But meiotic abnormalities in
the form of univalents, stickiness and presence of supernumerary B-
chromosomes have also been observed in some species. All the species have
some medicinal value. The chromosome counts in these species are in
conformity with the earlier reports, but behavioral changes have been
observed in some species. This shows the genetic stability and resistance of
these species to various biotic and abiotic stresses. © 2014, Advanced
Research Journals. All rights reserved.

Kaur, M., A. Singh and B. Kumar (2014). "Comparative antidiarrheal and antiulcer
effect of the aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in
rats." Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research 5(3): 122-128.
Tinospora cordifolia is indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Myanmar and
Sri Lanka. The use of plant as remedy for diarrhea and ulcer is well-
documented in Ayurvedic system of medicine. However, pharmacological
evidence does not exist to substantiate its therapeutic efficacy for the same.
The aim was to investigate the antidiarrheal and antiulcer activity of ethanolic
and aqueous extracts of T. cordifolia in rats. The antidiarrheal activity of T.
cordifolia extracts was evaluated by castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced
diarrhea using parameters such as onset of diarrhea, number of wet stools,
total number of stool and weight of total number of stools. The antiulcer
activity of extracts was investigated using ethanol and pylorus ligation-
induced ulcer. Furthermore, tissue antioxidant parameters such as reduced

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glutathione, catalase activity and lipid peroxidation level were also

investigated. Tinospora cordifolia extracts were more efficacious in reducing
number of total stools in both the models of diarrhea and showed a dose-
dependent antidiarrheal effect. The antiulcer activity of the extracts was
confirmed by a reduction in ulcer index along with the decrease in gastric
Page | 192 
volume, total acidity, and an increase in pH of gastric content in both the
models. The obtained results have established a pharmacological evidence for
the folkloric use of the T. cordifolia as antidiarrhoeal and antiulcer agent.

Kaur, P., Robin, V. O. Makanjuola, R. Arora, B. Singh and S. Arora (2017).

"Immunopotentiating significance of conventionally used plant adaptogens as
modulators in biochemical and molecular signalling pathways in cell mediated
processes." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 95: 1815-1829.
Natural products are of great surge in the identification of chemopreventive
agents and biologically active molecules for the development of new
promising therapeutic agents. These agents influence the cascade of
biochemical and molecular signalling pathways involved in numerous
physiological and pathological processes. The natural agents combat the
dogma associated with the most dreaded, unconquered health concern and a
multigenic disease- cancer. A category of plants known as adaptogens
maintain perturbed homoeostasis, augment adaptations to noxious stimuli
(exposure to cold, heat, pain, general stress, infectious organisms) and offer
endurance to attenuate several disorders in human beings. The well known
adaptogens and immunomodulators such as Rhodiola rosea, Withania
somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Bacopa monnieri, Emblica officinalis,
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum and Panax
notoginseng claimed to have significant antioxidant and anticarcinogenic
properties due to the presence of various biologically active chemical
compounds. Their immunopotentiating activity is mediated through the
modulation of T-cell immunity biochemical factors, transcription factors, some
genes and factors associated with tumor development and progression. The
combinatory formulation of active immunostimulating constituents from these
plants may provide better homeostasis. These immunostimulant factors
suggest their potential therapeutic significance in adjuvant or supportive
therapy in cancer treatment. © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS

Kaur, P., Robin, R. G. Mehta, B. Singh and S. Arora (2019). "Development of aqueous-
based multi-herbal combination using principal component analysis and its
functional significance in HepG2 cells." BMC Complementary and Alternative
Medicine 19(1).
Background: The present study was carried out to prepare multi-herbal
combination via comparing antioxidant activity and polyphenolic composition
of five medicinal plant extracts of Punica granatum L., Putranjiva roxburghii

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Wall., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and

Trigonella corniculata L. Methods: The herbs were individually evaluated using
in vitro antioxidant assays and analyzed by HPLC-PDA. The resultant data was
examined using principal component analysis (PCA). Further, herbal
combination was prepared on the basis of PCA. Results: The PCA divided the
Page | 193 
plants into three groups. The leading or primary group contained P. granatum
and P. roxburghii with the highest antioxidant activity strongly correlated with
high amount of kaempferol. S. chirata was acknowledged as nourisher herb in
one and T. cordifolia and T. corniculata were identified as stimulator herbs in
other group. The herbal combination exhibited high antioxidant activity as
compared to the individual plants. The combination revealed good
antiproliferative efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells with
IC 50 of 75.864 μg/ml. Conclusions: The activity observed in vitro with HepG2
cells suggests that the herbal combination can provide therapeutic activity in
vivo in future. The study may provide information regarding precise
preparation of multi-herbal formulations using PCA as a tool in
pharmaceutical industries. © 2019 The Author(s).

Kaushik, A., A. Husain, H. Awasthi, D. P. Singh, R. Khan and D. Mani (2017).

"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Swaras and Hima extracts of
Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhavia diffusa in Swiss albino mice." Pharmacognosy
Magazine 13(51): S658-S662.
Background: In Ayurveda, five basic extraction procedures are mentioned in
order of their decreasing potency. Swaras is considered as the most potent
followed by, kalka, kwatha, fanta and hima. Objective: Present study was
carried out to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of
swaras and hima extracts of T.cordifolia and B. diffusa. Materials and Methods:
Swaras and hima extracts of T. cordifolia and B. diffusa were prepared.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities was carried out
using standard methods. Hepatoprotective efficacy of extracts were carried
out in Swiss albino mice using paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Animals
were administered with swaras and hima extracts of both plants at 200 mg/kg
BW dose for 7 days and on 8 th day hepatotoxicity was induced by
intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol at 500 mg/kg BW. The degree of liver
protection was determined by measuring the levels of liver enzymes followed
by histopathology. Results and Discussion: The results of phytochemical,
antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities showed that there were no
significant difference between swaras and hima extracts. Both the extract of T.
cordifolia were equally potent in reducing SGOT (P &lt; 0.01) and ALP level (P
&lt; 0.001). Similar effects were observed with the Swaras and hima extracts of
B. diffusa. Both the extracts reduced SGOT and ALP (P &lt; 0.01).
Histopathological findings among all the extracts were also more or less
similar in lowering the paracetamol mitigated necrosis. Conclusion: The

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present study suggested that T. cordifolia and B. diffusa possess potential

hepatoprotective activity irrespective of the extraction procedure. © 2017
Pharmacognosy Magazine | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.

Kaushik, N. K., A. Bagavan, A. A. Rahuman, A. A. Zahir, C. Kamaraj, G. Elango, C.

Page | 194 
Jayaseelan, A. V. Kirthi, T. Santhoshkumar, S. Marimuthu, G. Rajakumar, S. K. Tiwari
and D. Sahal (2015). "Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from
North Indian Buchpora and South Indian Eastern Ghats." Malaria Journal 14(1).
Background: Development of resistance against the frontline anti-malarial
drugs has created an alarming situation, which requires intensive drug
discovery to develop new, more effective, affordable and accessible anti-
malarial agents. Methods: Inspired by their ethnobotanical reputation for
being effective against febrile diseases, antiplasmodial potential of ethyl
acetate extracts (EAE) and methanol extracts (ME) of 17 medicinal plants
collected from the Eastern Ghats of South India and Buchpora, North India
were explored against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the SYBR Green
assay. The results were validated both by confirmation that the fall in
fluorescence signal was not due to quenching effects mediated by
phytochemical extracts and by Giemsa-stained microscopy. Results: Using EAE
or ME, promising antiplasmodial activity (IC 50 Pf3D7 &lt; 20 μg/ml), was seen
in Aerva lanata (Whole aerial parts-EAE), Anisomeles malabarica (Leaf-EAE),
Anogeissus latifolia (bark-EAE), Cassia alata (leaves-EAE), Glycyrrhiza glabra
(root-EAE), Juglans regia (seed-ME), Psidium guajava (leaf-ME and EAE) and
Solanum xanthocarpum (Whole aerial parts-EAE). EAEs from leaves of
Couroupita guianensis, Euphorbia hirta, Pergularia daemia, Tinospora
cordifolia and Tridax procumbens as also ME from Ricinus communis (leaf and
seed) showed good antiplasmodial activity (Pf 3D7 IC 50 21-40 μg/ml).
Moderate activity (Pf 3D7 IC 50 : 40-60 μg/mL) was shown by the leaf EAEs of
Cardiospermum halicacabum, Indigofera tinctoria and Ricinus communis while
the remaining extracts showed marginal (Pf 3D7 IC 50 60 to &gt;100 μg/ml)
activities. The promising extracts showed good resistance indices (0.41-1.4)
against the chloroquine resistant INDO strain of P. falciparum and good
selectivity indices (3 to &gt; 22.2) when tested against the HeLa cell line.
Conclusion: These results provide validity to the traditional medicinal usage of
some of these plants and further make a case for activity-guided purification
of new pharmacophores against malaria. © 2015 Kaushik et al.; licensee
BioMed Central.

Keche, Y. N., V. A. Badar, M. P. Shrivastava and M. M. Hardas (2008). "Efficacy of

Livwin (polyherbal formulation) in patients with acute viral hepatitis." Indian Journal
of Gastroenterology 27(1): 34-36.

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Kessler, C. H. S. and T. Doering (2008). "Design, effect size and power of ayurvedic
studies on type 2 diabetes." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur GanzheitsMedizin 20(5):
277-286.
Background: In Ayurveda, diabetes has been well-known for over 2000 years
and is universally known as Madhumeha (sweet flow) in Ayurvedic medical
Page | 195 
textbooks. A multifactorial pathogenesis is assumed and therapy aims
primarily at adjusting imbalance in the body's primary life forces (doshas).
There are noticeable parallels to western medicine's view of diabetes. Aim of
the Study: The initial goal was to conduct a systematic and comprehensive
search for the best evidence of Ayurvedic therapies of type 2 diabetes. Then,
based on study design, size of effects and precision of estimates, the level of
evidence and potential benefits, the selected Ayurvedic diabetes interventions
would be investigated. Methods: From two systematic reviews of Ayurvedic
therapies of diabetes, 25 Ayurvedic studies were selected by predefined
criteria and assayed on effectiveness and power. The assessment of the
studies was systematized by handling four major issues: Validity (internal
validity), size and precision as well as transferability and applicability of the
results. Because of the widely varying significance, results of controlled and
non-controlled studies were described separately. Results: 7 controlled and 18
non-controlled studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria: Mean-values
(pre- and postinterventional) of fasting-blood-sugar showed an average fall of
42mg/dl in the phythotherapy arm versus 13mg/dl in the comparison arm.
The mean difference of HbA1c fell 2.8% versus 0.3%. Mean-values of the
phytotherapy arms were 70% better than in comparison arms. The effect size
in 75% of the studies was large, and small in 17%. The power was larger than
0.9 in 66% of the analyzed studies. For some plants used in Ayurveda, e.g.
Coccinia indica, Gymnema sylvestre and Trigonella foenum graecum, a
notable number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist which allow a first
Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) classification. Conclusions: The majority of the
7 controlled and 18 non-controlled studies showed that the effect sizes of the
phytotherapy arms are large. Yet for more than 45 different forms of
treatment of type 2 diabetes, the number of well-planned RCTs per procedure
is still too small for a final evaluation according to EBM. Well-designed, peer-
reviewed phase III studies adapted to Ayurveda are required to support and
enhance the level of evidence. © Verlag für GanzheitsMedizin.

Khan, M. A., A. I. Gray and P. G. Waterman (1989). "Tinosporaside, an 18-

norclerodane glucoside from Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 28(1): 273-275.
The stem wood of Tinospora cordifolia has yielded a novel 18-norclerodane
diterpene O-glucoside which has been assigned the trivial name
tinosporaside. On the basis of extensive NMR studies this has been assigned
the structure (relative stereochemistry) 1,17-dioxo-8β,10α,12α,19α,20β-18-

195 
 
 

norclerod-2 ,13(16),14-trien-4α-β-d-glucopyranoside-12,17;15,16-dioxide. ©
1989.

Khan, M. A., A. Gupta, S. Kumar, S. Ahmad and J. L. N. Sastry (2015).

"Hepatoprotective activity of a new polyherbal formulation against paracetamol and
Page | 196 
D-galactosamine induced hepatic toxicity." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied
Sciences 7(4): 246-249.
Objective: The present study was envisaged to evaluate the protective effect
of polyherbal formulation, DRDC/AY/8060, developed by Dabur India Ltd.,
against paracetamol and D-galactosamine induced hepatic toxicities in Wistar
rats. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in two different
experiments of 10 and 14 days against paracetamol and D-galactosamine,
respectively. Animals were divided into different treatment groups (n = 6). The
control group received normal saline, a toxicant group in two experiments
received paracetamol 750 mg/kg p.o. every 72 h for 10 days and D-
galactosamine 400 mg/kg i.p. single dose. The test formulation was used at
the two dose levels of 120 and 240 mg/kg/day. Treatment groups treated with
test formulations were also administered D-galactosamine as given in toxicant
group. At the end of the dosing schedule, blood was withdrawn from the
retrobulbar plexus of the animals for serum estimation of serum glutamate
oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate trasnferase
(SGPT), albumin, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Following the
withdrawal of blood animals was sacrificed, and liver tissue was excised for
estimation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (lipid peroxidation,
malondialdehyde), tissue glutathione (GSH) and histopathological studies.
Results: It was evident from the biochemical estimation that both paracetamol
and galactosamine caused hepatotoxicity in the toxicant groups. However,
treatment with DRDC/AY/8060 significantly (P < 0.001, vs. toxicant) reduced
the levels of SGOT, SGPT, serum bilirubin, and ALP, as well as decreased lipid
peroxidation. In addition, treatment with test formulation also significantly (P
< 0.001, vs. toxicant) elevated serum albumin and GSH levels compared to
toxicant groups. Conclusion: On the basis of these studies and comparative
evaluation it can be concluded that the formulation DRDC/AY/8060 showed
hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol and D-galactosamine at 120
mg/kg and 240 mg/kg. © 2015 Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences.

Khan, M. I., P. S. C. Sri Harsha, P. Giridhar and G. A. Ravishankar (2011). "Berberine

and lycopeneprofiling during the ontogeny of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex
Hook. F. & Thoms fruit." Current Science 100(8): 1225-1231.
Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) fruits were studied for pigment profile,
carbohydrate content, weight and water content during ontogeny. Carotenoid
pigment lycopene appeared in yellow fruits and attained maximum level in
matured (red) fruits whereas chlorophyll a and b disappeared after

196 
 
 

intermediate (yellow) stage. In addition, isoquinoline alkaloid berberine was

more in early (green) stage than intermediate and matured stages.
Carbohydrate content increased 1.3-fold on maturation, whereas weight and
water content did not change significantly.

Page | 197 
Khan, V., A. K. Najmi, M. Akhtar, M. Aqil, M. Mujeeb and K. K. Pillai (2012). "A
pharmacological appraisal of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential." Journal of
Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 4(1): 27-42.
Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder that has gravely
troubled the human health and quality of life. Conventional agents are being
used to control diabetes along with lifestyle management. However, they are
not entirely effective and no one has ever been reported to have fully
recovered from diabetes. Numerous medicinal plants have been used for the
management of diabetes mellitus in various traditional systems of medicine
worldwide as they are a great source of biological constituents and many of
them are known to be effective against diabetes. Medicinal plants with
antihyperglycemic activities are being more desired, owing to lesser side-
effects and low cost. This review focuses on the various plants that have been
reported to be effective in diabetes. A record of various medicinal plants with
their established antidiabetic and other health benefits has been reported.
These include Allium sativa, Eugenia jambolana, Panax ginseng, Gymnema
sylvestre, Momrodica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus,
Pterocarpus marsupium, Trigonella foenum graecum and Tinospora cordifolia.
All of them have shown a certain degree of antidiabetic activity by different
mechanisms of action.

Khanam, S., N. P. Mohan, K. Devi and R. Sultana (2011). "Protective role of tinospora
cordifolia against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity." International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(4): 268-270.
The importance of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract was investigated for its
possible curative effect in male wistar rats against the cisplatin induced
nephrotoxicity. Oral administration of plant extract cured the cisplatin induced
kidney damage. There was an increase in serum creatinine, blood urea
nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase in rats treated with Cisplatin (5mg/kg body
weight, i.p). Administration of Cisplatin followed by alcoholic extract of
Tinospora cordifolia (500mg/kg body weight, p.o) decreased the increased
levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase in
rats. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological
examination of kidney section. Results of this study revealed that the alcoholic
stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia has curative action against Cisplatin
induced nephrotoxicity.

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Khatri, S. R., U. R. Sekhar Namburi, K. M. Chopade, S. Y. Raut and M. N. Suryawanshi

(2014). "Suturing materials in ancient Indian surgery: An outlook in present surgical
practice." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 5(4): 575-577.
Suturing is the closure of surgical as well as the traumatic wound and also
final step of every surgical procedure. Acharya Sushruta is the pioneer surgeon
Page | 198 
of ancient Indian surgery, has mentioned eight different surgical procedures
(Ashthavidha Shastrakarma), like Chedana (Excision), Bhedana (Incision and
drainage), Lekhana (Scarification), Vedhana (Aspiration), Eshana (Probing),
Aharana (Extraction), Visravana (Evacuating) and Sivanakarma (Suturing) in his
classical text Sushruta Samhita. Among these Sivanakarma (suturing) is of
prime importance as proper suturing with specified suturing material leads to
early healing of the wound and avoids scar formation which plays an
important role cosmetically. In present contemporary medicine many of
suturing materials are developed as per the need of surgical procedures.
These suture materials vary accordingly in their absorption, tensile strength
and viability. However many of these materials are synthetically processed
substances and may cause tissue incompatibility. In ancient Indian surgery the
suturing materials were developed depending on availability of natural
resources like plant and animals and were successfully used in the various
surgical procedures for closure of wound as well as for supporting to the body
tissues. In present surgical practice these are not tried may be because of the
poor understanding or improper analysis. However, if these suturing materials
described in ancient text processed and developed with modern techniques
may bring the revolution in utilizing the natural suturing materials which are
more compatible to the tissues of the body and helps in quick healing of
wound with minimal or negligible scar formation.

Khedekar, S., B. J. Patgiri, B. Ravishankar and P. K. Prajapati (2012).

"Antihyperglycemic effect of Makaradhwaja on streptozotacin induced diabetes in
rats." Journal of Global Pharma Technology 4(3): 16-24.
The antihyperglycemic effect of Makaradhwja was assessed in normal rats by
injecting streptozotacin at 45 mg/kg to induce hyperglycemia. Powdered form
of Makaradhwaja(Red sulphide of mercury) and Guduchi Ghana(dried extract
of Tinospora cordifolia) with Honey was administered orally at 22.5 mg/ kg
dose levels for 15 days. Serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride,
blood urea, serum creatinine, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin
were estimated using standard methods. It was found effective
antihyperglycemic (193.25±86.73) compared with reference standard
(430.60±93.96). © 2009, JGPT.

Khedekar, S., G. Rukkudin, B. Ravishankar and P. Prajapati (2016). "Anti-diabetic

activity of traditional Indian gold containing preparation: Shadguna Balijarita

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Makaradhwaja on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats." Journal of Intercultural

Ethnopharmacology 5(2): 162-167.
Background: Makaradhwaja a gold containing mercurial preparation used for
diabetes mellitus in indigenous system of medicine. It is a popular aphrodisiac
and rejuvenator traditional medicine. It is prepared by using processed gold,
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mercury and sulfur in different ratios by applying intermittent heating pattern
in Valuka Yantra. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate anti-
diabetic effect of Shadguna Balijarita Makaradhwaja (SBM) on streptozotocin
(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced to
normal rats by injecting STZ in dose 40 mg/kg. Powdered SBM and dried
extract of Tinospora cordifolia were mixed with honey and administered orally
for 20 days at dose 2.63 mg/kg and 42.34 mg/kg body weight, respectively.
The effects of treatment on body weight changes and blood glucose levels
were quantified on day 1, 5, 10, 15 and 21 of the experiments. On the 21st
day, animals were sacrificed and gross histopathological changes in liver,
kidney and pancreas were illustrated. Blood sugar level, glyacated
hemoglobin, blood urea, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, serum
triglyceride and serum protein were estimated with standard methods. The
study was conducted in the year 2011. Results: Test drug observed significant
decrease (P < 0.001) in glyacated hemoglobin level compared to diabetic
control rats. Blood sugar level of test drug group shown a significant decrease
(279.11 ± 57.95) compared with diabetic rats. Conclusion: The present study
demonstrates that SBM and dried extract of T. cordifolia with honey
significantly reduces the blood glucose level and shows anti-diabetic effect. ©
SAGEYA.

Khedekar, S. B., B. Ravishankar and P. K. Prajapati (2015). "Anti-diabetic activity of

dried extract of Tionspora cordifolia (Guduchi Ghana) and honey in streptozotacin
induced diabetic rats." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 9(4): S31-S38.
Objective: Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. and Thomson) is used
abundantly for Madhumeha (∼diabetes mellitus) in traditional Ayurvedic
medicines. The different dosage forms are mentioned in Ayurvedic classics
such as Churna, Kwatha and Ghana. Hence, present study is planned to assess
its anti-diabetic activity. Materials and Methods: In this study, aqueous extract
of T. cordifolia was prepared by a traditional procedure of Ayurveda and
assessed for its anti-diabetic activity. Diabetes was induced in Wistar strain
albino rats by injecting streptozotocin in dose 40 mg/kg body weight.
Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia Linn in a dose of 42.34 mg/kg was mixed with
honey and administered orally. Different biochemical parameters such as
blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, blood urea,
creatinine, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, albumin, and globumin were assessed.
Results: 24.93% reduction in blood glucose level and 28.96% reduction in

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glycated hemoglobin were observed in test drug treated group in comparison

to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Mild reduction of blood glucose level was
observed in the analysis.

Khokra, S. L., B. Parashar, H. K. Dhamija and M. Bala (2012). "Immunomodulators:

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Immune system modifiers." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 5(2): 169-
174.
Immunomodulators are becoming very popular in the worldwide natural
health industry as people start to realize the importance of a healthy immune
system in the maintenance of health and the prevention and recovery of
disease. Help the immune system, and the body helps itself - often quite
considerably. An immunomodulator, also known as an immunotherapy is a
substance (e.g. a drug) which has an effect on the immune system.
Immunotherapy is an approach that has been actively investigated in recent
years as a method for disease prevention. It does not involve recognition of a
specific antigen or targeting the immune response towards a specific
pathogen, but causes an overall immune response that hastens recognition of
foreign proteins. This review gives a brief introduction of various
immunomodulators. © RJPT All right reserved.

Kohchale, S. R., P. K. Rahate and S. R. Somkuwar (2014). "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia

on blood glucose level of albino wistar." International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences Review and Research 28(2): 20-22.
Tinospora cordifolia belonging to family Menispermacea is distributed
throughout the tropical Indian subcontinent. This plant provide raw material
for indigenous system of medicine in India viz. Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha
for its general tonic, antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-allergic, anti-malarial,
anti-diabetic and aphrodisiac properties. The leaves of this plant are used in
the treatment of diabetes. The soxhlet extract (5 mg/ kg) was subjected to
evaluation of hypoglycemic activity. Extract injected to rats and blood glucose
level was determined after the treatment of 3 days, 7days and 15 days. After
the treatment in experimental rats hypoglycemic changes were observed in
blood glucose level compared to the control group rats. The treated animals
with the leaf extract clearly indicate the hypoglycemic effect like insulin. ©
2014, Global Research Online. All rights reserved.

Kolasinski, S. L. (2012). "Herbal medicine for rheumatic diseases: Promises kept."

Current Rheumatology Reports 14(6): 617-623.
Traditional healers throughout the world have relied on herbal medicines in
their practices for millennia to treat a wide array of conditions, including
arthritis. Present-day patients continue to seek care from complementary and
alternative providers and more effective and less toxic treatments. A broad
foundation of laboratory studies suggests that many herbal products have

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pertinent medicinal effects for the management of diseases like osteoarthritis

and rheumatoid arthritis. However, few high quality clinical trials have yet
been carried out to substantiate the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.
Some of the best research to date in this area is summarized in this review. ©
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.
Page | 201 

Koppada, R., F. M. Norozian, D. Torbati, S. Kalomiris, C. Ramachandran and B. R.

Totapally (2009). "Physiological effects of a novel immune stimulator drug, (1,4)-α-d-
glucan, in rats." Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 105(4): 217-221.
The (1,4)-α-d-glucan (α-d-glucan), derived from medicinal plant, Tinospora
cordifolia, activates human lymphocytes with downstream synthesis of the
pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, in vitro. We investigated physiological
and immunological effects of a low and a high dose of α-d-glucan (0.5 and 10
mg/kg), in vivo, testing the hypothesis that intravenous administration of α-d-
glucan does not affect haemodynamic, respiratory, haematological, and
immune responses in normal rats. Male rats (300-400 g) were anaesthetized,
tracheostomized, and catheterized in one femoral artery and vein. The mean
arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded. The
baselines for gas exchange, differential blood cell count, and plasma
concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ were determined. Rats
were then randomly assigned to controls (n = 7), a low dose (0.5 mg/kg; n =
10), and a high dose (10 mg/kg; n = 7) of α-d-glucan for a six 6 hr study
period. Gas exchange, differential cell count, plasma concentration of TNF-α,
IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and mean arterial blood pressure values remained
within physiological range. Intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg α-d-
glucan created tachycardia, associated with hyperventilation, and significant
reductions in the blood haemoglobin and haematocrit concentrations. We
suggest that these in vivo effects of α-d-glucan should be considered for
future clinical and/or experimental trials. © 2009 Nordic Pharmacological
Society.

Kosaraju, J., S. Chinni, P. D. Roy, E. Kannan, A. S. Antony and M. N. S. Kumar (2014).

"Neuroprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia ethanol extract on 6-hydroxy
dopamine induced Parkinsonism." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 46(2): 176-180.
Objective: The present study investigates the neuroprotective activity of
ethanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia aerial parts against 6-hydroxy
dopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Materials
and Methods: T. cordifolia ethanol extract (TCEE) was standardized with high
performance thin layer chromatography using berberine. Experimental PD was
induced by intracerebral injection of 6-OHDA (8 μg). Animals were divided
into five groups: sham operated, negative control, positive control (levodopa 6
mg/kg) and two experimental groups (n = 6/group). Experimental groups
received 200 and 400 mg/kg of TCEE once daily for 30 days by oral gavage.

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Biochemical parameters including dopamine level, oxidative stress, complex I

activity and brain iron asymmetry ratio and locomotor activity including
skeletal muscle co-ordination and degree of catatonia were assessed. Results:
TCEE exhibited significant neuroprotection by increasing the dopamine levels
(1.96 ± 0.20 and 2.45 ± 0.40 ng/mg of protein) and complex I activity (77.14 ±
Page | 202 
0.89 and 78.50 ± 0.96 nmol/min/mg of protein) at 200 and 400 mg/kg
respectively when compared with negative control group. Iron asymmetry
ratio was also significantly attenuated by TCEE at 200 (1.57 ± 0.18) and 400
mg/kg (1.11 ± 0.15) when compared with negative control group.
Neuroprotection by TCEE was further supported by reduced oxidative stress
and restored locomotor activity in treatment groups. Conclusion: Results show
that TCEE possess significant neuroprotection in 6-OHDA induced PD by
protecting dopaminergic neurons and reducing the iron accumulation.

Kshirsagar, R. D. and N. P. Singh (2001). "Some less known ethnomedicinal uses from
Mysore and Coorg districts, Karnataka state, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology
75(2-3): 231-238.
Present communication deals with 76 ethnomedicinal plants being used
traditionally in Karnataka, India. These plants are reported to have 78 less
known ethnomedicinal uses for curing various skin diseases, cuts, stomach
disorders, gynaecological complaints and snakebites. Copyright © 2001
Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Kukkupuni, S. K. and V. S. Narayanan (2015). "Misleading "non-rasayanas"."

Pharmacognosy Reviews 9(17): 84-85.

Kulkarni, R., K. J. Girish and A. Kumar (2012). "Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in
Ayurveda: An update." Pharmacognosy Reviews 6(12): 147-153.
Cognitive deficits that present with many of neuropsychiatric conditions
and/or alone as developmental deficit demand use of nootropics to boost
cognitive abilities. Recently there is a tremendous urge to explore medicinal
plants globally for improving cognitive function owing to their less adverse
effects. Ayurveda provides a list of herbs known for nootropic activity as well
as their multi-dimensional utility in various conditions. Present paper is a
review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, major chemical
constituents, therapeutic actions, preclinical studies, safety and possible mode
of action of the selected herbs from ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Concurrently, it
opens up for further research and standardization on nootropic herbs.

Kulkarni, R., S. K. Shetty, N. M. Rajarajeshwari, P. Narasimha Rao and J. Nayan (2016).

"Rasayana herbs of ayurveda to treat age related cognitive decline: An update."
Pharmacognosy Journal 8(5): 411-423.

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Introduction: Cognitive decline associated with aging could be minor or major

neuro-cognitive disorder presenting with progressive intellectual deterioration
interfering with day to day activities. Behaviour and personality changes may
complicate the life in due course. Significant increase in global prevalence of
people aged above 60 years has raised concerns on effective management of
Page | 203 
old age problems. Age related cognitive deficits and dementia raise to the
level of epidemics and established management is yet underway. Principles of
preventive health and rasayana (rejuvenative) herbs of Ayurveda are being
extensively researched up on for their effectiveness in dementia. In this
fourteen such herbs with anti dementia property are discussed with relevant
research update. Methods: Herbs like amalaki (Emblica officinalis), hareetaki
(Terminalia chebula), haridra (Curcuma longa), manduka parni (Centella
asiatica), aindri (Bacopa monniera), yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia), shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis), vacha (Acorus
calamus), jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), kushmanda (Benincasa hispida),
Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), ashvagandha (Withania somnifera) and
kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)) are already proven of their efficacy in
experimental and preclinical levels. The contents and research evidences are
collected from ayurveda database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and
Siddha and other authentic literature, Google scholar, Science direct, online
and print journals. Discussion: The herbs in discussion mostly act on reactive
oxygen species and oxidative stress injury by antioxidant properties and
neuro-protective activity. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition, N-Methyl-D-
Aspartate antagonism, Dopaminergic activity, Anti-amyloidogenic activity,
Inhibition of Tau aggregation, neuroprotection and immune modulation are
activity path ways. Tridosha namely Kapha, Pitta and Vata may be viewed to
be categorically predominant in initial, middle and final stage of dementia.
Selected herbs thus can be specific based on the pathology and relevant
dosha predominance. Conclusion: Rasayana herbs with current updates and
inferences can serve as an eye-opener for further researches at molecular and
clinical aspect. © 2016 EManuscript Technologies. All rights reserved.

Kumar, D. and B. Singh (2018). "Tinospora cordifolia stem extract as an antioxidant

additive for enhanced stability of Karanja biodiesel." Industrial Crops and Products
123: 10-16.
Oxidative stability of biodiesel is an important fuel quality parameter that not
only affects the composition of the fuel but also affects the performance of
the engine and tailpipe emissions. The fatty acid profiling of Karanja oil used
in this study revealed the presence of ≈69% unsaturated components and the
Karanja biodiesel (2.49 h) failed to meet the ASTM D6751 (3 h) and EN 14214
(6 h) specification for oxidation induction period. The utility of T. cordifolia
stem extract as an antioxidant additive for Karanja biodiesel has been
investigated in this work. The extraction experiments were optimised in terms

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of solvent composition, extraction time and extraction temperature using

response surface based Box-Behnken designing approach. Characterisation of
the stem extract revealed high total phenolic content with excellent radical
scavenging activity. The extract was reasonably soluble in biodiesel, and it was
able to extend the oxidation induction period of biodiesel. The ASTM D6751
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and EN 14214 specifications were met at a loading of 100 and 600 ppm
respectively. The findings of the study indicate that the T. cordifolia stem
extract can serve as a cheap, environment-friendly and non-toxic alternative of
synthetic antioxidants. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Kumar, G. R., J. Suman and D. Rashmi (2013). "Indigenous medicine used for
treatment of diabetes in Gwalior Chambal region of Madhya Pradesh." Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 6(5): 589-591.
Diabetes mellitus is a major problem of today's world and leading cause of
death. Indians are genetically more susceptible to diabetes, for which world
health organization predicts the number of diabetic persons in India may rise
up to 74 million by 2025. The increasing worldwide incidence of diabetes
mellitus in adults constitutes a global public health burden. It is predicted that
by 2030, India, china and the United States will have largest number of people
with diabetes. So the need arises to cure this disease with potent drug causing
fewer side effects. The plant based medicinal system is very useful since a long
time for treatment of diabetes. It is necessary to emphasize plant based study
because allopathic system has more side effects; however they are potent
antidiabetic agents. Many of the herbs are available having antidiabetic
activity and shows their action by different mechanism like stimulating or
regenerating the effect on cell or extra pancreatic effect for hypoglycemic
activity. The 60% of the patient uses traditional system of medicine in India for
treatment of diabetes. Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary
source of medicine. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of
plants in treatment of various human ailments. India has about 45 000 plant
species and among them, several thousands have been claimed to possess
medicinal properties. Research conducted in last few decades on plants
mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes has shown
anti-diabetic property. The herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are yet to be
commercially formulated as modern medicines, even though they have been
acclaimed for their therapeutic properties in the traditional systems of
medicine. © RJPT.

Kumar, N. and S. M. Paul Khurana (2016). "Phytochemical and pharmacological

proper ties of giloy-a miracle vine Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. &
Thoms." Medicinal Plants 8(4): 275-286.
Herbal medicinal plants are very important as source of many health care
products and new pharmaceuticals. Because of having none or a few side

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effects, herbal medicines have been the main stay of the world population
mainly in developing countries for primary healthcare because of better
cultural acceptability and compatibility with human body. Presently multiple
drug resistance has developed due to the indiscriminate use of commercial
antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Page | 205 
This review highlights pharmaceutical prof ile of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms which is commonly known as Giloy or Gudichi. It is
a large glabrous, deciduous climber belonging to family Menispermaceae and
is a potential source of nutritive minerals for human beings. In this manuscript,
the phytochemistry, medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of various
parts of the plant have been reviewed. The plant is rich source of diverse
phytochemicals. It has been reported to possess strong antimicrobial and
antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and antitoxic
properties. It is also useful in cardiovascular, liver and mental disorders and
urinary calculi, uraemia as well as for increasing body resistance against
various other ailments. © 2016, IndianJournals.com. All rights reserved.

Kumar, P. and S. K. Srivastava (2006). "Response of certain immunomodulatory

therapies on uterine infection and microminerals in post-partum buffaloes." Indian
Veterinary Journal 83(4): 395-397.
Copper and Zinc level was studied in 15 buffaloes having uterine infection.
These were randomly divided into three groups. Buffaloes in group I and
group II were treated with aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (3000 mg,
total dose) and autologous plasma (150 ml) i.u. Group III buffaloes were given
phosphate buffered saline (150 ml), at oestrus, and served as control. It was
observed that there was no change in copper level between pre and post
treatment in any of the two groups, whereas zinc level was non significantly
higher in both group I and group II during post-treatment. Thus the
immunomodulatory therapies did not have any significant effect on the serum
level of micro minerals.

Kumar, P. and S. K. Srivastava (2011). "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia and autologous

blood plasma on activity of certain enzymes in genital secretion of post partum
buffaloes." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 81(8): 45-47.
Murrah buffaloes (24), 6-8 years old in second to fourth lactation were used to
investigate immuno-modulation activity of Tinospora cordifolia and
autologous blood plasma against genital tract infections. Amongst 24 selected
buffaloes, 18 buffaloes had either clinical nor genital infection as assessed by
visual or by the White Side Test. These buffaloes were divided into groups 1, 2,
3, comprising 6 animals each, whereas the fourth group (group 4) comprised
normal animals having low bacterial load and clear genital discharge. Higher
level of ALP, MPO and LZM coincided with the increased bacterial population
present in uterine secretions. After treatment, there was a significant decline in

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activity of all the enzymes on subsequent estrus in uterine secretions of group

1 buffaloes, but decline was significant only in cases of MPO and LZM in
group 2. The reduced bacterial population in CVM indicated that aqueous
extract of T. cordifolia and autologous plasma have helped in reducing uterine
bacterial infection.
Page | 206 

Kumar, P., S. K. Srivastava, M. Rawat, M. C. Yadav and H. Kumar (2004). "Effect of

certain immunomodulators on uterine infections and fertility in post partum
buffaloes." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 17(7): 930-935.
The present study was aimed to study the effect of aqueous extract of
Tinospora cordifolia and autologous plasma on uterine infections. Buffaloes in
estrus, 40 days and above postpartum were checked for uterine infections.
Animals having uterine infections were randomly divided into three groups of
six animals each. Buffaloes in group I, II and III (control) were given
intrauterine infusion of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (3,000 mg total
dose), autologous plasma (150 ml) and phosphate buffer saline (150 ml)
respectively, in three divided doses, once daily for three consecutive days,
starting from the day of estrus. A fourth group (IV) comprising of six buffaloes
having no uterine infection was also included in the present study. Buffaloes
were inseminated artificially on next estrus following treatment and confirmed
for pregnancy 60 days later. Bacterial population in CVM of buffaloes in group
I, II and III was significantly (p<0.05) higher than group IV. After treatment
there was a significant (p<0.01) reduction in bacterial population in group I
(83.496±7.755%) and group II (80.233±5.799%) than group in III
(7.557±33.551%) at next estrus. There was non-significant improvement in first
service conception rate (CR, 33.33%) and overall conception rate (OCR,
27.27%) in group I, in comparison to group III (first service CR-16.67%; OCR-
20.0%). No significant improvement was seen in OCR (22.22%) in-group II also
in comparison to group III. The improvement in group I was however,
nonsignificantly lower than normal animals of group IV (First service CR-
16.67%; OCR-36.33%).

Kumar, P., V. Srivastava, R. Chaturvedi, D. Sundar and V. S. Bisaria (2017). "Elicitor

enhanced production of protoberberine alkaloids from in vitro cell suspension
cultures of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms." Plant Cell, Tissue
and Organ Culture 130(2): 417-426.
The present research investigates the effect of Piriformospora indica, an
endophytic fungus, on production of protoberberine alkaloids in in vitro cell
suspension cultures of Tinospora cordifolia. Although T. cordifolia produces a
number of protoberberine alkaloids, the simultaneous production of
jatrorrhizine and palmatine in cell suspension cultures of T. cordifolia was
observed for the first time with the use of P. indica as biotic elicitor. The cells
in suspension cultures were elicitated with P. indica on 14th day of culture

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initiation and the production of the alkaloids on 16th day was monitored. The
autoclaved as well as filter sterilized cultures of P. indica were used in addition
to the use of fungal cell extract. The elicitor effect of P. indica was analyzed
and compared with other abiotic elicitor (methyl jasmonate) and biotic
elicitors (chitin and chitosan). The culture filtrate of P. indica in the filter
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sterilized (5.0% v/v) form gave better response with enhanced 4.2-fold
production of jatrorrhizine (10.72 mg/g DW) and 4.0-fold production of
palmatine (4.39 mg/g DW). The production of these compounds was at par
with that achieved in methyl jasmonate (at 250 µM) treated cell suspension
cultures. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Kumar, R. and P. Saikia (2018). "Floristic analysis and dominance pattern of sal
(Shorea robusta) forests in Ranchi, Jharkhand, eastern India." Journal of Forestry
Research.
The present study describes the floristic composition and dominance pattern
of sal forests in Ranchi, Jharkhand, eastern India. Vegetation was studied in 47
belt transects (50 × 100 m) that had 137 plant species (110 identified and 27
unidentified) belonging to 51 families. The family Fabaceae with 17 species (8
spp. belonging to subfamily Faboideae, 6 spp. to Caesalpinioideae and 3 spp.
to Mimosoidieae) contributed the most to diversity, followed by Rubiaceae (8
spp.) and Euphorbiaceae (6 spp.). Tree density in sal was inversely related to
species richness. Total tree density (≥ 10 cm GBH) in the studied forests was
397 individuals ha−1, with a basal cover of 262.50 m2 ha−1. Important plants
of conservation concern are Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb, Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall, Sterculiaurens Roxb., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
Miers, and Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop. Phanerophytes had the
highest percentage (71%, with percentage deviation from normal life form of
+ 25) followed by therophyte (15%, with percentage deviation + 2). Observed
percentage deviation from normal life form was much lower (with + 2
percentage deviation) in both chamaephytes (8%) and therophytes (15%),
suggesting that the studied sal forests are favorable for supporting various
plants species. The forest management strategies should focus on the
increasing demands for different timber and non-timber forest products to
conserve the plant diversity of these natural forests. © 2018, Northeast
Forestry University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer
Nature.

Kumar, R. B. and B. Suryanarayana (2015). "Ethnomedicinal recipes for psychoactive

problems and nervous disorders from tribals of Sriharikota Island, Andhra Pradesh."
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 34(2): 245-
250.
Sriharikota Island in Andhra Pradesh is an elliptical land mass sandwiched
between Bay of Bengal in the East and Pulicat lake in the West. Sullurpet is the

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nearest railway station, which is 18 Km from Sriharikota Island and it is on

Chennai –Kolkata trunk line and 90 Km away from North of Chennai. An
aboriginal tribe called Yanadi dwells in Sriharikota. It is similar to Chenchu
community elsewhere in Andhra Pradesh. Inspite of the community being
drifted from their natural way of life due to agro-rural development activities,
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a few aged tribals are still able to furnish traditional ethnomedicinal data2. So
far no ethno medico-botanical studies are conducted in this area except for
list of 50 plants reported for general ailments/ diseases by Suryanarayana
(1989)22. Therefore a detailed study on ethno medico-botanical uses of the
tribals of Sriharikota Island was undertaken for the duration three years (1996-
1999)2. During this work about 280 species are collected having a variety of
ethno medico-botanical/pharmaceutical values. However the article presents
the 8 plant species only having remedial effect for Psychoactive and nervous
disorders (Stimulants, Tonic, Anti-spasmodic, depressants, stimulants etc.)2,10.
The study analyzes the habit and plant part(s) used for ethnomedicinal
practices by the tribals of Sriharikota Island. © Copyright protected.

Kumar, S., S. Gautam, S. Powar and A. Sharma (2010). "Microbial decontamination of

medicinally important herbals using gamma radiation and their biochemical
characterisation." Food Chemistry 119(1): 328-335.
A comprehensive study was carried out to assess the microbiological and
biochemical characteristics of four herbals, namely, rose (Rosa centifolia),
guggul (Commiphora mukul), chirata (Swertia chirayita), gulvel (Tinospora
cordifolia) and four herbal formulations rasayan, shatpatryadi, scrub and
kashayam. Total aerobic plate count (TAPC) was in the range of 3-7 log cfu/g,
whereas, presumptive coliform count in many of these samples was in the
range 2-6 log cfu/g. The IMViC (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate)
analysis and molecular characterisation (16S rDNA sequencing) ascertained
the presence of Escherichia coli in some of the samples. A gamma radiation
dose of up to 10 kGy was found to be sufficient for complete microbial
decontamination without affecting the bioactive properties of herbal
formulations, including antioxidant potential, which was high in rasayan,
shatpatryadi, scrub, rose, and guggul. The antioxidant property of these
herbals could be attributed to components such as phenolics, flavonoids and
colour pigments. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kumar, S., P. Gupta, S. Sharma and D. Kumar (2011). "A review on immunostimulatory
plants." Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 9(2): 117-128.
The use of medicinal plants to cure human illness has been practiced from
time immemorial. Nowadays, the vast majority of people still rely on their
traditional materia medica for their daily health care needs. The use of plant
species for treatment of various human ailments has been mentioned in
Ayurveda and other Indian literature. Some of these drugs are believed to

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enhance the natural resistance of body to infection. So there are many plants
having immunostimulatory activity. This paper reviews plants which have
shown reported immunostimulatory activity.

Kumar, S., T. Jawaid and S. D. Dubey (2011). "Therapeutic plants of ayurveda; a review
Page | 209 
on anticancer." Pharmacognosy Journal 3(23): 1-11.
Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with
cells. Cells are the very small units that make up all living things, including the
human body. There are billions of cells in each person's body. Cancer happens
when cells that are not normal grow and spread very fast. Normal body cells
grow and divide and know to stop growing. Over time, they also die. Unlike
these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and divide out of control
and don't die when they're supposed to. A number of synthetic anticancer
drugs are available in practice, however their effectiveness does not hold true
with the entire range of population suffering from this disorder. Moreover the
side effects and the drug interactions are major restrictions in its clinical utility.
On the other hand, herbal medicines are now attracting attention as potential
sources of anticancer agents are widely used across the globe due to their
wide applicability and therapeutic efficacy coupled with least side effects,
which in turn has accelerated the scientific research regarding the anticancer
activity. In this overview we have summarized the current research
advancements on plants belongs to different families like Apocyanaceae,
Taxaceae, Beriberidaceae, Solanaceae, Cupressaceae etc. having anticancer
activities along with their other activities.

Kumar, S., M. Mathur, N. Kushwaha, S. Goyal, A. Chauhan and F. Parween (2014).

"New traditional herbals from Indian arid zone for curing rheumatism." Asian Agri-
History 18(2): 133-144.
A reverse ethnobotanical study was carried out on use of medicinal plants in
Thar Desert as cure for rheumatism. Details of Ayurvedic formulations
available in the Indian market for rheumatoid arthritis were collected. Forty-
nine herbal drug manufacturing companies are using 42 arid plants in 86
various products for curing rheumatism. Frequency of use of a particular plant
in the 86 products revealed that Vitex negundo, Zingiber officinale,
Commiphora wightii, Boswellia serrata, Tinospora cordifolia, and Pluchea
lanceolata are very popular and most commonly used species in these
products. It emerged that 36 plants have well-known documented agro-
techniques out of which 34 plants can be cultivated in different farming
systems. But of the 34 plants, at present only 20 plants are actually under
agrarian system. The remaining 14 plants are not under current cultivation. Of
the nine plants being harvested from their wild sources, seven new species as
traditional herbals for curing rheumatism have been finally listed. All these
species are widespread in the Indian arid zone.

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Kumar, S., A. Narula, M. Z. Abdin, M. P. Sharma and P. S. Srivastava (2004).

"Enhancement in biomass and berberine concentration by neem cake and nitrogen
(urea) and sulphur nutrients in Tinospora cordifolia miers." Physiology and Molecular
Biology of Plants 10(2): 243-251.
Page | 210 
Ruthless exploitation and limited attempts at systematic conservation have
necessitated sustained efforts towards the improvement of medicinally
important plants. Attempts are being made to work out the strategies for
large scale cultivation of these plants with profitable results. We have tried to
enhance the growth performance and yield of drug component, berberine in
Tinospora cordifolia Miers. by providing specific nutrients such as, neem
(Azadirachta indica) cake and nitrogen (N) in the form of urea, and sulphur (S).
N (urea) applied at the rate of 60, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 significantly enhanced
both, biomass and the yield of secondary metabolite, berberine. The
combined effect of nitrogen x sulphur (N x S) along with neem cake proved
better than N alone. Other parameters such as, leaf area, rate of
photosynthesis, chlorophyll a and b contents, total protein and nitrate
reductase activity have also been investigated. Our results indicate that a
judicious and balanced application of inorganic nutrients, N and S along with
neem cake can be effective in increasing the productivity of this medicinal
plant.

Kumar, S., A. Narula, M. P. Sharma and P. S. Srivastava (2003). "Effect of copper and
zinc on growth, secondary metabolite content and micropropagation of Tinospora
cordifolia: A medicinal plant." Phytomorphology: An International Journal of Plant
Morphology 53(1): 79-91.
A successful in vitro micropropagation protocol from nodal explants of
Tinospora cordifolia has been formulated. Ninety six percent regeneration was
obtained within three weeks on Murashige and Skoog's medium
supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.06 mgl-1) and 6-
benzyladenine (2.0 mgl-1). Whereas 6-benzyladenine (3.0-5.0 mgl-1) induced
only multiple shoots, α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.1-0.5 mgl-1) along with 6-
benzyladenine induced both shoots and roots. Shoot elongation, however,
decreased on higher concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid.
Regenerating cultures were subjected to different concentrations of copper
sulphate (25-125 μM) and zinc sulphate (25-75 μM) to monitor morphogenic
events. Though copper sulphate proved beneficial, higher doses caused
decline in growth.

Kumar, S. S., D. Bhosle, A. Janghel, S. Deo, P. Raut, C. Verma, M. Agrawal, N. Amit, M.

Sharma, T. Giri, D. K. Tripathi, Ajazuddin and A. Alexander (2015). "Indian medicinal
plants used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis." Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology 8(5): 597-610.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology and

is mainly characterized by the progressive erosion of cartilage leading to
chronic polyarthritis and joint distortion. Although the exact pathogenesis of
the disease has yet not been elucidated, however, studies suggest that cellular
proliferation of synoviocytes result in pannus formation which damages the
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cartilage and bone. Recent reports also support the role of free radicals in its
pathogenesis. Apart from the conventional treatment strategies using
nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
and glucocorticoids, newer and safer drugs are continuously being searched,
as long term usage of these drugs have resulted in adverse effects. Alternative
medicine provides another approach for treatment of RA and currently a
number of medicinal plants are under scientific evaluation to develop a novel
drug. There is a dire need to investigate the complete therapeutic potential
and adverse effects, if any, of these herbals for providing newer and safer
treatment options with minimum side effects. In this paper we have tried to
explore various Indian ancient Ayurvedic, Unani and Tibet, as also some
Chinese and Korean, herbals for their potential to treat RA. © RJPT All right
reserved.

Kumar, V. (2015). "Antidyslipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Tinospora cordifolia

Stem Extract in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats." Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
30(4): 473-478.
The antidyslipidemic activities of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia): family
Menispermaceae, Hindi name: Giloya; Gurch or Tinospora in english, extract
have been studied in alloxan induced diabetic rats. In this model, oral
administration of stem extract (500 mg/kg bw. p.o.) for 30 days resulted
significant decreased in the levels of blood glucose, plasma lipids and
reactivated post heparin lipoprotein lipase activity in alloxan induced diabetic
rats. Furthermore, the stem extract (50–500 μg) when tested for its antioxidant
activity, shown to inhibit the generation of super oxide anions and hydroxyl
radicals, in both enzymic and non-enzymic systems in vitro. The results of the
present study demonstrated antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities of T.
cordifolia which could help in prevention of diabetic-dyslipidemia and related
complications. © 2015, Association of Clinical Biochemists of India.

Kumar, V., P. K. Modi and K. K. Saxena (2013). "Exploration of hepatoprotective

activity of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia - An experimental study." Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 6(1): 87-91.
Background and Objectives- Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f.
&amp; Thoms. (T. cordifolia) has been shown to be hepatoprotective by
Ayurvedic physicians but has not been scientifically evaluated so far. So, the
present study was undertaken to explore the hepatoprotective activity of T.
cordifolia against experimentally induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Aim of

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The Study-To explore the hepatoprotective activity of T. cordifolia. Materials

and Methods- Albino Wistar rats weighing 150-200g of either sex were
divided into six groups of six animals each. Group I was given normal saline
(PO), group II carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) (IP), group III Liv.52 syrup for twenty
days followed by carbon tetrachloride, group IV, V &amp; VI received aqueous
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extract of T. cordifolia (1ml/100g twice daily) orally for 10, 20 &amp; 30 days
respectively followed by CCl4 administration. Blood was collected from
anaesthetized animals &amp; liver was dissected out. Alanine transaminase
(ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) &amp; Total bilirubin were estimated and
liver was subjected to histopatological examination. Results-ALT, ALP &amp;
Total bilirubin levels were significantly increased in CCl4 treated group while T.
cordifolia displayed significant reduction in rise in these parameters in group
IV, V &amp; VI. This hepatoprotection was also reflected in histologal changes.
Interpretation and Conclusion-It can be concluded from the present study that
T. cordifolia extract is a potent hepatoprotective agent. It is assumed that this
hepatoprotective effect of T. cordifolia may be due to several reasons such as
antioxidant and/or free radical scavenger property and ability to induce
hepatic regeneration.

Kumar, V. and S. Nagar (2014). "Studies on Tinospora cordifolia monosugars and

correlation analysis of uronic acids by spectrophotometric methods and GLC."
Carbohydrate Polymers 99: 291-296.
Cold water-soluble (CWSP) and hot water soluble polysaccharides (HWSP)
from Tinospora cordifolia stems were isolated and purified in 2.99% and 1.99%
yield respectively. Complete hydrolysis followed by paper chromatography
and GLC analysis indicated the presence of l-rhamnose, l-arabinose, d-xylose,
d-mannose, d-galactose and d-glucose in molar ratio of 0.857, 1.106, 0.727,
0.526, 0.708 and 95.763 in CWSP and 0.697, 0.777, 2.048, 0.777, 0.292 and
95.408 in HWSP. The uronic acid content in the polysaccharide has been
studied extensively using assorted approaches. It was quantitatively estimated
by GLC analysis and spectrophotometric methods using carbazole, m-
hydroxydiphenyl and 3,5-dimethylphenol as colorimetric reagents. GLC
analyses indicated galacturonic acid content of 3.06% and 5.16% in CWSP and
HWSP respectively. Estimation of uronic acid using 3,5-dimethylphenol
corroborated the above analysis. The study resulted in composition of
constituent monosugars of CWSP and HWSP and co-relation analysis of
uronic acid content, leading to an unambiguous structural analysis. © 2013
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kumar, V., S. Singh, A. Singh, A. K. Dixit, B. Srivastava, G. K. Sidhu, R. Singh, A. K.

Meena, R. P. Singh, V. Subhose and O. Prakash (2018). "Phytochemical, Antioxidant,
Antimicrobial, and Protein Binding Qualities of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Tinospora
cordifolia." Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 8(3): 192-200.

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The study was performed to check the chemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial and
protein binding qualities of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia
(TC). In qualitative and quantitative analysis of extract, the major compounds
were tinocordioside, cordifolide A, palmatine, quercetin, β-sitosterol,
heptacosanol, and syringin. Hydro-ethanolic extract of TC exhibited low
Page | 213 
antibacterial and antifungal activities. Excellent antioxidant activities (60–80 %)
were noticed for various antioxidant assays viz DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl), MC (Metal chelating), FRAP (Ferric reducing), SA (Superoxide
radical), and NO (Nitric oxide). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total
flavanoids content (TFC) of the extract was 2.38±0.15 mg/g (expressed in
equivalents to gallic acid) and 18.91±0.21 mg (expressed in equivalents
quercetin) respectively. Moreover, at p &lt; 0.05, significant linear correlation
was noticed between the TFC/TPC and antioxidant activities favoured which
highlights the medicinal property of TC. Protein binding assay was performed
and an observed binding constant (1.03±0.92×10 -5 μM -1 ) was almost close
to control (aspirin). Anti-inflammatory assay revealed potent anti-
inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of TC. These significant
findings of TC may provide compelling scientific evidence of its therapeutic
potential. © 2018, © 2018 Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons.

Kumari, M. (2012). "Evaluation of methanolic extracts of in vitro grown Tinospora

cordifolia (Willd) for antibacterial activities." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research 5(SUPPL. 3): 172-175.
Tinospora cordifolia commonly known as Guduchi, is an endangered,
medicinal plants found throughout India, used in Ayurvedic rasayans to
improve the immune system, memory and mental intelligence. It is also
regarded as a liver projector. Due to ever growing demand, the tissue culture
techniques have been employed for multiplication and conservation of the
important medicinal plant like Tinospora cordifolia. Thus in order to obtain in
vitro plants, a protocol was developed for rapid clonal propagation of
Tinorpora Cordifolia through nodal explants on Murashige and Skoog
medium containing different concentration of growth regulators BAP (1- 2
mg/l) and Kinetin (1- 2 mg/l). The elongated shoots transferred on MS
medium supplemented with NAA (0.5- 1.0 mg/l) in order to develop roots
thus in vitro grown rooted plants were transferred to sandy soil. The
methanolic extract of this plant was found to have antimicrobial activity
against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC8), E coli (MTCC1), Staphylococcus aureus
(MTCC98), Salmonella typhi (MTCC737). The largest zone of inhibition (18
mm) was found against Staphylococcus aureus. The preliminary
phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
saponins, carbohydrates, and steroids in in vitro grown products like callus,
leafyshoots and roots of Tinospora cordifolia.

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Kumari, S., A. Mittal and R. Dabur (2016). "Moderate alcohol consumption in chronic
form enhances the synthesis of cholesterol and C-21 steroid hormones, while
treatment with Tinospora cordifolia modulate these events in men." Steroids 114: 68-
77.
Chronic and heavy alcohol consumption disrupts lipid metabolism and
Page | 214 
hormonal balance including testosterone levels. However, studies doubt the
relationship between moderate alcohol intake and sex hormone levels.
Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to establish the direct
impact of chronic and moderate alcohol intake on cholesterol homeostasis
and steroid hormone synthesis. Asymptomatic chronic and moderate
alcoholics (n = 12) without chronic liver disease and healthy volunteers
(n = 14) were selected for the study. Furthermore, effects of standardized
water extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Mier. (Menispermaceae) (TCJ), a
well reported anti-alcoholic herbal drug, on urinary steroids was studied. This
study included four groups, i.e. a) healthy; b) healthy + TCJ; c) alcoholic; d)
alcoholic + TCJ. The blood and urine samples from each group were collected
on day 0 and 14 of the post-treatment with TCJ and analyzed. Alcoholic blood
samples showed the significantly higher values of traditional biomarkers γ-GT
and MCV along with cholesterol, LDL, TGL and urinary methylglucuronide
compared to healthy. Qualitative analysis of steroids showed that moderate
alcohol intake in a chronic manner increased the cholesterol synthesis and
directed its flow toward C-21 steroids; shown by increased levels of
corticosterone (2.456 fold) and cortisol (3.7 fold). Moreover, alcohol intake
also increased the synthesis of estradiol and clearance rate of other steroids
through the formation of glucuronides. Therefore, it decreased the synthesis
and increased the clearance rate of testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A).
Quantitative analysis confirmed decreased T/A ratio from 2.31 to 1.59 in
plasma and 2.47 to 1.51 in urine samples of alcoholics. TCJ intervention
normalized the levels of steroids and significantly improved the T:A ratio to 2.0
and 2.12 in plasma and urine. The study revealed that TCJ modulated lipid
metabolism by inhibiting cholesterol and glucuronides synthesis. © 2016
Elsevier Inc.

Kurian, G. A. (2016). "Hypoglycemic effect of poly-herbal combination in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 11(2):
364-371.
The present study evaluates the combinatorial effect of a poly-herbal
combination with multiple therapeutic effects as a hypoglycemic and
hypolipidemic agent. Herbal combination of Salacia oblonga, Tinospora
cordifolia, Emblica officinalis, Curcuma longa and Gymnema sylvestre was
prepared and administered to streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced diabetic
rats, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, for four weeks. The poly-herbal combination
significantly elevated the plasma insulin (90%) and reduced serum glucose

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(42%), cholesterol (49%), triglycerides (43%), LDL cholesterol (62.5%) and

plasma apo B/apo A in the diabetic rats. The liver lipogenic enzymes like HMG
CoA reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase significantly declined (p<0.05) in
their activity while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzymes
showed higher activity compared to the diabetic control. The results suggest a
Page | 215 
significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic property for the poly-herbal
combination. © 2016, Bangladesh Pharmacological Society. All rights reserved.

Kurian, G. A., V. Manjusha, S. S. Nair, T. Varghese and J. Padikkala (2014). "Short-term

effect of G-400, polyherbal formulation in the management of hyperglycemia and
hyperlipidemia conditions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Nutrition 30(10):
1158-1164.
Objective: Salacia oblonga, Tinospora cordifolia, Emblica offinalis Gaertn,
Curcuma longa and Gymnema sylvestre are Ayurvedic medicinal plants
reported to lower plasma glucose levels in animal models. To our knowledge,
however, no clinical validations of those extracts for efficacy have been. The
aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyherbal combination in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We screened 250 patients
enrolled in a diabetes mellitus screening camp held at District Ayurvedic
Hospital, Kottayam, Kerala, India. Of these, 89 patients diagnosed with type 2
diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy volunteers of similar age group were
included in the study. Patients were treated with a polyherbal combination
drug namely G-400 (1000mg/d) for 8wk with a follow-up of 2wk interval.
Results: Fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels measured after 8 wk of
G-400 treatment in patients were significantly lower. Indeed diabetic rats
showed similar protection with G-400 administration. Furthermore,
glycosylated hemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, both high- and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides showed a significant improvement in
G-400-administered patients. Toxicologic profile of the drug was assessed by
analyzing the enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine
aminotransferase along with the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and
creatinine in blood and found insignificant change compared with control.
Conclusion: Short-term supplementation of G-400 not only attenuates the
hyperglycemia, but also acts as hypolipidemic agent in patients with diabetes.
Further study should be done for the long-term effect of the drug in larger
populations. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.

Laboni, F. R., M. Akhter and U. K. Batul (2013). "Evaluation of antinociceptive and

antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract of tinospora cordifolia stem from
Bangladesh." Pharmacologyonline 3: 88-94.
The crude ethanolic extract of the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia)
(Family: Menispermaceae) was evaluated for its possible antinociceptive and
antioxidant properties growing in the most of the part of Bangladesh. The

215 
 
 

ethanolic extract of stems of T. cordifolia exhibited statistically significant

(p&gt;0.001) writhing inhibition in acetic acid induced writhing model in white
albino mice (Swiss-webstar strain). The crude extract produced 40 % inhibition
of writhing at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight while the standard drug
diclofenac inhibition was found to 45.22% at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight.
Page | 216 
The antioxidant property of ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia was assessed by
DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity. In
DPPH scavenging assay the IC50 value was found to be (83.52 μg/ml) which
was comparable to the standard ascorbic acid (98.16 μg/ml). Phytochemical
nature (group determination of plant constituent) and selected phytochemical
analysis of the ethanolic extract of the stems of T. cordifolia indicated the
presence of steroid, reducing sugars, tannin &amp; saponin types of
compounds. The obtained results provide a support for the use of this plant in
traditional medicine and its further investigation.

Lade, S., P. S. Sikarwar, M. A. Ansari, S. Khatoon, N. Kumar, H. K. Yadav and S. A.

Ranade (2018). "Diversity in a widely distributed dioecious medicinal plant, Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex. Hook F. and Thomas." Current Science 114(7): 1520-1526.
The nature and extent of diversity in Tinospora cordifolia, a dioecious climber,
widely distributed in India, and one of the most important medicinal plants
has remained underexplored. The present study reveals wide range of
tinosporaside content (0.016-4.523 mg/g), berberine content (0.27-76.9 mg/g)
and jaccard distances (0.0341-0.559). The neighbour joining tree, structure
simulation and principal coordinate analysis resolved all the accessions into six
sub-clusters, four of which were congruent in the analyses. Sub-cluster I
uniquely included all male accessions, with above average leaf areas and
below average tinosporaside contents with hairy and fibrous leaves. Further,
analysis of molecular variance considering three populations showed that
maximum variance (87%) was within the population. The result of this
preliminary study revealed genetic diversity, population structure in T.
cordifolia. © 2018, Indian Academy of Sciences.

Lakshminarayana, V. and G. M. Narasimha Rao (2013). "Ethnoveterinary practices in

northcoastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Natural Remedies 13(2):
109-117.
The present communication paper deals with some important medicinal
plants used by tribal communities (Savara, Jatapu, Bagatas, Kondakapu,
Kondadora, Mannedora, Valmiki and Kammara, etc.) to treat common
veterinary diseases in northcoastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. For
ethnoveterinary practices, 78 species representing 68 genera and belonging to
42 families were identified. The common veterinary diseases in this region are
abortion, anthrax, anorexia, bloat, cold and cough, constipation, diarrhoea,
dog bite, dysentery, ephemeral fever, eye problems, foot and mouth disease,

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fractures, horn cancer, mastitis, retained placenta, renderpest, skin diseases,

snake bite and wounds etc.

Latheef, S. K., K. Dhama, H. A. Samad, M. Y. Wani, M. A. Kumar, M. Palanivelu, Y. S.

Malik, S. D. Singh and R. Singh (2017). "Immunomodulatory and prophylactic efficacy
Page | 217 
of herbal extracts against experimentally induced chicken infectious anaemia in
chicks: assessing the viral load and cell mediated immunity." VirusDisease 28(1): 115-
120.
Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) is an economically important and a
highly immunosuppressive virus affecting poultry industry worldwide. In this
study we assessed the immunomodulatory effects of four herbal preparations
namely Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica and E
Care Se Herbal in resisting the viral multiplication and immunosuppression
inflicted by CIAV in chicks. Day-old chicks (n = 90) were randomly and equally
divided into six groups (Groups A–F). Groups A–D were administered with
purified extracts of W. somnifera, T. cordifolia, A. indica and E Care Se Herbal,
respectively followed by the evaluation of viral load in lymphoid organs by
quantitative real-time PCR and cell mediated immune response by flow
cytometric analysis of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Groups A–D were found to
resist CIAV multiplication and pathogenesis with significant reduction of viral
load compared with the infected control (P &lt; 0.05). Group A–C chicks
showed significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts
compared to control birds while of E Care Se Herb had minimal effect on T cell
count. The findings suggested that the herbal preparations used during the
study were effective as both prophylactic and immunomodulatory agents and
thus have potential of being used against CIAV induced immunosuppression
in poultry. © 2017, Indian Virological Society.

Leonti, M. and L. Casu (2014). "Soma, food of the immortals according to the Bower
Manuscript (Kashmir, 6th century A.D.)." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155(1): 373-
386.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Food is medicine and vice versa. In Hindu
and Ayurvedic medicine, and among human cultures of the Indian
subcontinent in general, the perception of the food-medicine continuum is
especially well established. The preparation of the exhilarating, gold-coloured
Soma, Amrita or Ambrosia, the elixir and food of the 'immortals'-the Hindu
pantheon-by the ancient Indo-Aryans, is described in the Rigveda in poetic
hymns. Different theories regarding the botanical identity of Soma circulate,
but no pharmacologically and historically convincing theory exists to date. We
intend to contribute to the botanical, chemical and pharmacological
characterisation of Soma through an analysis of two historical Amrita recipes
recorded in the Bower Manuscript. The recipes are referred therein as
panaceas (clarified butter) and also as a medicine to treat nervous diseases

217 
 
 

(oil), while no exhilarating properties are mentioned. Notwithstanding this, we

hypothesise, that these recipes are related to the ca. 1800 years older Rigvedic
Soma. We suppose that the psychoactive Soma ingredient(s) are among the
components, possibly in smaller proportions, of the Amrita recipes preserved
in the Bower Manuscript. Materials and methods The Bower Manuscript is a
Page | 218 
medical treatise recorded in the 6th century A.D. in Sanskrit on birch bark
leaves, probably by Buddhist monks, and unearthed towards the end of the
19th century in Chinese Turkestan. We analysed two Amrita recipes from the
Bower Manuscript, which was translated by Rudolf Hoernle into English during
the early 20th century. A database search with the updated Latin binomials of
the herbal ingredients was used to gather quantitative phytochemical and
pharmacological information. Results Together, both Amrita recipes contain
around 100 herbal ingredients. Psychoactive alkaloid containing species still
important in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Thai medicine and mentioned in the
recipe for 'Amrita-Prâsa clarified butter' and 'Amrita Oil' are: Tinospora
cordifolia (Amrita, Guduchi), three Sida spp., Mucuna pruriens, Nelumbo
nucifera, Desmodium gangeticum, and Tabernaemontana divaricata. These
species contain several notorious and potential psychoactive and psychedelic
alkaloids, namely: tryptamines, 2-phenylethylamine, ephedrine, aporphines,
ibogaine, and L-DOPA. Furthermore, protoberberine alkaloids, tetrahydro-β-
carbolines, and tetrahydroisoquinolines with monoamine oxidase inhibitor
(MAO-I) activity but also neurotoxic properties are reported. Conclusions We
propose that Soma was a combination of a protoberberine alkaloids
containing Tinospora cordifolia juice with MAO-I properties mixed together
with a tryptamine rich Desmodium gangeticum extract or a blending of
Tinospora cordifolia with an ephedrine and phenylethylamine-rich Sida spp.
extract. Tinospora cordifolia combined with Desmodium gangeticum might
provide a psychedelic experience with visual effects, while a combination of
Tinospora cordifolia with Sida spp. might lead to more euphoric and
amphetamine-like experiences. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leyon, P. V. and G. Kuttan (2004). "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on the cytokine

profile of angiogenesis-induced animals." International Immunopharmacology 4(13):
1569-1575.
The antiangiogenic activity of Tinospora cordifolia was studied using in vivo as
well as in vitro models. In vivo antiangiogenic activity was studied using
B16F10 melanoma cell-induced capillary formation in animals. Intraperitoneal
administration of the extract at a concentration of 20 mg/kg significantly
inhibited the tumour directed capillary formation induced by melanoma cells.
Analysis of the serum cytokine profile showed a drastic increase of
proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, granulocyte monocyte-
colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the direct endothelial cell proliferating
agent vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in the angiogenesis-

218 
 
 

induced control animals. Administration of Tinospora extract could

differentially regulate these cytokine's elevation. The differential regulation is
further evidenced by the increased production of antiangiogenic agents IL-2
and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) in the B16F10-injected,
extract-treated animals. Moreover, using an in vitro rat aortic ring assay, it was
Page | 219 
observed that the extract at nontoxic concentrations inhibited the production
of proangiogenic factors from B16F10 melanoma cells. Direct treatment of the
extract also inhibits the microvessel outgrowth from the aortic ring. Hence, the
observed antiangiogenic activity of the plant T. cordifolia is related, at least in
part, to the regulation of the levels of these cytokines and growth factors in
the blood of the angiogenesis-induced animal. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.

Leyon, P. V. and G. Kuttan (2004). "Inhibitory effect of a polysaccharide from

Tinospora cordifolia on experimental metastasis." Journal of Ethnopharmacology
90(2-3): 233-237.
Administration of the polysaccharide fraction from Tinospora cordifolia was
found to be very effective in reducing the metastatic potential of B16F-10
melanoma cells. There was a 72% inhibition in the metastases formation in the
lungs of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, when the drug was administered
simultaneously with tumour challenge. Biochemical parameters such as lung
collagen hydroxyproline, hexosamines and uronic acids that are markers of
neoplastic development were reduced significantly (P<0.001) in the treated
animals compared with the untreated control animals. The treatment could
also reduce serum γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) and sialic acid levels as
compared to the control animals. © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights
reserved.

Loeffler, S., B. Deus-Neumann and M. H. Zenk (1995). "S-adenosyl-l-methionine:(S)-

coclaurine-N-methyltransferase from Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 38(6):
1387-1395.
A survey of eight plant cell cultures belonging to four isoquinoline alkaloid
producing plant families revealed that norcoclaurine is, in the presence of S-
adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), transformed into N-methylnorcoclaurine,
coclaurine and N-methylcoclaurine. In Tinospora cordifolia (S)-norcoclaurine
was exclusively O- and N-methylated and not its (R)-enantiomer. The N-
methylating enzyme activity was purified and shown to catalyse
stereoselectively only the methyl transfer from SAM to (S)-configured
norcoclaurine and coclaurine. Of a total of 15 benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
only (S)-coclaurine and (S)-norcoclaurine were accepted as substrates. The pH
optimum of this enzyme is 8.6 and (S)-coclaurine as substrate yields a Km of
36 μM, while the Km for SAM is 44 μM. The enzyme is a single polypeptide
with Mr 85 ± 2 × 103. This stereoselective enzyme is apparently only present

219 
 
 

in members of the Menispermaceae and in Dicentra spectabilis (Fumariaceae).

© 1995.

Lucia Jansi Rani, S. (2015). "Effect of “Ilogen Excel” on lipids in experimentally induced
diabetes mellitus." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(1): 342-
Page | 220 
344.
The present study was used to evaluate the anti-hyper lipidemic effect and
anti-oxidant effect of “Ilogen-Excel” and Ayurvedic herbal formulation in
experimentally induced diabetic rats. Increase in the level of blood glucose,
decrease in the level of plasma insulin, increase in the concentration of lipids
in the heart and brain were registered in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic
rats as compared with normal rats. Oral administration of Ilogen-Excel 100
mg/kg daily for a period of 2 months to diabetic rats decreased the levels of
cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids in heart and brain of
diabetic rats. Thus, our study shows anti-hyper lipedimic effect of Ilogen-Excel
in STZ-induced diabetic rats. © 2015, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research. All rights reserved.

Ludas, A., S. Indu, S. Hinduja, A. K. Nirmala and M. Rajalakshmi (2018). "Antioxidant

potential of polysaccharide isolated from methanolic extract of tinospora cordifolia
stem bark." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11(10): 447-451.
Objective: Investigation of the antioxidant efficacy of a novel polysaccharide
isolated from the methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem bark with
reference to its action as free radical scavengers using in vivo and in vitro
approaches was performed in the study. Methods: Lipid peroxidation (TBARS),
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
levels were determined with and without polysaccharide treatment in the cell
lines and breast and liver tissues. 7, 12-Dimethylbenz (α) anthracene-induced
albino Wistar rats were used as animal models. Results: The IC50
concentration of polysaccharide was 100 µM for both the cell lines. The lipid
peroxidation levels were decreased in both breast cancer cell lines and liver
and breast tissues. Polysaccharide treatment showed remarkably low levels of
TBARS in breast cancer cells, and a significant reduction in the activity of SOD,
GPx, and CAT levels in cancer groups was found to be increased with
polysaccharide treatment. The alteration was found to be induced in MCF-7
and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and in breast and liver tissues of in vivo models.
Conclusion: The results showed that the polysaccharide from T. cordifolia has
antioxidant potential on human breast cancer cell lines and tissues with
induction of apoptosis. © 2018, Innovare Academics Sciences Pvt. Ltd. All
rights reserved.

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Lugun, O., S. Bhoi, P. Kujur, D. Kumar and W. R. Surin (2018). "Evaluation of

Antithrombotic Activities of Solanum xanthocarpum and Tinospora cordifolia."
Pharmacognosy Research 10(1): 98-103.
Background: Solanum xanthocarpum and Tinospora cordifolia have been
reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antioxidant, antiallergic,
Page | 221 
and hepatoprotective activities. The origins of many of the currently available
antithrombotic treatments are from natural products and natural sources.
Objective: To investigate the antithrombotic activities of methanolic leaf
extracts of S. xanthocarpum(SXME) and T. cordifolia(TCME). Materials and
Methods: Antithrombotic activities were assessed by thrombin inhibition
assay, thrombin generation assay, platelet adhesion assay on collagen-coated
surface, and platelet PAC1-FITC binding by flow cytometry. Results: SXME
significantly inhibited thrombin activity at 5-20 mg/ml concentrations,
whereas TCME inhibited thrombin activity at 500 μg/ml-5 mg/ml
concentrations. Further, SXME inhibited thrombin generation at 2-20 mg/ml
concentrations, whereas TCME exhibited significant inhibition at 200 μg/ml,
suggesting that TCME has higher efficacy as compared to SXME. Moreover,
SXME did not inhibit platelet adhesion on collagen-coated surface, whereas
TCME inhibited platelet adhesion on collagen-coated surface at 5 mg/ml.
Indomethacin showed significant inhibition in platelet adhesion at 300 μM.
Further, SXME inhibited thrombin-induced platelet activation (PAC1-FITC
binding) significantly at 1 mg/ml by about 80%, whereas TCME inhibited
thrombin-induced platelet activation (PAC1-FITC binding) by about 40% at 1
mg/ml. Conclusion: These results strongly suggested that SXME and TCME
possess antithrombotic activities. However, further studies are essential to find
out the active constituent responsible for antithrombotic effect.

Mahajan, C. and B. S. Gehlaut (2014). "Lipoprotein composition of serum in various

genotypes of poultry fed with polyherbal preparation." Veterinary Practitioner 15(1):
120-122.
Hypocholestraemic effect of the polyherbal preparation containing Emblica
officinalis (Amla), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)
and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) was observed on a total of 72 healthy birds of
52 weeks including Kadaknath, W hite dwarf broiler and coloured dwarf
breed/lines in equal number. Blood samples were collected from all the birds
on day 0, 14, 28 and 42 of the experiment. Serum was separated and used for
the estimation of the serum lipoproteins. It was concluded from the present
study that polyherbal preparation showed a significant hypocholestraemic
effect (P<0.05) and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Being
easily available and cheaper it can also be effectively used in the backyard
poultry systems in rural areas. © 2014, Veterinary Practitioner. All rights
reserved.

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Mahajan, C., B. S. Gehlaut, M. A. Quadri, A. Gupta and R. Tiwari (2010). "Effect of

polyherbal preparation on the lipid profile of egg yolk in various genotypes of
poultry." Livestock Research for Rural Development 22(9).
Hypocholestremic effect of the polyherbal preparation containing Emblica
officinalis (Amla), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)
Page | 222 
and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) was observed on a total of 72 healthy birds of
52 weeks including Kadaknath, White dwarf broiler and Coloured dwarf
breed/lines in equal number. Yolk was collected from each egg for the
extraction of lipids and lipids were analysed for the estimation of total lipids,
cholesterol and triglycerides. It was concluded from the present study that
polyherbal preparation showed a significant hypocholestremic effect (P<0.05)
and can be used effectively for reducing lipid contents in egg yolk for better
human consumption and reducing the risk of Cardiovascular diseases.

Mahesh Kumar, M. V. S., V. S. S. L. Prasad Talluri and S. V. Rajagopal (2014). "Studies

on phytochemical constituents, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some
medicinal plants of north coastal andhra pradesh." International Journal of Pharma
and Bio Sciences 5(3): P26-P37.
The phytochemical, antimicrobial activity against gram negative and positive
bacteria and fungi, DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay antioxidant
activities of aqueous and organic crude extracts of Millingtonia hortensis,
Andrographis paniculata, Aegle marmelos, Coccinia grandis, Tinospora
cordifolia, Achyranthus aspera was studied invitro. The phytochemical
screening of crude plant extracts revealed the presence of bioactive
compounds such as phenols, flavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides,
phytosterols and proteins. All the extracts exhibited antibacterial and
antioxidant activities and the activities varied from solvent to solvent. The
results showed that methanlolic extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial
and antioxidant activities when compared to other organic solvent and
aqueous extracts. Further, the crude methanolic extract of Millingtonia
hortensis exhibited significant activities when compared to the crude
methanolic extracts of other plants.

Maheshkumar, V., R. K. Seenivasan and K. Ananthakumar (2016). "Studies on ion

exchange capacity of phenol-formaldehyde resin blended with sulphonated
tinospora cordifolia carbon." Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 36(5): 412-
422.
The simple method of preparing cationic resins (CRs) from polycondensation
of sulphonated Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers. carbon (STCC) with
phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) as a cross linking agent has been reported. A
few composite ion exchangers were prepared by varying the amount of
sulphonate Tinospora cardifolia carbon in the blends from 0 to 100% (w/w).
The properties of the blends were determined and compared with the parent

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resin without sulphonate Tinospora cardifolia carbon content. It was found

that the ion-exchange capacity or cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the
composite resins decreased with increasing the percentage of blending
phenol-formaldehyde resin matrix with sulphonate Tinospora cardifolia
carbon. SEM images have well defined in micrometrie structures of the 2
Page | 223 
different magnifications. The composites upto 20% (w/w) blending of phenol-
formaldehyde resin with sulphonate Tinospora cardifolia carbon 2 retain
almost all the essential properties of the original phenol-formaldehyde resin
(parent resin). Since Tinospora cordifolia is a freely available plant material, the
blended composites of phenol-formaldehyde resin with sulphonate Tinospora
cardifolia carbon could be used as low cost ion exchangers without affecting
the physico-chemical, cation exchange capacity, thermal and spectral
properties of the original parent cationic resings, namely phenol-
formaldehyde resin. © 2016 - Kalpana Corporation.

Maheshwari, R., R. Balaraman, G. Sailor, G. Parmar, A. Patel and A. K. Seth (2014).

"Antiulcer and antioxidant effects of Normacid syrup (a polyherbal formulation) on
experimentally-induced gastric ulcers." Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental
Medicine 14(2): 145-155.
The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant and antiulcer activities of
Normacid syrup® (NS) in mice. Effects of NS (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o., for 14
days) were studied on pylorus ligation and diclofenac-induced ulcers.
Antiulcer activity of NS was assessed from gastric secretion parameters,
mucosal nitrite level and mucin content in gastric mucosa. The activity of
antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced
glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the stomach tissue were
quantified. Histopathological studies were done on stomach tissues. Pre-
treatment with NS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced ulcer score and ulcer index
in pylorus ligated (62.20-67.50 % protection) and diclofenac (64.19-70.85 %
protection)-induced gastric ulcers. NS decreased the gastric volume, free
acidity and total acidity and increased the pH of gastric fluid. Simultaneously,
the level mucosal nitrite and mucin content were increased significantly (p <
0.001). In addition, pre-treatment with NS significantly increased activities of
SOD (p < 0.001), CAT (p < 0.001), GSH (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), and reduced
the MDA level (p < 0.001), in both models. The antiulcer activity of NS is
further supported by attenuation of histopathological changes caused by
pylorus ligation and diclofenac. The results suggested that NS has potential
antiulcer activity against pylorus ligation and diclofenac-induced ulcer model.
The antiulcer activity might be due to its antisecretory, cytoprotective and
antioxidant mechanism. © 2013 Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee
University.

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Mahima, A. Rahal, R. Deb, S. K. Latheef, H. A. Samad, R. Tiwari, A. K. Verma, A. Kumar

and K. Dhama (2012). "Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal,
traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines." Pakistan Journal of Biological
Sciences 15(16): 754-774.
Herbs/Botanical plants are considered as God's gift to human beings in the
Page | 224 
form of natural medicines, like the one well known "Sanjeevani booti"
described in Hindu Mythology. The traditional and ethno-veterinary practices
have been in use for centuries, transferring the knowledge from generation to
generation and they are accessible, easy to prepare and administer, with little
or no cost at all. Even though the modem developments in therapeutic field
brought about a rapid decline in traditional medicine, the plant-based
remedies are still having a crucial role as potential source of therapeutic aids
in health systems all over the world for both humans and animals. Among the
21,000 medicinal plants listed by the World Health Organization (WHO), 2500
species are native to India, which stands first in the production of medicinal
herbs. This innumerable treasure of medicinal herbs brings India the
distinction of 'the botanical garden of the world'. Nowadays immune-based
therapies are gaining more importance than monovalent approaches which
are having limited benefits. Apart from the actions like treating diseases,
control of ecto- and endo-parasites, fertility enhancement, bone setting and
poor mothering management, an array of herbal medicines have been
reported which are having immunomodulatory effects like modulation of
cytokine secretion, histamine release, immunoglobulin secretion, class
switching, cellular co-receptor expression, lymphocyte expression,
phagocytosis and so on. The present article describes in brief few of these
important ones viz., ashwagandha, amla, tulsi, arjuna, aloe vera, garlic,
turmeric, ginger, shatavari, neem, guduchi, kiwifruit, tut, kamala, palashlata,
kokilaksha etc. being used for human and animal health benefits. © 2012
Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Mahima, A. Rahal, A. Prakash, A. K. Verma, I. Kumar and D. Roy (2014). "Proximate

and elemental analyses of Tinospora cordifolia stem." Pakistan Journal of Biological
Sciences 17(5): 744-747.
Tinospora cordifolia also known as Giloy or Guduchi, is an indigenous climber
plant indigenous to tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Its stem is
used for treatment of fever, jaundice, emaciation, skin ailments, diabetes,
anaemia and various infectious diseases. The study was undertaken to
evaluate the proximate and elemental analysis of the stems of Tinospora
cordifolia. The proximate analyses were carried out using standard methods,
while mineral elements were analyzed using Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer, equipped with air acetylene flame. The proximate analysis
of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia showed that it contained moisture
34.39%, ether extract 0.912%, crude protein 7.74%, crude fibre 56.42%, total

224 
 
 

ash 7.96%, nitrogen free extract 26.97%, cellulose 23.02% and hemicellulose
3.70%. The mineral analysis of the stems showed that they contain the
following essential minerals: Calcium (102.23 ppm), phosphorous (24.81 ppm),
iron (26.058 ppm), copper (3.733 ppm), zinc (7.342 ppm) and manganese
(12.242 ppm). The study revealed that Tinospora cordifolia stems to be a
Page | 225 
potential source of nutrition and minerals for man as well as animals. © 2014
Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Majhi, S., A. K. Najmi and U. V. Singh Sara (2018). "Hypoglycemic and

antihyperglycemic activity of polyherbal formulation in normoglycemic and
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 12(2):
98-106.
Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and
antihyperglycemic activity of polyherbal (PH) formulation in normal and
glucose-loaded and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and
Methods: PH formulation was tested for hypoglycemic activity for 4 h in
normoglycemic rats, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (2 h), and
antihyperglycemic activity (28 days) in non-diabetic and STZ-induced diabetic
rats.Results and Discussion: PH formulation at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses
significantly (P < 0.01) reduced fasting glucose level in normal rats and similar
to standard drug glibenclamide. The blood glucose reduction was greatest
32.56% for glibenclamide followed by 32.37% for PH (400 mg/kg) and 26.61%
for PH (200 mg/kg), respectively. For OGTT, a significant (P < 0.001) plasma
glucose lowering effects of PH (400 mg/kg) followed by PH (200 mg/kg)
treated group was observed at all time intervals. Blood glucose lowering was
more pronounced for diabetic rat given PH (400 mg/kg) followed by PH (200
mg/kg). Blood glucose levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in diabetic rat
(STZ), treated with glibenclamide, and the two dose levels of PH up to 4
weeks. At 28 days, blood glucose reduction was greatest 67.48% for PH (400
mg/kg) followed by 62.27% for glibenclamide and 59.26% for PH (200 mg/kg).
When compared to non-diabetics, liver glycogen levels in the untreated
diabetic group were significantly lower (P < 0.01). Liver glycogen levels
increased 2.3-fold in the glibenclamide-treated rats. Similarly, glycogen levels
were increased significantly (P < 0.01) by 1.9-and 2.3-fold in PH (200 and 400
mg/kg)-treated groups, respectively. Conclusion: The treatment with PH (400
mg/kg) dose has shown a marked improvement in histological condition, as
compared to diabetic control. These findings suggest that this PH formulation
may be a potential source for the development of new antidiabetic drug. ©
2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights reserved.

Malek, I., T. Islam, E. Hasan, S. Akter, M. Rana, P. R. Das, W. Samarrai and M.

Rahmatullah (2012). "Medicinal plants used by the Mandais - A little known tribe of

225 
 
 

Bangladesh." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative

Medicines 9(4): 536-541.
The Mandais are a little known tribe of Bangladesh inhabiting the north
central regions, particularly Tangail district of Bangladesh. Their population
has been estimated to be less than 10,000 people. Although the tribe has for
Page | 226 
the most part assimilated with the mainstream Bengali-speaking population,
they to some extent still retain their original tribal customs, including their
traditional medicinal practices. Since this practice is also on the verge of
disappearance, the objective of the present study was to conduct an
ethnomedicinal survey among Mandai tribal practitioners to document their
use of medicinal plants for treatment of various ailments. Four traditional
practitioners were found in the exclusive Mandai-inhabited village of
Chokchokia in Tangail district. Information was collected from the
practitioners with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and guided
field-walk method. It was observed that the four traditional practitioners used
a total of 31 plants distributed into 23 families for treatment. The various
ailments treated included diabetes, low semen density, jaundice,
gastrointestinal tract disorders (stomach ache, indigestion, dysentery, and
diarrhea), leucorrhea, pain (rheumatic pain, joint pain), skin disorders,
respiratory tract disorders (coughs, mucus, and allergy), debility, fever, and
helminthiasis. From the number of plants used (seven), it appeared that
gastrointestinal tract disorders formed the most common ailment among the
Mandai community, possibly brought about by the low income status of the
people coupled with unhygienic conditions of living.

Maliyakkal, N., A. Appadath Beeran, S. A. Balaji, N. Udupa, S. Ranganath Pai and A.

Rangarajan (2015). "Effects of withania somnifera and tinospora cordifolia extracts on
the side population phenotype of human epithelial cancer cells: Toward targeting
multidrug resistance in cancer." Integrative Cancer Therapies 14(2): 156-171.
Recent reports suggest the existence of a subpopulation of stem-like cancer
cells, termed as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which bear functional and
phenotypic resemblance with the adult, tissue-resident stem cells. Side
population (SP) assay based on differential efflux of Hoechst 33342 has been
effectively used for the isolation of CSCs. The drug resistance properties of SP
cells are typically due to the increased expression of ABC transporters leading
to drug efflux. Conventionally used chemotherapeutic drugs may often leads
to an enrichment of SP, revealing their inability to target the drug-resistant SP
and CSCs. Thus, identification of agents that can reduce the SP phenotype is
currently in vogue in cancer therapeutics. Withania somnifera (WS) and
Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been used in Ayurveda for treating various
diseases, including cancer. In the current study, we have investigated the
effects of ethanolic (ET) extracts of WS and TC on the cancer SP phenotype.
Interestingly, we found significant decrease in SP on treatment with TC-ET, but

226 
 
 

not with WS-ET. The SP-inhibitory TC-ET was further fractionated into
petroleum ether (TC-PET), dichloromethane (TC-DCM), and n-butyl alcohol
(TC-nBT) fractions using bioactivity-guided fractionation. Our data revealed
that TC-PET and TC-DCM, but not TC-nBT, significantly inhibited SP in a dose-
dependent manner. Furthermore, flow cytometry-based functional assays
Page | 227 
revealed that TC-PET and TC-DCM significantly inhibited ABC-B1 and ABC-G2
transporters and sensitized cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic drug-
mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, the TC-PET and TC-DCM may harbor
phytochemicals with the potential to reverse the drug-resistant phenotype,
thus improving the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. © The Author(s) 2014.

Maliyakkal, N., N. Udupa, K. S. R. Pai and A. Rangarajan (2013). "Cytotoxic and

apoptotic activities of extracts of withania somnifera and tinospora cordifolia in
human breast cancer cells." International Journal of Applied Research in Natural
Products 6(4): 1-10.
Withania somnifera (WS) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been used in the
traditional system of medicine in India (Ayurveda) for the treatment of cancer.
The current study investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of extracts
of WS and TC on human breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA MB 231). MTT-
based assays revealed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic
extracts of WS and TC in human breast cancer cells, while the aqueous extracts
failed to induce significant cytotoxicity. Hoechst 33342 staining and DNA
fragmentation assays revealed hallmark properties of apoptosis such as
membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation. The
ethanolic extracts of both WS and TC also increased the sub-G0content,
further confirming induction of apoptosis, while WS extracts additionally
caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Further, the current study also
evaluated the cytotoxic effects of WS and TC extracts on human immortalized
but, 'non-cancerous' cell line (HaCaT). Significantly, the extracts failed to show
cytotoxicity or apoptosis in HaCaT cells at the concentration that was cytotoxic
to breast cancer cells, indicating less cytotoxic effects of WS and TC against
human 'non-cancerous' cells. Thus, our study reveals potential anti-cancer
activities of the ethanolic extracts of TC and WS against human breast cancer
cells. Industrial relevance: The uses of WS and TC in traditional system of
medicine for the management and treatment of cancer have drawn
considerable attention. Varieties of pytochemicals and herbal formulations
have been developed from plant sources, leading to the scientific interest in
the discovery of anticancer agents from crude plant extracts. Medicinal plant
extracts have played a significant role in the development of several clinically
useful anti-cancer agents. Herbal formulations of the crude extracts could be
useful for the treatment of breast cancer with less toxic effects against 'non-
cancerous' cells. The identification of biologically active crude extracts

227 
 
 

possessing antiapoptotic activities against breast cancer cells shows their

potential for drug discovery. © 2008-2013. IJARNP-HS Publication.

Mallavadhani, U. and G. Sahu (2009). "HPTLC method for quantitative evaluation of

preparations containing Indian 'Elixir' plant, Tinospora cordifolia , using jatrorrhizine
Page | 228 
as marker." Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC 22(6): 439-443.
Because of its extensive use in traditional medicine, the Indian plant T.
cordifolia , known as 'Heavenly Elixir', has been chemically and analytically
screened. Because the stem is therapeutically highly valued, its methanol
extract was subjected to detailed chromatographic separation to isolate the
marker compound jatrorrhizine, a protoberberine alkaloid, which was
identified by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopic analysis. A simple
and rapid HPTLC method has been established for quantification of
jatrorrhizine. The method was linear in the range 40-140 ng. Statistical data
and recovery &gt;96% reveals the accuracy of the method. The method was
found to give consistent results and was suitable for evaluation of commercial
preparations of T. cordifolia. © Akadémiai Kiadó.

Mallick, S. and B. S. Prakash (2011). "Effects of supplementation of Tinospora

cordifolia to crossbred cows peripartum." Animal Reproduction Science 123(1-2): 5-
13.
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), a medicinal plant used in ayurveda is well
documented for its immunomodulatory properties. Since the crossbred
periparturient cow is highly susceptible to various diseases that effectively
reduces its reproductive performance postpartum we explored the possibility
of enhancing the reproductive performance of crossbred cows by guduchi
supplementation peripartum. A total of 15 pregnant Karan Fries cows were
selected and divided into two groups: treatment group of 8 cows which were
supplemented with guduchi at 60 g/day for 45 days prepartum and 120 g/day
for 45 days postpartum and unsupplemented control group of 7 cows. Jugular
blood samples were collected from all cows during the periparturient period
for analysis of endocrine (progesterone, total estrogens and PGFM),
immunological and hematological parameters.Incidence of retention of fetal
membranes, endometritis, pyometra ands calf mortality were higher in control
group of cows in comparison to those recorded in treated group. The guduchi
supplemented cows exhibited faster uterine involution (28 days vs. 42 days)
and early commencement of cyclicity (37 days vs. 58 days; based on plasma
progesterone profiles) in comparison to untreated control group of cows.
Mean birth weight of calves from treatment group of cows was significantly
higher than those from control group however no significant difference was
observed in average daily body weight gain of calves in both the groups. A
higher total leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil count along with increased
neutrophil lymphocyte ratio was recorded in guduchi supplemented cows in

228 
 
 

comparison to untreated cows although plasma total antioxidant activity was

similar between the two groups. Prepartum plasma progesterone
concentration was significantly lowered in the treated group however there
was no significant change in peripartum plasma total estrogens and PGFM
levels due to guduchi supplementation. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Page | 229 

Mallick, S. and B. S. Prakash (2012). "Influence of feeding Tinospora cordifolia

peripartum on lactation parameters in crossbred cows." Journal of Animal Physiology
and Animal Nutrition 96(6): 1112-1120.
For studying the effect of dietary supplementation of guduchi (Tinospora
cordifolia) peripartum on lactation an investigation was conducted on 15
pregnant Karan Fries crossbred cows which were divided into two groups:
treatment group of eight cows which were supplemented with guduchi at
60g/day for 45days prepartum and 120g/day for 45days postpartum; control
group of seven pregnant cows which were not supplemented with guduchi.
Jugular blood samples were collected from all cows during the periparturient
period for analysis of various blood cell and plasma parameters. A significantly
higher total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count and
neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was recorded in the guduchi supplemented
treatment group in comparison to untreated control cows throughout the
experimental period. The increase of milk production over 305days of
lactation due to guduchi supplementation was significant (p<0.05). A
significant (p<0.05) reduction in somatic cell count was also observed during
the experimental period. Milk composition (fat, protein, lactose and SNF) was
similar (p>0.05) for both the groups. Plasma non esterified fatty acid (NEFA)
concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.01) in cows supplemented with
guduchi throughout the course of study. Plasma concentration of growth
hormone in the treated cows was also significantly higher beginning on the
day of parturition up to 3weeks postpartum (p<0.05) in comparison to
unsupplemented group. © 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Mallik, B. K., T. Panda and R. N. Padhy (2012). "Traditional Herbal Practices by the
Ethnic People of Kalahandi District of Odisha, India." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine 2(2 SUPPL.): S988-S994.
Objective: To record ethnobotanical information from a hill-dwelling
aboriginal tribe of Odisha. Methods: Gathering information on medicinal uses
of plants by moving door to door for conducting personal interviews with
socio-economically backward tribals (aborigine people) of Niyamagiri hill area
of Kalahandi district, Odisha state, India and recording the accumulated
knowledge with the snowball technique. Plants were identified by the users on
forest floor and were botanically classified. Results: This communication
consists of uses of parts of 111 plant species belonging to 105 genera of 59
plant families, against 68 human ailments, diarrhoea, dysentery, scabies,

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intestinal worms, gastrointestinal disorders, venereal disease, gynecological

disorders, gingivitis, rheumatism, joint pains, wounds, cut injuries, mouth
troubles, ear diseases, acute eye infections, foot inflammation, foot crack and
eczema, particularly. These plants are used as herbal healing sources, as a part
of cultural practice of aborigines down the ages. Among these plants, many
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are specific to the climate identified zone of the hilly forest patches of the
district. Conclusions: The present record of ethnomedicinal data indicated that
the backward local ethnic people use plants from their surroundings, as
healing sources for all possible ailments. © 2012 Asian Pacific Tropical
Biomedical Magazine.

Malone, M. A. and K. Gloyer (2013). "Complementary and Alternative Treatments in

Sports Medicine." Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice 40(4): 945-968.
Many patients suffering from pain and dysfunction attributable to
musculoskeletal conditions will use some form of complementary and
alternative medicine (CAM). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of both the
quantity and quality of CAM treatments for specific musculoskeletal
conditions. Many CAM treatments are used for a variety of musculoskeletal
conditions, but may be more commonly used for specific conditions. This
article addresses the use of CAM for specific musculoskeletal conditions,
followed by a review of other CAM treatments and their potential indications
for a multitude of conditions, based on the current medical literature and
traditional use. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Malve, H., S. Raut, P. Marathe and N. Rege (2014). "Effect of combination of

Phyllanthus emblica, Tinospora cordifolia, and Ocimum sanctum on spatial learning
and memory in rats." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 5(4): 209-215.
Background: There has been a steady rise in number of patients suffering from
dementia including dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease. Effective
treatment of Alzheimer's disease dementia is an unmet medical need.
Objective: To evaluate effects of formulation containing combination of
Phyllanthus emblica (Pe) and Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) with and without
Ocimum sanctum (Os) on learning and memory performance of normal and
memory impaired rats in complex maze and compare with effects of
Tinospora cordifolia and Phyllanthus emblica alone. Materials and Methods:
Wistar rats; either sex (100-150 g) were divided in seven groups Control,
Piracetam, Rivastigmine, Tc, Pe, Formulation 1 (Tc + Pe), and Formulation 2 (Tc
+ Pe + Os).The study was divided in four parts: In part 1 memory
enhancement was tested in normal rats. In part 2, 3, and 4 the effects of drugs
were tested in Scopolamine-, Diazepam-, and Cyclosporine-induced amnesia.
Hebb-Williams maze was used to test for learning and memory. Time required
to trace food and number of errors in maze were noted. Results: In normal
rats, all test drugs showed significant reduction in time required to trace the

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food and number of errors after 24 h compared with vehicle control.

Formulations 1 and 2 reduced the time required to trace food and number of
errors and the results were comparable with positive control groups and
comparators Tc and Pe. Formulations 1 and 2 reversed amnesia produced by
Scopolamine, Diazepam, and Cyclosporine when compared with vehicle
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control and showed comparable results with those of positive control groups
and comparators Tc and Pe. Conclusion: Formulations 1 and 2 demonstrated
nootropic activity and both the formulations showed comparable nootropic
activity with that of Tc and Pe alone.

Malve, H. O. (2015). "Exploring Bhavana samskara using Tinospora cordifolia and

Phyllanthus emblica combination for learning and memory in mice." Journal of
Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 6(4): 233-240.
Background: Current medications for dementia and enhancement of learning
and memory are limited hence we need to explore traditional medicinal
systems like Ayurveda to investigate agents that can improve learning and
enhance memory. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate
effects and mechanisms of Ayurveda drug formulations, Tinospora cordifolia
(Tc) and Phyllanthus emblica (Pe) with and without Bhavana samskara on
learning and memory of mice. Materials and Methods: After approval of
Animal Ethics Committee, Swiss albino mice were divided into seven groups,
administered orally: Distilled water, Rivastigmine (2.4 mg/kg), Tc (100 mg/kg),
Pe (300 mg/kg), formulation 1 (Tc + Pe: 400 mg/kg) and formulation 2 (Tc +
Pe + Ocimum sanctum: 400 mg/kg) daily for 15 days. Piracetam (200 mg/kg)
was injected daily intraperitoneally for 8 days. The mice underwent a learning
session using elevated plus maze. Memory was tested 24 hours later. Results:
Mice pretreated with all the drugs showed a trend toward reducing transfer
latencies but values were comparable to vehicle control. In all drug-treated
groups, a significant reduction in transfer latency was observed after 24 h.
Improvement in learning and memory by both formulations were comparable
to individual plant drugs, Tc and Pe. Conclusion: The plant drugs showed
improvements in learning and memory. The fixed-dose formulations with
Bhavana samskara, showed encouraging results as compared to individual
agents but the difference was not statistically significant. Hence, the concept
of Bhavana samskara could not be explored in the present study. However,
these drugs showed comparable or better effects than the modern medicinal
agents thus, their therapeutic potential as nootropics needs to be explored
further. © 2015 Journal of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine.

Malvika, S., S. Satyapal, J. M. Lal and K. Mita (2016). "An Ayurveda approach to
combat toxicity of chemo-radiotherapy in cancer patients." International Journal of
Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 7: 124-129.

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Cancer is a dreadful disease of global concern, affecting a large population

both in developed & in developing countries. According to the American
Cancer Society, cancer incidence rates have risen by 23% in males & by 43 %
in females since mid-1970s. Deaths arising from cancer constitute 2- 3% of the
annual deaths worldwide. In cancer, there is no perfect treatment available to
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kill the abnormal growth of cells. Chemo - radiotherapy is usually done to kill
these cells but these therapies in return, produces severe toxicity or side
effects like nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, sleep disturbance, anaemia, alopecia,
hepatotoxicity etc. which have a devastating effect on quality of life of
patients. Through an Ayurveda prospective, these adverse effects can be taken
as manifestation of aggravated of pitta dosh especially under the group of
raktapitta or raktadushti (vascular inflammations). Our enriched Ayurveda is
full of medicinal herbs like ginger, garlic, turmeric etc. which can, not only,
reduce toxicity of these therapies but can also improve general wellbeing &
immunity of patients. This paper deals with these types of herbs which can
help in curbing this problem.

Malviya, D., P. N. Shrivastava and R. C. Saxena (2008). "Medicinal plants used in

traditional system of medicine in tribal areas of Udaipure tehsile of Raisen Dist. of
M.P. specially for wound healing and skin diseases." Biosciences Biotechnology
Research Asia 5(1): 417-420.

Man, L. X. (2009). "Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis."

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 17(3): 226-231.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Otolaryngologists and other physicians who diagnose
and treat allergic rhinitis encounter patients who use complementary medicine
and alternative remedies. This article reviews the recent literature regarding
complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
RECENT FINDINGS: There are a myriad of modalities for treating allergic
rhinitis. Few are studied with rigorous randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trials for clinical efficacy. Often, the biological mechanisms and
adverse effects are even less well understood. A few therapies, including
spirulina, butterbur, and phototherapy hold some promise. Thus far,
complementary and alternative therapies have not been integrated into the
general treatment armamentarium of allergic rhinitis. SUMMARY: Several
studies report beneficial effects of certain alternative treatments for allergic
rhinitis. Additional insight into the mechanisms of action, short-term and
long-term effects, and adverse events is needed. © 2009 Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins, Inc.

Mangal, M., A. Sheoryan, A. K. Mangal, S. Kajla, A. Choudhury and A. Dhawan (2012).

"Biotechnological advances in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. &
Thoms: Overview of present status and future prospects." Vegetos 25(2): 182-191.

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Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.F. & Thoms is an important

medicinal climber found in tropical Indian subcontinent including India, Sri
Lanka, and Bangladesh. It is considered as a rejuvenating drug capable of
imparting youthfulness, vitality, and longevity to the consumer. Conventional
propagation has a limited scope for improvement of Tinospora, owing to poor
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seed set and poor germination in natural conditions and overexploitation of
the species. Propagation can be done vegetatively by cuttings, but this is
season dependent. Biotechnological approaches such as cell and tissue culture
can be a practical solution to these problems. Further, cell culture is also a
prerequisite for several other biotechnological tools for improvement of a
species, such as genetic transformation and in vitro production of useful
metabolites. Knowledge of genetic relationships in indigenous germplasm
could improve the effectiveness of tree improvement programmes. During last
25 years, efforts have been made to utilize these molecular and cell culture
tools for the improvement of T.cordifolia. Present communication reviews the
present status of biotechnological advances made in this important medicinal
plant, as well as, the potential future prospects.

Manjrekar, P. N., C. I. Jolly and S. Narayanan (2000). "Comparative studies of the

immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis."
Fitoterapia 71(3): 254-257.
The water and ethanol extracts of stems of Tinospora cordifolia and T. sinensis
inhibit immunosuppression produced by cyclophosphamide. Ethanol extracts
of stems of both the plants inhibit cyclophosphamide-induced anemia. The
water extract of T. sinensis is found to be more potent than the other extracts.
Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

Manjuladevi, K., G. Pramod Reddy, A. R. Kothai, M. Thenmozhi, M. Dhanalakshmi and

S. Sarumathy (2013). "Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of
a polyherbal formulation by IN-VIVO method." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research 6(SUPPL. 2): 127-131.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory
activity of aqueous extract of polyherbal formulation (RA-1). The assessment
of immunomodulatory activity was carried by testing the humoral
(Haemagglutination antibody titer (HA) model & zinc sulphate turbidity test)
and cell mediated immunity (Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction model)
using aqueous extract of RA-1, at 200 & 400mg/kg/day, p.o.b.w. for 21 days in
healthy albino rats. RA-1 showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in both the
primary and secondary HA titer values and increase in serum immunoglobulin
levels when compared with control which indicates it's stimulatory effect on
humoral immunity. On other hand, in delayed hypersensitivity test, RA-1
significantly (P<0.01) potentiated the DTH response when comparing with
control, indicates its triggering effect on cell mediated immunity. From the

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above results, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of RA-1 was safe at
dose of 2000mg/kg. The active constituents like flavonoids, terpenoids &
glycosides were found to be present in aqueous extract of RA-1 and it also
has good stimulatory effect on both humoral and cell mediated immunity.
This study comprises of safety, preliminary phytochemical screening and
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immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of RA-1.

Manna, S., T. K. Ghara, D. Ray and A. Roy (2013). "Phytosociological analysis of a

traditionally managed sacred grove in transitional ecosystem of eastern lateritic part
of India." EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 7: 10-20.
Background: Traditionally managed sacred groves in the lateritic parts of
eastern India are a common phenomenon. Groves located in the transitional
ecosystem are characteristically rich in biodiversity and are found to be
showcasing local refuges. Besides the cultural and aesthetic needs of mankind,
these ancient forest remnants are the center of attraction to the researchers
for their immense veritable gene pool thriving on sacred belief. Present study
highlights the phytosociological characteristics along with the way of
traditional management of a sacred grove. Method: Traditional management
practices were observed from the local community. Plants were identified
following standard literature. Nature of relationship between different
climbers and lianas with the major tree species of the grove was studied
through cluster analysis, based on percentage cover data of each of the major
climbers and lianas on the host trees. Results: Syzygium cumini, Shorea
robusta and Terminalia arjuna contributed most to the architecture built up of
the grove. Out of 12 major species of climbers and lianas, Derris scandens
showed its maximum abundance in terms of canopy coverage throughout the
grove followed by Tinospora cordifolia and Gouania tiliaefolia. Certain degree
of positive correlation was observed between different climbers and lianas
with the mean height and mean diameter at breast height of the major tree
species. Conclusions: High species richness, confinement of the species and
less undergrowth are the key characteristics of a sacred grove in transitional
ecosystem. Opportunistic and aggressive nature of spreading have rendered
Derris scandens, Tinospora cordifolia and Gouania tiliaefolia fittest in these
highly overlapping niches of the grove. Adaptive management involving the
local folk may help the Government in formulating the conservation strategies
especially in non forest areas. © EurAsian Journal of BioSciences.

Marwat, S. K., R. Fazal Ur, E. A. Khan, A. A. Khakwani, I. Ullah, K. U. Khan and I. U. Khan
(2014). "Useful ethnophytomedicinal recipes of angiosperms used against diabetes in
South East Asian Countries (India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka)." Pakistan Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 27(5): 1333-1358.
This paper is based on data recorded from various literatures pertaining to
ethnophytomedicinal recipes used against diabetes in South East Asia (India,

234 
 
 

Pakistan and Srilanka). Traditional plant treatments have been used

throughout the world for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. In total 419 useful
phytorecipes of 270 plant species belonging to 74 Angiospermic families were
collected. From the review it was revealed that plants showing hypoglycemic
potential mainly belong to the families, Cucurbitaceae (16 spp.),
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Euphorbiaceae (15 spp.), Caesalpiniaceae and Papilionaceae (13 spp. each),
Moraceae (11 spp.), Acanthaceae (10 spp.), Mimosaceae (09 spp.), Asteraceae,
Malvaceae and Poaceae (08 spp. each), Hippocrateaceae, Rutaceae and
Zingiberaceae (07 spp. each), Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Verbenaceae
(06 spp. each), Apiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Solanaceae
(05 spp.each). The most active plants are Syzigium cumini (14 recipes),
Phyllanthus emblica (09 recipes), Centella asiatica and Momordica charantia
(08 recipes each), Azadirachta indica (07 recipes), Aegle marmelos,
Catharanthus roseus, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Gymnema sylvestre
(06 recipes each), Allium cepa, A. sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma
longa (05 recipes each), Citrullus colocynthis, Justicia adhatoda, Nelumbo
nucifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Ziziphus
mauritiana and Wattakaka volubilis (4 recipes each). These traditional recipes
include extracts, leaves, powders, flour, seeds, vegetables, fruits and herbal
mixtures. Data inventory consists of botanical name, recipe, vernacular name,
English name. Some of the plants of the above data with experimentally
confirmed antidiabetic properties have also been recorded. More
investigations must be carried out to evaluate the mechanism of action of
diabetic medicinal plants. Toxicity of these plants should also be explained.
Scientific validation of these recipes may help in discovering new drugs from
these medicinal plants for diabetes. © 2014, Pakistan Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Mary, N. K., B. H. Babu and J. Padikkala (2003). "Antiatherogenic effect of Caps HT2, a
herbal Ayurvedic medicine formulation." Phytomedicine 10(6-7): 474-482.
The antiatherogenic effect of a herbal formulation, Caps HT2, was evaluated as
antioxidant, anticoagulant, platelet antiaggregatory, lipoprotein lipase
releasing, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidaemic activity in rats. The
formulation contained the methanolic extracts of selected parts of plants,
Commiphora mukul, Allium sativum, Plumbago indica, Semecarpus
anacardium, Hemidesmus indicus, Terminalia arjuna, Tinospora cordifolia,
Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum. The formulation, Caps HT2 was
found to scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals; the IC50 required being
55.0 and 610.0 μg/ml respectively. The lipid peroxidation was found inhibited
(50%) by 48.5 μg/ml of Caps HT2. The intravenous administration of the
formulation (5 mg/kg) delayed the plasma recalcification time in rabbits and
enhanced the release of lipoprotein lipase enzyme significantly (p &lt; 0.001).
The formulation also inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro,

235 
 
 

which was comparable to commercial heparin. The anti-inflammatory action of

the formulation was significant (p &lt; 0.001) with acute and chronic
inflammations induced by carrageenan and formalin respectively in rats. The
hypolipidaemic effect of Caps HT2 was significant (p &lt; 0.001) with the
administration of the formulation, in diet-induced hyperlipidaemia of rats for a
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period of 30 days. Oral administration of the formulation, Caps HT2 (100, 200,
300 and 400 mg/kg) significantly raised HDL cholesterol levels. The
atherogenic index and the reduction in body weight were significant
indicating the effectiveness against hyperlipidaemia and obesity. All these
results revealed the therapeutic potential of Caps HT2 against vascular intimal
damage and atherogenesis leading to various types of cardiovascular
problems.

Masuma, R., T. Okuno, M. S. Kabir Choudhuri, T. Saito and M. Kurasaki (2014). "Effect
of Tinospora cordifolia on the reduction of ultraviolet radiation-induced cytotoxicity
and DNA damage in PC12 cells." Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part
B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 49(6): 416-421.
The safety of Tinospora cordifolia and its potential to protect against
ultraviolet radiation-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in PC12 cells were
investigated. To evaluate the safety of T. cordifolia, cell viability and agarose
gel electrophoresis were carried out using PC12 cells treated with 0 to 100 μg
mL-1 of methanol extract of T. cordifolia. T. cordifolia extracts did not show
cytotoxicity ranging 0 to 100 μg mL-1. In addition, T. cordifolia extracts
significantly increased cell viability at 1 ng, 10 ng and 1 μg mL-1
concentrations in serum-deprived medium compared to control. To confirm
the protective role against UV-induced damage, PC12 cells alone or in the
presence of 10 ng, 100 ng, or 1 μg mL-1 of T. cordifolia extract were exposed
to 250, 270 and 290 nm of UV radiation, which corresponded to doses of 120,
150 and 300 mJ cm-2, respectively. Treatment with T. cordifolia extracts
significantly increased the cell survival rate irradiated at 290 nm. In addition, T.
cordifolia extracts significantly reduced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
formation induced by UV irradiation at all wavelengths. In conclusion, T.
cordifolia is not toxic and safe for cells. Our findings can support its
application as phototherapy in the medical sector. © 2014 Copyright © Taylor
&amp; Francis Group, LLC.

Matei, D., A. Kozma, A. D. Iordan-Dumitru and R. Florescu (2019). "The importance of

the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency screening in the context of
mixed races population in Romania." Archives of the Balkan Medical Union 54(1):
185-191.
Introduction. The glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is
probably one of the most frequent genetic alterations and represents a public
health issue, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. Due to

236 
 
 

migration, G6PD deficiency cannot any longer be determined in a specific

geographical location, but it can occur anywhere, including Romania. Case
presentation. We present the case of a newborn hospitalized for prolonged
neonatal jaundice because of a combination of risk factors (preterm birth,
breastfeeding and G6PD deficiency) and medication - paracetamol and
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hepatoprotective syrup from Ayurvedic traditional medicine, that triggered the
hemolytic crisis. After the diagnosis was established, the intake of drugs
received at home was stopped and the hemoglobin and hemoglobinuria
values were monitored; the iso-group iso-Rh erythrocyte mass was
administered and the posttransfusion hemoglobin was determined. At
discharge, the family was trained to know the factors that delineate the
hemolytic crisis, as well as the recognition of the occurrence of a hemolytic
crisis, in order to address the emergency specialized service. Berberine, the
hemolysis trigger factor, is found in green pharmacy preparations and as such
in the present context - of mixed races population and of the globalization -
we can expect an increase in hemolysis incidence associated with G6PD
deficiency. Conclusions. The identification of high-risk populations - through
well conducted family medical history and screening - reduces the possibility
of irreversible neurological damage. Educating the parents and the medical
staff involved in the care of these newborns plays an extremely important role,
avoiding the exposure to the chemical, medication and alimentary triggers
being a very efficient way of preventing the hemolytic crisis. © 2019 Balkan
Medical Union.

Mathew, M. and S. Subramanian (2014). "In vitro screening for anti-cholinesterase

and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of ayurvedic medicinal plants used for
cognitive disorders." PLoS ONE 9(1).
Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is still considered as the main
therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many plant derived
phytochemicals have shown AChE inhibitory activity in addition to the
currently approved drugs for AD. In the present study, methanolic extracts of
20 plants used in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for improving cognitive
function were screened for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by Ellman's
microplate colorimetric method. Out of 20 extracts, Emblica officinalis,
Nardostachys jatamansi, Nelumbo nucifera, Punica granatum and Raulfia
Serpentina showed IC50 values &lt;100 μg/ml for acetylcholinesterase
inhibitory activity. Antioxidant activities of these plants were assessed by
DPPH scavenging assay. Among the extracts used, antioxidant activity was
highest for Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis with IC50 values &lt;10
μg/ml. Considering the complex multifactorial etiology of AD, these plant
extracts will be safer and better candidates for the future disease modifying
therapies against this devastating disease. © 2014 Mathew, Subramanian.

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Mathew, P. M. (1958). "Studies on the menispermaceæ." Proceedings of the Indian

Academy of Sciences - Section B 47(5): 274-286.
1. Cytological study has been made of the staminate plants of six species
belonging to six genera and three tribes of the Menispermaceæ. 2. The
chromosome counts made in them are n=13 and 2 n=26 in Tinospora
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cordifolia, 2 n=26 in Anamirta cocculus, n=13 in Tiliacora racemosa, n=13 and
2 n=26 in Stephania rotunda, n=12 and 2 n=24 in Cissampelos pereira and
n=24 and 2 n=48 in Cyclea peltata. 3. From a discussion of all the available
cytological data on the Menispermaceæ it is suggested that the existing basic
chromosome numbers in the family are 12 and 13, of which 13 is the most
common. 4. Taxonomic relationships of the family are briefly discussed in the
light of cytological findings, and it is suggested that the ancestors of the
present-day Menispermaceous genera with basic numbers 12 and 13 might
have originated from more than one genus in the Berberidaceæ with 6 and 7
as their basic numbers. 5. Chromosome size variation in the family is briefly
considered and together with data on floral morphology it is suggested that
Stephania should be transferred from the tribe Cissampelideæ to the tribe
Cocculeæ. 6. Unequal pairs of chromosomes were seen in the male plants of
Stephania rotunda and Cissampelos pereira. Heteropyknosis was found in one
of the chromosomes in the male plants of Tinospora cordifolia. These male
plants are provisionally suggested to be heterogametic with XY type of sex
chromosomes. © 1958 Indian Academy of Sciences.

Mathew, S. and G. Kuttan (1997). "Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia and its
usefulness in the amelioration of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity." Journal of
Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research 16(4): 407-411.
Extract of Tinospora cordifolia has been shown to inhibit the lipid peroxidation
and superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. Concentration needed for 50%
inhibition was 6mg and 12.5mg/ml, respectively. The extract was also found to
reduce the toxic side effects of cyclophosphamide administration (25mg/kg b.
wt, 10 days) in mice hematological system by the free radical formation as
seen from total white blood cell count, bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase
positive cells. Moreover, administration of the extract partially reduced the
elevated lipid peroxides in serum and liver as well as alkaline phosphatase and
glutamine pyruvate transaminase. This indicates the use of Tinospora extract
in reducing the chemotoxicity induced by free radical forming chemicals.

Mathew, S. and G. Kuttan (1999). "Immunomodulatory and antitumour activities of

Tinospora cordifolia." Fitoterapia 70(1): 35-43.
Administration of Tinospora cordifolia stem methanolic extract to BALB/c mice
(200 mg/kg, i.p, daily for 5 days) increased the total white blood cell count
significantly (P &lt; 0.001). It also increased bone marrow cellularity (18.16 x
106/femur) and α-esterase positive cells (1423/4000 cells) in bone marrow

238 
 
 

indicating increased maturation of stem cells. Administration of the extract

was also found to significantly increase humoral immune response, as seen
from the increase in plaque-forming cells in the spleen (1575 PFC/106 spleen
cells) and circulating antibody titre (256), and to produce an enhancement
(129%) in macrophage activation. Tinospora extract reduced solid tumour
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growth and synergistically acted with cyclophosphamide in reducing (83%) the
animal tumours.

Mathur, A. K. (2000). "Multicentre clinical evaluation of 'Eazmov Plus': A polyherbal

formulation in arthritic patients." JK Practitioner 7(2): 149-152.
A multicentre Clinical Observation and Monitoring Project (COMP) was carried
out in 60 patients of Arthritis comprising Osteo arthritis (OA), Rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) and Non-specific Arthritis (NSA), ranging in age from 32 to 70
years. This trial was designed as a prospective observational study to monitor
the safety and efficacy profile of 'EazMov Plus' a polyherbal formulation for
treatment of Arthritis. It involved 10 physicians from different parts of
Northern India who recruited arthritic patients and no maximum limit of
patients per physician. Thus this COMP ensured the use of the product in 'Real
Life Situation', as seen in day to day clinical practice. The Clinical profile of all
patients was carefully recorded in a clinical examination form at the beginning
of treatment and 'EazMov Plus' Capsules were given in dose of 1 Capsule
twice a day after meals for 3 weeks. Clinical signs were again recorded at the
end of week 1, 2 and 3 respectively on a scale as absent, mild, moderate and
severe. Patient compliance, the presence of side effects, and overall response
to treatment were carefully observed and noted. Significant reduction in the
severity of symptoms as compared to the baseline was seen, with
improvement in joint mobility and reduction of stiffness. The incidence of
drug related adverse events was minimal <3% and did not require
discontinuation of treatment. It would be interesting to compare the results of
this real life COMP with a double blind active drug/placebo controlled trial in
a monitored clinical environment.

Mathur, A. K., V. Kumar, S. N. Das, S. Chatterjee and S. K. Agrawala (2004). "Phase-I

study of IH-ADF1 in healthy human volunteers." Phytomedica 5: 31-32.
IH-ADF1 is a herbal formulation of Indian Herbs, Saharanpur for control of
diarrhoea. A clinical study was conducted in adult healthy human volunteers
to assess the safety and tolerability profile of this product. Body weight, pulse
rate, blood pressure, haemogram, urine and stool examination and
biochemistry parameters were recorded before and after administration of IH-
ADF1 in syrup form in recommended therapeutic dose orally for seven days.
The results revealed that IH-ADF1 is a non-toxic and safe herbal product.
Kidney and liver functions were well maintained in all cases showing the high
safety and tolerability profile of IH-ADF1.

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Mathur, S. K. (1992). "Immunotherapeutic modification of Escherichia coli peritonitis

and bacteremia by tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 38(2):
102.

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Matran, I. M., A. Farcaş, M. Bojiță and D. L. Dumitraşcu (2017). "Alternative therapies
in gastric hypersecretion." Farmacia 65(3): 323-328.
In addition to its advantages (technological progress, high-performance
medical treatment, multiple information sources, new communication
systems), the 21st century brings many disadvantages, such as: professional
stress due to the uncertainty of the future and to the increasingly higher
professional performance indicators, the quality of interpersonal relationships,
an imbalance between professional and personal life, a lack of interest in self-
knowledge. Besides all these stress factors, certain drugs, inadequate nutrition
both in terms of quantity and quality, a small number of meals eaten per day,
a late last meal, as well as late bedtime cause an increase of gastric secretion.
Depending on the psychosomatic profile of patients, these can be divided into
two main categories: patients who accept drug therapy and patients who
prefer alternative therapies. This review aims to present all types of alternative
therapies, for which preclinical studies are available. © 2017, Romanian
Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences. All Rights reserved.

Maurya, R., K. L. Dhar and S. S. Handa (1997). "A sesquiterpene glucoside from
Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 44(4): 749-750.
A new daucane-type sesquiterpene glucoside, tinocordifolioside, has been
isolated from the stem of Tinospora cordifolia and the structure was
established by detailed spectroscopic studies.

Maurya, R. and S. S. Handa (1998). "Tinocordifolin, a sesquiterpene from Tinospora

cordifolia." Phytochemistry 49(5): 1343-1345.
A new daucane-type sesquiterpene, tinocordifolin, has been isolated from the
stem of Tinospora cordifolia and its structure established by detailed
spectroscopic studies.

Maurya, R., L. R. Manhas, P. Gupta, P. K. Mishra, G. Singh and P. P. Yadav (2004).

"Amritosides A, B, C and D: Clerodane furano diterpene glucosides from Tinospora
cordifolia." Phytochemistry 65(14): 2051-2055.
Four new clerodane furano diterpene glucosides (amritosides A, B, C and D)
were isolated as their acetates from Tinospora cordifolia stems. The structures
of these compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies. ©
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Maurya, R., V. Wazir, A. Kapil and R. S. Kapil (1996). "Cordifoliosides A and B, two new
phenylpropene disaccharides from Tinospora cordifolia possessing immunostimulant
activity." Natural Product Letters 8(1): 7-10.

Maurya, R., V. Wazir, A. Tyagi and R. S. Kapil (1995). "Clerodane diterpenoids from
Page | 241 
Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 38(3): 659-661.
Tinosponone and tinocordioside have been isolated from the stem of
Tinospora cordifolia. The structures were established by spectroscopic studies
and chemical correlation. © 1995.

Mawla, F., S. Khatoon, F. Rehana, S. Jahan, M. R. Md. Shelley, S. Hossain, W. M. Haq, S.

Rahman, K. Debnath and M. Rahmatullah (2012). "Ethnomedicinal plants of folk
medicinal practitioners in four villages of natore and rajshahi districts, bangladesh."
American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 6(4): 406-416.
An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out among folk medicinal practitioners
of four villages in Natore and Rajshahi districts of Bangladesh. The four folk
medicinal practitioners interviewed were observed to use a total of 89 plants
in their different formulations. These plant species were distributed into 48
families. The practitioners treated a diverse variety of ailments including skin
disorders, respiratory tract disorders, ear infections, gastrointestinal disorders,
hypertension, sexual problems, menorrhagia, pain, eye problems, diabetes,
osteoporosis, arthritis, sexually transmitted diseases, urinary problems, fever,
paralysis, cuts and wounds, chicken pox, weakness, kidney problems, jaundice,
broken bones, and hepatitis B. Plants were also used as moisturizer, for
relaxing uterine muscle, for treatment of snake bite, and as snake repellent. By
far, from the number of plants used, the major problems of the village
communities surveyed appeared to be skin disorders, respiratory tract
disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, sexual problems, pain, and diabetes.
Seven plants were used for treatment of diabetes. Plants used for treatment of
diabetes (Stevia rebaudiana, Cycas pectinata, Diospyros ebenum,
Cinnamomum tamala, Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia, and
Corchorus aestuans) are particularly interesting for further pharmacological
studies, for diabetes is a debilitating disease affecting millions of persons
throughout the world, and cannot be cured with allopathic medicine. As such,
any drugs that can be discovered from the anti-diabetic plants obtained in the
present survey can possibly alleviate the sufferings of millions of diabetic
patients and can be really beneficial for human beings. The plants used for
treatment of osteoporosis, hepatitis B, and arthritis are also interesting for
further studies. These plants can provide a cheaper alternative to the existing
allopathic drugs and which may be more affordable to the rural people of
Bangladesh, who lack both access to modern clinics as well as cannot afford
the prices of allopathic drugs.

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Mazumder, M. E. H. and S. Rahman (2008). "Pharmacological evaluation of

Bangladeshi medicinal plants for antioxidant activity." Pharmaceutical Biology 46(10-
11): 704-709.
A growing body of evidence suggests that cellular damage or oxidative injury
arising from production of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are
Page | 242 
critical causative factors in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative
disorders, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and
gastrointestinal disorders. Results from biological and phytochemical studies
indicate that medicinal plants have profound antioxidant potential that can be
exploited further in the prevention and treatment of these devastating
disorders. Here we have summarized the pharmacological and phytochemical
investigations of 49 Bangladeshi medicinal plants representing 36 families
with proven strong antioxidant properties. The medicinal plants were found to
have profound antioxidant effect that can explain and justify some of their use
in traditional medicine. These antioxidant medicinal plants may be considered
as future leads to novel drug development for the management of various
neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders associated with oxidative
cellular damage. © 2008 Informa UK Ltd.

Meera, S., V. S. S. S. Gupta Atyam and N. S. Kumar (2008). "Immunomodulatory and

antioxidant activity of a polyherbal formulation." International Journal of
Pharmacology 4(4): 287-291.
Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity of Guard Sansar, a Polyherbal
Formulation (PEF) was assessed by carbon clearance assay and adhesion of
neutrophils to nylon fibers, in Swiss albino mice and by estimation of Lipid
Peroxidation (LPO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced
Glutathione (GSH) from blood of pyrogallol-treated Wistar rats, respectively,
using Levamisole as reference standard. The PHF showed significant
immunomodulatory activily by increasing the rate of carbon clearance and the
percent neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers. The oxidative stress, evidenced as
elevation of LPO and reduction of SOD, CAT and GSH, was reversed by pre
treatment with Polyherbal Formulation. Guard Sansar possesses
immunostimulatory and antioxidant activity. © 2008 Asian Network for
Scientific Information.

Meher, S. K., S. B. Chaudhuri, B. Marjit and S. Munshi (2001). "Nephroprotective effect

of NefroLiv® in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity." Phytomedica 2(1-2): 41-43.
The putative nephroprotective effect of herbal formulation NefroLiv was
evaluated in the present study. The experimental paradigms used were serum
urea and serum creatinine estimation, and histopathological examination.
Gentamicin (80 mg/kg, i.p. for 8 days) was used for nephrotoxic effect
alongwith pre and post NefroLiv treatment. 50 mg/kg, NefroLiv was given p.o.
for 3 days before gentamicin treatment & then for 8 days alongwith it & 35

242 
 
 

days subsequently making a total of 46 days of test drug administration in the

pre treatment group & for 38 days continuously in the post treatment group
following 8 days of gentamicin therapy in separate groups of rats. The results
of biochemical estimations showed that NefroLiv treated rats had significant
decrease in serum urea and creatinine concentrations compared to rats
Page | 243 
treated with gentamicin alone. In histopathological examination, NefroLiv pre
& post treated rats showed the healing of renal tubular epithelial cell damage
induced by gentamicin. The healing effect was more prominent in pretreated
rats though healing was also evident in the group which received NefroLiv
post treatment. The results of the present study clearly show the
nephroprotective effect of NefroLiv in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in
both pretreated and post treated rats.

Meravanige, G. and M. A. Kamdod (2012). "Effect of topical Tinospora cordifolia on

healing of burn wounds in wistar rats." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 3(3): P351-P358.
Objective: To investigate the effect of tinospora cordifolia (TC) on the healing
of burn wounds in wistar rats and compare it with control and silver
sulfadiazine treated groups. Materials and Methods: Partial thickness burn
wounds were made on three groups of rats (n=6 in each group) at the nape of
neck under ether anesthesia. The Burn wounds were treated topically with
petroleum base, 1% silver sulfadiazine and 2% TC, respectively once daily till
complete healing. The wound contraction rate and epithelialization time were
observed. Data was analysed by one way ANOVA and Tukeys multiple post
hoc procedures. Results: The mean epithelialization time was significantly
(P&lt;0.0004*) decreased in TC treated group compared to control and silver
sulfadiazine groups. Percentage of wound contraction was significantly more
on 4 th (P&lt;0.0003*), 8th (P&lt;0.0019*), 12th (P&lt;0.0060*) and 16th day
(P&lt;0.0016*) in TC treated group in comparison to the control. Conclusion:
Topical TC showed healing potential on burn wounds in wistar rats.

Mia, M. M. K., M. F. Kadir, M. S. Hossan and M. Rahmatullah (2009). "Medicinal plants

of the Garo tribe inhabiting the Madhupur forest region of Bangladesh." American-
Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 3(2): 165-171.
The Garos were once a nomadic tribe of the Bodo group of Mongoloids now
living in different areas of Bangladesh and in the adjacent states of India.
Garos are very conservative in their outlook. Among Garos, the people who
treat and cure patients by folk medicines are considered persons with
supernatural power and therefore, enjoy respect and honor in the community.
These persons are named khamal or kamal. Khamals usually possess a very
good knowledge of the properties of medicinal plants, which because of the
forest regions that they inhabit, can be very diverse in nature. We undertook
an ethnobotanical survey among the Garo tribal healers to gather information

243 
 
 

on ailments that are common amongst the Garos and the medicinal plant
formulations, which are used to treat these ailments. Detailed information was
collected from the healers as to plants, ailments, formulations, and dosages.
The names of 65 plants distributed in to 43 families were obtained from the
tribal healers inhabiting the Madhupur region in Bangladesh. The plants (with
Page | 244 
ailments treated or properties given within parenthesis) include Andrographis
paniculata (fever, headache, vertigo), Justicia gendarussa (wounds),
Achyranthes aspera (abortifacient), Amaranthus spinosus (boils), Lannea
coromandelica (seminal problems), Mangifera indica (dysentery), Alstonia
scholaris (leucorrhea), Holarrhena antidysenterica (dysentery, liver troubles,
helminthiasis), Rauwolfia serpentina (malaria, spleen dis eas es),
Amorphophallus campanulatus (rheumatism), Typhonium trilobatum (cattle
ulcer), Hemidesmus indicus (rheumatis m, joint pain), Aloe sp. (helminthiasis,
male sexual ailments), Artemisia nilagirica (stomach pain), Oroxylum indicum
(jaundice, swelling), Bombax ceiba (gonorrhea), Garuga pinnata (stomachic),
Terminalia chebula (stomachic), Eupatorium odoratum (wounds), Gnaphalium
luteo-album (bone fractures), Mikania cordata (gastric pain, ulcer, fresh
wounds and cuts), Wedelia chinensis (vomiting), Evolvulus nummularius
(edema), Costus speciosus (inflammation of eye), Momordica charantia
(chicken pox), Cuscuta reflexa (jaundice, helminthiasis), Dioscorea belophylla
(astringent), Euphorbia hirta (spermatorrhea), Eleutherine plicata (headache,
diarrhea), Hyptis suaveolens (gonorrhea), Litsea sp. (fever, stomachic, seminal
weakness), Cassia alata (skin diseases), Cassia fistula (cracking of skin,
helminthiasis, dysentery of cattle), Abrus precatorius (debility), Erythrina
variegata (piles), Punica granatum (dysentery), Hibiscus rosa sinensis (stomach
upset, dysentery), Sida acuta (asthma, bronchitis), Aphanamixis polystachya
(skin diseases), Stephania japonica (indigestion, mucus in stools), Tinospora
cordifolia (helminthiasis, rheumatism, chicken pox), Ficus benghalensis
(aphrodisiac), Ficus rumphii (debility), Streblus asper (dysuria, dysentery),
Moringa oleifera (nasal catarrh, decreased eyesight, bone fractures, sores),
Careya arborea (burns, wounds, cuts, fractures, body pains), Boerhaavia repens
(seminal weakness), Oxalis corniculata (indigestion in cattle), Piper longum
(tuberculosis), Asparagus acerosa (seminal weakness, stomach trouble,
gonorrhea), Paederia foetida (stomach ailments), Randia sp. (skin diseases),
Citrus sp. (kidney stones), Scoparia dulcis (dysentery), Smilax sp. (to ease
childbirth), Physalis minima (flatulence, stomachic), Solanum indicum (skin
diseases, s mall pox), Abroma augusta (gonorrhea, leucorrhea, constipation,
menstrual troubles), Centella asiatica (indigestion, stomach infection),
Clerodendrum indicum (skin rash), lerodendrum viscosum (colic pain), Vitex
negundo (rheumatism) Cissus quadrangularis (bone fractures), Curcuma caesia
(inflammation of tonsils), and Curcuma zedoaria (sores, stomach pain). ©
2009, American Eurasian Network for Scientific Information.

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Mills, P. J., N. H. Farag, R. P. Newton and B. L. Parry (2002). "Effects of a traditional

herbal supplement on anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder [7]."
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22(4): 443-444.

Mir, N. A., P. Kumar, S. A. Rather, F. A. Sheikh and S. A. Wani (2015). "Effect of

Page | 245 
supplementation of tinospora cordifolia on lactation parameters in early lactating
murrah buffaloes." Buffalo Bulletin 34(1): 17-20.
The present study was conducted to study production parameters of lactating
Murrah buffaloes supplemented with Tinospora cordifolia. Twelve lactating
Murrah buffaloes in early stage of lactation were selected from the herd of
National Dairy Research Institute Karnal, Haryana. The buffaloes were divided
into two groups of six animals each. One group was taken as control and the
other group supplemented with Tinospora cardifolia 120 g/ animal/day from
day 3 to day 75 of lactation was taken as treatment group. All the buffaloes
were hand milked throughout the experimental period. Milk samples from
mixed whole milking were collected early in the morning in sterilized milk
sampling bottles from all the animals upto 75th day of lactation. The milk
samples were analyzed for somatic cell count, composition and milk total
immunoglobulin’s. The milk yield was recorded daily. Significant increase
(P&lt;0.05) in milk yield of treatment group as compared to control group was
obtained. The milk somatic cell count was signifi cantly lower in treatment
group as compared to control group. The milk composition (fat %, protein %,
lactose % and SNF %) was estimated using LactoScan milk analyzer. No signifi
cant change was observed in milk fat %, lactose % and SNF % however signifi
cant change was observed in milk protein % of treatment group compared to
control group. No signifi cant difference in total milk Ig was observed between
control and treatment group. The DMI showed an increasing trend with signifi
cant difference from day 11 up to day 75 of lactation between control and
treatment. © 2015, Kasetsart University. All rights reserved.

Mishra, A., S. K. Gond, A. Kumar, V. K. Sharma, S. K. Verma, R. N. Kharwar and T. N.

Sieber (2012). "Season and Tissue Type Affect Fungal Endophyte Communities of the
Indian Medicinal Plant Tinospora cordifolia More Strongly than Geographic
Location." Microbial Ecology 64(2): 388-398.
A total of 1,151 endophytic fungal isolates representing 29 taxa were isolated
from symptom-less, surface-sterilized segments of stem, leaf, petiole, and root
of Tinospora cordifolia which had been collected at three locations differing in
air pollution in India (Ramnagar, Banaras Hindu University, Maruadih) during
three seasons (summer, monsoon, winter). Endophytes were most abundant in
leaf tissues (29.38% of all isolates), followed by stem (18.16%), petiole
(10.11%), and root segments (6.27%). The frequency of colonization (CF)
varied more strongly among tissue type and season than location. CF was
maximal during monsoon followed by winter and minimal during summer. A

245 
 
 

species each of Guignardia and Acremonium could only be isolated from

leaves, whereas all other species occurred in at least two tissue types.
Penicillium spp. were dominant (12.62% of all isolates), followed by
Colletotrichum spp. (11.8%), Cladosporium spp. (8.9%), Chaetomium
globosum (8.1%), Curvularia spp. (7.6%), and Alternaria alternata (6.8%).
Page | 246 
Species richness, evenness, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index followed
the same pattern as the CF with the tissue type and the season having the
greatest effect on these indices, suggesting that tissue type and season are
more influential than geography. Dissimilarity of endophyte communities in
regards to species composition was highest among seasons. Colletotrichum
linicola occurred almost exclusively in winter, Fusarium oxysporum only in
winter and summer but never during monsoon and Curvularia lunata only in
winter and during monsoon but never in summer. Emissions of NO 2 , SO 2 ,
and suspended particulate matter were negatively correlated with the CF.
Ozone did not have any effect. The frequency of most species declined with
increasing pollution, but some showed an opposite trend (e. g., Aspergillus
flavus). Five unnamed taxa (sterile mycelia) were identified as Aspergillus
tubingensis, Colletotrichum crassipes, Botryosphaeria rhodina, Aspergillus
sydowii, and Pseudofusicoccum violaceum, using molecular tools. Fifteen of
the 29 endophyte taxa exhibited antibacterial activity. B. rhodina (JQ031157)
and C. globosum showed activity against all bacterial human pathogens
tested, with the former showing higher activity than the latter. © 2012
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Mishra, A., S. Kumar and A. K. Pandey (2013). "Scientific validation of the medicinal
efficacy of tinospora cordifolia." The Scientific World Journal 2013.
Present communication reports the scientific evaluation of Tinospora
cordifolia for its medicinal efficacy which includes phytochemical screening,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the plant. Secondary
metabolites including anthraquinones, terpenoids, and saponins were present
in many extracts in addition to phenolics. Total phenol contents in various
extracts were found in the range of 8.75-52.50 catechol equivalent per gram
(CE/g). In disc diffusion assays, polar extracts exhibited considerable inhibition
against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Several other extracts also showed
antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of E. coli, Pseudomonas spp.,
and Proteus spp. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of
potential extracts were found between 1.29 and 22.73 mg/mL. The lowest
MBC (1.29 mg/mL) was recorded for acetone and ethyl acetate extracts
against K. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. The antioxidant
activity of the extracts was comparable to that of standard antioxidants and
concentration-dependent response was shown in reducing power assay.
Aqueous extracts demonstrated substantial metal ion chelating activity (67-
95%) at lower concentrations (10-40 g/mL). Other extracts also exhibited

246 
 
 

considerable metal chelating response. Most of the extracts revealed

considerable inhibition of MCF-7 cancer cell line. The study established
remarkable antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential in T. cordifolia
stem extracts. © 2013 Amita Mishra et al.

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Mishra, M. P., S. Rath, S. S. Swain, G. Ghosh, D. Das and R. N. Padhy (2017). "In vitro
antibacterial activity of crude extracts of 9 selected medicinal plants against UTI
causing MDR bacteria." Journal of King Saud University - Science 29(1): 84-95.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) has become a more grievous problem today, due
to multidrug resistance of infecting Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative
(GN) bacteria, sometimes even with multiple infections. This study examines
effectivity of 9 tropical flowering plants (Anogeissus acuminata, Azadirachta
indica, Bauhinia variegata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Punica granatum, Soymida
febrifuga, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia and Tribulus terrestris) for
possible use as source of antimicrobials for multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria,
along with main-stream antibiotics. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from
urine samples of patients attending and admitted in the hospital.
Antibiograms of 11 isolated bacteria (GPs, Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus aureus; and GNs, Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter
freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) were ascertained by the disc-diffusion method, and antibacterial
effectivity of plant extracts was monitored by the agar-well diffusion method.
Isolated bacteria were floridly MDR to most antibiotics of the day. Methanol
extracts of 9 plants were used, and extracts of 3 plants, A. acuminata, P.
granatum and S. febrifuga at least caused 25–29 mm as the maximum size of
zone of inhibition on bacterial lawns. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of methanol extracts of
9 plants were recorded. The methanol extract of A. acuminata had 0.29 mg/ml
as the lowest MIC value and 0.67 mg/ml as the lowest MBC value, against
MDR S. aureus, signifying effectivity; but, it had the highest MIC value of
3.41 mg/ml. and the highest MBC value of 4.27 mg/ml for most other MDR
bacteria including E. coli. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was done for
these 9 plants and information on leading phytochemicals was presented
retrieved from PubChem database. Thus, three effective-most plants in
controlling MDR-UTI bacteria in vitro were A. acuminata, P. granatum and S.
febrifuga, which can be promoted as complementary medicine. © 2015

Mishra, R. and G. Kaur (2013). "Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Tinospora cordifolia as a

Potential Candidate for Differentiation Based Therapy of Glioblastomas." PLoS ONE
8(10).
Glioblastomas are the most aggressive primary brain tumors and their
heterogeneity and complexity often renders them non responsive to various

247 
 
 

conventional treatments. Search for herbal products having potential anti-

cancer activity is an active area of research in the Indian traditional system of
medicine i.e., Ayurveda. Tinospora cordifolia, also named as 'heavenly elixir' is
used in various ayurvedic decoctions as panacea to treat several body
ailments. The current study investigated the anti-brain cancer potential of 50%
Page | 248 
ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) using C6 glioma cells. TCE
significantly reduced cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner and
induced differentiation in C6 glioma cells, resulting in astrocyte-like
morphology as indicated by phase contrast images, GFAP expression and
process outgrowth data of TCE treated cells which exhibited higher number
and longer processes than untreated cells. Reduced proliferation of cells was
accompanied by enhanced expression of senescence marker, mortalin and its
translocation from perinuclear to pancytoplasmic spaces. Further, TCE showed
anti-migratory and anti-invasive potential as depicted by wound scratch assay
and reduced expression of plasticity markers NCAM and PSA-NCAM along
with MMP-2 and 9. On analysis of the cell cycle and apoptotic markers, TCE
treatment was seen to arrest the C6 cells in G0/G1 and G2/M phase,
suppressing expression of G1/S phase specific protein cyclin D1 and anti-
apoptotic protein Bcl-xL, thus supporting its anti-proliferative and apoptosis
inducing potential. Present study provides the first evidence for the presence
of anti-proliferative, differentiation-inducing and anti-migratory/anti-
metastatic potential of TCE in glioma cells and possible signaling pathways
involved in its mode of action. Our primary data suggests that TCE and its
active components may prove to be promising phytotherapeutic interventions
in gliobalstoma multiformae. © 2013 Mishra, Kaur.

Mishra, R. and G. Kaur (2015). "Tinospora cordifolia Induces Differentiation and

Senescence Pathways in Neuroblastoma Cells." Molecular Neurobiology 52(1): 719-
733.
Children diagnosed with neuroblastomas often suffer from severe side as well
as late effects of conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Recent advances in understanding of molecular pathways involved in cellular
differentiation and apoptosis have helped in the development of new
therapeutic approach based on differentiation-based therapy of malignant
tumours. Natural medicines with their holistic therapeutic approach are known
to selectively eliminate cancer cells thus provide a better substitute for the
conventional treatment modes. The current study was aimed to investigate
the anti-cancer potential of aqueous ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia
(TCE) using IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cell line as a model system. TCE is
highly recommended in Ayurveda for its general body and metal health-
promoting properties. TCE treatment was seen to arrest the majority of cells in
G0/G1 phase and modulated the expression of DNA clamp sliding protein
(PCNA) and cyclin D1. Further, TCE-treated cells showed differentiation as

248 
 
 

revealed by their morphology and the expression of neuronal cell specific

differentiation markers NF200, MAP-2 and NeuN in neuroblastoma cells. The
differentiated phenotype was associated with induction of senescence and
pro-apoptosis pathways by enhancing expression of senescence marker
mortalin and Rel A subunit of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB) along with
Page | 249 
decreased expression of anti-apoptotic marker, Bcl-xl. TCE exhibited anti-
metastatic activity and significantly reduced cell migration in the scratched
area along with downregulation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)
polysialylation and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our data
suggest that crude extract or active phytochemicals from this plant may be a
potential candidate for differentiation-based therapy of malignant
neuroblastoma cells. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Mishra, R., S. Manchanda, M. Gupta, T. Kaur, V. Saini, A. Sharma and G. Kaur (2016).
"Tinospora cordifolia ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and improves cognitive
functions in acute sleep deprived rats." Scientific Reports 6.
Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to the spectrum of mood disorders like anxiety,
cognitive dysfunctions and motor coordination impairment in many
individuals. However, there is no effective pharmacological remedy to negate
the effects of SD. The current study examined whether 50% ethanolic extract
of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) can attenuate these negative effects of SD. Three
groups of adult Wistar female rats - (1) vehicle treated-sleep undisturbed
(VUD), (2) vehicle treated-sleep deprived (VSD) and (3) TCE treated-sleep
deprived (TSD) animals were tested behaviorally for cognitive functions,
anxiety and motor coordination. TSD animals showed improved behavioral
response in EPM and NOR tests for anxiety and cognitive functions,
respectively as compared to VSD animals. TCE pretreatment modulated the
stress induced-expression of plasticity markers PSA-NCAM, NCAM and GAP-
43 along with proteins involved in the maintenance of LTP i.e., CamKII-α and
calcineurin (CaN) in hippocampus and PC regions of the brain. Interestingly,
contrary to VSD animals, TSD animals showed downregulated expression of
inflammatory markers such as CD11b/c, MHC-1 and cytokines along with
inhibition of apoptotic markers. This data suggests that TCE alone or in
combination with other memory enhancing agents may help in managing
sleep deprivation associated stress and improving cognitive functions. © 2016,
Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

Mishra, S. B. and S. S. Kadian (2009). "Cancer therapy in Ayurveda - A systemic

review." Pharmaceutical Reviews 7(4).
Thousands of herbal and traditional compounds are being screened
worldwide to validate their use as anti-cancerous drugs. An integrated
approach is needed to manage cancer using the growing body of knowledge
gained through scientific developments. Hence, an attempt is made in this

249 
 
 

review to discuss about the pathology and therapeutic management of

various cancers described in Ayurveda. Review of literature on anticancer
drugs of plant origin revealed identification of newer ayurvedic drugs that are
not mentioned in the ancient texts. These new findings add up to ayurvedic
science that has been developed through ages. In addition, details of
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experimental and clinical studies conducted on single and compound
ayurvedic preparations for their anticancer efficacy strongly emphasize
ayurvedic therapy as a scientifically motivated one and not simply
unconventional.

Mishra, Y., J. Mittal, A. Singh, A. Batra and M. M. Sharma (2015). "In vivo and in vitro
histological localization of endophytic fungi in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex
Hook F. & Thomas." Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
2(1): 30-33.
The present research protocol was developed to locate endophytic fungi
present inside the healthy leaves of Tinospora cordifolia. The surface sterilized
leaf explants after staining with lactophenol cotton blue showed the presence
of endophytic fungi in intercellular spaces of ground, dermal tissue especially
in midrib region. Leaves have shown dense colonies of endophytic fungi.
Microscopic examination of in vitro and in vivo leaves has shown mycelium
which was dense, branched and septate. Hence, the comparative study was
conducted in both in vitro and in vivo leaves of T. cordifolia to locate
endophytic fungi. The present study revealed that the fungi are not only
developed in plants under natural environment but also under controlled
conditions i.e. tissue culture of plants. Therefore, the present research work
favoured the view that endophytes can infect nutrient medium of in vitro
culture of T. cordifolia and diversity of endophytic fungi increase after
hardening and acclimatization of T. cordifolia plantlets. The presence of
endophytes in in vitro cultures depends both on age of tissue and host
genotype. Further studies are required to isolate the endophytic fungi, pure
culture on PDA plates and their identification to explore their biosynthetic
pathway. © 2015 Elsevier GmbH.

Mistry, K. S., Z. Sanghvi, G. Parmar and S. Shah (2016). "Comparative evaluation of

antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite against
multispecies dentinal biofilm." Saudi Endodontic Journal 6(2): 71-76.
Aims: To check the antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) (Giloy),
Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against 21-
day-old multispecies biofilm formed on tooth substrate of extracted human
teeth. Settings and Design: In vitro dentin disinfection model used to check
the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal extracts. Materials and Methods: The in
vitro dentin disinfection model was used to check the antimicrobial activity of
the methanolic extracts of medicinal plants along with NaOCl. The

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polymicrobial biofilm was allowed to grow on extracted teeth sections for a

period of 21 days. Remaining microbial load in the form of CFU/ml after the
antimicrobial treatment was tabulated and data were statistically analyzed
using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS
version 17 one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Both the plant
Page | 251 
extracts showed considerable antimicrobial efficacy as compared to negative
control. About 5.25% NaOCl was the most effective antimicrobial agent having
statistically significant difference against plant extracts and negative control
(saline). Conclusions: The methanolic extract of TC (Giloy), O. sanctum (Tulsi),
and 5.25% NaOCl has considerable antimicrobial activity against polymicrobial
dentinal biofilm of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. © 2016 Saudi Endodontic
Journal.

Mittal, A. and R. Dabur (2014). "Detection of new human metabolic urinary markers in
chronic alcoholism and their reversal by aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia
stem." Alcohol and Alcoholism 50(3): 271-281.
Aims: We have studied urine metabolic signature of chronic alcoholism (CA)
before and after treatment with an Ayurvedic drug Tinospora cordifolia
aqueous extract (TCE).Methods: Urinary metabolites of chronic alcoholics and
apparently healthy subjects were profiled using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS.
Discrimination models from the initial data sets were able to correctly assign
the unknown samples to the CA, treated or healthy groups in validation sets
with r2 &gt; 0.98.Results: Metabolic signature in CA patients include changed
tryptophan, fatty acids and pyrimidines metabolism. Several novel biomarkers
of alcoholism were observed in urine for the first time which includes, 5-
hydroxyindole, phenylacetic acid, picolinic acid, quinaldic acid, histidine,
cystathionine, riboflavin, tetrahydrobiopterin and chenodeoxyglycocholic acid,
in addition to previously reported biomarkers. Treatment of CA with TCE
reverted the levels of most of the biomarkers except tetrahydrobiopterin
levels.Conclusions: These results suggested that the measurement of these
urine metabolites could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic method for the
detection of CA. As TCE treatment significantly reversed the affected pathways
without any side effect. Overall, the present data depicts that TCE may be used
either alone or adjunct in reducing alcohol-induced disorders. © The Author
2015. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights
reserved.

Mittal, J., Y. Mishra, A. Singh, A. Batra and M. M. Sharma (2017). "An efficient
micropropagation of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F & Thoms: A NMPB
prioritized medicinal plant." Indian Journal of Biotechnology 16(1): 133-137.
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed through direct
organogenesis in T. cordifoila, a National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB)

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prioritized medicinal plant. Mature in vivo nodal explants were used for
optimal development of multiple shoots in vitro. Maximum number of shoots
per nodal explant (7.9±0.45) with the highest shoot length (9.3±0.48 cm) was
developed on MS medium supplemented with N6-benzyladenine (4. 44 μM) in
combination with N6-2-iso-pentenyl adenine (2.45μM). During the shoot
Page | 252 
multiplication, leaching of phenolics was observed and to avoid this, different
adjuvants (activated charcoal, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ascorbic acid) were
used. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone at 1.0% in combination with optimized hormones
when incorporated in MS medium, phenolic secretion was controlled
successfully. The highest % response of rooting (89%) with 8.3±0.46 cm root
length was observed on 1/2 strength MS medium augmented with indole
butyric acid (2.45 μM). Complete plantlets were transferred to earthen pots
containing a mixture of autoclaved garden soil and cocopeat (2:1) and then
shifted to the culture chamber for further hardening and acclimatization.
Plants after acclimatization survived well in nature.

Mittal, J. and M. M. Sharma (2017). "Enhanced production of berberine in In vitro

regenerated cell of Tinospora cordifolia and its analysis through LCMS QToF." 3
Biotech 7(1).
Tinospora cordifolia is a prioritized medicinal plant and having an immense
medicinal importance especially in Indian medicinal system. But this plant
needs a regeneration protocol for its rapid propagation. An efficient
regeneration protocol was developed for T. cordifolia using nodal explants.
High frequency of multiple shoot formation was induced when the nodal
segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L −1
) and 2-iP (0.5 mg L −1 ). The highest mean number of shoots per nodal
explant (7.9 ± 0.45) with highest shoot length (9.3 ± 0.48 cm) and 86%
response were achieved on this media and hormonal concentration. The
optimum rooting was obtained on ½ strength of MS medium augmented with
IBA (0.5 mg L −1 ) with 8.3 ± 0.46 cm root length and 89% response.
Micropropagated plantlets were found to be identical with the mother plant
when clonal fidelity of these plantlets were analyzed with inter simple
sequence repeat (ISSR) marker. The berberine content was analyzed through
LCMS QToF and the highest amount was found in in vitro callus (19.8 µg/gm)
followed by stem (9.3 µg/gm) and leaves of field-grown plants (8.4 µg/gm).
Further, presence of berberine was confirmed by ESI–MS spectra with
protonated molecular ions ([M + H] + ) at m/z 336. Furthermore, MS–MS
fragmentation pattern confirmed for the presence of berberine in both the
samples. Both the spectra (standard and samples) showed common peaks for
berberine in the form of protonated molecular ions ([M + H] + ) at m/z 320,
m/z 304, m/z 292, m/z 278 in MS/MS mode. The study revealed that
developed protocol is potent for rapid mass propagation of this plant species

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with high accumulation of important secondary metabolite berberine. © 2017,

The Author(s).

Mittal, J., A. Singh, A. Batra and M. M. Sharma (2017). "Synthesis and characterization
of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial efficacy." Particulate Science and
Page | 253 
Technology 35(3): 338-345.
An efficient protocol for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the
combination of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia leaves and 5 mM silver
nitrate (AgNO 3 ) solution was developed. This study revealed that bioactive
compounds present in the extract function as stabilizing and capping agent
for AgNPs. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron
microscope studies confirm the structure and surface morphology of the
AgNPs. The size of synthesized AgNPs was in the range of 30–50 nm having
spherical morphology. The crystalline nature of NPs was defined by the X-ray
diffraction pattern. The AgNPs were found to be toxic against pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(ATCC 27853), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and against plant
pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC 8608) and Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum (MTCC 8785). The use of AgNPs as antibacterial and antifungal
agent is advantageous over other methods for control of pathogenic
microorganisms, and it can be of great importance in developing novel drugs
for curing many lethal diseases. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.

Modak, M., P. Dixit, J. Londhe, S. Ghaskadbi and T. P. A. Devasagayam (2007). "Indian

herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes." Journal of Clinical
Biochemistry and Nutrition 40(3): 163-173.
Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of
the world's population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants
used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important
human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries.
In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban
areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of
diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred
due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven
antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in
treatment of diabetes is compiled. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia
jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus,
Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and
Withania somnifera. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the
development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free
radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties
would be more beneficial. Therefore information on antioxidant effects of
these medicinal plants is also included.

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Mohamed, E., E. Dharmana, A. Suwondo and M. Ausofro (2016). "Effect of Tinospora

cordifolia extract on neutrophils, TNFα, and IFNγ percentage in Balb/c mice infected
with Salmonella typhimurium." International Journal of PharmTech Research 9(4):
334-339.
Page | 254 
Herbal medicine is still consumed by 80% populations in developing countries
for primary health care. Tinospora cordifolia extracts are widely used as a
system of traditional medicine for the treatment. T. cordifolia is a plant species
that has a function as a natural immunomodulation. It increases the activity
and function some components of nonspecific and specific immunity. The aim
of the research is to know the effects of T. cordifolia extract on the immunity
system and the regulation of neutrophil, TNFα, and IFNγ percentage. This
study was conducted in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Brawijaya. There was 5 treatment groups namely the
negative control group (C-), the positive control group mice (C+), and the
mice group were injected with S. typhimurium and treated with 0.225(D1),
0.375(D2), 0.75(D3) mg/day T. cordifolia extract. The result showed that the
highest average of neutrophil was in D3 treatment, and the lowest average
was in D1 treatment. The highest average of TNFα and IFNγ were in C(+)
treatment and the lowest average were in C(-) treatment. The levels of TNFα
decreased in proportion to increase the dose administered on rats treated
with T. cordifolia extract. The increasing doses of therapy were not
accompanied by elevated levels of IFNγ. The conclusions are the percentage
of neutrophil in the treatment group was higher than the control group, the
percentage of IFNγ is increasing of the treatment group than the control
group, and there is increasing of the treatment group than the control group.
© 2016, Sphinx Knowledge House. All rights reserved.

Mohamed, E., E. Dharmana, A. Suwondo and M. Ausofro (2016). "Effect of tinospora

cordifolia extract on the liver histopathology of Balb/c mice infected with salmonella
typhimurium." International Journal of PharmTech Research 9(4): 344-348.
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhimurium. Tinospora cordifolia is a
plant species that has a function as a natural immunomodulation. The extracts
of T. cordifolia modulate the functions of hepatic protective and immune
stimulatory. Hepatic protective herb increases the activity of the Kupffer cells.
The aim of the research is to know effects of T. cordifolia extract on the liver
histopathology of Balb/c mice infected S. typhimurium. This study was
conducted a month in 2015 at Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya. There were 5 treatment namely
negative control group, a positive control group that injected with S.
typhimurium, mice group were injected with S. typhimurium and treated with
0.225, 0.375, and 0.75 mg /day T. cordifolia extract. Liver histopathology was
done by light microscope observation in liver paraffin which stained with

254 
 
 

Hematoxylin-Eosin. The results showed that the positive control has nodular
granulomata composed of principal on macrophages with many lymphocytes
and few neutrophils. In addition, nodular lesion size was reduced in the
treatment group compared to control positive and the presence of
polynuclear leukocyte cells was replaced by mononuclear leukocytes. It can be
Page | 255 
concluded that T. cordifolia extract has protection effect and reduce the
damage that caused by S. typhimurium in the liver. © 2016, Sphinx Knowledge
House. All rights reserved.

Mohan, M. C., A. P. Abhimannue and P. B. Kumar (2017). "Identification and

characterization of berberine in tinospora cordifolia by liquid chromatography
quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS Q-Tof) and evaluation of its
anti inflammatory potential." Pharmacognosy Journal 9(3): 350-355.
Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F and Thomas
commonly called as gudduchi or amrita is a widely used plant in traditional
medicinal system of Ayurveda. A UPLC MS/MS Q-Tof method for the
identification and characterization of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
Miers. ex HooK.F. and Thomas. and to evaluate the anti inflammatory potential
of bioactive fraction. Materials and Methods: The presence of berberine in
Tinospora cordifolia was determined by HPLC and was subsequently isolated
by HPTLC. The anti inflammatory property of the fraction containing berberine
was demonstrated to have an inhibitory activity on 5 lipoxygenase, an enzyme
involved in inflammatory pathway and its IC50 value was obtained. The
binding interactions between berberine and 5-LOX were demonstrated by
docking studies. Result: The presence of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia
methanolic extract was identified by HPLC and HPTLC analysis and confirmed
by UPLC MS/ MS Q-Tof. The fraction containing berberine inhibited 5-LOX
with an IC50 of 0.041± 0.0003μg/mL as compared to that of NDGA (positive
control) which showed an IC50 of 2.75 ± 0.05 μg/mL. Molecular docking of
berberine with 5-LOX showed a binding energy of -8.942 ± 0.039665 kcal/mol
and Ki of 273.16 ± 3.026 nM as compared to the NDGA which has a binding
energy of -7.186 ± 0.170503 kcal/mol and Ki 5.604± 1.618 μM. Conclusion:
Tinospora cordifolia can be used as a source of berberine and possible anti
inflammatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia may be attributed to the
presence of berberine. © 2017 Phcog.Net.

Mohan, V. and A. Koul (2018). "Anticancer potential of Tinospora cordifolia and

arabinogalactan against benzo(a)pyrene induced pulmonary tumorigenesis: A study
in relevance to various biomarkers." Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology 7(4): 225-
235.
Introduction: Aqueous Tinospora cordifolia stem extract (Aq.Tc) and
arabinogalactan (AG), its bioactive polysaccharide, which are antioxidant
remedies were evaluated on pulmonary cancer and associated tumor markers.

255 
 
 

Methods: Mice were randomly segregated into 6 groups. Group I: animals

served as control. Group II: animals which were administered Aq.Tc extract
(200 mg/kg, orally), thrice a week. Group III: animals which received AG (7.5
mg/kg, orally) thrice a week. Group IV: animals which were instilled with
benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) (50 mg/kg, orally) twice within an interval of 2 weeks.
Page | 256 
Group V: animals which received Aq.Tc extract as in group II, along with B(a)P
after 2 weeks of Aq.Tc administration. Group VI: animals which received AG as
in group III along with B(a)P after 2 weeks of AG administration. Results: As
expected, B(a)P treated mice exhibited high tumor incidence and multiplicity
with concomitant increase in serum/plasma markers like carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
and tumor necrosis factor. However, Aq.Tc and AG supplementation to B(a)P
abused animals significantly attenuated these parameters at different stages
of cancer, depicting their anti-cancer effects in lung carcinogenesis. Also,
treatment of Aq.Tc and AG to tumor bearing mice reduced the degree of
histopathological alterations as compared to B(a)P installed mice. The
apoptotic index in case of Aq.Tc and AG fed mice treated with B(a)P was
higher as compared to only B(a)P treated mice. Further it was observed that
Aq.Tc could induce higher degree of apoptosis when compared to AG group,
suggesting Aq.Tc as a more effective modulator of tumorigenesis. Conclusion:
Overall, these findings substantiate the chemopreventive potential of Aq.Tc
and AG against lung tumorigenesis. Aq.Tc was found to be more effective
than AG in modulating the process of lung carcinogenesis as reflected by
various observations. © 2018 Babol University of Medical Sciences. All rights
reserved.

Mohanambal, K., G. Selvaraju, K. M. Palanivel and J. J. Rajeswar (2018). "Evaluation of

immunopotentiating effect of medicinal plant products in commercial layer flock
vaccinated against Newcastle disease." Indian Journal of Animal Research 52(9):
1343-1346.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunopotentiating effect
of medicinal plant products such as Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia,
Allium sativum and Azadirachta indica in commercial layer flock vaccinated
against Newcastle disease and production parameters. The
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre values in all the groups were above the
protective level throughout the study period. Similar results were obtained in
ELISA. The cell mediated immune response was assessed by Leukocyte
Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT) and there was a significant mean per cent
inhibition in treatment groups. There was no change in egg production, egg
shell thickness, albumen index, Haugh unit and yolk index between treatment
and control groups. In conclusion, W. Somnifera (Ashwagandha, Amukkara
kizhangu), (1%), T. Cordifolia (Guduchi, Seendhil kodi), (1%), Azadirachta indica
(Neem, Veembu) (0.2%) and A. Sativum (Garlic, Poondu), (0.3%) can be used as

256 
 
 

an immunostimulant in poultry against Newcastle disease vaccination without

affecting the egg production and egg qualities. © 2018, Agricultural Research
Communication Centre. All rights reserved.

Molla, A. H., M. G. Zakaria, M. T. H. Molla, M. T. Alam and M. S. Ahsan (2012).

Page | 257 
"Chemical investigation and microbial activity of Tinospora cordifolia miers." Journal
of Bio-Science 20(0): 153-160.
Context: Plants have been used in treating human diseases for thousands of
years. Medicinal plant drug discovery continues to provide new and important
leads against various pharmacological targets including cancer, malaria,
HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, and pain. Objectives: The chemical investigation,
antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the active principles isolated from the
plant. Materials and Methods: The rectified spirit extract of the fresh stem of
the plant Tinospora cordifolia was fractionated using standard
chromatographic techniques to afford several fractions. The fraction TC-1 was
purified by crystallization and screened. FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral
analyses were performed to characterize the compound. The antibacterial and
antifungal activities of TC-1 were observed by "Disc diffusion method" against
a number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Standard antibiotics "Kanamycin"
(30μg/disc) and "Fluconasol" (500 μg/disc) were used respectively for
comparison. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compound
TC-1 was carried out by the "Serial Dilution Technique". The compound also
showed significant activity against the brine shrimp nauplii. Results: The
compound TC-1 showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities
against all tested organisms.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
TC-1 against Bacillus megaterium and Salmonella typhi-A was found to be
128μg/ml in nutrient broth medium. The value of medium lethal
concentration, LC50 (9.34 μg/ml) indicated the high toxic effect of the
compound TC-1. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the compound TC-1 is
an alkaloid having significant activities.

Monisha, S. and B. Ragavan (2015). "Investigation of phytochemical, mineral content,

and physiochemical property of a polyherbal extract." Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(3): 238-242.
Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the
phytochemical, mineral content, and physiochemical properties of a
polyherbal extract (PE). Methods: Fresh plants Punica granatum (rind),
Catharanthus roseus, Gymnema sylvestre, Cissus quadrangularis, Garcinia
cambogia, Tinospora cordifolia, Terminalia Arjuna, Urginea indica, Ficus
racemosa were selected for the PE. The plants were collected from various
areas in and around Coimbatore district. The plants were washed, air dried,
and coarsely powdered. 10 g of each plant powder has undergone various
extract analysis for its phytochemical screening. The coarse extract called PE is

257 
 
 

been tested for physiochemical properties and its mineral content. Results:
The presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides,
phenolic compounds, and tannins in all the extract but highest in the
hydroethanolic extract. The physiochemical properties showed the appropriate
pH and solubility of PE. Conclusion: Our findings provide that PE contain
Page | 258 
medicinally important secondary metabolites for the treatment of various
diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus in the
traditional folk medicine. © 2015, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research. All rights reserved.

More, P. and K. Pai (2011). "Immunomodulatory effects of Tinospora cordifolia

(Guduchi) on macrophage activation." Biology and Medicine 3(2 SPECIALISSUE): 134-
140.
Macrophages are the first line of defense and constitute important
participants in the bi-directional interaction between innate and specific
immunity. Macrophages are in a quiescent form and are activated when given
a stimulus. In the present study, we have used Tinospora cordifolia, commonly
known as Guduchi, to see its effect on macrophage activation. The direct drug
treatment to J774A cells showed activation as assessed by biochemical assays.
Enhanced secretion of lysozyme by macrophage cell line J774A on treatment
with Tinospora cordifolia and lipopolysacharide was observed, suggesting
activated state of macrophages. Enhanced lysozyme production was reported
at different time intervals (24 hrs and 48 hrs). This led us to check the effect of
the drug on the functional activity of macrophage with respect to microbicidal
properties by disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test. The enhanced inhibitory
effects of T. cordifolia (direct effect) and T. cordifolia treated cell supernatant
(indirect effect) on the bacteria (E. coli) indicates the susceptibility of bacteria.
This study is an attempt to check the potential significance of the T. cordifolia
to be used as immunomodulator for activation of macrophages.

More, P. and K. Pai (2012). "In vitro NADH-oxidase, NADPH-oxidase and

myeloperoxidase activity of macrophages after Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)
treatment." Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 34(3): 368-372.
It is believed that the enhanced microbicidal and tumoricidal capability of
activated macrophages is related to the remarkable increase in the production
of oxygen metabolites. Both the production of H2O2 and the oxidation of
NAD(P)H are directly dependent upon NAD(P)H-oxidase. It has been
established that the respiratory burst is due to activation of NAD(P)H-oxidase
localised in the plasmalemma. Myeloperoxidase is believed to be involved in
augmenting the cytotoxic activity of H2O2. It was observed that the
macrophage cell line J774A.1 when treated with Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)
and LPS showed enhanced NADH-oxidase, NADPH-oxidase and
myeloperoxidase production as compared to macrophages treated with

258 
 
 

medium alone. The direct drug treatment to J774A cells showed activation as
assessed by biochemical assays. These results suggest that high NADH-
oxidase, NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities may account for
tumoricidal and microbicidal properties via macrophage activation. © 2012
Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
Page | 259 

More, P. and K. Pai (2017). "Effect of tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) on the phagocytic
and pinocytic activity of murine macrophages in vitro." Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology 55(1): 21-26.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is a widely used herb in Ayurvedic system of
medicine known to possess immunomodulatory properties. The present study
was aimed to study the activation of macrophages after in vitro guduchi
treatment. The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia was found to enhance
phagocytosis and pinocytosis in vitro. The rate of pinocytosis by macrophages
when measured by uptake of horseradish peroxidase was significantly
increased after guduchi treatment as compared to medium alone. The
macrophages demonstrated an increased phagocytosis to non-infective
microorganisms (heat killed yeast) and live infective microorganisms (E. coli)
after guduchi treatment. The results demonstrate that Guduchi enhances
macrophage activation as analyzed by cytochemical parameters. © 2017,
National Institute of Science Communication. All rights reserved.

More, P. and K. Pai (2017). "Involvement of tyrosine-specific protein kinase and

protein kinase C in J774A.1 macrophage functions activated by Tinospora cordifolia."
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8(2): 88-92.
Background Macrophages are the first line of defense and constitute
important participant in the bi-directional interaction between innate and
specific immunity. Macrophages are in a quiescent form and get activated
when given a stimulus. In our previous studies we have reported that guduchi
or LPS treatment of macrophages enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO)
and increased tumoricidal activity against L929 fibroblast cells. Objective In
the present study effect of Tinospora cordifolia commonly known as guduchi
on macrophage activation and the mechanism of action i.e. involvement of
protein kinase C inhibitor and tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibitor was
investigated. Materials and Methods The present study was undertaken to
determine whether H-7 (inhibitor of protein kinase C) and/or genistein
(inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinase) could inhibit guduchi or LPS-
induced macrophage NO and TNF-α production or reduce the cytolysis of
L929 fibroblast cells. Results It was observed that in vitro incubation with H-7
and/or genistein completely inhibited guduchi or LPS-induced NO and TNF-α
production by macrophages (J774A.1). Conclusion The inhibitory effects of H-
7 and/or genistein, suggest that phosphorylation via these kinases may

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upregulate the NO synthase activity in macrophages. © 2017 Transdisciplinary

University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation

Mridula, K., S. Parthibhan, T. Senthil Kumar and M. V. Rao (2017). "In vitro
organogenesis from Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers — A highly valuable medicinal
Page | 260 
plant." South African Journal of Botany 113: 84-90.
Efficient in vitro regeneration protocols were established for Tinospora
cordifolia through direct and indirect organogenesis, using cotyledon (C),
young leaf (YL) and mature leaf (ML) explants. Highest response of 97.9–
100.0% organogenic callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS)
medium containing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 2.0 mg/L. Morphology of the
callus varied from yellow friable to compact on auxin treatments. Shoot bud
induction from callus was rapid on modified MS medium (mMS) containing
IAA or 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin
(KN) and ascorbic acid (AA). Among the explants, cotyledons produced the
highest shoot number (24.1 shoots) followed by YL (19.0) and ML (16.1)
explants. Direct organogenesis was better on C than YL explant. Highest of
14.5 and 11.0 shoots were achieved on BA, KN, AA and IAA (0.5 mg/L) from C
and YL explants, respectively. Best shoot length of 8.3 cm was achieved on MS
medium containing gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0.5 mg/L. All the shoots were
rooted on MS medium at half strength macro salts (½ MS) with indole-3-
butyric acid (IBA) 0.5 mg/L and NAA 0.5 mg/L. Rooted plantlets were
successfully hardened under in vitro conditions and transferred to the
glasshouse with 75% survival rate. This is the first report on successful
organogenesis via callus and from different explants in T. cordifolia. The same
protocols using different medium and plant growth regulators (PGRs) at
different stages of organogenesis can be utilized for mass production to aid
commercial needs and eco-restoration of this plant and to the related genera.
© 2017

Mukherjee, A., A. K. Ghosh and S. Sengupta (2010). "Purification and characterization

of a thiol amylase over produced by a non-cereal non-leguminous plant, Tinospora
cordifolia." Carbohydrate Research 345(18): 2731-2735.
A 43 kDa α-amylase was purified from Tinospora cordifolia by glycogen
precipitation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography,
and HPGPLC. The enzyme was optimally active in pH 6.0 at 60 °C and had
specific activity of 546.2 U/mg of protein. Activity was stable in the pH range
of 4-7 and at temperatures up to 60 °C. PCMB, iodoacetic acid,
iodoacetamide, DTNB, and heavy metal ions Hg2+ &gt; Ag+ &gt; Cd2+
inhibited enzyme activity while Ca2+ improved both activity and
thermostability. The enzyme was a thiol amylase (3 SH group/mole) and DTNB
inhibition of activity was released by cysteine. N-terminal sequence of the
enzyme had poor similarity (12-24%) with those of plant and microbial

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amylases. The enzyme was equally active on soluble starch and amylopectin
and released maltose as the major end product. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.

Mukherjee, A. and S. Sengupta (2013). "Indian medicinal plants known to contain

Page | 261 
intestinal glucosidase inhibitors also inhibit pancreatic lipase activity-an ideal
situation for obesity control by herbal drugs." Indian Journal of Biotechnology 12(1):
32-39.
Dietary excess of lipids causes substantial health disorders like hyperlipemia,
obesity and cardiovascular problems. Use of lipase and α-glucosidase
inhibitors in combination is considered to be the ideal therapy for obesity
control. Anti-obesity activity of natural products is usually assessed by
inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity by the preparations. We havereported
earlier that some known hypoglycemic medicinal plants, such as, Eugenia
jambolana Lam., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.)
Miers and Trigonella foenum-graceum L. contain α-glucosidase inhibitors.The
present study reports that their plant extracts also inhibit pancreatic lipase
activity. The methanolic extracts showed an IC50 value (μg/mL) of 230+20,
520+15, 360+25 and 564+12 for E. jambolana (stem-bark), A. indica (root), T.
cordifolia(leaves) and T. foenum-graceum (seeds), respectively. Bioassay
guided partial purification yielded active fractions with IC50(μg/mL) of 23+5
(E. jambolana), 14+3 (A. indica) and 11+2.5 (T. cordifolia). All the active
fractions inhibited the enzymein a mixed-competitive manner with Ki and Ki'
values (μg/mL) as 1.26+0.22, 3.96+0.28 (E. jambolana);0.95+0.46,2.3+0.16 (A.
indica); and 1.1+0.2, 4.2+0.26 (T. cordifolia).

Mukherjee, A., S. Sengupta, L. Ray and S. Sengupta (2012). "Evaluation of Tinospora

cordifolia amylase as a commercial digestive enzyme of plant origin." Journal of
Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 18(1): 58-76.
Tinospora cordifolia stem contained 470+50, 3.0+1.5, and 1.5+0.5 units of
amylase, maltase, and isomaltase, respectively, per gram of fresh tissue.
Amylase was more thermo- and acid-stable than fungal, porcine pancreatic
and human salivary amylases and liberated much more reducing sugar and
glucose from cereal starches, amylopectin and glycogen than fungal enzyme.
Crude enzyme hydrolyzed maltose, isomaltose, raffinose, melezitose and raw
starch and therefore does not require the participation of intestinal
disaccharidases for complete digestion of dietary starch into glucose. The
enzyme protein was nontoxic at an oral dose of 1.5 g.Kg-1 body weight. ©
2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Mukherjee, P. K., S. Bahadur, R. K. Harwansh, S. Biswas and S. Banerjee (2017).

"Paradigm shift in natural product research: traditional medicine inspired
approaches." Phytochemistry Reviews 16(5): 803-826.

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The development of traditional medicine with the perspectives of safety,

efficacy and quality would help not only to preserve the traditional heritage
but also to rationalize the use of herbal medicine in the human healthcare.
Nature is considered as a compendium for templates of new chemical entities.
The medicinal plants mentioned in the different ancient texts worldwide may
Page | 262 
be explored with the modern scientific approaches for better leads in the
healthcare. Drugs from medicinal plants are unique for their chemical and
biological features, and are gaining global acceptance because they offer
natural ways to treat diseases and promote healthcare. Natural products are
the best sources of chemical diversity for finding new drugs and leads.
Globalization of traditional medicine is necessary for health care with
assessment of its safety, efficacy, therapeutic and clinical evidence. Evidence
based validation of the ethnopharmacological claims on traditional medicine
is necessary for its promotion and development. Applications of techniques
such as marker analysis, DNA bar coding, plant metabolomics, network
pharmacology etc. are being taken into account for the validation and
documentation of medicinal plants. This can be achieved by the scientific
exploitation of the established facts from ancient systems through proper
validation of the claims based on pharmacological and phytochemical
assessments. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Mukherjee, P. K., K. Maiti, K. Mukherjee and P. J. Houghton (2006). "Leads from Indian
medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials." Journal of Ethnopharmacology
106(1): 1-28.
Diabetes mellitus is caused due to deficiency in production of insulin by the
pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. It is a global
problem and number of those affected is increasing day by day. The plants
provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs because many plants and
plant derived compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes.
Several medicinal plants have found potential use as hypoglycemic in the
Indian system of medicines, including ayurveda. Many Indian plants have been
investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and reports
occur in numerous scientific journals. This article aims to provide a
comprehensive review on various plant species from Indian biosphere and
their constituents, which have been shown to display potent hypoglycemic
activity. The use of herbs as hypoglycemic is a major avenue in Indian
perspectives particularly for treating diabetes, which require to be explored
more effectively as there are so many literatures available on these aspects.
This paper describes the chemistry, activity and usage of the constituents
isolated from these plants from India for the treatment of diabetes. © 2006
Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Mukherjee, P. K., N. K. Nema, S. Bhadra, D. Mukherjee, F. C. Braga and M. G.

Matsabisa (2014). "Immunomodulatory leads from medicinal plants." Indian Journal
of Traditional Knowledge 13(2): 235-256.
Immunomodulation is the alteration of immune response which may increase
or decrease the immune responsiveness. Medicinal plants, since times
Page | 263 
immemorial, have been used virtually in all cultures as a source of medicine
for altering the immune systems. Several medicinal plants have been
investigated for immunomodulatory potentials and they are proved to have
beneficial effect on alteration of immune system by diverse mechanisms in
animals. The present review will provide an up to date knowledge about the
medicinal plants used as immunomodulators and their phytoconstituents. This
article highlights on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, therapeutic usage
and related aspects of 55 medicinal plants, such as Allium sativum, Aloe vera,
Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Boerhaavia diffusa, Boswellia
serrata, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Carica papaya, Datura quercifolia,
Emblica officinalis, Hydrastis Canadensis, Hypericum perforatum, Ocimum
sanctum, Panax ginseng, Plantago major, Plantago asiatica, Piper longum,
Tinospora cordifolia, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Withania
somnifera, etc. which have been investigated for their immunomodulatory
potentials, and they are proved to acquire beneficial effect on alteration of
immune system by diverse mechanisms. Thus an approach for integration of
the available information on several species of medicinal plants used as
immunomodulators along with the metabolites responsible for the same has
been made in this article.

Mukherjee, R. (2005). "Therapeutic and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal

herbs in bovine mastitis." Phytomedica 6: 25-32.
Immunotherapeutic potential of acquous extract of Ocimum sanctum (O.
sanctum) leaf and Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) stem along with external
application of Dermanol a herbal product in bovine clinical mastitis (CM) were
investigated. Somatic cell count (SCC), Total bacterial count (TBC), milk
differential leukocyte count (DLC), phagocytic anion phagocytic index (PI) and
reactive oxygen molecules like Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were
evaluated after different treatment. Thirty six cows were divided in 4 equal
groups. Group I served as healthy control and Group II, III and IV positive for
intramammary infection were infused with O. sanctum + T. cordifolia, O.
sanctum + T. cordifolia along with application of Dermanol, and Erythomycin
in group II, III and IV respectively. The results reveated that there was
significant reduction in CMT point score, SCC and TBC in group II, III and IV,
the reduction was maximum in group IV cows. Milk DLC revealed percent
decrease in neutrophil and enhancement of lymphocytes with increased
phagocytic activity and phagocytic index in group II and III and these activities
were more pronounced in group III cows. There was significant reduction in

263 
 
 

neutrophil % as well as Lymphocyte % and phagocytic activity and phagocytic

index in group IV cows. Respiratory burst activity revealed ehancement of
Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in group II and III on day 7 post
treatment and respiratory burst activity was maximum in group III cows, where
as significant reduction in Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide was
Page | 264 
observed in group IV cows. The results suggest that the crude extract of
Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifoila (stem) possesses some biological
active principles that are antibacterial and immunomodulatory in nature and
application of Dermanol also significantly contributed for the same as well as
for early recovery. The present work is important for substa ntiating the
therapeutic use of medicinal herbs and also understands the potential of the
commonly available non-toxic herbal substances to enhance the mammary
gland immunity.

Mukherjee, R., U. K. De and G. C. Ram (2010). "Evaluation of mammary gland

immunity and therapeutic potential of Tinospora cordifolia against bovine subclinical
mastitis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 42(4): 645-651.
Enhancement of the diseased mammary gland immunity and therapeutic
potential of hydro-methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia;
stem) in bovine subclinical mastitis was investigated. Somatic cell count (SCC),
total bacterial count (TBC), phagocytic activity, and leukocyte lysosomal
enzymes like myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase activity and Interleukin-8
(IL-8) level were evaluated after intramammary infusion of hydro-methanolic
extract (stem) of T. cordifolia in diseased cows. The qualitative analysis of the
extract revealed the presence of polysaccharide, phenol, alkaloid, and protein.
Intramammary infusion of hydro-methanolic extract of T. cordifolia treatment
initially enhanced the SCC; thereafter, significant reduction in cell count (P <
0.05) was observed on day 15 of the treatment period, however, reduction in
TBC was observed from day 3 onwards. The phagocytic activity of milk
polymorphonuclear cells enhanced in the diseased cows treated with the T.
cordifolia extract. Similarly, the lysosomal enzyme content of the milk
polymorphonuclear cells enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) in diseased cows
treated with T. cordifolia. The IL-8 level in milk serum also increased
significantly (P < 0.05) in diseased cows treated with the herb extract. The
results suggest that the hydro-methanolic extract of T. cordifolia (stem)
possesses antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. In the present
study, the biological activity of the Tinospora cordifolia extract at standardized
dose against bovine subclinical mastitis is reported for the first time.
Development of alternative therapy with medicinal plants is an option for
livestock farmers who are not allowed to use the conventional allopathic
drugs under certain farming system or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs.
© Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009.

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Mukherjee, S., N. Pawar, O. Kulkarni, B. Nagarkar, S. Thopte, A. Bhujbal and P. Pawar

(2011). "Evaluation of free-radical quenching properties of standard Ayurvedic
formulation Vayasthapana Rasayana." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
11.
Background: Cellular damage induced by free-radicals like Reactive Oxygen
Page | 265 
and Nitrogen Species (ROS and RNS) has been implicated in several disorders
and diseases, including ageing. Hence naturally occurring anti-oxidant rich-
herbs play a vital role in combating these conditions. The present study was
carried out to investigate the in vitro free-radical quenching capacity of a
known Ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation called Vayasthapana
Rasayana.Methods: Methanol extracts of Vayasthapana Rasayana formulation
(VRF) were studied for in vitro total antioxidant activity along with phenolic
content and reducing power. In vitro assays like DPPH, FRAP, ABTS scavenging
to evaluate radical quenching potential were performed.Results: The
formulation has shown 94% at 0.1 mg/ml DPPH free-radical scavenging
activity as against 84% at 0.1 mg/ml for standard ascorbic acid (IC50value 5.51
μg/ml for VRF and 39 μg/ml for standard). It has a significant higher ferric
reducing potential also (OD 0.87 at 700 nm &amp; 0.21 at 0.1 mg/ml for VRF
and standard, respectively). The total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalent)
of the VRF is 8.3 mg per g of dry mass. Total antioxidant capacity of the
formulation, estimated by FRAP was 1150 ± 5 μM Fe(II)/g dry mass. ABTS
radical scavenging activity of VRF was 69.55 ± 0.21% at 100 μg/ml
concentration with a IC50value of 69.87 μg/ml as against 9% and 95% by
ascorbic acid and Trolox (at 70.452 μg/ml and 0.250 μg/ml concentrations,
respectively).Conclusion: In Indian traditional Ayurvedic system, use of VRF is
in regular practice for mainly combating age-related disorders and diseases as
many of the components of the Rasayana are known for their free-radical
scavenging activity. This study has validated the potential use of VRF as an
anti-oxidant to fight age-related problems. © 2011 Mukherjee et al; licensee
BioMed Central Ltd.

Munshi, R. P., S. G. Joshi and B. N. Rane (2014). "Development of an experimental diet

model in rats to study hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, markers for coronary
heart disease." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 46(3): 270-276.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop an experimental model of
hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance (IR), markers of coronary heart disease
(CHD) using high fat and high sugar (HFHS) diet and to evaluate the efficacy
of the model using atorvastatin, a known antihyperlipidemic drug,
pioglitazone, a known insulin sensitizer, and Tinospora cordifolia (Tc), an
antidiabetic plant. Materials and Methods: Following Institutional Animal
Ethics Committee permission, the study was conducted in male Wistar rats
(200-270 g). The model was developed using a high fat (vanaspati ghee:
coconut oil, 3:1) oral diet along with 25% fructose (high sugar) added in

265 
 
 

drinking water over a period of 6 weeks. Atorvastatin (2.1 mg/kg/day),

pioglitazone (2.7 mg/kg/day) and Tc (200 mg/kg/day) were administered 3
weeks after initiation of HFHS diet and continued for another 3 weeks.
Parameters assessed were weight, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin,
and gastric emptying. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase were
Page | 266 
assessed as markers of oxidative stress. Results: Administration of HFHS diet
demonstrated a significant increase in blood glucose, insulin, total and low
density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides with a decrease in high
density lipoprotein cholesterol. Treatment with test drugs decreased blood
sugar, insulin, lipid parameters, increased gastric emptying rate, decreased
MDA levels, and catalase activity when compared to HFHS diet group,
confirming the efficacy of the model. Atherogenic index of all the test drugs
(0.48, 0.57, and 0.53) was significantly lower as compared to HFHS diet group
(1.107). Conclusion: This study confirms the development of a diet based cost-
effective and time efficient experimental model, which can be used to study
two important markers of cardiovascular disease that is, hyperlipidemia and IR
and to explore the efficacy of new molecules in CHD.

Murthy, S. M. S. and G. M. Vidyasagar (2012). "Traditional herbal remedies for

Jaundice in Bellary district, Karnataka, India." Medicinal Plants 4(4): 240-243.
An ethnobotanical survey of Bellary district, comprising seven taluks was
conducted during March 2011 to May 2012. The indigenous knowledge of
local traditional healers and the native plants used for the treatment of
jaundice were collected through questionnaire and personal interviews.
Twenty four species of folk drug plants belonging to 23 genera and 19
families were found to be used as a remedy for jaundice by the tribal and rural
people in the district. The scientific name, family and local names of these
plants along with their parts used and method of preparation is provided.

Murugananthan, G., P. Deep, R. Kumar and K. Nandakumar (2010). "Preparation of

indegenous herbal formulation and its evalaution for antidiabetic activity."
Pharmacologyonline 2: 275-282.
The objective of the study is to prepare and investigate the herbal formulation
of Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum and Emblica officinalis for
antidiabetic effects. Herbal formulations PD1, PD2 and PD3 were prepared
using Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum and Emblica officinalis extracts.
Herbal formulations were evaluated for hypoglycemic effects and Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test (OGTT) in normal and Alloxan induced diabetic rats. In
hypoglycemic study and OGTT, there was a significant decrease in Blood
Glucose Level (BGL) in normal rats with formulation PD3, marginal decrease in
formulation PD2 and very less decrease in formulation PD1. In diabetic rats
PD3 showed significant decrease in Fasting Blood Glucose Level (FBGL) which
was comparable to Glibenclamide while the effects of formulation PD2 and

266 
 
 

PD1 was not significant after treatment with prepared herbal formulations.
These results were also supported by serum lipid profile and histological
studies of liver and kidney.

Mutalik, M. and M. Mutalik (2011). "Tinospora cordifolia: Role in depression,

Page | 267 
cognition and memory." Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism 23(4): 168-173.
Tinospora cordifolia is known as an adaptogen or rejuvenator and is
traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. It has immunomodulatory,
antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-infl ammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic
and other properties. Recent evidence from animal and human studies
underscores the potential antistress properties of Tinospora cordifolia. The
antistress action has been shown to be benefi cial in depression and in
improving cognition and memory. The most likely antidepressant mechanisms
involve inhibiting reuptake of amines in the brain. Improved levels of
norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), and dopamine
(DA), and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been
demonstrated. Inhibiting the breakdown of amines, particularly
norepinehphrine and serotonin has also been demonstrated. GABA-B receptor
antagonism and G-protein mediated signallling have been suggested as
additional underlying mechanisms. Central antioxidant and protective
properties play an important role in improving cognition, concentration and
memory. Tinospora cordifolia has also been shown to be benefi cial in
improving cerebral ischemia. Prevention of oxidative stress injury and
regulation of cytokines are possible mechanisms involved in these benefi cial
effects. Tinospora cordifolia works synergistically with many herbal
preparations, which makes it an important component of polyherbal
formulations. Lack of evidence for serious toxicity presents Tinospora
cordifolia as one of the unique herbal medicines in management of
depression, Alzheimer's disease and attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder.
Further work on elucidation of mechanisms, selectivity of action and drug
interactions with other herbal substances will be helpful in determining the
current status of Tinospora cordifolia as a psychopharmacological agent. ©
National Herbalists Association of Australia 2011.

Muthubalaji, R., S. Ramesh and V. Vinoth Kumar (2013). "Phytochemical, antibacterial

and in vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory assay of polyherbal formulation." Der Pharmacia
Lettre 5(4): 241-246.
In the present study phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity and alpha-
amylase inhibitory potential of the traditional polyherbal Siddha formulation
was investigated. Different extracts of the polyherbal formulation was
prepared and tested for preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro
antibacterial activity against reference strains. In addition, alpha-amylase
inhibitory assay of the herbal formulation were performed in aqueous extract.

267 
 
 

Secondary metabolites such as saponin, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids,

phenolics and terpenoids were found to be present in aqueous extract of
herbal formulation. Mild inhibition on growth of microbes was observed in
antibacterial assay. Acetone extract showed 14mm zone of inhibition against
Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aqueous extract exhibited up to 69.8% of
Page | 268 
inhibition of alpha amylase enzyme. Presence of various secondary
metabolites in extracts was found to be responsible for antibacterial activity
against tested microbes. This study also shows that the herbal formulation was
moderately inhibiting alpha amylase enzyme and therefore it may be used as
hypoglycemic agents in the management of post prandial hyperglycemia.

Nadig, P., R. Revankar, S. Dethe, S. Narayanswamy and M. Aliyar (2012). "Effect of

Tinospora cordifolia on experimental diabetic neuropathy." Indian Journal of
Pharmacology 44(5): 580-583.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of stem of Tinospora
cordifolia (TC) on hyperalgesia in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and in-
vitro aldose reductase inhibition. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats,
rendered diabetic with streptozotocin, were divided into 5 groups, namely the
diabetic control treated with vehicle (DC), standard control which received
glibenclamide+metformin (SC), test groups treated with 100, 200and 400
mg/kg b.w. of Tinospora cordifolia (TC1, TC2 and TC3 respectively). A group of
five normal animals served as normal control (NC). Fasting blood glucose,
body weight and reaction time to tail flick were measured one week after
induction of diabetes. The animals were then treated orally for two weeks after
which the same parameters were repeated. In-vitro aldose reductase inhibition
assay was carried out at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mcg/ml
of Tinospora cordifolia using rat lens from normal rats. The in-vivo results
were analysed with Mann Whitney test. Results: The DC group demonstrated a
decrease in the reaction time (hyperalgesia) compared to NC while a
significant increase in the reaction time was observed with SC, TC2 and TC3
groups (p&lt;0.05) as compared to the DC group. TC1 and TC2 showed a
significant reduction in body weight compared to their baseline values
(p&lt;0.05). There was no significant change in the fasting blood glucose (FBS)
in any of the groups. In-vitro aldose reductase inhibition was observed with TC
with an IC 50 of 103 mcg/ml. Conclusions: Tinospora cordifolia prevents the
hyperalgesia in experimental diabetic neuropathy. It has an aldose reductase
inhibitory activity in-vitro which may contribute to the beneficial effects.

Nagaprashanthi, C., P. Rafi Khan, K. Gopi chand, M. A. Aleemuddin and G. Rajiya

Begum (2012). "In vitro antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia and its
phytochemical screening." International Journal of PharmTech Research 4(3): 1004-
1008.

268 
 
 

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antifungal
and antibacterial activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia
creeped on Azadirachta indica Tree (TC1) in comparison with that of Tinospora
cordifolia (TC2) creeped on fencing. Hydroalcoholic extract of T.cordifolia stem
was prepared by maceration technique. The microorganisms used as
Page | 269 
antibacterial and antifungal were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas sp, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus
fumigates, mucor sp and Pencillium. The extract of TC1 exhibit effective
antimicrobial activity against all the organisms, while the extract of TC2
exhibits inhibition zone on limited species such like Staphylococcus aureus (12
mm), Klebsiella pneumonia (10 mm), Pseudomonas sp (8 mm), Aspergillus
niger (6 mm), Aspergillus fumigates (8 mm) and mucor sp (12 mm). The results
suggest that T.cordifolia creped on neem tree having the potential
antimicrobial activity similar to Azadirachta indica. This can explain that the
host plants (T.cordifolia) will encorporate the medicinal virtue when they
survive on neem plants. It is expected that using T.cordifolia as therapeutic
agents for treating infections in traditional medicine.

Nagaprashanthi, C. H., M. A. Aleemuddin and M. Kannan (2012). "Investigation of in-

vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Tinospora Cordifolia."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(2): 673-675.
Medicinal plants have served as a constant source of medicaments to treat
various diseases. Infections by the gastrointestinal helminth parasites are the
most common and economically important diseases. In order to provide best
remedy with no side effects, many pharmacological investigations were
performed on medicinal herbs. The present study is aimed to investigate the
anthelmintic potential of aqueous leaf extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (ALETC)
using Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Four different concentrations
(10, 25, 50, 100 mg/ml) of extract were tested and compared with standard
drug Albendazole which is taken in same concentration as like that of extract.
Normal saline is used as control. Results were expressed in terms of time of
paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of worm. This investigation demonstrates
that the aqueous leaf extract of Tinospora Cordifolia have potent anthelmintic
activity.

Nagaraja Puranik, K., K. F. Kammar and S. Devi (2007). "Modulation of morphology

and some gluconeogenic enzymes activity by Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) in diabetic
rat kidney." Biomedical Research 18(3): 179-183.
Effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) (TC) stem extracts (both aqueous and
alcoholic) in different dosages (200 and 400 mg/ kg b.w) on kidney weight,
morphology, serum creatinine, renal gluconeogenic enzymes Glucose-6-
phosphatase and Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase activity in streptozotocin
induced diabetic albino rats was investigated in this study. The drug was

269 
 
 

administered orally for 10 and 30 days in different groups. Efficacy of TC in

modulating all these altered parameters caused by diabetes was compared
with the Lante Zinc Insulin (6 Units / kg b.w. daily, i.p.) treated diabetic rats.
Drug treated diabetic animals showed a significant effect (p< 0.05) of TC on all
these parameters except renal morphology, compared to untreated animals.
Page | 270 
Moreover, the drug administration in control animals did not induce
significant change in any one of these parameters, showing that TC
administration is safe in normal animals.

Nagaraja Puranik, K., K. F. Kammar and S. R. Devi (2008). "Efficacy of Tinospora

cordifolia (Willd.) extracts on blood lipid profile in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Is it
beneficial to the heart?" Biomedical Research 19(2): 92-96.
Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) stem extracts (both aqueous and
alcoholic) in different dosages (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) on blood lipid profile
in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats was investigated in this study.
The drug was administered orally for 10 days in 24 rats of 4 different groups
treated with Tinospora cordifolia. Similarly, in another group of study
consisting of 24 rats, the drug was administered orally for 30 days. Efficacy of
Tinospora cordifolia in ameliorating the metabolic derangements in lipid
metabolism caused by diabetes was compared with the Lante Zinc Insulin (6
Units/kg b.w. daily. i.p.) treated diabetic rats. Plasma total cholesterol,
triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and lipoproteins like high density
lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein -
cholesterol levels were measured according to the standard biochemical
methods. Drug treated diabetic animals showed a significant (p< 0.05) effect
of Tinospora cordifolia on all these parameters compared to untreated
animals. Treatment with insulin restored all these altered parameters to near
normal levels in diabetic animals. Our results indicated that Tinospora
cordifolia stem extract is able to ameliorate the derangements in lipid
metabolism caused by diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin induced diabetic
rats towards normal level. Hence, this study may reveal the usefulness and
beneficial value of herbal drug Tinospora cordifolia in treating hyperlipidemia.

Nagarathna, P. K. M., K. Reena, S. Reddy and J. Wesley (2013). "Review on

immunomodulation and immunomodulatory activity of some herbal plants."
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 22(1): 223-
230.
The immune system is one of our most complex biological systems in the
body. Immunization may be active or passive. The active immunization
involves stimulation with an antigen to develop immunological defences
against a future exposure and passive immunization involves administration of
preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed
to an antigen. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and

270 
 
 

animal which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against

pathogens by activating the non specific immune system. The immune system
dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like allergy, asthma, arthritis,
cancer and other infectious diseases. So modulation of immune responses too
much required to controlling the various infectious diseases. The texts of
Page | 271 
traditional Indian medicine literature consist of a number of plants reputed to
promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the
body and enhance longevity, lesser number of side effects against synthetic
immunomodulatory agent.

Nagarkatti, D. S., N. N. Rege, N. K. Desai and S. A. Dahanukar (1994). "Modulation of

Kupffer cell activity by Tinospora cordifolia in liver damage." Journal of Postgraduate
Medicine 40(2): 65-67.
Kupffer cells are major determinants of outcome of liver injury. Their activity
was therefore studied in a model of chronic liver disease. The effect of
Tinospora cordifolia, an indigenous agent with proven hepatoprotective
activity, was evaluated on Kupffer cell function, using carbon clearance test as
a parameter. Rats were divided into two major groups. In Gp I which served as
normal control t1/2 of carbon was 9.48 +/- 4.14 min. GpII received horse-
serum in a dose of 0.5 ml/100 gm b.w. i.p. for a period of 12 weeks and was
divided into three sub-groups. In Gp IIA at the end of 12 weeks half-life of
carbon was found to be significantly increased to 19.86 +/- 7.95 min (p <
0.01). Indicating suppressed Kupffer cell function in chronic liver damage. In
Gp IIB treated with vehicle for 4 more weeks there was significant
prolongation of half-life to 38.32 +/- 10.61 min (p < 0.01), indicating
perpetuation of damage in absence of damaging agent. Whereas in Gp IIc,
treated with Tinospora cordifolia t 1/2 was decreased to 14.24 7.74 min (p <
.01), as compared to vehicle control indicating a significant improvement in
Kupffer cell function and a trend towards normalization.

Nagendrappa, P. B., M. P. Naik and U. Payyappallimana (2013). "Ethnobotanical

survey of malaria prophylactic remedies in Odisha, India." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 146(3): 768-772.
Aim of the study: To investigate the plants traditionally used for prevention of
malaria in Cuttack, Gajapati and Koraput districts of Odisha state, eastern
India. Materials and methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out
among 20 traditional healers who were sampled based on recommendations
of local elders and local non-government organizations. Data were collected
through semi-structured interview. Results: The study revealed the use of 16
traditional plant species belonging to 12 families for prevention of malaria.
Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Ocimum
sanctum, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale were the most commonly reported
plants for their malaria prophylactic use by the healers of three districts of

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Odisha. Most of the remedies were used in decoction form. Conclusions:

Findings of this study provide a lead to explore traditional plants for malaria
preventive potential through further pre-clinical and clinical studies. © 2013
Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

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Naik, D., C. Dandge and S. Rupanar (2014). "Determination of Chemical Composition
and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Leaf." Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 17(2): 228-236.
The work carried out on hitherto unknown chemical composition of essential
oil isolated from leaf of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) and evaluation of its in
vitro antioxidant activity is reported. Essential oil was obtained by
hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus was found to contain 27 volatile
compounds by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Identification of 25 constituents
comprising 98.1 % of essential oil was done using NIST library and Wiley GC-
MS library. This was further supported by the comparison of the reported
retention indices with those determined. Confirmation of structural
assignment of 13 compounds in leaf essential oil was done by co-injection
with the authentic compounds. The compounds identified in essential oil
include alcohols (32.1 %), phenols (16.6 %), aldehydes (16.2 %), fatty acids
(15.7 %), alkanes (8.3 %), esters (3.2 %), terpenes (1.2 %), and other classes of
compounds (4.8 %). Major components of the leaf essential oil were
hydroquinone (16.6 %), 2-hexenal (14.2 %), palmitic acid (14.1 %), 2-hexen-1-
ol (11.5 %) and phytol (11.4%). The essential oil demonstrated strong 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50= 25±0.3
μg/mL). It also showed dose dependent reducing power activity. Total
phenolic content of this essential oil was shown to be 28±0.4 mg GAE/g fresh
leaves. This study demonstrates the strong potential of T. cordifolia leaf
essential oil as a natural antioxidant. © 2014 © 2014 Har Krishan Bhalla
&amp; Sons.

Naik, R., H. Nemani, S. Pothani, S. Pothana, M. Satyavani, S. S. Qadri, M. Srinivas and

B. Parim (2019). "Obesity-alleviating capabilities of Acalypha indica, Pergulari ademia
and Tinospora cardifolia leaves methanolic extracts in WNIN/GR-Ob rats." Journal of
Nutrition and Intermediary Metabolism 16.
The present study was intended to assess the anti-obesity efficiency of
methanolic extracts of leaves of Acalypha indica, Pergularia daemia and
Tinospora cordifolia in WNIN/GR-Ob rats. Leaves of three plants were
extracted with methanol by using soxhlet apparatus and flash evaporated.
WNIN/GR-Ob rats were taken for this study and plant extracts were
supplemented to rats in the form of handmade pellets along with standard
dietfor 30 days. We evaluated the effects of plant extracts on body and organ
weights, blood glucose, and lipid profiles, body composition by TOBEC and
DXA and histopathological analysis as well. In the current study, we found that

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decreased body and organ weights, blood glucose and increased bone
mineral density and bone mineral concentration were noticed. We also
observed that decreased lipid levels and altered body composition parameters
were restored to near normal in treated obese rats when compared to
untreated rats. Histopathological study confirmed that these three plant
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extracts significantly reduced the pathological changes in treated groups
caused by obesity. Hence, these results suggest that plant extracts of
metanolic extract of A. indica, P. daemia and T. cordifolia (200 mg/kg BW) may
be consider in the treatment of obesity. © 2019

Naik, R. M., V. Venugopalan, P. Kumaravelayutham and Y. L. Krishnamurthy (2012).

"Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants among the Lambani community in
Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
2(2 SUPPL.): S470-S476.
Objective: To explore and document ethnomedicinal knowledge of various
plants used by the Lambani ethnic group in Chitradurga District of Karnataka,
Southern India for traditional veterinary purposes. The area is rich in plant
wealth; therefore this study has been made to prepare an inventory of
indigenous medicinal plants and to bring traditional knowledge on record.
Methods: In accordance to standardized WHO questionnaires, one hundred
fourteen informants - consisting of healers, practitioners, farmers and village
headman - were interviewed regarding the medicinal use of the local flora in
various tribal villages of Chitradurga District, Karnataka during February 2010
to October 2010. Results: Ethno botanical uses of 39 plants belonging to 24
families have been documented in the present study for their interesting
therapeutic properties for various veterinary ailments such as lack of appetites,
bloat, fever, ephemeral fever, diarrhea, cough, foot and mouth disease etc. Of
the plants studied, most were trees and leaves contributed mainly to the plant
part used for medical purpose. Conclusions: Lambani tribe, who are generally
poor and live in remote areas, use ethno veterinary medicine (EVM) for the
primary healthcare of their animals. The use of plants reveals their interest in
ethnomedicine and further research on these species could lead to the
discovery of novel bioactive molecules for efficient management of diseases.
© 2012 Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedical Magazine.

Naik, S. R., V. N. Thakare and F. P. Joshi (2010). "Functional foods and herbs as
potential immunoadjuvants and medicines in maintaining healthy immune system: A
commentary." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 7(1).
Herbs and traditional foods have been demonstrated for their effectiveness on
lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, arthritis
and cancer as well as special health benefits towards body defensive
mechanism(s) by strengthening immune system. Some herbs have been
identified as important for daily maintenance of immune system and classified

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as immunotonics, which include immunostimulants, immunomodulators or

immunoadjuvants. These immuno agents are known to exert overall balancing
effect on immune system and are expected to augment or promote defensive
system. The second category of herbs identified is largely useful for the
treatment immune disorders or compromised immune system. Herbs or
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ayurvedic preparations with immunostimulant property have traditionally
been used to treat various diseases, viz. AIDS, transplant rejections, etc. Herbs
such as Astragalus memebranaceus and Panax are known to stimulate
phagocytosis and cytokines production; hence, they are described as
immunotonics. The ancient lineage and modern scientific scrutiny of multiple
beneficial effects of functional foods and vegetative herbs provides enough
opportunity to become therapeutic agents as a natural source of primary
health care and rejuvenate immune system by augmenting immune function
largely to maintain a healthy body. Botanicals are chemically complex and
diverse; therefore, they could be used as cocktails of immuno drugs to restore
immunostasis. Some herbs and traditional foods like Echinacea purpurea,
Grifola frondosa, Nigella sativa, Panax ginseang, Hydrastis canadensis,
Astragalus memebranaceus, Tinospora cardiofolia, Curcuma longa,
Andrographis peniculata, Hyreicum perforatum, Wilhania somnifera, and
Allium sativum have been identified from immunological and health benefit
point of view. Recent documented reports suggest certain phytoconstituents
and phytochemicals have the intrinsic ability to maintain better health by
boosting the immune system, reducing inflammation and allergies as well as
detoxifying contaminants, pollutants and activating enzymes that unbridled
cell division. It is also suggested that nutritional intervention with fruits,
beverages and vegetables might play an important role in preventing long
term effects of oxidative stress on various organs and the aging process as
well as improving the immune system. © 2010 Berkeley Electronic Press. All
rights reserved.

Nair, P. K. R., S. J. Melnick, R. Ramachandran, E. Escalon and C. Ramachandran (2006).

"Mechanism of macrophage activation by (1,4)-α-d-glucan isolated from Tinospora
cordifolia." International Immunopharmacology 6(12): 1815-1824.
The signaling mechanism of the novel (1,4)-α-d-glucan (RR1) isolated from
the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia was investigated in macrophages to
evaluate its immunostimulating properties. When RAW264.7 macrophages
were incubated with RR1 at 4 °C, the novel glucan inhibited the phagocytosis
of unopsonized zymosan A bioparticles in a dose-dependent manner. RR1
also inhibited the binding and internalization of opsonized zymosan A
bioparticles, although at a lower level than laminarin. Incubation of
macrophages with anti-CD11b mAb followed by RR1 failed to show any
inhibitory effect on RR1-induced TNF-α synthesis confirming that complement
receptor 3 (CR3) is not involved in the opsonic binding and internalization of

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RR1 in macrophages unlike zymosan A. The anti-CD11b mAb has significant

inhibitory effect on the zymosan A-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α
synthesis. RR1 induced TNF-α synthesis in macrophages in a dose-dependent
manner which can be completely inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitor caffeic acid
phenethyl ester (CAPE) or curcumin. RR1 activated NF-κB in a time- and dose-
Page | 275 
dependent manner and this modulation of nuclear NF-κB activity is associated
with the degradation of I-κB α thus facilitating the translocation of NF-κB into
the nucleus. RR1-induced NF-κB activity peaks at 8 h of RR1 stimulation while
I-κB α degradation occurred within 1 h of stimulation. RR1-induced NF-κB
activation occurred through TLR6 signaling as evidenced by the synthesis of
IL-8 in TLR6-transfected HEK293 cells. These results show that the novel (1,4)-
α-d-glucan from Tinospora cordifolia activates the immune system through
the activation of macrophages that occurs through TLR6 signaling, NF-κB
translocation and cytokine production. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nakanekar, A., K. Kohli and P. Tatke (2019). "Ayurvedic polyherbal combination

(PDBT) for prediabetes: A randomized double blind placebo controlled study."
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine.
Background: Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has
become alarming, burdening health care systems throughout the world.
Prediabetes is an intermediate step before manifestation of full blown DM.
Effective intervention at this step would help stop/slow progression to DM.
Objective: This study aimed at use of a polyherbal combination (PDBT –
constituted of Tinospora cordifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Gymnema
sylvestre, Zingiber officinale and Momordica charantia) along with life style
modification compared to a placebo in prevention of DM among prediabetic
individuals. Materials and Methods: The study was a double blinded, placebo
controlled randomized clinical trial. Participants were divided in to a group on
PDBT and life style management (LSM) and second on placebo and LSM.
Participants in the intervention group received 2 gm/day of PDBT. All
participants received the intervention for a period of 6 months. Results: One
hundred and fourteen participants were enrolled in the study, 57 each in
intervention and control group. At the end of the study, 8 participants from
the intervention group, compared to 15 participants in the control group had
converted to DM. There was a 47% risk reduction in the intervention group.
Participants in the intervention group showed statistically significant decrease
in their blood glucose level (fasting and PP), Hb1AC, fasting serum insulin and
HOMA-IR values. There was no significant change in BMI. No adverse effects
were reported by any participants. Conclusion: PDBT along with LSM in
prediabetic participants was associated with reduction in conversion to DM
than placebo along with LSM without any adverse effects. © 2018
Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation

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Nalini Sofia, H., H. Vetha Merlin Kumari, T. M. Walter and S. G. Senthil Kumar (2014).
"Anti-diabetic polyherbal siddha formulation Atthippattaiyathi kasayam: A review."
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 28(2): 169-
174.
In South India, indigenous remedies have been used in the treatment of
Page | 276 
Madhumegam (Type-2 Diabetes mellitus) since the time of Agathiyar and
Thirumoolar. Plants have always been an exemplary source of drugs and many
of the currently available drugs have been derived directly or indirectly from
them. The ethno botanical information reports that about 800 plants may
possess antidiabetic potential. Atthippattaiyathi kasayam, a polyherbal anti-
diabetic Siddha formulation containing 22 ingredients of plants origin. They
are Ficus recemosa, Cassia fistula, Cassia auriculata, Salacia reticulate,
Madhuca longifolia, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna, Hemidesmus
indicus, Amaranthus tricolor, Phyllanthus reticulates, Aloe barbadensis,
Cyperus rotundus, Tinospora cordifolia, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper
longum, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum, Spermacoce hispida and
Ferula asafetida. Overall, this review presents the profiles of ingredients of
Atthippattaiyathi kasayam with anti diabetic properties reported in the
literature and in various research studies. © 2014, Global Research Online. All
rights reserved.

Nandagopal, B., S. Sankar, M. Ramamurthy, S. Sathish and G. Sridharan (2011). "Could

the products of Indian medicinal plants be the next alternative for the treatment of
infections." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 29(2): 93-101.
Indian medicinal plants are now recognized to have great potential for
preparing clinically useful drugs that could even be used by allopathic
physicians. Traditionally, practitioners of Indian medicine have used plant
products in powder, syrup or lotion forms, without identification,
quantification and dose regulation, unlike their allopathic counterparts. The
present review explores the immense potential of the demonstrated effect of
Indian medicinal plants on microbes, viruses and parasites. In the present
context, with the available talent in the country like pharmaceutical chemists,
microbiologists, biotechnologists and interested allopathic physicians,
significant national effort towards identification of an "active principle" of
Indian medicinal plants to treat human and animal infections should be a
priority.

Nandha, R. and H. Singh (2013). "Amalgamation of ayurveda with allopathy: A

synergistic approach for healthy society." International Journal of Green Pharmacy
7(3): 173-176.
In wake of the fact that despite the availability of advanced technologically
aided modern medicine system, our society is witnessing a rise in various
lifestyle disorders, chronic diseases and development of resistance to the

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existing remedies; integration of ayurveda with allopathy seems the need of

the hour. A novel comprehensive system, if generated by fusion of rich
traditional therapies with modern medicine system, can utilize the best of
both the systems without disrespecting any and can provide care in disease
management, disease prevention, preservation, protection and health
Page | 277 
rejuvenation. Amalgamation of ayurveda with allopathy will certainly be able
to create a healthy society by developing a healthcare system that is more
effective than either system used alone as well as less expensive and less toxic.

Narayanan, A. S., S. S. S. Raja, K. Ponmurugan, S. C. Kandekar, K. Natarajaseenivasan,

A. Maripandi and Q. A. Mandeel (2011). "Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal
plants against multiple antibiotic resistant uropathogens: A study from Kolli Hills,
Tamil Nadu, India." Beneficial Microbes 2(3): 235-243.
The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens
necessitates medicinal plants as an alternate therapy in restricting the resistant
infectious organisms. In this primitive study, the antibiotic resistance of
organisms isolated from urinary tract infected patients was evaluated using
the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method
and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index values, and the MAR values
was also calculated for plant extracts. The 10 common medicinal plants
collected from Kolli hills, Namakkal, south India were extracted using the
chloroform, methanol, acetone, ethanol and saponification procedure. The
efficacy of the extracts on the uropathogens was tested by agar disc diffusion
method in order to analyse the inhibitory activity of plant extract on the
organisms. Azadiracta indica A. Juss., Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) and
Euphorbia hirta Linn. exhibited high inhibitory activity against most of the 11
tested organisms followed by Cassia javanica Linn. and Phyllanthus niruri Linn.
The maximum zone size of 46.3 mm was exhibited by methanol extract of P.
niruri Linn. against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asparagus racemosus Willd. and
Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl had the least activity against resistant pathogens.
Saponified lipids of most of the plants exhibited maximum antibacterial
activity. Among the tested organisms, P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus
epidermidis were the most susceptible and Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter
cloaceae, Citrobacter koseri, and Citrobacter freundii were the least inhibited
by most of the extracts of medicinal plants. It is concluded that revised
antibiotic policies and more importantly the development of herbal medicine
as an alternative may be incorporated in urological practice. © 2011
Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Narkhede, A. N., S. D. Jagtap, D. M. Kasote, O. P. Kulkarni and A. M. Harsulkar (2014).

"Comparative immunomodulation potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex
Hook. F., Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) merrill and Tinospora cordifolia growingon
Azadirachta indica A. Juss." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 52(8): 808-813.

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Guduchi has been widely used in the traditional medicine as an

immunomodulator. Description of guduchi in Ayurvedic literature resemble
with T. sinensis rather than with commonly available T. cordifolia and hence
this may be used as substitutes for T. sinensis. T. cordifolia growing on
Azadirachta indica commonly called Neem-guduchi has more
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immunomodulatory potential. Thus, immunomodulatory activity of three
Tinospora spp. was assessed by checking humoral and cell mediated immune
responses to the antigenic challenges with sheep RBCs and by neutrophil
adhesion tests on albino Wistar rats using Guduchi-Satwa, a well known
dosage form. Results revealed that Neem-guduchi possesses higher
immunomodulatory potential at the dose of 300 mg/kg, po and validated the
traditional claim. Hence, Neem-Guduchi can be employed in
immunomodulatory formulation prepared using guduchi.

Nasreen, S. and N. Narayanan (2011). "Evaluation of preformulation and formulation

parameters of an antistress herbal capsule." International Journal of Pharma and Bio
Sciences 2(1): 867-877.
The formulated capsule is a bi-herbal preparation recommended as antistress
agent. It contains Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia in equal
proportions. The present work is based on the standardization of individual
ingredients and formulation of the capsule with improved formulation
parameters. Physicochemical parameters were also checked for individual
crude drugs and finished capsules like ash value, extractive value, and loss on
drying. Granulation was done by using starch (20 % solution) as binder by wet
granulation technique. The preformulation parameters like bulk density, tap
density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio and angle of repose were checked for
laboratory granules. The granules were capsulated and the designed
formulations were evaluated for content uniformity, weight variation and
disintegration time. Quantification for Withaferin-A and Berberine of the
finished formulation was done by HPLC method. The designed formulation
was in conformity to the properties evaluated for the capsules and further
preclinical studies have to be done to test its efficacy.

Natarajan, E. and F. Xavier (2003). "Sensitivity of Aspergillus species to Tinospora

cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. F and Thompson leaf extracts." Asian Journal of
Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 5(4): 543-545.
The antifungal activity of ethanol and chloroform extract of Tinospora
cordifolia leaf was assayed in vitro against toxigenic strains of Aspergillus
niger and. A. flavus. Among them the chloroform extracts showed the highest
activity than ethanol extracts. Both the fungal species were highly sensitive to
chloroform leaf extracts at higher concentrations. The inhibition of aflatoxin
producing fungi by plant extracts is obviously due to the presence of certain

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inhibitory substances in plants. These results indicate that the extracts were
fungitoxic at higher concentrations. © Global Science Publications.

Nayampalli, S. S., S. S. Ainapure, B. D. Samant, R. G. Kudtarkar, N. K. Desai and K. C.

Gupta (1988). "A comparative study of diuretic effects of Tinospora cordifolia and
Page | 279 
hydrochlorothiazide in rats and a preliminary phase I study in human volunteers."
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 34(4): 233-236.

Neamsuvan, O., N. Madeebing, L. Mah and W. Lateh (2015). "A survey of medicinal
plants for diabetes treating from Chana and Nathawee district, Songkhla province,
Thailand." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 174: 82-90.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which
cannot be cured and must be suffered for whole life. Nowadays, many
patients wanting to treat themselves by herbal medicine are increasing.
Therefore, surveying of medicinal plants for treating diabetes and
disseminating the knowledge, might give people more choice to consume
herbs. The purposes of this qualitative study were to compile the medicinal
plants and their folk use to treat diabetes by local healers in Chana and
Nathawee district, Songkhla province. Materials and methods Semi-structured
interviews were used to gather about the local names, parts of plants used,
preparation and use method, and local properties. Descriptive statistics, use
value and interpretation were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 38
species belonging to 37 genera in 28 families were used as herbs for treating
diabetes. The family mostly used as herbal medicine was Rubiaceae (4 species;
10.53%). The part of herbal medicine mostly used was the root (8 speciess;
21.05%). Decoction and drinking were the most favorite preparation form and
use method. Interestingly, the most used herbal plant is Lagerstraemia
speciose Pers (0.83 of Use Value). Conclusion It was found that the local
healers possess the different knowledge based on their experience received
secretly from the family and adapted by themselves. Thus, this study is
important due to assistance for collecting the variety of knowledge before
disappearing. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Neergheen-Bhujun, V. S. (2013). "Underestimating the toxicological challenges

associated with the use of herbal medicinal products in developing countries."
BioMed Research International 2013.
Various reports suggest a high contemporaneous prevalence of herb-drug use
in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organisation
indicates that 80% of the Asian and African populations rely on traditional
medicine as the primary method for their health care needs. Since time
immemorial and despite the beneficial and traditional roles of herbs in
different communities, the toxicity and herb-drug interactions that emanate
from this practice have led to severe adverse effects and fatalities. As a result

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of the perception that herbal medicinal products have low risk, consumers
usually disregard any association between their use and any adverse reactions
hence leading to underreporting of adverse reactions. This is particularly
common in developing countries and has led to a paucity of scientific data
regarding the toxicity and interactions of locally used traditional herbal
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medicine. Other factors like general lack of compositional and toxicological
information of herbs and poor quality of adverse reaction case reports present
hurdles which are highly underestimated by the population in the developing
world. This review paper addresses these toxicological challenges and calls for
natural health product regulations as well as for protocols and guidance
documents on safety and toxicity testing of herbal medicinal products. © 2013
Vidushi S. Neergheen-Bhujun.

Negri, G. (2005). "Diabetes mellitus: Hypoglicemic plants and natural active

principles." Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Farmaceuticas/Brazilian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 41(2): 121-142.
Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of ethiologically and clinically
heterogeneous disorders with a common set of symptoms: excessive thirst
and hunger, muscular weakness, weight loss, excessive urination and elevation
of the blood glucose level among others. There has been a striking emergence
of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as a major health problem in
populations undergoing modernization of life-style, both in developed and
underdeveloped nations. Many species of plants have been used
ethnopharmacologically or experimentally to treat symptons of diabetes
mellitus. The high percentage of active plants probably reflects, at least in
part, the great variety of possible active constituents and mechanisms of
action. The wide diversity of chemical classes indicate a variety of mechanisms
must be involved in the lowering of the blood glucose level. Some of these
compounds may have therapeutic potential, while others may produce
hypoglycemia as a side-effect of their toxicity, specially hepatotoxicity. The
present article is an actualized review of hypoglicemic medicinal plants and
their active constituents.

Nemmani, K. V. S., G. B. Jena, C. S. Dey, C. L. Kaul and P. Ramarao (2002). "Cell

proliferation and natural killer cell activity by polyherbal formulation, Immu-21 in
mice." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40(3): 282-287.
Immunomodulatory activity of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, Immu-21
containing extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Emblica
officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia was studied on proliferative response of
splenic leukocytes to T cell mitogens, concanavalin (Con)-A and
phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and B cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in
vitro by [ 3 H]-thymidine uptake assay in mice. The cytotoxic activity of Immu-
21 was tested by measuring the splenic leukocyte natural killer (NK) cell

280 
 
 

activity against K 562 cells. Intraperitoneal (ip) treatment with Immu-21 (30
mg/kg) once a day for 14 and 21 days did not cause change in body weight
and spleen weight, where as splenocytes/spleen count was increased.
Treatment of Immu-21 (30 mg/kg, ip) for 14 days and 1 mg/kg for 21 days
significantly increased LPS induced leukocyte proliferation. NK cell activity was
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significantly increased when mice were pretreated with Immu-21 (10 and 30
mg/kg, ip) once a day for 7 days. The results indicate that pretreatment with
Immu-21 selectively increased the proliferation of splenic leukocyte to B cell
mitogen, LPS and cytotoxic activity against K 562 cells in mice.

Nety, S., K. M. Koley, M. Choudhary, D. Chourasia and V. Kumar (2017). "Comparative

study of immunomodulatory effect of tinospora cordifolia stem and azadirachta
indica leaf extract in broiler chicks." Veterinary Practitioner 18(2): 286-288.
The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the
immunomodulatory effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia
stem and Azadirachta indica leaves was done at the dose rate of 0.4g/lit in
drinking water as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chicks.
Tinospora cordifolia showed highest antibody titre and significantly higher
skin thickness in DNFB skin sensitization test both at 24 hours and 48 hours
after sensitization. However, Azadirachta indica extracts showed only
stimulation of CMI at 48 hours after sensitization but did not show any
significant effect on humoral immune response. It can be concluded that the
Tinospora cordifolia extract was superior to that of the Azadirachta indica
extract. © 2017, Veterinary Practitioner. All rights reserved.

Nety, S., K. M. Koley, M. Choudhary, M. R. Poyam and D. Chourasia (2017).

"Comparative efficacy of anti-microbial activity of Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta
indica and Andrographis paniculata extracts against gram positive and gram negative
bacteria." Indian Veterinary Journal 94(5): 25-28.
The present study describes the antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia
(stem), Azadirachta indica (leaves) and Andrographis paniculata (aerial parts).
Extracts of plants were obtained by Soxhlet's extraction in the mixture of
50%methanol and 50% water. The antibacterial activities were assessed by
measuring the diameter of the inhibition zonesand MIC values and reported.

Nguyen, M. T. T., S. Awale, Y. Tezuka, Q. L. Tran, H. Watanabe and S. Kadota (2004).

"Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Vietnamese medicinal plants." Biological and
Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27(9): 1414-1421.
Among 288 extracts, prepared from 96 medicinal plants used in Vietnamese
traditional medicine to treat gout and related symptoms, 188 demonstrated
xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity at 100 μg/ml, with 46 having greater
than 50% inhibition. At 50 μg/ml, 168 of the extracts were active, with 21
possessing more than 50% inhibition. At 25 μg/ml, 146 extracts exhibited

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inhibitory activity, with 8 showing over 50% inhibition, while 126 extracts
presented activity at 10 μg/ml, with 2 having greater than 50% inhibition. The
MeOH extracts of Artemisia vulgaris, Caesalpinia sappan (collected at the
Seven-Mountain area), Blumea balsamifera (collected in Lam Dong province),
Chrysanthemum sinense and MeOH-H 2 O extract of Tetracera scandens
Page | 282 
(Khanh Hoa province) exhibited strong XO inhibitory activity with IC 50 values
less than 20 μg/ml. The most active extract was the MeOH extract of the
flower of C. sinense with an IC 50 value of 5.1 μg/ml. Activity-guided
fractionation of the MeOH extract led to the isolation of caffeic acid (1),
luteolin (2), eriodictyol (3), and 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4). All these
compounds showed significant XO inhibitory activity in a concentration-
dependent manner, and the activity of 2 was more potent (IC 50 1.3 μM) than
the clinically used drug, allopurinol (IC 50 2.5 μM). © 2004 Pharmaceutical
Society of Japan.

Nile, S. H. and C. N. N. Khobragade (2009). "Determination of nutritive value and

mineral elements of some important medicinal plants from western part of India."
Journal of Medicinal Plants 8(SUPPL. 5): 79-88.
Background: Medicinal plants viz; Tinospora cordifolia (Gulvel), Gymnema
sylvester (Morasingi), Tricholepis glaberrima (Brahmdandi) are very important
for treatment of diabetes mellitus and other various diseases. These plants
have great importance due to their nutritive value and major source of
medicines as they have been found through out human history Objective:
Evaluation of Nutritive value and mineral elements of T.cordifolia (Gulvel), G.
sylvester (Morasingi), T. glaberrima (Brahmdandi). Methods: The nutrients
were analyzed by using different biochemical methods while the mineral
elements were analyzed by Flame photometry and by using various titration
methods. Results: T. cordifolia (Gulvel), G. sylvester (Morasingi), T. glaberrima
(Brahmdandi) showed sufficient mineral elements like P, K, Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, N,
Mg and low in Cu, Cr with good nutritive value and rich in carbohydrate
enough protein but low in fat content Conclusion: on dry matter basis these
medicinal plants shows high nutritive value with maximum percentage of
important minerals, which can be used for health care during anemic
condition and as food and fodder for livestock.

Nipanikar, S., S. Chitlange and D. Nagore (2017). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory

and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYCAP/0413 capsule." Pharmacognosy Research
9(3): 273-276.
Background: Conventional therapeutic agents used for treatment of Acne are
associated with various adverse effects necessitating development of safe and
effective alternative therapeutic agents. In this context, a polyherbal
formulation AHPL/AYCAP/0413 was developed for treatment of Acne.
Objectives: To evaluate Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of

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AHPL/AYCAP/0413. Material and Methods: 1) Anti-inflammatory activity: Anti-

inflammatory activity of AHPL/AYCAP/0413 in comparison with Diclofenac was
assessed in carrageenan induced rat Paw edema model. 2) Anti-microbial
activity for P. acne: Propionibacterium acnes were incubated under anaerobic
conditions. Aliquots of molten BHI with glucose agar were used as the agar
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base. Formulation and clindamycin (10 μg/ml) were introduced in to the Agar
wells randomly. 3) Anti-microbial activity for Staphylococcus epidermidis and
Staphylococcus aureus: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus
aureus were incubated under aerobic conditions at 37°C. TSB with glucose
agar was used as the agar base. 0.5ml of formulation and clindamycin (10
μg/ml) were introduced in to the wells randomly. The antibacterial activity was
evaluated by measuring zones of inhibition (in mm). Result: Significant
reduction in rat paw edema (51% inhibition) was observed with formulation
AHPL/AYCAP/0413 which was also comparable to that of Diclofenac (58%
inhibition). Zone of inhibition for formulation was 18.33 mm, 19.20 mm and
26.30 mm for P. acnes, S. epidermidis and S. aureus respectively. This activity
was also comparable to that of Clindamycin. Conclusion: AHPL/AYCAP/0413
capsule possesses significant Anti-inflammatory and Anti-microbial activities
which further justifies its role in the management of Acne vulgaris. © 2017
Pharmacognosy Research Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.

Nithya, T. G., M. Divagar and L. Juliet (2014). "Evaluation of Invitro anti diabetic
activity of Seendhil herbal formulation." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research 7(1): 91-93.
Objective: The main aim of the study was to screen the ethanolic extract of
seendhil polyherbal formulation for its invitro antidiabetic activity and its
efficacy in inhibiting alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as
inhibition of these enzymes prevents raise in postprandial glucose level in
blood. Methods: Both solvent and aqueous extract were prepared and assayed
for the presence of phytochemicals. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase
inhibitory activity of the formulation were determined according to standard
method using acarbose as control. The pre substrate and post substrate
addition absorbance was measured at 405 nm on a microplate reader. The
increase in absorbance on substrate addition was obtained. Each test was
performed three times and the mean absorption was used to calculate
percentage enzyme inhibition. Results: The preliminary phytochemical
screening of both aqueous and ethanolic extract showed the presence of
significant secondary metabolites. Inhibition percentage of alpha amylase was
75.3% with a IC50 value of 2.90mg/ml and for alpha glucosidase inhibition
percentage was 79.8% with a IC50 value of 2.78mg/ml. Conclusion: At the
concentration of 10mg/ml the extract showed significant and higher inhibitory
activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The present study

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indicated that Seendhil formulation could be useful in management of

postprandial hyperglycemia.

Oboh, G., A. J. Akinyemi and A. O. Ademiluyi (2012). "Antioxidant properties and

inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Struchium sparganophora (Ewuro Odo) leaf
Page | 284 
on α - Amylase and α - Glucosidase activities." African Journal of Traditional,
Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(3): 342-349.
Recent studies have shown that vegetables consumption could lower the risk
of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the inhibitory
effect of Struchium sparganophora (Ewuro Odo) leaf on key enzyme linked to
type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) as well as assessing the effect
of blanching (a commonly practiced food processing technique) of this leafy
vegetable on these key enzymes. Fresh leaves of Struchium sparganophora
were blanched in hot water for 10 minutes, and the 70% ethanolic extracts of
the fresh and blanched vegetables were prepared and used for subsequent
analysis. The antioxidant properties and interaction of the extracts on α -
amylase and α - glucosidase activities was determined in vitro. The result
revealed that Struchium sparganophora leaf scavenged DPPH free radical and
also inhibited α - amylase and α - glucosidase activities in a dose dependent
manner (0.05 -0.2 mg/ml). However, blanching of this leafy vegetables caused
a significant (P<0.05) increase in the antioxidant properties as typified by the
DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing property but decrease their
ability to inhibit α - amylase and α - glucosidase activities. This antioxidant
properties and enzyme inhibition could be part of the mechanism by which
green leafy vegetables exert their anti-diabetic properties. However, blanching
of the vegetable could reduce their ability to inhibit both α - amylase and α -
glucosidase activity, but enhance their antioxidant properties in vitro. ©
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.

Odedra, J., A. B. Thakar, N. N. Bhatt, C. R. Harisha and V. J. Shukla (2017).

"Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and high performance thin layer
chromatography evaluation of Manjisthadi kwatha in the management of psoriasis."
International Journal of Green Pharmacy 11(1): 57-61.
Background: Manjisthadi kwatha is mentioned in Ayurvedic classics as a
therapeutic formulation to treat Kustha, particularly Ekkustha (psoriasis). There
is about 2.5% of whole world population today who are suffering from
psoriasis but management is till unsatisfactory. Manjisthadi kwatha contains
manjistha (Rubia cordifolia), Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa) and Vacha (Acorus
calamus), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Nimbi (Azadirachta indica),
Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) and Triphala. All ingredients of Manjisthadi
kwatha having Kushthaghna property. The skin diseases are considered in the
umbrella of Kushtha. Thus, it is more effective in Psoriasis internally. Materials
and Methods: Manjisthadi kwatha powder was evaluated for their

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pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical analysis. Results: Microscopic characters

were found of Manjistha, Nimbi Vacha, and Guduchi Triphla. Results obtained
in pharmaceutical parameters of Manjisthadi kwatha powder such as loss on
drying 15.19%, ash value 8.48%, and alcohol soluble extract 58.6% w/v are
within limit mentioned by Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. High
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performance thin layer chromatography profile of Manjisthadi kwatha powder
showed similarities in number of spots. Conclusion: From the study, data
developed can be espoused for laying down the standards for Manjisthadi
kwatha.

Ogbuewu, I. P., I. C. Unamba-Oparah, V. U. Odoemenam, I. F. Etuk and I. C. Okoli

(2011). "The potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive
principles in males." North American Journal of Medical Sciences 3(6): 255-263.
Rising human population throughout the world especially in developing and
underdeveloped countries has detrimental effects on life supporting system
on earth. Traditionally, plants have been used to treat different kinds of
ailments. The growing importance of phytochemicals in males has been
reported. Contraceptive ability of plants has been reported in several animal
models. The reversibility of the anti-fertility effects of plants and its active
compounds are of potential clinical relevance in the development of male
contraceptive. This review attempts to discuss the latest reports on the
potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles
in males.

Omara, E. A., A. Kam, A. Alqahtania, K. M. Li, V. Razmovski-Naumovski, S. Nammi, K.

Chan, B. D. Roufogalis and G. Q. Li (2010). "Herbal medicines and nutraceuticals for
diabetic vascular complications: Mechanisms of action and bioactive
phytochemicals." Current Pharmaceutical Design 16(34): 3776-3807.
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases throughout the world.
The majority of its complications arise from vascular- related inflammation
apparently initiated by endothelial cell injury. One cause of this injury has
been attributed to hyperglycaemiainduced reactive oxygen species.
Consequently, current drug developmental strategy has targeted specific
inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways for the prevention of diabetic
vascular complications. Herbal medicines have traditionally been used for the
treatment of diabetes and its complications. In fact, current pre-clinical and
clinical studies have demonstrated that many of them exhibit potent
antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and have also identified the
active phytochemicals responsible for their activities. The present review
summarises the latest research on the molecular mechanisms of diabetic
vascular complications, and evaluates the level of scientific evidence for
common herbal medicines and their bioactive phytochemicals. These agents
have been shown to be effective through various mechanisms, particularly the

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NF-κB signalling pathways. Overall, herbal medicines and nutraceuticals, as

well as their bioactive components, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-
oxidative properties, provide a promising approach for the prevention and
treatment of diabetic complications. © 2010 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

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Onkar, P., J. Bangar and R. Karodi (2012). "Evaluation of antioxidant activity of
traditional formulation giloy satva and hydroalcoholic extract of the Curculigo
orchioides gaertn." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2(7): 209-213.
Herbal plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a
rich source of different types of medicines. Thus, a proper scientific evidence
or assessment has become the criteria for acceptance of herbal health claims.
In the present study, the antioxidant effect of the traditional Ayurvedic
formulation Giloy Satva (Tinospora cordifolia linn. known as Guduchi) and
hydro alcoholic extract of the plant Curculigo orchioides linn. (Kali Musali)
were examined. The present study was concentrated on the in vitro
antioxidant methods where traditional formulation and hydro alcoholic extract
screened for DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total reducing power assay
and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity assay. The results revealed potent
scavenging activity when compared with standard. The plant extracts and
formulation further phytochemically screened with thin layer chromatographic
analysis indicating presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and
some amount of phytosterols. These active constituents alone or in
combination may be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. The
findings indicated promising antioxidant activity of crude extracts needs
further exploration for their effective use in both modern and traditional
system of medicines.

P, S., S. S. Zinjarde, S. Y. Bhargava and A. R. Kumar (2011). "Potent α-amylase

inhibitory activity of Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plants." BMC Complementary and
Alternative Medicine 11.
Background: Indian medicinal plants used in the Ayurvedic traditional system
to treat diabetes are a valuable source of novel anti-diabetic agents.
Pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels
of post-prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown. In this study,
seventeen Indian medicinal plants with known hypoglycemic properties were
subjected to sequential solvent extraction and tested for α-amylase inhibition,
in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory potential on PPA (porcine
pancreatic α-amylase). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the lead extracts
was performed in order to determine the probable constituents.Methods:
Analysis of the 126 extracts, obtained from 17 plants (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.,
Adansonia digitata L., Allium sativum L., Casia fistula L., Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G. Don., Cinnamomum verum Persl., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Linum
usitatisumum L., Mangifera indica L., Morus alba L., Nerium oleander L.,

286 
 
 

Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Piper nigrum L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Zingiber officinale
Rosc.) for PPA inhibition was initially performed qualitatively by starch-iodine
colour assay. The lead extracts were further quantified with respect to PPA
inhibition using the chromogenic DNSA (3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method.
Page | 287 
Phytochemical constituents of the extracts exhibiting≥ 50% inhibition were
analysed qualitatively as well as by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass
spectrometry).Results: Of the 126 extracts obtained from 17 plants, 17 extracts
exhibited PPA inhibitory potential to varying degrees (10%-60.5%) while 4
extracts showed low inhibition (&lt; 10%). However, strong porcine pancreatic
amylase inhibitory activity (&gt; 50%) was obtained with 3 isopropanol
extracts. All these 3 extracts exhibited concentration dependent inhibition with
IC 50 values, viz., seeds of Linum usitatisumum (540 μgml -1 ), leaves of Morus
alba (1440 μgml -1 ) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (8.9 μgml -1 ). Acarbose as the
standard inhibitor exhibited an IC 50 (half maximal inhibitory
concentration)value of 10.2 μgml -1 . Phytochemical analysis revealed the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and
steroids with the major phytoconstituents being identified by GC-
MS.Conclusions: This study endorses the use of these plants for further studies
to determine their potential for type 2 diabetes management. Results
suggests that extracts of Linum usitatisumum, Morus alba and Ocimum
tenuiflorum act effectively as PPA inhibitors leading to a reduction in starch
hydrolysis and hence eventually to lowered glucose levels. © 2011 P et al;
licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Pachaiappan, R., E. Tamboli, A. Acharya, C. H. Su, S. C. B. Gopinath, Y. Chen and P.

Velusamy (2018). "Separation and identification of bioactive peptides from stem of
tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) miers." PLoS ONE 13(3).
Enzyme hydrolysates (trypsin, papain, pepsin, α-chymotrypsin, and pepsin-
pancreatin) of Tinospora cordifolia stem proteins were analyzed for
antioxidant efficacy by measuring (1) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•)
radical scavenging activity, (2) 2,20-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-
sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging capacity, and (3) Fe2+ chelation.
Trypsin hydrolysate showed the strongest DPPH• scavenging, while α-
chymotrypsin hydrolysate exhibited the highest ABTS+ scavenging and Fe2+
chelation. Undigested protein strongly inhibited the gastrointestinal enzymes,
trypsin (50% inhibition at enzyme/substrate ratio = 1:6.9) and α-chymotrypsin
(50% inhibition at enzyme/substrate ratio = 1:1.82), indicating the prolonged
antioxidant effect after ingestion. Furthermore, gel filtration purified peptide
fractions of papain hydrolysates exhibited a significantly higher ABTS+ and
superoxide radical scavenging as compared to non-purified digests. Active
fraction 9 showing the highest radical scavenging ability was further purified
and confirmed by MALDI- TOF MS followed by MS/MS with probable

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dominant peptide sequences identified are VLYSTPVKMWEPGR,

VITVVATAGSETMR, and HIGININSR. The obtained results revealed that free
radical scavenging capacity of papain hydrolysates might be related to its
consistently low molecular weight hydrophobic peptides. © 2018 Pachaiappan
et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Page | 288 
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.

Pachaly, P. and C. Schneider (1981). "Alkaloide aus Tinospora cordifolia Miers." Archiv
der Pharmazie 314(3): 251-256.
Aus Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Menispermaceae) wurden zwei quaternäre
Alkaloide isoliert und als Magnoflorin 1 und Tembetarin 3 identifiziert.
Copyright © 1981 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Padma, P. and R. L. Khosa (2002). "Anti-stress agents from natural origin." Journal of
Natural Remedies 2(1): 21-27.
An exponential rise in world population coupled with rapid industrial growth
has a direct impact on environment and society thus making man easily
vulnerable to stress conditions. These, in-turn, cause disturbances in the
normal physiological functioning of the body by way of increased free radical
generation culminating in hypertension, neurosis, immune suppression and
other physical and mental disorders. Global search is on, for the development
of an effective antistress drug from natural source which could effectively tone
up the disturbed physiological functioning of the subjects affected by such
stress problems. A number of such drugs mostly in the form of their extracts
(holistic approach) or in some, as active principles isolated from them, have
been evaluated for their antistress activity by a number of tests which include
open field behaviour; Y-maze; Swimming endurance; effect on hexobarbitone
sleeping time; stress induced ulceration; monitoring corticosterone, Ascorbic
acid, MAO, SOD, SDH and neurotransmitter levels in tissues/blood and others.
Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Mikania cordata, Tinospora cordifolia,
Centella asiatica, Panax ginseng, Glycerrhiza glabra, Annona muricata,
Polyalthea cerasoides and many others have been reported with encouraging
results.

Pahadiya, S. and J. Sharma (2003). "Alteration of lethal effects of gamma rays in Swiss
albino mice by Tinospora cordifolia." Phytotherapy Research 17(5): 552-554.
Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in Ayurvedic medicines. It is known for its
immunomodulatory, antihepatotoxic, antistress and antioxidant properties. It
has been used in combination with other plant products to prepare a number
of Ayurvedic preparations. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the
radioprotective effect of an aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TC)

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against 60Co gamma radiation. Oral administration of TC 5 mg/kg body wt to

Swiss albino mice 1 h and 15 days prior to whole body radiation exposure (8
Gy) produced a significant protection in terms of survival percentage. After
oral administration of TC 10 mg/kg body wt/day to mice 7 days prior to whole
body irradiation (8 Gy) there was no mortality until day 13 and 50% of the
Page | 289 
animals survived until day 30. Mice exposed to radiation (8 Gy) without TC
pretreatment exhibited signs of radiation sickness such as anorexia, lethargy,
ruffled hair, diarrhoea and these animals died within 14 days of irradiation.
The results from the present study suggest that Tinospora cordifolia has a
radioprotective effect in Swiss albino mice, thereby enhancing the survival of
mice against a sublethal dose of gamma radiation. Copyright © 2003 John
Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Pal, S. K. and S. H. Fatima (2014). "Cancer treatment with the alternative herbal
medicine HUMA: Two case reports." Middle East Journal of Cancer 5(1): 41-46.
Complementary and alternative medicine is popular among cancer patients
worldwide. Among these, herbal medicines have a substantial place in cancer
treatment and palliation. Cancer patients in the Western world use
complementary and alternative medicine in conjunction with conventional
care. However, the situation in a developing country such as India that has
some highest cancer rates worldwide is alarming. Lack of early screening and
treatment facilities coupled with high cost of treatment often compels patients
to seek alternative measures for treatment. We discuss two cancer patients
with advanced disease who tried an alternative poly herbal therapy (HUMA).
This herbal formulation was derived from various important Ayurvedic herbs
viz. Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Embelica officinalis, Ocimum sanctum,
Semecarpus anacardium, and Tinospora cordifolia, among others. A male
patient 59 years of age with disseminated malignant disease of either
pseudomyxoma peritonei or metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma showed
immense benefit by this therapy with complete regression of his malignancy.
The patient completed five years of disease-free survival after cessation of
therapy. The second case, a 33-year old male patient diagnosed with rectal
carcinoma and multiple metastatic lesions in his liver underwent HUMA
therapy with stabilization in his disease progression for an 11-month period.
In this case, treatment with HUMA was helpful in palliative care. No adverse
effects were noted in either patient.

Paliwal, R., R. Kumar, D. R. Choudhury, A. K. Singh, S. Kumar, A. Kumar, K. C. Bhatt, R.

Singh, A. K. Mahato, N. K. Singh and R. Singh (2016). "Development of genomic
simple sequence repeats (g-SSR) markers in Tinospora cordifolia and their
application in diversity analyses." Plant Gene 5: 118-125.
Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plant of economic importance, has very rich
diversity and distributed across India growing in wild. However, for its

289 
 
 

judicious exploitation through targeted breeding program there is complete

lack of genomic resources which is necessary for its desired utilization. In the
present study, we have developed novel genomic-SSRs (g-SSR) markers, which
due to their wider distribution across the genome find greater usefulness in
assessing genetic diversity. For development of g-SSR markers, four
Page | 290 
microsatellite enriched libraries [(CT) 14 , (AC) 10 , (GT) 12 and (AAC) 8 ] were
constructed from genomic DNA of T. cordifolia accession (IC-281965) by using
a streptavidin-biotin based enrichment approach. The 536 random
recombinant clones from the four SSR enriched libraries were further verified
by colony PCR for the presence of insert. From such screening, 356 clones
were found positive and were subjected to sequencing using Sanger
sequencing method. The sequence analyses revealed that 114 clones (32%)
were having SSR repeats. Further analysis, based on microsatellite library
enrichment showed that 60% SSR repeats were found in clones from GT
enriched libraries followed by 38%, 23% and 19% in CT, AAC and AC enriched
libraries respectively. Altogether 90 SSR sequences were submitted to the
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with accession numbers
from KT384079 to KT384168. For diversity study 42 primer pairs were
designed and all primers reproducibly amplified across all accessions of T.
cordifolia. However, when such markers were used in analysis for Tinospora
rumphii and Tinospora sinensis, only 83.3% and 85.7% of the markers were
transferred successfully. The alleles generated across 28 accessions of three
Tinospora species were assessed for genetic relatedness and it grouped
accessions into three major clusters suggesting sufficient diversity in
Tinospora. The g-SSR markers generated in the present study are a valuable
genomic resource for effective utilization in crop improvement of Tinospora
germplasm. © 2016 The Authors.

Palmieri, A., A. Iapichino, F. Cura, L. Scapoli, F. Carinci, M. Mandrone and M. Martinelli

(2018). "Pre-treatment with berberine enhances effect of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin
in HEP2 laryngeal cancer cell line." Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic
Agents 32(2): 167-177.
Larynx squamous cell carcinoma represents one of the most common head
and neck cancers in the world. Herbal drugs are popularly emerging as
complementary and alternative therapies in cancer because of their cost
effectiveness and minimal side effects. The present study was undertaken to
explore the antitumor potential of berberine, an isoquinolone present in the
extract of Tinospora cordifolia in HEP2 human laryngeal cancer cell line.
Besides, it was aimed to investigate whether berberine could enhance the
anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in HEP2. Our data seem to
support a role for berberine in decreasing the expression of genes usually
seen overexpressed in larynx squamous cell carcinoma and involved in
pathways such as those of cell cycle and regulation, differentiation, and

290 
 
 

epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, a downregulation of these

genes caused by cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil, treatment of election in laryngeal
cancers was enhanced by a 4h pre-treatment with berberine. Copyright © by
BIOLIFE, s.a.s.

Page | 291 
Pan, L., C. Terrazas, C. M. Lezama-Davila, N. Rege, J. C. Gallucci, A. R. Satoskar and A.
D. Kinghorn (2012). "Cordifolide A, a sulfur-containing clerodane diterpene glycoside
from tinospora cordifolia." Organic Letters 14(8): 2118-2121.
Cordifolide A (1), a novel unprecedented sulfur-containing clerodane
diterpene glycoside, together with other two new diterpene glycosides,
cordifolides B (2) and C (3), and four known analogues, was isolated from a
methanol-soluble extract of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia. The structures
of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data
interpretation, with that of cordifolide A (1) confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray
crystallographic analysis. All isolates were evaluated for their in vitro
immunomodulatory activity using mouse bone marrow-derived dentritic cells
(BMDCs). © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Panchabhai, T. S., S. V. Ambarkhane, A. S. Joshi, B. D. Samant and N. N. Rege (2008).

"Erratum: Protective effect of tinospora cordifolia, phyllanthus emblica and their
combination against antitubercular drugs induced hepatic damge: An experimental
study (Phytotherapy (2008) 22 (646-650))." Phytotherapy Research 22(9): 1274.

Panchabhai, T. S., S. V. Ambarkhane, A. S. Joshi, B. D. Samant and N. N. Rege (2008).

"Protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia, Phyllanthus emblica and their combination
against antitubercular drugs induced hepatic damage: An experimental study."
Phytotherapy Research 22(5): 646-650.
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of two Indian medicinal
plants Tinospora cordifolia (Tc), Phyllanthus emblica (Pe), and their
combination, in a rat model of isoniazid, rifanipicin and pyrazinamide induced
hepatic damage. Hepatic damage was assessed using a composite score
assigned to histopathological findings of degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis.
The antituberculosis treatment (ATT), when given for 90 days, induced
significant degeneration and necrosis (score: 7.5; p < 0.01 vs vehicle)
associated with morphological changes. However, no change was found in the
serum bilirubin and liver enzymes. Co-administration of Silymarin (positive
control, 50 mg/kg) with ATT protected against necrosis (score: 1.5; p < 0.001
vs ATT). Tc (100 mg/kg) showed a reduction in liver damage (score: 6.5), which
was not statistically significant. On the other hand, Pe (300 mg/kg) prevented
the necrotic changes to a significant extent (grade: 100; p < 0.05 vs ATT; score:
5.5). Combination of Tc and Pe in their therapeutic doses (1:3) significantly
prevented the necrosis (score: 3.5; p < 0.001 vs ATT). Similar effects were seen
even when the doses were halved and were comparable to the Silymarin

291 
 
 

group. Thus, this study proves the synergistic protective effects exerted by the
combination of Tc and Pe when co-administered with ATT. Copyright © 2008
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Panchabhai, T. S., U. P. Kulkarni and N. N. Rege (2008). "Erratum: Validation of

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therapeutic claims of Tinospora Cordifolia: A review(Phytotherapy Research (2008)
22, (425-441))." Phytotherapy Research 22(8): 1133.

Panchabhai, T. S., U. P. Kulkarni and N. N. Rege (2008). "Validation of therapeutic

claims of Tinospora cordifolia: A review." Phytotherapy Research 22(4): 425-441.
This review article attempts to correlate Ayurvedic pharmacology and
therapeutic claims for Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) with the evidence generated
using scientific research methodology. In the present paper, a brief description
of Ayurvedic pharmacology of the plant is presented. The work carried out by
researchers using extracts of Tc in various areas such as diabetes, liver
damage, free radical mediated injury, infections, stress and cancer have been
reviewed. Also discussed are the immunomodulatory, diuretic,
antiinflammatory, analgesic, anticholinesterase and gastrointestinal protective
effects. An attempt has been made to provide the readers with the array of
outcome variables, which can be further worked upon in clinical studies.
Finally, this paper puts forth issues that need to be addressed by researchers
in the future. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pandey, A., P. Tripathi, R. Pandey, R. Srivatava and S. Goswami (2011). "Alternative

therapies useful in the management of diabetes: A systematic review." Journal of
Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 3(4): 504-512.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in the endocrine system. This
dreadful disease is found in all parts of the world and becoming a serious
threat of mankind health. There are lots of chemical agents available to
control and to treat diabetic patients, but total recovery from diabetes has not
been reported up to this date. In addition to adverse effects, drug treatments
are not always satisfactory in maintaining euglycemia and avoiding late stage
diabetic complications. Alternative to these synthetic agents, plants provided a
potential source of hypoglycemic drugs and are widely used in several
traditional systems of medicine to prevent diabetes. Several medicinal plants
have been investigated for their beneficial effect in different type of diabetes.
Other alternative therapies such as dietary supplements, acupuncture,
hydrotherapy, and yoga therapies less likely to have the side effects of
conventional approaches for diabetes.

Pandey, A. K., M. Pandey and B. D. Tripathi (2016). "Assessment of Air Pollution

Tolerance Index of some plants to develop vertical gardens near street canyons of a
polluted tropical city." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 134: 358-364.

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The aim of the present study was to examine Air Pollution Tolerance Index
(APTI) of some climber plant species to develop vertical gardens in Varanasi
city which has characteristics of tall building and narrow roads. This condition
results in street canyon like structure and hinders the vertical dispersal of air
pollutants. We have selected 24 climber plant species which are commonly
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found in of Varanasi city. Chosen plants can be easily grown either in planter
boxes or directly in the ground, with a vertical support they can climb on walls
to form green walls or vertical garden. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of
the selected plant species was calculated and plants with higher APTI are
recommended for the development of Vertical garden. Highest APTI was
noted for Ipomoea palmata (25.39) followed by Aristolochia elegans (23.28),
Thunbergia grandiflora (23.14), Quisqualis indica (22.42), and Clerodendrum
splendens (22.36). However, lowest APTI value (8.75) was recorded for the
species Hemidesmus indicus. Moreover, the linear regression analysis has
revealed a high positive correlation between APTI and ascorbic acid content (R
2 =0.8837) and positive correlation between APTI and Chlorophyll content (R
2 =0.6687). On the basis of higher APTI values (greater than 17), nine species
of climber plants viz. I. palmata, T. grandiflora, C. splendens, A. elegans, Q.
indica, Petria volubilis, Antigonon leptopus, Cryptolepis buchuanni and
Tinospora cordifolia have been recommended to develop vertical greenery
systems in a compact tropical city. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.

Pandey, G. and M. Sharma (2006). "Autochthonous herbal products in the treatment

of cancer." Phytomedica 7: 99-104.

Pandey, M., S. K. Chikara, M. K. Vyas, R. Sharma, G. S. Thakur and P. S. Bisen (2012).

"Tinospora cordifolia: A Climbing shrub in health care management." International
Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(4): 612-628.
Tinospora cordifolia is a deciduous climbing shrub described as 'the one who
protects the body against diseases'. It is one of the most versatile rejuvenating
shrub also known as 'Giloya' in Indian vernacular having many therapeutic
applications. The pharmaceutical significance of this plant is mainly because of
the leaves, barks and roots contain various bioactive compounds such as
alkaloids, glycosides, lactones, steroids, polysaccharides and aliphatic
compounds having various medicinal importance viz. immunomodulatory or
immunostimulatory, antitumor, cognition, antiinflammatory, anti-neoplastic,
antihyperglycemia, antihyperlipidemia, antioxidant, antituberculosis,
gastrointestinal and hepatoprotection, anti-osteoporotic, anti-angiogenic,
anti-malarial, anti-allergic and side effects prevention of the cancer
chemotherapy. The bitter priniciples present in the leaves, stems, roots and
barks viz. tinosporine, tinosporide, tinosporaside, cordifolide, cordifol,
berberine, cordifolioside A, B. C, amritosides A, B, C, and columbin which act
as therapeutic agents and play vital role in many therapeutic applications.

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Various parts of the plant are being prescribed in Ayurveda and other systems
of medicine as a monoherbal or polyherbal preparation. The climbing shrub
has shown a great potential for the development of industrial products and
commercial exploitation of biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of various
diseases. The focus of the present review is to galvanize the potential of
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medicinal importance of this shrub for health care management.

Pandey, M. and Vijayakumar (2011). "Nutraceutical supplementation for diabetes: A

review." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(SUPPL. 4):
33-40.
In recent years there is a growing interest in nutraceuticals which provide
health benefits and are alternative to modern medicine. Nutrients, herbals and
dietary supplements are major constituents of nutraceuticals which make
them instrumental in maintaining health, act against various disease
conditions and thus promote the quality of life. Diabetes mellitus is one of
them. This dreadful disease is found in all parts of the world and is becoming
a serious threat to mankind health. There are lots of chemical agents available
to control and to treat diabetic patients, but total recovery from diabetes has
not been reported up to this date. Alternative to these synthetic agents, plants
and nutrients provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs and are
widely used in several traditional systems of medicine to prevent diabetes. The
effects of these plants may delay the development of diabetic complications
and correct the metabolic abnormalities using variety of mechanisms. This
review attempts to display and remark some of the most popular
nutraceuticals being use as antidiabetic.

Pandey, M. M., S. Rastogi and A. K. S. Rawat (2013). "Indian traditional ayurvedic

system of medicine and nutritional supplementation." Evidence-based
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013.
Food is the major source for serving the nutritional needs, but with growing
modernization some traditional ways are being given up. Affluence of working
population with changing lifestyles and reducing affordability of sick care, in
terms of time and money involved, are some of the forces that are presently
driving people towards thinking about their wellness. There has been
increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and
regulate traditional herbal medicine are underway. Ayurveda, the traditional
Indian medicine, remains the most ancient yet living traditions. Although India
has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and
science-based approach, it still needs more extensive research and evidence
base. Increased side effects, lack of curative treatment for several chronic
diseases, high cost of new drugs, microbial resistance and emerging, diseases
are some reasons for renewed public interest in complementary and
alternative medicines. Numerous nutraceutical combinations have entered the

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international market through exploration of ethnopharmacological claims

made by different traditional practices. This review gives an overview of the
Ayurvedic system of medicine and its role in translational medicine in order to
overcome malnutrition and related disorders. © 2013 M. M. Pandey et al.

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Pandey, N., R. K. Pathak and N. R. Sharma (2016). "Comparison of commercially
available drugs for type 2 diabetes with natural molecule from Tinospora."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(7): 173-175.
Objective: Efficacy of natural molecule from Tinospora cordifolia versus
commercially available drugs to control diabetes 2. Methods: Twelve different
drug molecules were selected to study drug properties, bioactivity and
detailed mode of action. A comparative study was carried out among the
drugs and plant metabolite to understand the putative mechanism of
metabolite action and its potential to be developed as an herbal drug.
PharmaGist Server was used to carry out pharmacophore modeling. The
sequence of the target molecule (Q09428) was retrieved from
UniProtKB/SwissProt, and structure prediction was carried out using ITASSER.
The best model generated was further refined by energy minimization using
Deep View. Validation of the structure was performed by Ramachandran plot
analysis using PDBSum. Interaction analysis of the docked complex was done
using LigPlot+. Results: The potential of natural plant metabolite to target
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8 seems probable based on
docking and interaction analysis results. The natural molecule showed
comparable binding energy (-5.57) in four out of seven drugs. Conclusion:
Natural molecule from Tinospora cordifolia may serve as a potential lead drug
molecule after modification and optimization for enhanced interaction. ©
2016 The Authors.

Pandey, V. K., P. J. Amin and B. S. Shankar (2014). "G1-4A, a polysaccharide from

Tinospora cordifolia induces peroxynitrite dependent killer dendritic cell (KDC)
activity against tumor cells." International Immunopharmacology 23(2): 480-488.
Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the development of an adaptive
immune response against tumor. In addition to its role in antigen
presentation, DC also possesses cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. We have
earlier shown phenotypic and functional maturation of bone marrow derived
dendritic cells (BMDC) by G1-4A, an arabinogalactan derived from Tinospora
cordifolia. In this study, we have investigated the killer phenotype of BMDC
matured in the presence of G1-4A, [mBMDC (G1-4A)] on tumor cells. We have
observed several fold increase in killing of tumor cells by mBMDC (G1-4A). The
tumoricidal activity was not specific to syngeneic tumors cells but could kill
xenogenic tumors also. Nitric oxide released by mBMDC (G1-4A) generates
peroxynitrite in tumor cells and is responsible for killing of target cells. This
killing was completely abrogated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)

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inhibitor 1400 W and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocyanin. The killed target
cells are phagocytosed by BMDC which further activate syngeneic cytotoxic T
cells. These results thus show that G1-4A treated mBMDC acquire killer
phenotype along with maturation which plays an important role in activation
of cytotoxic T cells. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Page | 296 

Pandey, V. K., B. S. Shankar and K. B. Sainis (2012). "G1-4 A, an arabinogalactan

polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia increases dendritic cell immunogenicity in a
murine lymphoma model." International Immunopharmacology 14(4): 641-649.
The immunogenicity of dendritic cells (DC) is known to increase with their
maturation state and both are induced by microbial products like LPS. In this
study, we have investigated the effect of G1-4A, a polysaccharide isolated
from Indian medicinal plant, Tinospora cordifolia on phenotypic and
functional maturation of murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC)
and its ability to be used as an adjuvant in immunotherapy. G1-4A, enhanced
surface expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHCII by BMDC in vitro and splenic
DC in vivo. T cell allostimulatory activity and secretion of IL-12 and TNFα by
BMDC were also increased. Treatment with G1-4A resulted in decreased
phagocytosis and increased antigen processing that are characteristic of
mature DC. G1-4A treated DC cross presented exogenous antigens on a MHC
I background which resulted in the activation of cytotoxic T cells. These cells
thus activated could cause lysis of target tumor cells in vitro. Administration of
tumor lysate pulsed G1-4A treated DC resulted in decreased tumor burden in
preventive as well as therapeutic tumor challenge experiments in a murine
lymphoma model. These results thus confirm that G1-4A could be a promising
nontoxic maturation agent to be potentially used in DC based immunotherapy
of tumor. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pani, M., G. Nahak and R. K. Sahu (2015). "Review on Ethnomedicinal plants of Odisha
for the treatment of malaria." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research 7(1): 156-165.
Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due
to some factors such as chemotherapy faced by resistance, poor hygienic
conditions, poorly managed vector control programmes and no approved
vaccines. The survey identified 33 medicinal plant species from 24 families
which were used for the treatment of malaria in this study area. Presently, it is
important that a developing state like Odisha to document the uses of
medicinal plants in all communities, which are still largely unexplored. This is
because of old folks areas usually custodians of such information and with the
fast disappearance of traditional cultures and natural resources arising from
urbanization and industrialization of these areas, such information could be
lost forever. Documentation of this kind of information will be beneficial in
general healthcare, ecological control, forest conservation of endangered

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species, research and providing leads to plants with useful medicinal

properties. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.

Panwar, D., A. K. Patel and N. S. Shekhawat (2018). "An improvised shoot

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amplification and ex vitro rooting method for offsite propagation of Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: a multi-valued medicinal climber." Indian Journal of Plant
Physiology 23(1): 169-178.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, is an important medicinal climber of family
Menispermaceae. This plant is principally known for its medicinal properties in
Ayurvedic system of medicines. Poor seed setting coupled with low seed
germination limit its natural propagation through seeds. This paper reports an
improvised micropropagation system of T. cordifolia using nodal explants. The
maximum numbers of axillary shoots (3.8 ± 0.63) were differentiated on MS
medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 2.0 mg l−1). The numbers of
shoots were further amplified using repetitive transfer of original explants and
through subculturing techniques. The greatest numbers of shoots
(15.3 ± 1.05) of an average length (5.5 ± 0.84 cm) were achieved on 0.8%
agar-gelled Modified MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 each of BAP
and kinetin, and IAA (0.1 mg l−1) in screw-cap culture bottles, within 5–
6 weeks. In rooting experiments, we developed a concurrent ex vitro rooting
and acclimatization (CEVRA) method for the first time in T. cordifolia. About
87.6% of the micropropagated shoots rooted ex vitro on pulse-treatment with
indole-3-butyric acid (200 mg l−1) for 3 min. More than 80% of the
concurrently ex vitro rooted and acclimatized plantlets were successfully
hardened in a greenhouse and transplanted to the soil. The discussed
micropropagation system can be used for the large-scale offsite propagation
of this medicinally important perennial climber, T. cordifolia. © 2018, Indian
Society for Plant Physiology.

Papitha, R., R. Lokesh, R. Kaviyarasi and C. I. Selvaraj (2016). "Phytochemical

screening, FT-IR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of Tinospora
cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research 8(12): 2020-2024.
The purpose of the current study is to monitor the phytochemical constituents
in Tinospora cordifolia stem extract. Phytochemical screening of the sequential
extracts were used for analysis which showed the presence of bioactive
compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids
and carbohydrates. Ultra violet visible spectroscopy was used to recognize
quantitative determination of different analytes by using wavelength and
absorbance values. FT-IR analysis was used to identify the functional groups of
the compounds. Four functional groups were identified such as aromatics (C-
H), secondary amines and amides (N-H), α, β- unsaturated aldehydes and

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ketones (C=O) and alkyl halides (C-H). GC-MS analysis for methanolic stem
extract was done. The compound 3, 7, 11, 15-Tetramethyl-2-Hexadecen-1-ol
reported to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, 9-
Eicosene, (e) has anticancer activity, Hexamethyl-Cyclotrisiloxane, has
antibacterial activity. © 2016, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Page | 298 
Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.

Parcha, V., P. Kumar, M. Farswan and A. Maithani (2010). "Individual and combined
effect of aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre, Tinospora cordifolia and Piper
longum on carrageenan induced inflamed rats." Indian Drugs 47(9): 65-67.
Effect of aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Tinospora cordifolia
individually, in the ratio of 1:1 and along with aqueous extract of Piper longum
acting as bioavailability enhancer in the ratio of 1:1:1 on carrageenan induced
inflamed rats were studied. Very good inhibition in paw volume was observed
when all the extracts were combined in the ratio 1:1:1 as compared to
ibuprofen taken as standard.

Pari, L. and R. Saravanan (2004). "Antidiabetic effect of diasulin, a herbal drug, on

blood glucose, plasma insulin and hepatic enzymes of glucose mretabolism
hyperglycaemic rats." Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 6(4): 286-292.
Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of diasulin, a
polyherbal drug, on blood glucose, plasma insulin and the activities of hepatic
glucose metabolic enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Male
Wistar rats, body weight of 180-200 g (12 normal and 30 diabetic rats), were
used in this study. The rats were divided into seven groups after the induction
of alloxan diabetes. In the experiment, six rats were used in each group. Group
1: normal rats given 2 ml of saline; group 2: normal rats given aqueous
solution of diasulin (0.20 g/kg of body weight); group 3: diabetic control rats
given 2 ml of saline; group 4: diabetic rats given aqueous solution of diasulin
(0.05 g/kg of body weight); group 5: diabetic rats given aqueous solution of
diasulin (0.10 g/kg of body weight); group 6: diabetic rats given aqueous
solution of diasulin (0.20 g/kg of body weight) and group 7: diabetic rats
given aqueous solution of glibenclamide (600 μg/kg of body weight). The
treatment was given for 30 days. After the treatment, fasting blood glucose,
plasma insulin, urine sugar and the activities of hepatic glucose metabolic
enzymes were determined in normal and experimental animals. Results:
Treatment with diasulin resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose,
glycosylated haemoglobin and an increase in plasma insulin and total
haemoglobin and a significant improvement in glucose tolerance. Diasulin
also resulted in a significant reduction in the activities of glucose-6-
phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the liver, whereas the level of
plasma insulin and hepatic hexokinase activity was significantly increased in
alloxan diabetic rats. Conclusions: The present investigation suggests that

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diasulin, a polyherbal drug, controls the blood glucose level by increasing

glycolysis and decreasing gluconeogenesis with a lower demand of pancreatic
insulin than in untreated rats. This is possible, because it regulates the
activities of hepatic glucose metabolic enzymes. © 2004 Blackwell Publishing
Ltd.
Page | 299 

Pari, L. and R. Saravanan (2006). "Role of Diasulin, an herbal formulation on

antioxidant status in chemical induced diabetes." International Journal of
Pharmacology 2(1): 110-115.
In the present study the effect of ethanolic extract of the Diasulin was
examined for its antioxidant effect in the liver and kidney of alloxan diabetic
rats. Oral administration of Diasulin (200 mg kg-1) for 30 days resulted in a
significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and
hydroperoxides. The Diasulin also caused a significant increase in reduced
glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and
glutathione-S-transferase in liver and kidney of alloxan diabetic rats. The
results show the antioxidant effect of Diasulin. The effect of Diasulin at 200 mg
kg-1 was more effective than glibenclamide, a reference drug. © 2006 Asian
Network for Scientific Information.

Parikh, P. M., U. Thatte and A. Bhatt (2000). "Back to the future - Innovative 'new
therapies' from the past!" Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 18(1):
1-3.

Park, J. and E. Ernst (2005). "Ayurvedic medicine for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic
review." Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 34(5): 705-713.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on
the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medicine for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
METHODS: Computerized literature searches for all RCTs of Ayurvedic
medicine for RA in the following databases: Medline (March 1969 to March
2003), Embase (February 1985 to February 2003), AMED (March 1980 to March
2003), Cochrane Controlled Trial Register (October 1997 to March 2003), and
the abstract service of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
(CCRAS; 1976 to March 2003). Hand searches were performed in 1 Sri Lankan
and 3 Indian journals and the authors' personal files. Key data of included
studies were extracted and reviewed. The methodological quality of all studies
was evaluated with the Jadad scale. RESULTS: Seven studies met our inclusion
criteria. Trials tested either Ayurvedic medicine against placebo or other
Ayurvedic medicines. In general, patient and physician global assessments on
the severity of pain, and morning stiffness were used as endpoints. Of 3
placebo-controlled RCTs, 1 high-quality trial did not show benefit of the active
treatment against placebo, while another incompletely reported study
indicated beneficial effects of an Ayurvedic medicine. A further incompletely

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reported study showed no significant difference. The remaining 4 trials were

difficult to interpret because they tested an Ayurvedic medicine against other
Ayurvedic medicines whose effects were not proven. CONCLUSION: There is a
paucity of RCTs of Ayurvedic medicines for RA. The existing RCTs fail to show
convincingly that such treatments are effective therapeutic options for RA. ©
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2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Parmar, S., N. Shah, K. Shah and N. Patel (2011). "Standardization of zymodyne syrup
- A poly herbal formulation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review
and Research 10(1): 95-98.
In recent years there is a spurt in the interest regarding survival of Ayurvedic
forms of medication. In the global perspective, there is a shift towards the use
of medicine of herbal origin, as the dangers and the shortcoming of modern
medicine have started getting more apparent, majority of Ayurvedic
formulation are prepared from herbs. It is the cardinal responsibility of the
regulatory authorities to ensure that the consumers get the medication, which
guaranteed the purity, safety, potency and efficacy. As a result of this
Standardization arise for maintaining a good coordination among the quality
of raw herb material, in process materials and in final product. Present study
was carried out to standardize Zymodyne syrup (ZS) - A Poly Herbal
Formulation containing 17 herb materials in form of water extract.
Standardization of ZS included various physicochemical parameters viz.
Moisture determination, pH determination, Water & Alcohol soluble extractive
value, Ash values which complied the standard limits. Phytochemical
investigation showed the presence of various constituents those might be
responsible for the therapeutic activity of Zymodyne syrup. The values of
Heavy metal and Microbial analysis for ZS were also complied the standard
limit.

Parvathiraja, C., S. Shailajha, S. Shanavas and M. S. Kairon Mubina (2019).

"Photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of bio-treated Ag nanoparticles synthesized
using Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in
Electronics.
Recently, the synthesis of nanoparticles through green route is a widespread
process due to it’s simplistic, environmentally compatible and non-toxic
nature. Thereby, the present study investigates the synthesis of Ag
nanoparticles by changing the concentrations (P1-5, P2-10 and P3-15 ml) of
Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. The synthesized Ag nanoparticles were
confirmed by UV–Vis DRS with the appearance of surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) bands at 440 nm. The morphological and elemental analysis confirms
the presence of spherical shape nanoparticles and elemental Ag. The XRD
analysis exhibits four diffraction peaks for the synthesized Ag NP’s at (111),
(200), (311) and (222) planes corresponds to its face-centered cubic phase.

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The photocatalytic capability of T. cordifolia leaf extract mediated Ag

nanoparticles was examined by using methylene blue (MB) as a model dye
under visible light irradiation. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the
synthesized Ag nanoparticles was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Protease Vulgaris and Klebsiella Pneumonia.
Page | 301 
Therefore, the present study concluded that the Ag nanoparticles synthesized
from the leaf extract of T. cordifolia have excellent beneficial application in an
environment and medicine. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,
part of Springer Nature.

Patel, A., P. Bigoniya, C. S. Singh and N. S. Patel (2013). "Radioprotective and

cytoprotective activity of Tinospora cordifolia stem enriched extract containing
cordifolioside-A." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 45(3): 237-243.
Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the radioprotective
and cytoprotective potential of cordifolioside-A, a primary active constituent
of n-butanol fraction of Tinospora Cordifolia (NBTC) against 4 Gy-γ radiation
in mice and cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity. Materials and Methods:
Presence of cordifolioside-A in NBTC stem ethanolic extract was confirmed by
high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis.
Radioprotective activity was evaluated at 80 and 120 mg/kg, intraperitoneal
(i.p.) dose of NBTC administered 15 days prior to whole body radiation
exposure by observing survival rate, change in body weight, hematology,
spleen colony forming unit (CFU), and micronucleus (MN) expression.
Cytoprotective activity of NBTC was evaluated at 5, 10, and 15 mg/ml
concentrations on Allium cepa root meristem growth against
cyclophosphamide. Results: HPTLC analysis of standard cordifolioside A, and
NBTC confirmed the presence of cordifolioside-A in NBTC with the retention
factor value of 0.86. Administration of NBTC (120 mg/kg, i.p.) produced
significant protection against radiation in terms of increased survival rate,
body weight retention, hematological parameters, spleen CFU assay (P < 0.01),
and decreased MN expression (P < 0.01). Cytoprotectivity was observed
maximally at 10 mg/ml NBTC concentration with significant increase in root
growth (P < 0.01), non-toxic mitotic index (MI) (65.9%) and lesser
chromosomal aberrations (15.4%). NBTC at 10 mg/ml concentration showed
very few C-anaphase compared to aberrations like fragmentation, C-anaphase,
multipolarity and sticky chromosome in cyclophosphamide alone. Conclusion:
The results suggest that enriched NBTC containing cordifolioside-A has a
potential in vivo radioprotective effect as well as in vitro cytoprotective
activity.

Patel, D. K., S. K. Prasad, R. Kumar and S. Hemalatha (2011). "Cataract: A major

secondary complication of diabetes, its epidemiology and an overview on major

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medicinal plants screened for anticataract activity." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Disease 1(4): 323-329.
Cataract is a visual impairment caused due to opacification or optical
dysfunction of crystallin lens affecting more than 17 million people around the
world. Even though the incidences of cataract are increasing day by day
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among the elderly persons but, still except surgery no other ways of treatment
have been successfully developed so far. Thus, the aim of writing the present
review is to provide an insight over the pathophysiological and etiological
aspects of cataract along with discussing the remedies available for the
disorder. The review also describes different experimental models with their
relevant mechanism and significance such as galactose-induced, naphthalene-
induced and selenite-induced cataract models which are mainly used for
evaluating the anticataract activity of a particular drug (mainly of natural
origin). The review includes list of plants and their phytoconstituents which
have been so far evaluated pharmacologicaly for the treatment of cataract.
From the survey, it was confirmed that the antioxidant property of plants
phytoconstituents are basically responsible for their effective anticataract
activity. Thus, the valuable information provided in the present review will help
researches in developing an alternative method rather than surgery for the
treatment of cataract which will minimize the rate of blindness due to cataract
thus, benefiting and extending protective aspects of eyes, an integral part of
human body. © 2011 Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine Press.

Patel, J. P., B. Gami, K. Patel and R. Solanki (2011). "Antibacterial activity of methanolic
and acetone extract of some medicinal plants used in indian folklore." International
Journal of Phytomedicine 3(2): 261-269.
Antibacterial study of methanolic and acetone extract in crude and treated
(with 50 % lead acetate) form of medicinal plants Alstonia scholaris Linn. R.Br.
(Stem bark, Apocynaceae), Achyranthus aspera Linn. (Whole plant,
acantheceae), Moringa oleifera Lam. (Leaves, Morinaceae), Tinospora
cordifolia (Stem, Menispermaceae), and Enicostema hyssopifolium (Willd)
(Stem, Gentianaceae). Extractive values in methanol were found higher then
the extractive value in acetone, for all plants. All extract of plants were tried at
40-mg/ml concentrations against eight strains of bacteria, by agarwell-
difusion test. Acetone extract was found more active as compared to
methanol extract. Phytochemical investigation revealed crude and treated
extracts of all plants were containing more or less same type of chemical
constituents (except protein and carbohydrate). Selected eight strains of
bacteria were study for antibiotic susceptibility against standard antibiotics
like Ampicillin (10μg), Tetracycline (25μg), Gentamicin (30μg), Co-Trimoxazole
(25μg), Amikacin (10μg), by Octadisc. Treated extract of M. oleifera and A.
scholaris were count as to new source of antimicrobial agent for the infectious
diseases (Typhoid).

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Patel, M. B. and S. Mishra (2011). "Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of

Tinospora cordifolia." Phytomedicine 18(12): 1045-1052.
The stem of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is widely used in the therapy of diabetes
in traditional folk medicine of India. In the present study, isoquinoline alkaloid
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rich fraction (AFTC) derived from stem of TC and three alkaloids viz.,
palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine were evaluated for insulin-
mimicking and insulin-releasing effect in vitro and in vivo. Their effect on
hepatic gluconeogenesis was examined in rat hepatocytes. Insulin releasing
effect was detected in vitro using rat pancreatic β-cell line, RINm5F.
Furthermore, effects of AFTC and isolated alkaloids on serum glucose and
insulin level were studied in fasted and glucose challenged normal rats. AFTC
significantly decreased gluconeogenesis in rat hepatocytes as insulin did and
it increases insulin secretion in RINm5F cells similar to tolbutamide. In acute
30 min test in vitro, AFTC, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine
stimulated insulin secretion from the RINm5F cell line. As in vivo results,
administration of AFTC (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), palmatine, jatrorrhizine and
magnoflorine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg each) orally significantly decreased fasting
serum glucose, and suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels after 2
g/kg glucose loading in normal rats. In vivo study further justified their insulin
secreting potential by raising the serum insulin level in glucose fed rats. These
results demonstrate the alkaloid present in TC contributed for
antihyperglycemic activity. AFTC may have hypoglycemic effects via
mechanisms of insulin releasing and insulin-mimicking activity and thus
improves postprandial hyperglycemia. © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights
reserved.

Patel, M. B. and S. Mishra (2012). "Isoquinoline alkaloids from tinospora cordifolia

inhibit rat lens aldose reductase." Phytotherapy Research 26(9): 1342-1347.
The inhibitory activity of Tinospora cordifolia stem-derived alkaloids was
evaluated against lens aldose reductase (AR) isolated from male Wistar rats.
Anticataract potential of the alkaloids of T. cordifolia was evaluated in vitro in
rat lenses, considering the activity of normal rat lenses as 100%. The
biologically active constituents of T. cordifolia extract were characterized as
the isoquinoline alkaloids, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine, by
spectral analysis. The inhibitory effects varied with all chemicals and
concentrations used. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values of
jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine are 3.23, 3.45 and 1.25 μg/mL
respectively. The concentration of maximum activity was selected for its effect
on galactose-induced polyol accumulation in vitro. The percentage inhibition
of galactose-induced polyol accumulation was 62.6, 58.8 and 27.7% in the
presence of jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine, respectively.

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Magnoflorine may be useful as lead compounds and new agents for AR

inhibition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Patel, M. B. and S. M. Mishra (2012). "Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem

inhibits α-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats." Journal of Functional Foods 4(1):
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79-86.
Antidiabetic potential of Tinospora cordifolia stem is well proven. In the
course of screening of useful α-glucosidase inhibitors, we prepared alkaloid
fraction (AFTC) and isolated three isoquinoline alkaloids, namely, jatrorrhizine,
palmatine and magnoflorine as active candidates for α-glucosidase inhibition.
The enzyme kinetics was studied using sucrose and maltose as substrates.
Michaelis-Menten constant (K m ) and maximal velocity (V max ) values were
estimated. A significant decrease in V max and unaltered K m was observed in
case of jatrorrhizine and palmatine (non-competitive inhibition). Magnoflorine
was found to increase apparent K m and shown to be reversible, competitive
inhibition. The IC 50 value as sucrase inhibitor was 36.25, 23.46 and 9.8μg/mL
for jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine, respectively, and as maltase
inhibitor was 22.05, 38.42 and 7.6μg/mL for jatrorrhizine, palmatine and
magnoflorine, respectively. In vivo studies were conducted on rats to
determine oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), using different substrates:
glucose, sucrose and maltose. The increase in plasma glucose level was
significantly suppressed (P&lt;0.01) by all the three alkaloids at 20mg/kg b.w.
Magnoflorine possessed the most potential activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor
in vitro and in vivo. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Patel, M. P. and K. B. Ishnava (2014). "In vitro study of tinospora cordifolia (Wild.)
miers (Menispermaceae)-a multipurpose plant, by using different plant bark extracts
for secondary metabolite production." Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants
20(4): 341-349.
Vegetative parts (stem, leaf, and nodal explants) of Tinospora cordifolia were
excised from an in vivo grown mature plant and thereafter cultured on MS
medium supplemented with 2, 4-D and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica and
Acacia nilotica prepared in hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol.
The best callus growth was observed on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-
D (1 mg.L -1 ) and A. indica bark methanolic extract (1 mg.L -1 ). The methanol
extracts of the dried callus showed the presence of alkaloids and sterols.
HPLC, HPTLC, and GC-MS analysis of callus [MS+2, 4-D (1 mg.L -1 )] and callus
[MS+2, 4-D (1 mg.L -1 ) + A. indica methanolic extract (1 mg.L -1 )] were
carried out for comparative study. The new-found peaks revealed the
presence of methyl hexadecanoic acid with molecular weight of 270.
Copyright © Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.

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Patel, P., H. S. Singh and A. Mishra (2015). "Comparitive study of emblica officinalis
and tinospora cordifolia on hemato-biochemical profile of Murrah Buffalo calves."
Veterinary Practitioner 16(2): 254-256.
This study was conducted to assess the performance of Murrah buffalo calves
based on haemato-biochemical profile, upon inclusion of fruit powder of
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Emblica officinalis and leave powder of Tinospora cordifolia with 15 gram
jaggery. For this purpose, eighteen (18) Murrah buffalo calves of either sex of
14 day age were selected and randomly divided into three groups each group
consisting of 6 animals. Group I was kept as control. Group II and Group III
was supplemented with Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia,
respectively @ 250 mg/kg body weight once a day orally for 28 days. 5 ml
blood samples were collected aseptically from control and all experimental
animals on day 28 th and 42 nd day age of calves from the jugular vein. The
blood samples were collected in sterilized glass vials containing 10% aqueous
solution of EDTA for haematology as well as without anticoagulant for
separation and collection of serum for biochemical study. Significant increases
in total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count and lymphocyte neutrophil
ratio were recorded in calves fed Emblica officinalis. Lymphocyte count was
found significantly elevated in calves fed Emblica officinalis and Tinospora
cordifolia. Neutrophil and monocyte count was significantly lower in calves fed
Emblica officinalis. Eosinophil count was significantly lower in calves fed
Tinospora cordifolia. There were no significant changes observed in blood
glucose, total protein, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides throughout
the experimental period. In the present study, it was found that powder of
Emblica officinalis showed better results on haemato-biochemical profile in
comparison to Tinospora cordifolia at the same dose regimen. However,
Tinospora cordifolia have anti-allergic effect. © 2015, Veterinary Practitioner.
All rights reserved.

Patel, P., H. S. Singh, A. Mishra and S. P. Ansari (2017). "Can Emblica officinalis and
Tinospora cordifolia supplementation possess immunomodulatory and adaptogenic
properties in murrah buffalo calves?" Indian Journal of Animal Research 51(3): 506-
509.
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of
Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia supplementation on growth
performance, hormonal and immune status in murrah buffalo calves. 14 day
age unsupplementated 6 calves were taken as control, whereas 6 calves of
treatment group were supplemented with combination of Emblica officinalis
and Tinospora cordifolia (2:1) @ 450 mg/ kg body weight once a day orally for
28 days. The results indicated that, significant (p&lt;0.05) higher body weight
in treatment group as compare to control group. Serum cortisol concentration
was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in treatment group. Higher level of T 4
hormone, immunoglobulins and adaptability coefficient was observed in

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Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia treated group. It indicated that

combination of Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia possess
immunogenic effect and by inducing a state of non-specific increase in
resistance to diverse climatic conditions they help to prevent calf mortality. ©
2017, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.
Page | 306 

Patel, P. B., B. N. Shah and D. C. Modi (2011). "Development of polyherbal

formulation and immunomodulatory activity study." International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research 3(3): 68-72.
The study was carried out to explore the immunomodulatory activity of
combined extracts of Nelumbo nucifera (Rhizomes), Piper nigrum (Fruits),
Tinospora cordifolia (Stem) and Asparagus racemosus (Root). The above
mentioned plants have been reported to improve the immune system of the
body. So, piece of research work was to observe the combined effect of all
above mentioned plant's ethanolic extracts as an immunomodulator in the
form of polyherbal formulation. Suspensions of two doses were prepared
using 2% gum tragacanth as a suspending agent and encoded as F1 and F2.
Both the suspensions were tested for their stability study for one month and
also tested for acute toxicity study. Immunomodulatory activity was carried
out using delayed type hypersensitivity model in mice and macrophage
phagocytosis by carbon clearance test. The formulations did not show any
sign of toxicity till the dose of 5000 mg/kg. Data obtained from
immunomodulatory activity study showed that both the formulations are able
to recover suppressed immune system but formulation 1 is more effective in
comparison with formulation 2. Various parameters like viscosity, pH etc.
performed for stability study, which showed that both the suspension were
found to be stable.

Patel, R. K., J. B. Patel and P. D. Trivedi (2015). "Spectrophotometric method for the
estimation of total alkaloids in the Tinospora cordifolia M. and its herbal
formulations." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(10):
249-251.
Objective: A simple spectrophotometric method was developed for the
estimation of total alkaloids in Tinospora cordifolia M. and its formulations.
Methods: The method based on the formation of yellow colored complex by
reaction between bromocresol green (BCG) and alkaloids in medicinal plants.
A yellow colored complex forms is easily extractable by chloroform at pH 4.7.
Results: The method was linear in concentration range of 2-10 μg/ml with
λmax at 415 nm. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.215 and 0.652
respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were within
the acceptable criteria (relative standard deviation<2.0% and accuracy within
100±2%). Conclusion: The developed method is simple, precise and accurate
and can be adopted for the routine quality control and standardization of

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plant materials containing alkaloids and its pharmaceutical products. © 2015,

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights
reserved.

Patel, R. K. and P. D. Trivedi (2018). "Design-of-experiment approach for the

Page | 307 
development and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography
method for the simultaneous estimation of berberine chloride and galangin in
tinospora cordifolia M. and Alpinia galanga L. and their herbal formulations." Journal
of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC 31(6): 451-459.
In the present study, a design-of-experiment (DoE) approach Was used to
determine optimized mobile-phase compositions for the development of a
high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the
simultaneous estimation of berberine chloride (BER-H) and galangin (GAL) in
Tinospora cordifolia M. and Alpinia galanga L., respectively, and their
formulations. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the
compositional parameters and evaluate the main effect, interaction effects and
quadratic effects of the mobile-phase compositions on the retardation factor
(RF) of both drugs. HPTLC separation was performed on aluminum plates pre-
coated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase, using toluene-ethyl
acetate-formic acid (3:6:1, v/v) as the mobile phase at a wavelength of 267 nm.
A sharp and well-resolved peak was obtained for BER-H and GAL at RF values
of 0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.82 ± 0.01, respectively. The calibration curve was in the
range of 200-1200 ng per band for both BER-H and GAL, with r2 = 0.984 and
r2 = 0.980, respectively. Statistical insight was achieved with analysis of
variance (ANOVA). The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision,
limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness, and specificity. To
provide a better visualization of the statistically significant factors derived
from the statistical analysis, the perturbation plot and response surface plot
for the effect of independent variables on the RF of BER-H and GAL were
evaluated. The developed HPTLC method was found to be simple, accurate,
precise, sensitive, and specific for the simultaneous quantification of berberine
chloride and galangin in Tinospora cordifolia M. and Alpinia galanga L.,
respectively, and their formulations. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Patel, S. S., R. S. Shah and R. K. Goyal (2009). "Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic

and antioxidant effects of Dihar, a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation in streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 47(7): 564-570.
Present investigation was undertaken to evaluate antihyperglycemic,
antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of Dihar, a polyherbal formulation
containing drugs from eight different herbs viz., Syzygium cumini, Momordica
charantia, Emblica officinalis, Gymnema sylvestre, Enicostemma littorale,
Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia and Curcuma longa in streptozotocin
(STZ, 45mg/kg iv single dose) induced type 1 diabetic rats. STZ produced a

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significant increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, very low density

lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, creatinine, and urea levels in diabetic rat.
Treatment with Dihar (100 mg/kg) for 6 weeks produced decrease in STZ
induced serum glucose and lipids levels and increased insulin levels as
compared to control. Dihar produced significant decrease in serum creatinine
Page | 308 
and urea levels in diabetic rats. There was a significant decrease in reduced
glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase levels and increase in
thiobarbituiric acid reactive species levels in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic
rats. Administration of Dihar to diabetic rats significantly reduced the levels of
lipid paroxidation and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The
results suggest Dihar to be beneficial for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Patil, B. D. and M. L. Sonaje (2013). "Role of guggulutiktaka ghrita in the management

of osteoarthritis W.S.R. to knee joint." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda
and Pharmacy 4(1): 71-73.
Osteoarthritis is most widespread form of arthritis seen in elderly and knee
joint pain is the most common complaint for which medical advice is sought
in such circumstances. Major treatment for this complaint is prescription of
established calcium compounds with NSAID's. But with this established
treatment also total eradication of the pain is not possible. Basti (a medicated
enema) in Ayurveda is practiced in many connective tissue disorders like
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Gout, Lumbar Sprain, Spondylosis etc.
The present study was conducted at L.K.Redekar Ayurveda College and PG
Research Centre Gadhinglaj Dist Kolhapur, India, with the aim and objective of
assessing efficacy and safety of Guggulutiktaka ghrita in the management
Knee Osteoarthritis. It's found that there is incredible role of guggulutiktaka
ghrita in the management of sandhigatavata vis as vis Osteoarthritis. © 2010
IJRAP.

Patil, D., M. Gautam, S. Gairola, S. Jadhav and B. Patwardhan (2014). "Effect of

botanical immunomodulators on human CYP3A4 inhibition: Implications for
concurrent use as adjuvants in cancer therapy." Integrative Cancer Therapies 13(2):
167-175.
Purpose. Many botanical immunomodulators are used as adjuvants along with
cancer chemotherapy. However, information on the impact of concurrent
administration of such botanicals on pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy
agents is inadequate. This study investigates inhibitory activities of 3 popular
botanical adjuvants: Asparagus racemosus (root aqueous extract; ARE),
Withania somnifera (root aqueous extract; WSE), and Tinospora cordifolia
(stem aqueous extract, TCE) on human CYP3A4 isoenzyme, responsible for
metabolism of several chemotherapy agents. Experimental design.
Testosterone 6-β hydroxylation was monitored using high-performance liquid
chromatography as an indicator of CYP3A4 catalytic activities. Ketoconazole

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(positive control) and extracts were studied at their in vivo-relevant

concentrations. Results. TCE showed mild inhibition while no significant
inhibitory activities were observed in WSE and ARE. TCE was further
fractionated to obtain polar and nonpolar fractions. The nonpolar fraction
showed significant CYP3A4 inhibition with IC50 13.06 ± 1.38 μg/mL. Major
Page | 309 
constituents of nonpolar fraction were identified using HPLC-DAD-MS
profiling as berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine, which showed IC50 values
as 6.25 ± 0.30, 15.18 ± 1.59, and 15.53 ± 1.89 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion.
Our findings suggest that constituents of TCE extract especially
protoberberine alkaloids have the potential to interact with cancer
chemotherapy agents that are metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo. © The
Author(s) 2013.

Patil, D., M. Gautam, S. Mishra, P. Kulkarni, K. Suresh, S. Gairola, S. Jadhav and B.

Patwardhan (2010). "Quantitative determination of protoberberine alkaloids in
tinospora cordifolia by RP-LC-DAD." Chromatographia 71(3-4): 341-345.
Tinospora cordifolia, known as Guduchi in Ayurveda, is a medicinal plant
popular mainly for immunomodulatory activity. Its therapeutic activity may be
attributed to protoberberine alkaloids such as jatrorrhizine, palmatine and
berberine. A new, simple RP-LC-DAD method has been developed for
separation, simultaneous identification and quantitative estimation of these
protoberberine alkaloids in T. cordifolia extracts and formulations. The
developed method was validated based on ICH-Q2B guidelines and was found
to be accurate, precise and linear over a relatively wide range of
concentrations (0.65-83.33 μg mL -1). This method can serve as a useful
quality control tool for T. cordifolia and its formulations. © 2009
Vieweg+Teubner | GWV Fachverlage GmbH.

Patil, M., P. Patki, H. V. Kamath and B. Patwardhan (1997). "Antistress activity of

Tinospora cordifolia (wild) miers." Indian Drugs 34(4): 211-215.
Aqueous extract, alcohol extract, acetone extract and petroleum ether extract
suspensions of stem of Tinospora cordifolia for some of the pharmacological
activities namely the antistress activity by the mice swimming endurance test,
anabolic activity by noting gain in body weights and effect on
cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice. A significant increase
in mice swimming time was observed in all the four extracts (p < 0.001) as
compared to the control group. Significant increase in body weights in all the
four extracts (p < 0.001) and specially petroleum ether extract showed
significant protective effect against cyclophosphamide induced
immunosuppression (p < 0.001).

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Patil, M. P. and G. D. Kim (2017). "Eco-friendly approach for nanoparticles synthesis

and mechanism behind antibacterial activity of silver and anticancer activity of gold
nanoparticles." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101(1): 79-92.
This review covers general information about the eco-friendly process for the
synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and
Page | 310 
focuses on mechanism of the antibacterial activity of AgNPs and the
anticancer activity of AuNPs. Biomolecules in the plant extract are involved in
reduction of metal ions to nanoparticle in a one-step and eco-friendly
synthesis process. Natural plant extracts contain wide range of metabolites
including carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and
enzymes. A variety of plant species and plant parts have been successfully
extracted and utilized for AgNP and AuNP syntheses. Green-synthesized
nanoparticles eliminate the need for a stabilizing and capping agent and show
shape and size-dependent biological activities. Here, we describe some of the
plant extracts involved in nanoparticle synthesis, characterization methods,
and biological applications. Nanoparticles are important in the field of
pharmaceuticals for their strong antibacterial and anticancer activity.
Considering the importance and uniqueness of this concept, the synthesis,
characterization, and application of AgNPs and AuNPs are discussed in this
review. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Patil, R., R. Patil, B. Ahirwar and D. Ahirwar (2011). "Current status of Indian medicinal
plants with antidiabetic potential: A review." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine 1(SUPPL. 2): S291-S298.
In India, indigenous remedies have been used in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus since the time of Charaka and Sushruta. Plants have always been an
exemplary source of drugs and many of thecurrently available drugs have
been derived directly or indirectly from them. The ethnobotanical information
reports that about 800 plants may possess anti-diabetic potential. Out of
several Indian medicinal plants 33 plants were reviewed. The most effective
antidiabetic Indian medicinal plants are Acacia arabica, Aegle marmelose,
Agrimonia eupatoria, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Azadirachta
indica, Benincasa hispida, Beta vulgaris, Caesalpinia bonducella,
Citrulluscolocynthis, Coccinia indica, Eucalyptus globules, Ficus bengalenesis,
Gymnema sylvestre, Hibiscus rosasinesis, Ipomoea batatas, Jatropha curcus,
Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Morusalba, Mucuna pruriens, Ocimum
sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Punica granatum, Syzigiumcumini,
Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum. A wide array of plant
derived activeprinciples representing numerous chemical compounds has
demonstrated activity consistent withtheir possible use in the treatment of
diabetes.

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Patil, R. N., R. Y. Patil, B. Ahirwar and D. Ahirwar (2011). "Evaluation of antidiabetic

and related actions of some Indian medicinal plants in diabetic rats." Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine 4(1): 20-23.
Objective: To evaluate antidiabetic activity of chloroform extracts of Acacia
arabica bark, Benincasa hispida fruit, Tinispora cordifolia stem, Ocimum
Page | 311 
sanctum areal parts and Jatropha curcus leaves. Methods: The chloroform
extracts of Acacia arabica bark, Benincasa hispida fruit, Tinospora cordifolia
stem, aerial part of Ocimum sanctum and Jatropha curcus leaves were
evaluated at different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.) for
antidiabetic potentials in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. The extracts
were administered for two weeks in different groups whereas tolbutamide (80
mg/kg body weight) was used as reference standard throughout study.
Results: The result of present study showed test compounds significantly
decreases elevated level of serum glucose and also caused to reverse the
cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL values when compared to untreated
diabetic rats. Conclusions: Our finding indicates that different test extracts
were able to ameliorate the derangements in lipid metabolism caused by
diabetes mellitus in alloxan induced diabetic rats towards normal level. ©
2011 Hainan Medical College.

Patil, R. N., R. Y. Patil and D. Ahirwar (2010). "Study of some medicinal plants for
antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetes." Pharmacologyonline 1: 53-60.
The antidiabetic effects of hydroalcohiolic extracts of Acacia Arabica,
Benincasa hispida, Tinispora cordifolia and Ocimum sanctum were
investigated in diabetic rats. The Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce the
diabetes in normal rats. The tolbutamide 80 mg/kg p.o. was used the standard
antidiabetic throughout the study. Our results indicated that 250 and 500
mg/kg b.w. of all hydroalcoholic test extracts reversed the altered glucose,
cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL levels in diabetic rats significantly and
in dose dependent manner. Hence, the study reveals the usefulness and
beneficial value of herbal drugs in the treatment of diabetes.

Patil, S., A. Trigunayat and A. K. Chaudhary (2015). "Evaluation of anxiolytic and

antidepressant effect of different dosage forms of the Guduchi." International Journal
of Green Pharmacy 9(4): S25-S30.
Background: In the field of psychopharmacology many of ayurvedic dosage
forms are being researched for their anxiolytic and antidepressant effect.
Guduchi is a well-known Medhya Rasayan well explained in Ayurveda classics.
Aim: To evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of three dosages
forms of Guduchi (Guduchi Satva, Ghana and Churna) using open field test,
elevated plus maze test in anxiety and behavioral despair test in depression.
Materials and Methods: Adult Charles-Foster albino rats of either sex divided
into five groups which were given carboxymethyl cellulose, lorazepam 1

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mg/kg (standard anxiolytic) imipramine 10 mg/kg (standard antidepressant),

Guduchi Satva 112.5 mg/kg, Ghana 45 mg/kg and Churna 180 mg/kg,
respectively, for 22 days. Statistical Analysis: A statistical analysis was done by
one-way ANOVA test followed by Tucky and Kramer multiple comparison
tests using Graph Pad Prism 6. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Result and
Page | 312 
Conclusion: Guduchi Satva and Ghana significantly reversed the sub-acute
stress-induced alterations in behavioral parameters in all the tests. Guduchi
Satva and Ghana as compared to Guduchi Churna found to be having
anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in experimental animals in behavioral
parameters such as rearing, grooming, and immobility period. Thus, these
formulations can be used in prevention and treatment of anxiety and
depression.

Patil, V. S. and N. P. Malpathak (2017). "Micro-morphoanatomical approach for

comparative analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and its adulterant plant
using sem and cryostat." Pharmacognosy Journal 9(1): 39-45.
Background: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, belongs to Menispermaceae,
commonly known as "Guduchi"or "Amrita" and has immense importance in
Ayurvedic medicine. Several studies have been carried out on pharmacology,
pharmaceutical, anticancer activity and clinical trials of T. cordifolia, however
not much information is available on the adulterants that are added with the
genuine plant. Considerable work has been done on pharmacognosy but very
few studies have been performed on the anatomy of T. cordifolia. Objectives:
Comparative micro-morphoanatomical analysis of T. cordifolia and P. daemia,
is important for quality control of fresh and dried samples of the root, stem
and leaves. Material and Methods: The plant materials of T. cordifolia and P.
daemia were collected, and identified. Fixed sample subjected to cryostat
microtomy and sections were observed under light microscope.
Micromorphology were studied by light as well as scanning electron
microscope. Results: Anatomical studies are cheap and important tool for
identification of the correct medicinal plant. Adulterant plant does not contain
active principles like Berberine and Tinosporin nor have similar morpho-
Anatomical characters. Because of the similar appearance and resemblance of
dried adulterant plant samples, medicinally important T. cordifolia often get
adulterated with other plants. SEM study revealed morpho-Anatomical
differences like the abundance of starch in cortical and ray parenchyma,
different types of trichomes, etc. Cryostat techniques were used for sectioning
and showed the presence of xylem plates with wide multicelluar rays.
Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical differences were observed in T.
cordifolia and P. daemia. The given results showed significant differences
therefore this study aims to help in accurate identification and avoid
adulteration of a medicinally important plant. © 2016 Phcog.Net.

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Patil, V. S. and N. P. Malpathak (2018). "Development of xylem plates and stem

anatomy of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae)." Thaiszia Journal
of Botany 28(1): 7-17.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers belonging to the family Menispermaceae is
a large, tropical climbing shrub commonly found throughout India. In
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Menispermaceae, secondary growth is achieved by formation of multiple
cambia or a single cambium. In fully grown plants the stem becomes thick,
moderately woody, and parenchymatous with very large and wide rays. In
Tinospora secondary growth is achieved by single cambium with formation of
xylem in plates. Tinospora is commonly known for its atypical wood
anatomical structure i.e. lignified xylem plates embedded in parenchymatous
ray cells. This type of cambial variant is the result of the normal activity of
cambium which produces xylem towards the center and phloem towards
periphery but is an abnormality in conformation. Unequal activity of the
cambium at certain segments results in macro-morphological abnormalities in
the stem structure. The conformational changes lead to the development of
xylem in plates which were separated by wide rays. Secondary xylem showed
vessel dimorphism in both large and narrow vessels, and distinctly wide rays.
Formation of ray cambia and its re-differentiation into vessel elements was
observed in Tinospora which were not reported earlier in this genus. Other
anatomical characters such as presence of wide vessels, abundance of
parenchyma, and vessel dimorphism favored the scandent habit of the plant,
which is discussed in this investigation. © 2018, Pavol Jozef Safarik University
in Kosice. All rights reserved.

Patil, Y. R. (2012). "An open lable clinical study to evaluate effect of juice of Tinospora
cordifolia Linn. On growth of children." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda
and Pharmacy 3(1): 77-79.
Guduchi is being used as a rejuvenating herb in Ayurveda and other system of
medicine since many decades. Guduchi is prescribed as a monoherbal as well
as polyherbal formulation. The herb has free radical scavenging properties
against reactive oxygen and nitrogen. Due to its Rasayana (free radical
scavenging property) it was decided to evaluate efficacy of its juice in growth
of children by comparing with standard growth charts developed by National
centre for health statistics. 30 Children of age group 6 to 8 years were
recruited in the trial. Children were assessed and evaluated on the basis of
objective and subjective parameters at interval of 15 days for 3 months. Mean
weight of children at baseline of study was 19.99 ± 1.59 kg and was increased
moderately to 20.64 ± 1.57 kg (at 12th wk). Mean score of skin luster was 0.43
± 0.5 and it was increased significantly to 1.17 ± 0.37. Diet intake of these
children at baseline was 0.467 ± 0.51 and in was increased significantly to 1.63
± 0.48. These findings suggest that juice of Tinospora cordifolia is an effective,
safe, and herbal formulation for the children growth.

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Pattan, S. R., P. G. Kekare, D. S. Musmade, J. S. Pattan and V. A. Kothiwale (2010).

"Treatment of diabetes mellitus through herbal remedy." Indian Drugs 47(5): 5-10.
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disease, characterized by a
state of chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from diverse etiologies,
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environmental and genetic factors acting jointly. Chronic hyperglycemia from
whatever cause, leads to a number of complications including cardiovascular
such as hypertension, renal, neurological such as anxiety, stress, ocular and
other such concomitant infections. The present review is intended to educate
and create awareness regarding common herbal plants which have been used
as folk remedies since the time of our ancestors; further study and
investigations may help for the active moiety for diabetes mellitus.

Pattanaik, C. and C. Sudhakar Reddy (2008). "Medicinal plant wealth of local

communities in kuldiha wildlife sanctuary, orissa, india." Journal of Herbs, Spices and
Medicinal Plants 14(3-4): 175-184.
An ethnomedicinal survey among the local communities in Kuldiha wildlife
sanctuary of the Balasore district, Orissa, India indicated traditional uses of 49
plant species belonging to 32 plant families. Information from local herbal
healers was compared with existing literature on ethnobotany of India and
resulted in identification of 11 new ethnomedical applications of plant
materials. The herbal practitioners in the study area were interviewed, and
information on medicinal plants, their families, local names, plant part used,
method of preparation, and medicinal uses are presented elaborately. © 2008
by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.

Patwardhan, B. (2005). "Ethnopharmacology and drug discovery." Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 100(1-2): 50-52.
Ethnopharmacology and natural product drug discovery remains a significant
hope in the current target-rich, lead-poor scenario. Many modern drugs have
origin in traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology. Traditional Indian
Medicine - Ayurveda has a long history and is one of the great living
traditions. Considerable research on pharmacognosy, chemistry,
pharmacology and clinical therapeutics has been carried out on Ayurvedic
medicinal plants. Several preclinical and clinical studies have examined
cytoprotective, immunomodulatory and immunoadjuvant potential of
Ayurvedic medicines. The ethnopharmacology knowledge, its holistic and
systems approach supported by experiential base can serve as an innovative
and powerful discovery engine for newer, safer and affordable medicines. ©
2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Patwardhan, B., A. D. B. Vaidya, M. Chorghade and S. P. Joshi (2008). "Reverse

pharmacology and systems approaches for drug discovery and development."
Current Bioactive Compounds 4(4): 201-212.
While biotechnological advances, genomics and high throughput screenings
or combinatorial and asymmetric syntheses have opened new vistas in drug
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discovery, the industry is facing a serious innovation deficit. Critics suggest
that "we have become high throughput in technology, yet have remained low
throughput in thinking". Post marketing failures of blockbuster drugs have
become major concerns of industries, leading to a significant shift in favor of
single to multi targeted drugs and affording greater respect to traditional
knowledge. Typical reductionist approach of modern science is being revisited
over the background of systems biology and holistic approaches of traditional
practices. Scientifically validated and technologically standardized botanical
products may be explored on a fast track using innovative approaches like
reverse pharmacology and systems biology, which are based on traditional
medicine knowledge. Traditional medicine constitutes an evolutionary process
as communities and individuals continue to discover practices transforming
techniques. Many modern drugs have origin in ethnopharmacology and
traditional medicine. Traditions are dynamic and not static entities of
unchanging knowledge. Discovering reliable 'living tradition' remains a major
challenge in traditional medicine. In many parts 'little traditions' of indigenous
systems of medicine are disappearing, yet their role in bioprospecting
medicines or poisons remains of pivotal importance. Indian Ayurvedic and
traditional Chinese systems are living 'great traditions'. Ayurvedic knowledge
and experiential database can provide new functional leads to reduce time,
money and toxicity - the three main hurdles in the drug development. We
begin the search based on Ayurvedic medicine research, clinical experiences,
observations or available data on actual use in patients as a starting point. We
use principles of systems biology where holistic yet rational analysis is done to
address multiple therapeutic requirements. Since safety of the materials is
already established from traditional use track record, we undertake
pharmaceutical development, safety validation and pharmacodynamic studies
in parallel to controlled clinical studies. Thus, drug discovery based on
Ayurveda follows a 'Reverse Pharmacology' path from Clinics to Laboratories.
Herein we describe such approaches with selected examples based on
previous studies. © 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Patwardhan, S. K., K. S. Bodas and S. S. Gundewar (2010). "Coping with arthritis using
safer herbal options." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
2(1): 1-11.
Arthritis, generally inflammation of joints is a one of the oldest known
diseases occurring almost in all age groups. In India, more than about 20% of
total population is suffering from arthritis. Many arthritic patients may not

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have reported to be arthritic as they may not have detected their problem of
arthritis due to illiteracy, poverty and unaffordability for medical check ups.
Forty-six million Americans report that they have arthritis or other rheumatic
conditions. One in 6 people in the US has arthritis. The use of alternative
therapies, such as acupuncture and medicinal herbs, is on the rise because of
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many side effects and toxicities associated with the synthetic drugs. Despite
considerable progress in the treatment of arthritis by NSAIDs and other drugs,
search for newer drugs continues because the existing synthetic drugs have
several limitations. According to reports approximately 60-90% of dissatisfied
arthritis patients are likely to seek the option of complementary and
alternative medicine (CAM). This paper reviews the efficacy of some of
valuable herbs like guggul, bhallataka, ginger, ashwagandha etc. that have a
history of human use and their anti-inflammatory or anti-arthritic properties
have been evaluated preclinically and clinically. Basic scientific research has
uncovered the mechanisms by which some plants afford their therapeutic
effects. The present literature emphasizes on causes for arthritis, its signs,
symptoms, preventive measures as well as its safer options of treatments.
Available data suggests that the extracts of most of these herbs or
compounds derived from them may provide a safe and effective adjunctive
therapeutic approach for the treatment of artritis.

Pawar, V. S. and H. Shivakumar (2012). "A current status of adaptogens: Natural

remedy to stress." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2(SUPPL.1): S480-S490.
Stress is a normal part of everyday life but it is important to be able to use
tools for its management otherwise chronic stress, if left untreated, can lead to
a variety of stress related illnesses including hypertension, heart disease,
anxiety, depression, memory impairment and chronic fatigue syndrome. The
aim of this literature review is to summarize and critically analyze research
conducted on the adaptogenic herbs. The aim of this review article is to assess
the level of scientific evidence presented by the adaptogens from natural
origin by different screening methods and to provide a rationale at the
molecular level. Strong scientific evidence is available in relation with the
molecular mechanisms associated with their stress-protective activity against
acute and chronic paradigms. The beneficial stress-protective effect of
adaptogens is in relation with regulation of homeostasis via several
mechanisms of action associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
and the control of key stress mediators and biochemical markers such as nitric
oxide (NO), cortisol, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose etc. Good scientific
evidence has been documented with active secondary metabolites present in
adaptogens. © 2012 Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine Press.

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Penza, M., C. Montani, M. Jeremic, G. Mazzoleni, W. L. W. Hsiao, M. Marra, H. Sharma

and D. Di Lorenzo (2007). "MAK-4 and -5 supplemented diet inhibits liver
carcinogenesis in mice." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7.
Background: Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK) is an herbal formulation composed
of two herbal mixtures, MAK-4 and MAK-5. These preparations are part of a
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natural health care system from India, known as Maharishi Ayur-Veda. MAK-4
and MAK-5 are each composed of different herbs and are said to have
maximum benefit when used in combination. This investigation evaluated the
cancer inhibiting effects of MAK-4 and MAK-5, in vitro and in vivo. Methods:
In vitro assays: Aqueous extracts of MAK-4 and MAK-5 were tested for effects
on ras induced cell transformation in the Rat 6 cell line assessed by focus
formation assay. In vivo assays: Urethane-treated mice were put on a standard
pellet diet or a diet supplemented with MAK-4, MAK-5 or both. At 36 weeks,
livers were examined for tumors, sera for oxygen radical absorbance capacity
(ORAC), and liver homogenates for enzyme activities of glutathione
peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H: quinone
reductase (QR). Liver fragments of MAK-fed mice were analyzed for connexin
(cx) protein expression. Results: MAK-5 and a combination of MAK-5 plus
MAK-4, inhibited ras-induced cell transformation. In MAK-4, MAK-5 and
MAK4+5-treated mice we observed a 35%, 27% and 46% reduction in the
development of urethane-induced liver nodules respectively. MAK-4 and
MAK4+5-treated mice had a significantly higher ORAC value (P < 0.05)
compared to controls (200.2 ± 33.7 and 191.6 ± 32.2 vs. 152.2 ± 15.7 ORAC
units, respectively). The urethane-treated MAK-4, MAK-5 and MAK4+5-fed
mice had significantly higher activities of liver cytosolic enzymes compared to
the urethane-treated controls and to untreated mice: GPX(0.23 ± 0.08, 0.21 ±
0.05, 0.25 ± 0.04, 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.03 U/mg protein, respectively), GST (2.0
± 0.4, 2.0 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 0.3, 1.7 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2 U/mg protein, respectively) and
QR (0.13 ± 0.02, 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.15 ± 0.03, 0.1 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.03 U/mg protein,
respectively). Livers of MAK-treated mice showed a time-dependent increased
expression of cx32. Conclusion: Our results show that a MAK-supplemented
diet inhibits liver carcinogenesis in urethane-treated mice. The prevention of
excessive oxidative damage and the up-regulation of connexin expression are
two of the possible effects of these products. © 2007 Penza et al; licensee
BioMed Central Ltd.

Perera, H. D. S. M., J. K. R. R. Samarasekera, S. M. Handunnetti, O. V. D. S. J.

Weerasena, H. D. Weeratunga, A. Jabeen and M. I. Choudhary (2018). "In vitro pro-
inflammatory enzyme inhibition and anti-oxidant potential of selected Sri Lankan
medicinal plants." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 18(1).
Background: The extracts of the ten selected Sri Lankan medicinal plants have
been traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory mediated diseases.
The extracts were investigated for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant

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potential in vitro to identify bio-active extracts for further chemical

characterization. Methods: In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of total ethanol
extracts were investigated measuring the inhibitory activities of four pro-
inflammatory enzymes, arachidonate-5- lipoxygenase (A5-LOX), hyaluronidase
(HYL), xanthine oxidase (XO) and inducible nitric oxide (iNO) synthase.
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Cytotoxicity of extracts were determined by MTT assay. Oxidative burst
inhibition (OBI) on human whole blood (WB) and isolated
polymorphoneutrophils (PMNs) was carried out for a selected bio-active
extract. Anti- oxidant activities of the extracts were determined by 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelation (FIC) and oxygen radical
absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Total polyphenol and total Flavonoid
contents of the extracts were also determined. The most active plant extract
was analysed using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: The ethanol bark
extract of Flacourtia indica showed the highest A5-LOX (IC50: 22.75 ± 1.94
g/mL), XO (70.46 ± 0.18%; 250 μg/mL) and iNOs inhibitory activities on LPS-
activated raw 264.7 macrophage cells (38.07 ± 0.93%; 500 μg/mL) with
promising OBI both on WB (IC50: 47.64 2.32 μg/mL) and PMNs (IC50: 5.02
0.38 μg/mL). The highest HYL inhibitory activity was showed by the leaf
extracts of Barathranthus nodiflorus (42.31 ± 2.00%; 500 μg/mL) and
Diospyros ebenum (41.60 ± 1.18%; 500 μg/mL). The bark and leaf extracts of
Callophyllum innophyllum (IC50: 6.99 ± 0.02 μg/mL) and Symplocus
cochinchinesis (IC50: 9.85 ± 0.28 μg/mL) showed promising DPPH free radical
scavenging activities. The GC-MS analysis of ethanol bark extract of F. indica
showed the presence of two major bio-active compounds linoleic acid ethyl
ester and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (&gt; 2% peak area). The HPLC
analysis showed the presence polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion: The
ethanol bark extract of F. indica can be identified as a potential candidate for
the development of anti-inflammatory agents, which deserves further
investigations. The bio-active plant extracts may be effectively used in the
applications of cosmetic and health care industry. © 2018 The Author(s).

Perera, H. K. I. and C. S. Handuwalage (2015). "Analysis of glycation induced protein

cross-linking inhibitory effects of some antidiabetic plants and spices." BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15(1).
Background: Protein cross-linking which occurs towards the latter part of
protein glycation is implicated in the development of chronic diabetic
complications. Glycation induced protein cross-linking inhibitory effects of
nine antidiabetic plants and three spices were evaluated in this study using a
novel, simple, electrophoresis based method. Methods: Methanol extracts of
thirteen plants including nine antidiabetic plants and three spices were used.
Lysozyme and fructose were incubated at 37 °C in the presence or absence of

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different concentrations of plant extracts up to 31 days. Standard glycation

inhibitor aminoguanidine and other appropriate controls were included. A
recently established sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-
PAGE) method was used to detect the products of protein cross-linking in the
incubation mixtures. Results: High molecular weight protein products
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representing the dimer, trimer and tetramer of lysozyme were detected in the
presence of fructose. Among the nine antidiabetic plants, seven showed
glycation induced protein cross-linking inhibitory effects namely Ficus
racemosa (FR) stem bark, Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves, Musa paradisiaca
(MP) yam, Phyllanthus debilis (PD) whole plant, Phyllanthus emblica (PE) fruit,
Pterocarpus marsupium (PM) latex and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) leaves.
Inhibition observed with Coccinia grandis (CG) leaves and Strychnos
potatorum (SP) seeds were much low. Leaves of Gymnema lactiferum (GL), the
plant without known antidiabetic effects showed the lowest inhibition. All
three spices namely Coriandrum sativum (CS) seeds, Cinnamomum zeylanicum
(CZ) bark and Syzygium aromaticum (SA) flower buds showed cross-link
inhibitory effects with higher effects in CS and SA. PD, PE, PM, CS and SA
showed almost complete inhibition on the formation of cross-linking with 25
μg/ml extracts. Conclusions: Methanol extracts of PD, PE, PM, CS and SA have
shown promising inhibitory effects on glycation induced protein cross-linking.
© 2015 Perera and Handuwalage.

Peterson, C. T., V. Sharma, S. N. Iablokov, L. Albayrak, K. Khanipov, S. Uchitel, D.

Chopra, P. J. Mills, Y. Fofanov, D. A. Rodionov and S. N. Peterson (2019). "16S rRNA
gene profiling and genome reconstruction reveal community metabolic interactions
and prebiotic potential of medicinal herbs used in neurodegenerative disease and as
nootropics." PLoS ONE 14(3).
10.1371/journal.pone.0213869 The prebiotic potential of nervine herbal
medicines has been scarcely studied. We therefore used anaerobic human
fecal cultivation to investigate whether medicinal herbs commonly used as
treatment in neurological health and disease in Ayurveda and other traditional
systems of medicine modulate gut microbiota. Profiling of fecal cultures
supplemented with either Kapikacchu, Gotu Kola, Bacopa/Brahmi,
Shankhapushpi, Boswellia/Frankincense, Jatamansi, Bhringaraj, Guduchi,
Ashwagandha or Shatavari by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed profound
changes in diverse taxa. Principal coordinate analysis highlights that each herb
drives the formation of unique microbial communities predicted to display
unique metabolic potential. The relative abundance of approximately one-
third of the 243 enumerated species was altered by all herbs. Additional
species were impacted in an herb-specific manner. In this study, we combine
genome reconstruction of sugar utilization and short chain fatty acid (SCFA)
pathways encoded in the genomes of 216 profiled taxa with monosaccharide
composition analysis of each medicinal herb by quantitative mass

319 
 
 

spectrometry to enhance the interpretation of resulting microbial

communities and discern potential drivers of microbiota restructuring.
Collectively, our results indicate that gut microbiota engage in both protein
and glycan catabolism, providing amino acid and sugar substrates that are
consumed by fermentative species. We identified taxa that are efficient amino
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acid fermenters and those capable of both amino acid and sugar
fermentation. Herb-induced microbial communities are predicted to alter the
relative abundance of taxa encoding SCFA (butyrate and propionate)
pathways. Co-occurrence network analyses identified a large number of taxa
pairs in medicinal herb cultures. Some of these pairs displayed related culture
growth relationships in replicate cultures highlighting potential functional
interactions among medicinal herb-induced taxa. © 2019 Peterson et al. This
is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.

Philip, S., G. Tom and A. V. Vasumathi (2018). "Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory

activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers chloroform extract – a preclinical study."
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 70(8): 1113-1125.
Objectives: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is an inevitable ingredient of
Ayurvedic rasayanas for the treatment of disorders with unregulated
inflammation. However, studies regarding the mechanism of anti-
inflammatory potential of this plant at the molecular level are lacking.
Methods: In vitro evaluations were conducted in RAW264.7 macrophages
which were preincubated with chloroform extract of T. cordifolia (CETC) and
subsequently stimulated with LPS. The expressions of COX-2, TNF-α and iNOS
genes were analysed by SQRT-PCR and Western blot, cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β
and PGE2) levels by ELISA, NF-κB activation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation
by Immunoblot and confocal imaging. Anti-inflammatory potential of CETC
was validated further in a rat model of carrageenan-induced hind paw edema.
Phytochemical characterisation was carried out using the HPLC technique. Key
findings: The LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory biomarkers was
significantly prevented by CETC, without inhibiting COX-1. CETC- and LPS-
incubated cells showed reduced phosphorylated p38 MAPK levels, and higher
levels NF-κB were retained in cytoplasm. Rats pretreated with CETC showed a
statistically significant decrease in paw oedema (P ≤ 0.05), and HPLC
characterisation detected stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The LD50 of CETC lies
above 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Conclusions: These findings encourage us
strongly to focus on CETC to develop anti-inflammatory drugs with lower
degree of inhibition to the constitutively expressing COX-1. © 2018 Royal
Pharmaceutical Society

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Phukan, P., M. Bawari and M. Sengupta (2015). "Promising neuroprotective plants

from North-East India." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences 7(3): 28-39.
Neuroprotection is a broad term commonly used to refer therapeutic
strategies that can prevent, delay or even reverse neuronal damage. Herbal
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medicines are widely used across the globe as economical, effective and safer
alternative remedies. North-East (NE) India harbours a large number of
medicinal plants, it falls under Indo-Burma global hotspot one of the 34 global
biodiversity hotspots. In traditional practice of medicines, people here uses a
variety of medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments. The purpose
of this manuscript is to review the plants with neuroprotective potential from
NE India and to provide the reference for future study of new and alternative
remedies for the treatment of neurological ailments. © 2015, International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.

Pillai, S. K. and E. A. Siril (2019). "Elite Screening and In Vitro Propagation of

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F. & Thoms." Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences India Section B - Biological Sciences 89(2): 551-557.
A protocol was established for the high frequency in vitro propagation of
Tinospora cordifolia through nodal explant culture. Plants were collected from
different geographical areas for screening superior germplasm based on
berberine content, the prominent alkaloid present in the plant. Of the different
accessions estimated for berberine, candidate elite plant (CEP) 8 recorded
highest quantity (757.3 µg g dw) of berberine, therefore selected as elite
mother plant for in vitro culture. MS medium supplemented with different
concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) and kinetin were used for in vitro
culture of nodal explants derived from elite plant. The best result was
obtained in 2 µM BA supplemented medium with 75% response, 2.95 shoots
per culture reaching 4.89 cm shoot length. Initial cultures were subsequently
used for the subculture with the multiplication rate of 3.83 shoots at the
fourth subculture. Use of phloroglucinol at varying concentrations did not
improve shoot number. The in vitro raised shoots after 4 weeks of culture
were excised for rooting at ex vitro conditions. Two auxins, IBA and IAA at
different concentrations were used to induce rooting of which IBA (30 µM)
treated microshoots produced significant (p < 0.001) rooting (87.77%) and
root number (7.29) in sand and soil (1:1) mixture. The ex vitro rooted plants
showed 80% survival. Ex vitro rooting effectively synchronized rooting and
acclimatization steps thereby reduced time, labour and cost of production. An
estimate of propagation efficiency revealed a total of 1044 hardened plants
were produced from a single node within a 6 months culture period. © 2018,
The National Academy of Sciences, India.

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Pingale, S. S. (2010). "Amelioration of CCL4 induced hepatosuppression by Tinospora

Cordifolia." Pharmacologyonline 1: 109-117.
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of Tinospora cordifolia
against hepatosuppression induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The
evaluation markers used were serum marker enzymes viz. GOT, GPT, Alkaline
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phosphate, glucose, bilirubin, Triglycerides, γ GT, cholesterol, DNA, RNA and
total protein. These biochemical parameters were significantly changed by the
single dose of CCl4. The treatment of Tinospora cordifolia significantly
recovers all the serum and liver parameters like normal levels. However,
silymarin was used as a reference standard for this study. The findings
indicates that the hepatoprotective action of Tinospora cordifolia against
hepatosuppression possibly involves CCl4 bioactivation through selective
inhibitors of reactive oxygen species like antioxidants brought about
significant inhibition of TBARS suggesting possible involvement of O2-, HO2,
HO2-, H2O2 and OH. Light and electron microscope photographs also
support the same. Hence Tinospora cordifolia indicating protection in liver
may prove promising effect against liver disorders. Thus it may act even in
humans as a potent liver tonic.

Policepatel, S. S. and V. G. Manikrao (2013). "Ethnomedicinal plants used in the

treatment of skin diseases in Hyderabad Karnataka region, Karnataka, India." Asian
Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3(11): 882-886.
Objective: To document traditional medicinal plants knowledge used in
treating skin diseases at Hyderabad Karnataka Region. Methods: The
information on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of skin diseases
was gathered from traditional herbal healers and other villagers through
interviews. Results: A total of 60 plants species belonging to 57 genera and 34
families were found useful and herewith described them along with the
method of drug preparation, mode of administration, probable dosage and
duration of treatment. Several new findings on the traditional rural practices
were reported. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the Hyderabad
Karnataka rural people is primarily dependent on medicinal plants for treating
skin diseases. © 2013 Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedical Magazine.

Polu, P. R., U. Nayanabhirama and S. Khan (2017). "Quality control assessment of

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae) phyto-physicochemical and
pharmacognostical profile." Advanced Science Letters 23(3): 1798-1803.
Herbal drugs have been used as medicines for the treatment of a range of
diseases since ancient times. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers commonly
known as Amrita or Guduchi is an important drug of Indian Systems of
Medicine (ISM). The drug is used in the treatment of fever, diabetes, jaundice,
urinary problems, skin diseases and dysentery. Pharmacognostical
standardization of dried and matured pieces of stem of Tinospora cordifolia

322 
 
 

(Willd.) Miers. was done in the present study. The study includes macroscopic
and microscopic evaluation along with its physicochemical parameters
estimation like ash and extractive values and preliminary phytochemical
screening. Quantification of some of the active constituents like terpenoids
and alkaloids was also included in the study. The present study discloses the
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quality profile for drug like Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.), which would be of
massive value in identification and confirmation of plant drug and may help us
in avoiding its adulteration. © 2017 American Scientific Publishers. All rights
reserved.

Polu, P. R., U. Nayanbhirama, S. Khan and R. Maheswari (2017). "Assessment of free

radical scavenging and anti-proliferative activities of Tinospora cordifolia Miers
(Willd)." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17(1).
Background: Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi or Amrita) is an important drug of
Ayurvedic System of Medicine and found mention in various classical texts for
the treatment of diseases such as jaundice, fever, diabetes, cancer and skin
disease etc. In view of its traditional claims, antioxidant and anti-proliferative
activities were evaluated in the present study. Methods: Ethanol extract (TCE)
and subsequent petroleum ether (TCP), dichloromethane (TCD), n-Butanol
(TCB) and aqueous (TCA) fractions of were prepared from stems of T
cordifolia. Total phenolic, flavonoid content and anti-oxidant activity was
assessed by different methods. Anti-proliferative activity was assessed in
cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines by MTT and SRB assay. Results: Ethanol
extract and n-butanol fractions shown to be superior in their scavenging
activity in all the tested methods. n-butanol fractions shown antioxidant
activity with an IC50 of 14.81 ± 0.53, 29.48 ± 2.23, 58.20 ± 0.70 and 21.17 ±
1.19 μg/mL by DPPH, ABTS, Nitric oxide and iron chelating activities
respectively. Anti-proliferative activity results demonstrates that the TCD and
ethanol extract of T cordifolia exhibits potent cytotoxic effect against HeLa
with an IC50 of 54.23 ± 0.94 μg/mL and 101.26 ± 1.42 μg/mL respectively by
MTT assay; and with an IC50 of 48.91 ± 0.33 μg/mL and 87.93 ± 0.85 μg/mL
respectively by SRB assay. Conclusion: The outcomes of the present study
support the fact that T Cordifolia is a promising source of antioxidant agent
and propose its further investigation. Moreover, dichloromethane fraction of T
cordifolia shown to be the most potent anti-proliferative fraction and further
mechanistic and phytochemical investigations are under way to identify the
active principles. © 2017 The Author(s).

Prabhakar, R. and H. Ramakrishna (2014). "Palynodiversity in the climbers of Adilabad

district in Andhra Pradesh." Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and
Chemical Sciences 5(3): 1873-1883.
The present study deals with the study of palynodiversity in some important
climbers viz., Abrus precatorius, Argyreia pilosa, Asparagus racemosus,

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Benincasa hispida, Bougainvillaea spectabilis, Canavalia gladiata,

Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cassytha filiformis, Celastrus paniculata, Clitoria
ternata, Decalepis hamiltonii, Diascorea tomentosa, Gloriosa superba,
Gymnema sylvestre, Holostemma adakodien, Ipomaea hederifolia, Luffa
cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Mucuna pruriens, Pergularia demia, Piper
Page | 324 
longum and Tinospora cordifolia. recorded from Adilabad district in Andhra
Pradesh. These climbers are having diversity in ethnomedicinal importance.
These plants have being used by inhabitant tribes viz., Gonds, Kolam, Koya,
Lambada, Naikapods, Pardhan and Thoties to cure various ailments. Besides
ethnomedicinal importance palynodiversity is also recorded in these plants.
These pollen grains show diversity in apertural pattern viz., Monosulcate,
Monocolpate, Dizonocolpate, Trichotomosulcate, Triporate, Tricolpate,
Tricolporate, Polyporate and Pollinia.

Pradhan, P., V. D. Gangan, A. T. Sipahimalani and A. Banerji (1997). "Stereochemical

assignment of tertiary hydroxyl group in diterpene furan glycosides by pyredine
induced shifts, 13C- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy." Spectroscopy Letters 30(7): 1467-
1474.
The stereochemistry of the tertiary hydroxyl group in diterpene furan
glycosides viz. cordifolisides D (1) and cordifoliside E (2) has been assigned on
the basis of pyridine solvent induced shifts (PIS) in the 1H and 13C NMR
spectra. The methyl and the methylene groups occupying positions vicinal,
1,3-diaxial and geminal to the tertiary hydroxyl group were deshielded to
different extent depending on the dihedral angle. The stereochemical
assignments are well supported by 13C- γ shifts and 2D Overhauser
spectroscopy.

Pradhan, S. L. and P. S. Pradhan (2011). "Ayurvedic medicine and anaesthesia." Indian

Journal of Anaesthesia 55(4): 334-339.
The use of herbal medicines has increased dramatically over the past few
years. The United States alone noted a 380% increase in the consumption of
these products. Although the common practice of taking over-the-counter
herbal soups, herbal teas and other such prepacked preparations was not
associated with adverse events at large, still, some herbs are known to cause
problems, especially when large doses are taken. The American Society of
Anaesthesiologist (ASA) has taken a conservative stance and recommended
that it is prudent to stop these products at least 2-3 weeks prior to
anaesthesia and surgery. This advice may be difficult to implement as most
preoperative evaluations occur only a few days prior to surgery. Some of the
Ayurvedic preparations have shown to improve the patient outcome when
taken during the perioperative period. Hence, the conservative stance by ASA
may not always benefit the patient. More scientific studies are needed to have

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more targeted recommendations. This article puts forward the facts that need
to be addressed by researchers in the future.

Prakash, D., P. Kumar and N. Kumar (2009). "Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of
some Indian medicinal plants." Pharmacologyonline 3: 513-521.
Page | 325 
The present study was designed to evaluate comparative antioxidant and
hypoglycemic activities of 10 herbal samples referred in Indian system of
medicine by using alloxan induced diabetic albino rats.The 80% alcoholic
extracts of Casearia esculenta, Coccinia indica, Tragia involucrate, Moringa
oleifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Ficus benghalensis, Murraya koenigii, Sesbania
aegyptiaca, Mucuna prurita and Zingiber officinale were separately suspended
with 1% gum acacia and employed for assessing anti-diabetic activity at a
dose of 200mg/kg for 21 days and glibenclamide tablet was used as a
standard drug. DNA nicking assay was performed by using supercoiled pUC
18 DNA and analyzed on 1% agarose gel. T. cordifolia was found to be most
potent and showed blood glucose lowering effect from 298 to 235 mg/dl, 186
mg/dl and 95 mg/dl after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatment respectively. The
effect after 3 weeks in terms of hypoglycemic activity in increasing order was
M. prurita, S. aegyptiaca, M. koenigii, Z. officinale, F. benghalensis, C.
esculenta, M. oleifera, T. involucrate, C. indica and T. cordifolia. The total
phenolic contents showed variation from 10.2 (Zingiber officinale) to 45.6 mg
GAE/g extract (Muraya koenigii) and antioxidant activity from 28.9 (Coccinia
indica) to 75.6% (Moringa oleifera) in the extracts of different plants. In the
protection of DNA damage experiment Moringa oleifera and Tinospora
cordifolia showed significant reduction in the formation of nicked DNA and
increased native DNA.

Prakash, R., G. Pranavswarup and V. Jayashree (2012). "Studies of the immuno-

stimulant properties of Tinospora Cordifolia." Research Journal of Pharmaceutical,
Biological and Chemical Sciences 3(2): 1148-1160.
The present project is aimed at finding effective immunostimulant herbal
drug. Tinosporacordifolia immunostimulant activity can be evaluated by
Neutrophil adhesion test. Three groups of animals each of either sex at a
weight of about 2kg was selected for the study. They were provided with
standard diet. Aqueous extract of plant was obtained from leaves, stems and
roots, 10 gram of each part taken with 100ml of water then stirred well and
boiled for 10min and filtered. The aqueous extract was given orally at a dose
of 5ml/day for 14 days rabbits for assessment of immune stimulant effect.
Neutrophil adhesion test, Total count of white blood corpuscles, differential
leukocyte counts carried out. Complement activity alternate pathway studied
by erythrocyte was antigen to rabbit serum. The blood sample was taken
alternate pathway and chemotaxy were evaluated. The study reveals that
Tinosporacordifolia has significant alternate pathway activity and chemotaxy.

325 
 
 

Prakash, S., A. Singh, K. N. Dwivedi and N. Sonkar (2010). "Role of Vayahsthapana

drugs in prevention and management of ageing." Biomedical and Pharmacology
Journal 3(1): 237-240.
As we know that ageing is the accumulation of changes in an organism or
Page | 326 
object over time. In human it refers to a multidimensional process of physical,
psychological and social change. The detail description of such drugs which
are used in prevention and management of ageing are scattered all over the
Ayurvedic texts, amongst them Vayahsthapana Mahakashaya of Charaka
Samhita is very important. Other drugs which are described in Jivaniya
Mahakashaya, Brimhaniya Mahakashaya, Batya Mahakashaya, Rasayana and
Vajikarana drugs are also useful for the prevention and management of
ageing. According to Ayurveda main cause of ageing is Dhatukshaya, which is
based on poshana level, agni level and shrotas level. So the Jivaniya,
Brimhaniya, Balya, Rasayana and Vajikarana drugs may be most beneficial for
the prevention and management of ageing.

Prasad, D. (2014). "Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by the fruit extract of Emblica
officinalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Glycyrrhiza glabra, bauhinia
variegate and voila odorata in sulphuric acid solution." Research Journal of
Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(6): 810-814.
Emblica officinalis fruits, Tinospora cordifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Glycyrrhiza
glabra, Bauhinia variegate and Voila odorata were investigated as corrosion
inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 solution by weight loss method. Plants
showed good inhibition efficiency at different concentrations. Inhibition was
found to increase with increasing concentration of plant extract. The results
obtained show that the fruit extract of plants could serve as an effective
corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in sulphuric acid medium.

Prasad, J. and V. K. Vijay (2005). "Experimental studies on drying of Zingiber

officinale, Curcuma longa l. and Tinospora cordifolia in solar-biomass hybrid drier."
Renewable Energy 30(14): 2097-2109.
An integral type natural convection solar drier has been fabricated and
coupled with a biomass stove. Experiments have been conducted to test the
performance of the drier by drying of Zingiber officinale (ginger), Curcuma
longa l. (turmeric) and Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) during the summer
climate in Delhi. It was found that, during the load test for ginger, 18 kg of
fresh product with an initial moisture content of 319.74(db)% was dried to a
final moisture content of 11.8(db)% within 33 h. Similarly, moisture content of
turmeric and guduchi were reduced from 358.96 to 8.8 and 257.45 to
9.67(db)% during 36 and 48 h of drying, respectively. The drying of these
products has also been studied under 'solar-only' and open sun in the same
climatic conditions and the results indicate that for all the products, drying is

326 
 
 

faster, and is within 33-48 h in hybrid drier, against 72-120 h in 'solar-only'

operation of the same drier and 192-288 h in open sun. Efficiency of the drier
during its two mode (solar and biomass separately) of operation has been
estimated and quality evaluation of under-studied products showed that
developed drier is suitable for the drying of these products. The developed
Page | 327 
drier is a simple system, which can be manufactured locally and can be used
for drying of other agricultural products. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.

Prasad, J. and V. K. Vijay (2005). "Open sun drying of Tinospora cordifolia. Curcuma
longa L. and Zingiber officinale. Thermal analysis." Food Science and Technology
International 11(6): 409-416.
Open sun drying is a common method of drying of agricultural products in
developing countries. Despite having several disadvantages, it is widely
practised because it is a very simple way of drying. Tinospora cordifolia (a type
of herb), Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale (spices) were dried in the
open sun and determined thermal parameters like product temperature,
temperature around the product surface and rate of moisture transfer. The
drying time for Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale
were 41, 43 and 45 sunshine hours respectively with average solar radiation of
10.8 MJ/m2. Convective heat transfer coefficient (hc) for Tinospora cordifolia,
Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale were 1.57-3.85W/m2°C, 2.32-
3.42W/m2°C and 1.62-3.34W/m2°C respectively, and increased by raising the
difference in temperature between the product and the temperature around
the product surface (AT) from -0.3°C to 8.1°C. A fair agreement was observed
between fitted and experimental results with coefficient of correlation ranging
from 0.9984-0.9921, 0.9960-0.9856 and 0.9983-0.9898 for product
temperature, temperature around the product surface and moisture content
during drying. © 2005 SAGE Publications.

Prasad, J. A. (2009). "Convective heat transfer in herb and spices during open
sundrying." International Journal of Food Science and Technology 44(4): 657-665.
Tinospora cordifolia (herb), Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale (spices)
were dried in the open sun and their thermal behaviours investigated.
Important thermal parameters, such as product temperature, temperature
surrounding the product surface and the moisture removal, were studied
during the open sundrying. The effect of the temperature difference between
the product temperature and the temperature surrounding the product
surface on the convective heat transfer coefficient was studied. The maximum
values of convective heat transfer coefficient were 3.9, 3.4 and 3.3 W m-2 K-1
with experimental errors of 23%, 19% and 17% for T. cordifolia, C. longa L. and
Z. officinale under open sundrying, respectively. The predicted values of the
temperature and the moisture removal for T. cordifolia, C. longa L. and Z.

327 
 
 

officinale were close to the experimental values, the coefficients of correlation

(R2) and root mean square percent errors (e) varying from 0.986 to 0.999 and
0.42 to 6.55, respectively. © 2009 Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Prasad, S., R. S. Kashyap, J. Y. Deopujari, H. J. Purohit, G. M. Taori and H. F.

Page | 328 
Daginawala (2007). "Effect of Fagonia Arabica (Dhamasa) on in vitro thrombolysis."
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7.
Background: Atherothrombotic diseases such as myocardial or cerebral
infarction are serious consequences of the thrombus formed in blood vessels.
Thrombolytic agents are used to dissolve the already formed clots in the
blood vessels; however, these drugs have certain limitations which cause
serious and sometimes fatal consequences. Herbal preparations have been
used since ancient times for the treatment of several diseases. Herbs and their
components possessing antithrombotic activity have been reported before;
however, herbs that could be used for thrombolysis has not been reported so
far. This study's aim was to investigate whether herbal preparations (aqueous
extract) possess thrombolytic activity or not. Methods: An in vitro thrombolytic
model was used to check the clot lysis effect of six aqueous herbal extracts
viz., Tinospora cordifolia, Rubia cordifolia, Hemidesmus indicus, Glycyrrhiza
glabra Linn, Fagonia Arabica and Bacopa monnieri Linn along with
Streptokinase as a positive control and water as a negative control. Results:
Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, Tinospora cordifolia, Rubia cordifolia,
Hemidesmus indicus, Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn, Fagonia Arabica and Bacopa
monnieri Linn showed 19.3%, 14.5%, 20.3%, 17.8%, 75.6% and 41.8% clot lysis
respectively. Among the herbs studied Fagonia arabica showed significant %
of clot lysis (75.6%) with reference to Streptokinase (86.2%). Conclusion:
Through our study it was found that Dhamasa possesses thrombolytic
properties that could lyse blood clots in vitro; however, in vivo clot dissolving
properties and active component(s) of Dhamasa for clot lysis are yet to be
discovered. Once found Dhamasa could be incorporated as a thrombolytic
agent for the improvement of patients suffering from Atherothrombotic
diseases. © 2007 Prasad et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Prasanna, R. N., U. Shailaja, K. J. Mallika, D. S. Sheetal and D. Parikshit (2012).

"Traditional use of Swarnamrita Prashana as a preventive measure: Evidence based
observational study in children." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Pharmacy 3(5): 634-638.
Swarna Prashana has been traditionally practiced across India as a recipe for
child growth and memory enhancement and also to promote longevity.
Swarnamrita Prashana is a modified preparation of Swarna Prashana,
containing Swarnabhasma along with Medhya (nootropic) drugs in the media
of ghee. It is administered once a month on the day of Pushyanakshatra. This
has been started as public health initiative by SDM College of Ayurveda and

328 
 
 

Hospital, Hassan in 16 centers spread across Karnataka. Acceptance of this

public health initiative assessed on the basis of public response.

Premila, M. S. (1997). "Emerging frontiers in the area of hepatoprotective herbal

drugs." IDMA Bulletin 28(18): 533-539.
Page | 329 

Prince, P. S. M. and V. P. Menon (2001). "Antioxidant action of Tinospora cordifolia

root extract in alloxan diabetic rats." Phytotherapy Research 15(3): 213-218.
Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the
treatment of diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of 2.5 g and 5.0 g/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of the roots for 6 weeks resulted in a significant
reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and an increase in
reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in
alloxan diabetic rats. The effect of Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCREt)
was most prominently seen in the case of rats given 5.0 g/kg body weight. The
effect of TCREt was more effective than glibenclamide. Thus our study shows
that TCREt exhibits antioxidant action in alloxan diabetes. Copyright © 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Prince, P. S. M. and V. P. Menon (2003). "Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action

of alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats."
Phytotherapy Research 17(4): 410-413.
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycaemic and
hypolipidaemic effects of an alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots, an
indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine in India. Oral administration of
the extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCREt) roots for 6 weeks resulted in a
significant reduction in blood and urine glucose and in lipids in serum and
tissues in alloxan diabetic rats. The extract also prevented a decrease in body
weight. Thus our study clearly shows that an alcohol TCREt has a
hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.

Prince, P. S. M., V. P. Menon and G. Gunasekaran (1998). "Hypolipidaemic action of

Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan diabetic rats." Journal of Ethnopharmacology
64(1): 53-57.
We undertook the present study to evaluate the hypolipidaemic effect of an
aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots, an indigenous plant used in
Ayurvedic medicine in India. Administration of the extract of T. cordifolia roots
(2.5 and 5.0 g/kg body weight) for 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction
in serum and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids in alloxan
diabetic rats. The root extract at a dose of 5.0 g/kg body weight showed
highest hypolipidaemic effect. The effect of T. cordifolia roots at 2.5 and: 5.0

329 
 
 

g/kg body weight was better than glibenclamide. Insulin restored all the
parameters to near normal values.

Prince, P. S. M., S. Suman, P. T. Devika and M. Vaithianathan (2008). "Cardioprotective

effect of 'Marutham' a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial
Page | 330 
infarction in Wistar rats." Fitoterapia 79(6): 433-438.
Myocardial infarction is the number one killer disease in many parts of the
world. The cardioprotective effect of Marutham, a polyherbal formulation on
serum and heart tissue lipids, serum lipoproteins and heart membrane bound
enzymes in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction was studied in Wistar
rats. Pretreatment with Marutham at different doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg kg- 1
to isoproterenol treated rats significantly prevented the altered lipid profile
and membrane bound enzymes to near normal status. The results of our study
showed the cardioprotective potential of Marutham on isoproterenol induced
myocardial infarction in rats. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Priya, L. B., R. Baskaran, P. Elangovan, V. Dhivya, C. Y. Huang and V. V. Padma (2017).

"Tinospora cordifolia extract attenuates cadmium-induced biochemical and
histological alterations in the heart of male Wistar rats." Biomedicine and
Pharmacotherapy 87: 280-287.
Persistence of cadmium (Cd) in the environment causes serious ecological
problems. Tinospora cordifolia is a medicinal herb used in Ayurveda for
treating various metabolic disorders and toxic conditions. The present study
investigates the protective effect of T. cordifolia stem methanolic extract
(TCME) on a heavy metal, Cd-induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Male
albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6). The animals after
treatment for 28 days with Cd and TCME were analysed for biochemical and
histological changes in the serum and heart tissues. Cd induced lipid
peroxidation and protein carbonylation was significantly reduced by TCME.
TCME also reduced the histological alterations induced by Cd treatment in the
heart tissues with diminished loss of myocardial fibers. Administration of
TCME effectively prevented the altered levels of serum marker enzymes
(creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), antioxidants, such as superoxide
dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-
transferase, and glycoproteins contents such as hexose, hexoseamine, fucose,
and sialic acid by Cd intoxication. TCME also offered protection against the
change in levels of Na+K+ATPase, Mg2+ATPase and Ca2+ATPase activities
against Cd toxicity. The study suggests TCME as a potent cardioprotective
agent against Cd induced toxicity. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS

Priya, M. S., K. V. Venkateswaran and T. Vijayanand (2015). "Determination of

apoptosis in Tinospora Cordifolia treated MCF-7 cells by acridine orange/ethidium
bromide staining." Indian Veterinary Journal 92(3): 21-23.

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The present study was designed to determine the apoptosis induction of

aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia on human
mammary tumor cell line MCF-7 . The cells were treated with both the extracts
at three different doses viz., 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml and 600 μg/ml and
apoptosis was determined using Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining.
Page | 331 
Both the extracts induced apoptosis dose-dependently with maximum effect
at the dose of 600 μg/ml. Thus, the findings suggest that the extracts from
Tinospora cordifolia has potential for inducing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and
can be claimed as a potent anticancer agent in mammary tumour. © 2012 IVJ
All rights reserved.

Priyadharsini, K., S. Saravanakumar, N. Bharathi and J. Ramalingam (2014). "Exploring

the competence of phytochemical compounds to combat anthracnose disease of
cucumber-an in silico approach." International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(8): 255-258.
Objective: Anthracnose is one of the diseases of cucumber caused by the
fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium. The enzymes of fungal melanin
biosynthesis pathway act as a potential target for the synthetic fungicides. The
present study aims to identify the rational phytochemical compound that
exhibits inhibitory activity towards a key enzyme scytalone dehydratase (SCD)
of melanin biosynthesis pathway. Methods: Phytochemical compounds with
antifungal activity were screened from the conventionally used medicinal
plants and docked with the target enzyme SCD. Results: The interaction
amongst phytocompounds and the target SCD were evaluated. Five out of 20
compounds exhibited higher binding affinity compared to that of synthetic
fungicide carpropamid. Conclusion: The current study revealed that the
compounds exhibiting significant interaction with SCD might act as an
efficient fungicide for the control of anthracnose disease of cucumber. © 2014
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights
reserved.

Pugh, N. D., H. Tamta, P. Balachandran, X. Wu, J. Howell, F. E. Dayan and D. S. Pasco

(2008). "The majority of in vitro macrophage activation exhibited by extracts of some
immune enhancing botanicals is due to bacterial lipoproteins and
lipopolysaccharides." International Immunopharmacology 8(7): 1023-1032.
We have identified potent monocyte/macrophage activating bacterial
lipoproteins within commonly used immune enhancing botanicals such as
Echinacea, American ginseng and alfalfa sprouts. These bacterial lipoproteins,
along with lipopolysaccharides, were substantially more potent than other
bacterially derived components when tested in in vitro monocyte/macrophage
activation systems. In experiments using RAW 264.7 and mouse peritoneal
macrophages the majority (85-98%) of the activity within extracts from eight
immune enhancing botanicals was eradicated by treatment with agents

331 
 
 

(lipoprotein lipase and polymyxin B) known to target these two bacterial

components. Alfalfa sprouts exhibited the highest activity of those botanicals
tested but the appearance of this activity during the germination of surface
sterilized seeds was abolished by the presence of antibiotics. These studies
indicate that the majority of the in vitro macrophage activating properties in
Page | 332 
extracts from these botanicals can be attributed to the presence of
lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides derived from bacteria and that bacterial
endophytes may be a significant source of these components. © 2008 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.

Punjani, B. L. and V. Kumar (2003). "Ethnomedicinal plants specially used for liver
disorders in the Aravalli ranges of Gujarat, India." Journal of Natural Remedies 3(2):
195-198.
Objective: To study the ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribes of Aravalli
ranges of Gujarat for the treatment of liver disorders. Materials & Methods:
Ethnomedicinal field survey method with local medicinemen was used. Results
& Conclusion: 27 plant species belonging to 23 families of angiosperms are
reported along with plant parts and their local formulations used medicinally
for the treatment of liver disorders.

Purandare, H. and A. Supe (2007). "Immunomodulatory role of Tinospora cordifolia

as an adjuvant in surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective
randomized controlled study." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 61(6): 347-355.
Background: Chronic diabetic patients with wounds have deficient growth
factors and impaired local and systemic cellular immunity. Treatment with
growth factors is expensive with risk of infection transmission, and these
factors may not achieve optimum wound concentration. We evaluated the role
of generalized immunomodulation in diabetic ulcers by using Tinospora
cordifolia as an adjuvant therapy and studied its influence on
parameters/determinants of healing, on bacterial eradication and on
polymorphonuclear phagocytosis. Materials and Methods: A prospective
double-blind randomized controlled study lasting for over 18 months in 50
patients. The ulcer was classified by wound morphology and severity with
Wound Severity Score (Pecoraro-Reiber system). Mean ulcer area, depth and
perimeter were measured and swabs taken for culture. Blood was collected to
assess polymorphonuclear % phagocytosis (PMN function by Lehrer-Cline C.
albicans method). Medical therapy, glycemic control, debridement, wound
care were optimized. At 4 weeks, parameters were reassessed. PMN function
was reviewed at 3 months. Results and Analysis: Forty-five patients completed
the trial: study group - 23 (M:F = 17:1; mean age = 56.3 years; mean ulcer
duration = 21.1 days); control group 22 (M:F = 19:3; mean age = 56.3 years;
mean ulcer duration = 30.4 days). Net improvement was seen in 17 patients
(73.9%) in the study group; while in the control group, in 13 patients (59.1%);

332 
 
 

P = 0.292. Specific parameters included rate of change of ulcer area - cm 2

/day (study - 0.15; control - 0.07; P = 0.145); rate of change of ulcer perimeter
- mm/day (study - 0.09; control = - 0.07; P = 0.089); change of depth - mm
(study - 2.2; control - 1.4; P = 0.096); change of wound score (study - 14.4;
control - 10.6; P = 0.149); total number of debridements (study - 1.9; control -
Page | 333 
2.5; P = 0.03) and change in % phagocytosis (study - 3.9; control - 2.3; P =
0.048). Conclusion: Diabetic patients with foot ulcers on T. cordifolia as an
adjuvant therapy showed significantly better final outcome with improvement
in wound healing. Reduced debridements and improved phagocytosis were
statistically significant, indicating beneficial effects of immunomodulation for
ulcer healing.

Puranik, N., S. Devi Devi and K. Kammar (2012). "Hyperactivation of the hypothalamo-
pituitary-Adrenocortical axis in streptozotocin diabetic rats: Effect of Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) and insulin therapy." Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 42(6):
1076-1081.
Aim: In the present study, we investigated the extent to which changes in
corticosterone level and food and water intake behavior occur in diabetes and
explored the effect of Tinospora cordifolia extracts and insulin therapy in
streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Female albino
rats of the inbred Wistar strain (body weight:180-210 g) were used in this
study. Experimental diabetes was induced by injecting freshly prepared
streptozotocin once at the dose of 55 mg/kg body weight intravenously in 0.1
M citrate buffer, pH 4.5. The drug was administered orally for 10 days and 30
days in different groups containing 6 rats in each group. Body weight, food
intake, and water intake were monitored in each animal. Fasting blood glucose
and plasma corticosterone levels were estimated. The efficacy of this drug was
compared with lente zinc insulin (6 units/kg body weight daily,
intraperitoneally) in treating diabetic rats. Results: There was a striking
reduction in body weight, but elevated fasting blood glucose and
corticosterone levels were observed in untreated diabetic rats during the
study period. Elevated water and food intake was also prominent in these
animals. Treatment with Tinospora cordifolia as well as insulin therapy could
ameliorate all of these altered parameters toward normal. Conclusion: This
study clearly showed that Tinospora cordifolia has a significant (P<0.05) effect
in ameliorating all of these parameters toward normal in diabetic animals and
has a level of efficacy that is considerably good compared to standard drug
insulin. © TÜBITAK.

Puranik, N., K. F. Kammar and S. Devi (2010). "Anti-diabetic activity of tinospora

cordifolia (Willd.) in streptozotocin diabetic rats; does it act like sulfonylureas?"
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 40(2): 265-270.

333 
 
 

Aim: As an alternative medicine to treat diabetes mellitus, many herbal drugs

are being studied throughout the world. In the present study, an attempt was
made to investigate the anti-diabetic activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
(TC) stem extracts (both aqueous and alcoholic) in different dosages (200 and
400 mg/kg b.w.) in streptozotocin diabetic albino rats. The probable
Page | 334 
mechanism by which TC may act as an anti-hyperglycemic drug was also
investigated. Materials and methods: The drug was administered orally for 10
days and 30 days in different groups of animal, with each group containing 6
animals. The efficacy of this drug was compared with the Lante Zinc Insulin (6
U/kg b.w. daily, i.p.) treated diabetic rats. The serum insulin levels, histology of
endocrine pancreas and activity of key enzymes of glucose metabolism, i.e.
glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, were studied. Results: Our
study clearly showed that TC has significant (P < 0.05) anti-diabetic activity in
diabetic animals and has an efficacy of 40% to 80% compared to insulin. TC
administration in diabetic animals did not cause any increase in serum insulin
levels or regeneration of pancreatic β cells but caused increased hepatic
glycogen synthase and decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
Conclusion: The probable mechanism by which TC may act as an anti-
hyperglycemic drug is not through insulin secretion like sulfonylureas. It may
be through some peripheral mechanisms, such as increasing the glycogen
storage in the liver or decreasing the glucose release from the liver. ©
TÜBİTAK.

Puranik, N. K., K. F. Kammar and S. R. Devi (2009). "Modulation of morphology and

some gluconeogenic enzymes activity by Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) in diabetic rat
liver." Indian Drugs 46(5): 412-417.
Effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) (TC) stem extracts (both aqueous and
alcoholic) in different dosages (200 and 400 mg/ kg b.w) on liver weight,
morphology, glycogen content and gluconeogenic enzymes Glucose-6-
phosphatase and Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase activity in Streptozotocin
induced diabetic Albino rats was investigated in this study. The drug was
administered orally for 10 and 30 days in different groups. Efficacy of TC in
modulating these altered parameters caused by diabetes was compared with
the Lante Zinc Insulin (6 Units / kg b.w. daily, i.p.) treated diabetic rats. Drug
treated diabetic animals showed a significant effect (p< 0.05) of TC on all
these parameters compared to untreated animals. Moreover, the drug
administration in control animals did not induce significant change in any one
of these parameters, showing that TC administration is safe in normal animals.
Our results indicated that Tinospora cordifolia stem extract was able to
modulate the altered morphology of liver and controls the blood glucose
levels in diabetic animals by modulating gluconeogenic enzymes in liver.

334 
 
 

Puratchimani, V. and S. Jha (2007). "HPTLC standardization of Tinospora cordifolia

using tinosporaside." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69(4): 578-581.
A simple and reproducible high performance thin layer chromatography
method for the determination of tinosporaside in Tinospora cordifolia was
developed and is described. This method involves separation of compounds
Page | 335 
by TLC on pre-coated silica gel 60F 254 plates with a solvent system of
toluene: acetone: water (5:15:1) and scanned using densitometric scanner in
UV reflectance photomode at 220 nm. The linearity was observed in the range
of 0.5 to 8 mg. The tinosporaside content of 0.40% w/w was observed in test
sample. The average percentage recovery value of 99.24±0.49 was obtained.
The proposed method being precise and sensitive can be used for detection,
monitoring and quantification of tinosporaside in Tinospora cordifolia.

Pushp, P., N. Sharma, G. S. Joseph and R. P. Singh (2013). "Antioxidant activity and
detection of (-)epicatechin in the methanolic extract of stem of Tinospora cordifolia."
Journal of Food Science and Technology 50(3): 567-572.
Tinospora cordifolia is known for its various medicinal and pharmacological
properties. In this study, the antioxidant profile of the stem extract of T.
cordifolia has been determined using various in vitro methods. An attempt
was also made to identify phenolic compounds in T. cordifolia stem extract
using silica gel column chromatography, high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The detection of (-)
epicatechin has been reported for the first time in T. cordifolia stem extract. ©
2011 Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).

Raama Murthy, J., R. Meera, S. Venkataraman, B. T. Satpute, N. Chidambaranathan

and P. Devi (2010). "Phytochemical investigation and anticonvulsant activity of leaves
of Tinospora cordifolia miers." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(2
A): 522-527.
The study was designed to investigate the anticonvulsant activity of Petroleum
ether and Ethanol extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (Family. Menispermaceae)
using supramaximal electric shock method in rats. Convulsant was induced
and the phenytoin sodium was used as a reference standard. The
anticonvulsant activity was accessed by determining and comparing the test
group with that of the standard drug treated group. The petroleum ether
extract having the % inhibition of extension phase is 35.3% and the Ethanolic
extract having % inhibition phase of 61.1%. The Ethanolic extract treated
animals was found to be significantly good activity compared to standard
drug treated cases. The anticonvulsant activity of Tinospora cordifolia was less
than that of phenytoin sodium. The results suggests that Tinospora cordifolia
possess significant anticonvulsant property.

335 
 
 

Radha, K., V. Padmaja, P. Ajith Kumar and R. S. Rajesree (2014). "Antibacterial

screening of tinospora cordifolia, withania somnifera, centella asiatica, azadirachta
indica and their poly herbal formulations." Research Journal of Pharmaceutical,
Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(4): 550-554.
Herbal drugs are tremendously explored for anti-infective compounds as the
Page | 336 
emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria are prevalent. The present research
was carried out to validate these claims and to develop a polyherbal
formulation. Concentrated alcoholic and aqueous extract of the polyherb
containing Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica,
Azadiracta indica and its individual herb extracts were separately screened for
the antibacterial activity by measuring zone of inhibition. Antibacterial activity
was compared with standard Gentamycin disc (10mcg/disc) on three Gram
negative and two Gram positive bacteria namely, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Salmonella tryphyimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus
subtilis by Agar well-diffusion assay method. Mueller-Hinton agar was used as
the medium for the antibacterial activity. Study revealed significant synergistic
antibacterial activity of alcoholic polyherbal extract when compared to its
individual herb extract. Alcoholic extract of the polyherb showed better
antibacterial activity than its aqueous extract. This confirms the objective of
the study to develop a polyherbal pharmaceutical formulation which can
produce a desired pharmacological effect with lesser concentrations of the
herbal ingredients than a pharmaceutical formulation with the same individual
ingredient for the same pharmacological effect.

Radha, K., V. Padmaja, P. Ajithkumar and H. William (2015). "Comparative evaluation

of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of alcoholic polyherbal extract IMMU 4 plus."
International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 7(1): 100-103.
Development of multi-drug resistance in pathogenic microbes necessitates a
search for new antimicrobial agents from other sources, including plants. Four
indigenous plants viz Azadirachta indica (Meliacea), Centella asiatica
(Apiaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) & Withania somnifera
(Somnifera) traditionally known for immunomodulatory activity were
evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Klebsiella
pneumonia and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus
niger. IMMU 4plus formulation which is on the way of development, may be
used as an adjuvant along with other immunomodulatory agents to produce
broad spectrum antimicrobial activity along with other therapeutic properties.
© 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
All rights reserved.

336 
 
 

Rafeeuddin, M., J. Bheemachari, N. V. Rao and S. R. Setty (2004). "Comparative

efficacy of four herbal antidiabetic formulations in albino rabbits." Acta
Pharmaceutica Turcica 46(2): 113-119.
A number of herbal formulations are marketed globally, claiming to be useful
in diabetes and other associated diseases such as atherosclerosis. In the
Page | 337 
present study an attempt has been made to study the comparative efficacy of
four such marketed herbal oral antidiabetic formulations, for their
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. The study was conducted on
healthy albino rabbits of either sex, randomly distributed into control and test
groups. The hypoglycemic activity was studied by measuring the reduction in
blood glucose levels at different time intervals using GOD/POD method. The
hypolipidemic activity was performed by routine techniques. The formulations
tested were compared for their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities for
efficacy ranging. The formulations which exhibited significant hypoglycemic
activity were then compared with tolbutamide. The results demonstrated a
moderate to considerable difference in the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic
activities among the products tested. The present study provides a ready
reference to health care practitioners for the appropriate selection of the
herbal formulation in clinical practice.

Raghava Naidu, S., G. S. Kumar, P. Sivaji Gawade and D. Kshama (2007). "Protective
effect of LIV-O-G a poly herbal formulation on alcohol-CCL4 and paracetamol
induced hepatotoxicity in rats." Pharmacologyonline 3: 446-460.
Hepatoprotective property of LIV-O-G (Respel pharma) a poly herbal
formulation which are known for their hepatoprotective properties in
ayurvedic system of medicine. The herbal formulation has been popularly in
veterinary medicine. In the present study, the formulation was evaluated for its
extent of protective effect against different known hepatotoxic agents viz,
alcohol, CCI4 and paracetamol. Treatment with LIV-O-G was followed up by
measuring levels of serum marker enzymes like serum aspartate amino
transferase (AST), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase
(ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).serum levels of total proteins and
bilirubin were also analyzed. The histopathological examination was also
carried out to support the above parameters. Silymarin (100 &amp; 200
mg/kg) was used as a standard hepatoprotective drug. Administration of LIV-
O-G (250, 500 and 750 mg/ kg, p.o) significantly prevented alcohol-CCL4 and
paracetamol induced elevation levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH and bilirubin. The
decreased levels of total proteins (TP) also observed due to hepatic damage
induced by alcohol-CCL4 and paracetamol was found to be increased in LIV-
O-G treated rats. Results were comparable to that of standard drug Silymarin.
Histopathological studies were also revealed the reduction in degenerative
fatty changes, distortion, cell swelling and necrosis of hepatic cells, as

337 
 
 

compared to CCl4 treated group. Significant hepatoprotection of LIV-O-G is

probably due to combination of all ingredients.

Raghavendra, Y. and V. K. Hiremath (2014). "Preparation and phytochemical

evaluation of Navakarshika Kashaya and it's Ghana." International Journal of Research
Page | 338 
in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 5(3): 326-329.
Medicinal herbs are the local heritage with global importance. They have
curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substances
of different composition, which are found as plant secondary metabolites in
one or more parts of these plants. Navakarshika Kashaya is one of such poly
herbal preparation which is mainly indicated in Kushta, Vatarakta, Kapala
kushta, Pama, Raktamandala etc. skin diseases. In spite of so many indications
it is difficult to administer it in daily practice due to its astringent and bitter
taste along with short shelf life. So here an attempt was made to prepare the
Ghana from Kashaya without altering its therapeutic properties for the
convenience of patients. The objective of this study was to prepare and carry
out the phytochemical evaluation of Navakarshika Kashaya and its Ghana.
Collection of the raw drugs, preparation of Kashaya and Ghana were done
from GMP certified Pharmacy and subjected to TLC, physicochemical and
phytochemical analysis from AYUSH approved Central Research Facility.
Phytochemical constituents that are proteins, reducing sugars, mono
saccharides, pentose sugars, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponin,
flavonoids, and steroids were found in both forms. Kashaya showed three
different Rf values in day light but it was absent in Ghana. In Short and long
wavelengths both forms have same numbers but different Rf values. Ghana
can be taken as alternative form of kashaya which is having a better shelf life,
easy for packaging and convenient for dosing.

Raghu, A. V., S. P. Geetha, G. Martin, I. Balachandran and P. N. Ravindran (2006). "In

vitro clonal propagation through mature nodes of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.
F. & Thoms.: An important ayurvedic medicinal plant." In Vitro Cellular and
Developmental Biology - Plant 42(6): 584-588.
A protocol was developed for rapid clonal propagation of the important
medicinal climber, Tinospora cordifolia, through in vitro culture of mature
nodal explants. Shoots were initiated on both Murashige and Skoog (MS)
medium and woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 2.32 μM kinetin
(KIN). Of the two basal media tested, WPM was found to be superior to MS
medium for the induction of multiple shoots. Among the cytokinins tested,
N6- benzyladenine (BA) was more effective than KIN for axillary shoot
proliferation. KIN was superior to BA in terms of shoot elongation. An average
multiplication rate of 6.3 shoots per explant was obtained with WPM
supplemented with 8.87 μM BA. Shoot clumps harvested from this medium
were transferred to WPM supplemented with 2.22 μM BA and 4.65 μM KIN for

338 
 
 

shoot elongation. Elongated shoots were rooted in half-strength MS medium

supplemented with 2.85 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Rooted plantlets were
successfully transferred to sand and established with 80% survival. © 2006
Society for In Vitro Biology.

Page | 339 
Raghu, R., D. Sharma, R. Ramakrishnan, S. Khanam, G. J. Chintalwar and K. B. Sainis
(2009). "Molecular events in the activation of B cells and macrophages by a non-
microbial TLR4 agonist, G1-4A from Tinospora cordifolia." Immunology Letters
123(1): 60-71.
G1-4A, a polysaccharide from an Indian medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia,
was recently shown to protect mice against septic shock by modulating the
proinflammatory cytokines. G1-4A also activated B cells polyclonally. The
present report describes in detail the molecular events associated with G1-4A-
induced immunomodulation in vitro and in vivo. G1-4A treatment led to an
increase in the CD69 expression in lymphocytes. G1-4A-induced proliferation
of B cells was completely inhibited by PI3K inhibitor Ly294002, mTOR inhibitor
rapamycin and NF-κB inhibitor plumbagin. Akt, ERK and JNK were activated by
G1-4A which finally resulted in the activation of IKK, degradation of IκB-α and
translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Administration of G1-4A to mice led to
splenomegaly and an increase in the numbers of T cells, B cells and
macrophages. This increase in spleen cellularity was due to in vivo
proliferation of lymphocytes and upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. Anti-
TLR4-MD2 complex antibody inhibited G1-4A-induced B cell proliferation and
degradation of IκB-α suggesting that TLR-4 was a receptor for G1-4A on B
cells. Activation of RAW 264.7 macrophages by G1-4A was found to be
dependent on ERK and NF-κB-mediated signals. The phagocytosis index in
peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) isolated from G1-4A treated mice was
significantly higher as compared to that in PEC from control mice. G1-4A
administration also increased the number of CD11b+ cells in the PEC without
an increase in the total number of PEC. Thus the present understanding of the
molecular mechanism of action of G1-4A, a novel non-microbial TLR4 agonist,
will pave the way for its application as an immunomodulator and adjuvant. ©
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rahmatullah, M. and K. R. Biswas (2012). "Traditional medicinal practices of a sardar

healer of the sardar (Dhangor) community of Bangladesh." Journal of Alternative and
Complementary Medicine 18(1): 10-19.

Rahmatullah, M., A. Hasan, W. Parvin, M. Moniruzzaman, A. Khatun, Z. Khatun, F. I.

Jahan and R. Jahan (2012). "Medicinal plants and formulations used by the Soren clan
of the Santal tribe in Rajshahi District, Bangladesh for treatment of various ailments."
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(3): 350-
359.

339 
 
 

The Santals form the largest tribal community in northern Bangladesh reside
primarily in Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions, where they live in the districts of
Rajshahi, Rangpur, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur, and Panchagarh. Although they are
fast losing their traditional medicinal practices, they still have their own
medicinal practitioners who rely mostly on medicinal plants for treatment of a
Page | 340 
variety of ailments. The traditional medicinal practices vary quite extensively
between the twelve clans of the Santals. The objective of the present study
was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey amongst the Soren clan of the
Santal community residing in two villages of Tanor Santal Para in Rajshahi
district to collect information on their use of medicinal plants. Interviews were
conducted of the two existing Santal traditional medicinal practitioners of the
Soren clan with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and using the
guided field-walk method. Plant specimens as pointed out by the practitioners
were collected and pressed on the field and identification completed at the
Bangladesh National Herbarium. Information on 53 medicinal plants
distributed into 32 families was obtained in this survey. Ailments treated by
these plants included skin disorders, respiratory tract disorders, gastro-
intestinal disorders, sexual dysfunctions, sexually transmitted diseases,
diabetes, helminthiasis, pain, urinary problems, filariasis, leprosy, tuberculosis,
epilepsy, snake bite, enlarged heart, and paralysis. The medicinal plants used
by the Santals merit further scientific studies for some of their formulations
are used to treat diseases like diabetes, paralysis, enlarged heart, tuberculosis,
and filariasis for which modern medicine has no known cure or medicines
have developed resistant vectors. © African Journal of Traditional,
Complementary and Alternative Medicines.

Rahmatullah, M., Z. Khatun, D. Barua, M. U. Alam, S. Jahan and R. Jahan (2013).

"Medicinal plants used by traditional practitioners of the kole and rai tribes of
Bangladesh." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 19(6): 483-491.

Rahmatullah, M., M. Nur Kabidul Azam, I. Malek, D. Nasrin, F. Jamal, M. Atiqur

Rahman, Z. Khatun, S. Jahan, S. Seraj and R. Jahan (2012). "An ethnomedicinal survey
among the marakh sect of the Garo tribe of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh."
International Journal of PharmTech Research 4(1): 141-149.
The Garos are one of the largest ethnic groups of Bangladesh residing in the
north central districts of Tangail, Mymensigh, Netrakona, Gazipur and Sherpur
of the country. Although in recent years, the Garos are rapidly converting to
Christianity and intermingling with the majority Bengali-speaking population,
they still, to some extent, preserve their own cultural identities including their
language and traditional medicinal practices and quite often reside in villages
separate from the mainstream population. The Garo traditional medicinal
practitioners are reputed to possess considerable knowledge of medicinal
plants, a knowledge which has been accumulated over centuries through

340 
 
 

practices and usages. The objective of the present study was to conduct an
ethnomedicinal survey among the Garo traditional practitioners of two
villages, namely Kal Shindu and Monca Para in Mymensingh district of
Bangladesh. Notably, both villages were inhabited solely by the Garos and
who still maintained their traditional culture and practices. After obtaining
Page | 341 
informed consent from the practitioners, interviews were conducted with the
help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. A
total of 46 medicinal plants distributed into 34 families were observed to be
used by the practitioners. The Fabaceae family contributed four plants
followed by the Lamiaceae and the Moraceae family with three plants each.
Leaves were the major plant part used followed by fruits. The various ailments
treated by the Garo practitioners included gastrointestinal disorders,
respiratory tract disorders, hepatic disorders, cancer, diabetes, fever, wounds,
cholera, sexually transmitted diseases, helminthiasis, rheumatism, piles,
leprosy, hemorrhoids, menstrual problems, urinary disorders, chicken pox, skin
problems and sexual disorders. Traditional medicinal knowledge of indigenous
peoples has led to discovery of many modern drugs; from that view point, the
medicinal plants of the Garos warrant further scientific studies.

Raj, R., K. S. Chandrashekar, R. Maheshwari, P. R. Polu and V. Pai (2016).

"Pharmacognostical study of Syzygium caryophyllatum L." Research Journal of
Pharmacy and Technology 9(10): 1653-1657.
Aim of the present investigation is to carry out the macroscopic , anatomical,
powder microscopic and phytochemical study of the leaves of Syzygium
caryophyllatum. Microscopic study revealed the presence of palisade cells,
parenchyma cells with tumor, vascular strands, paracytic stomata. Preliminary
phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, alkaloids and saponins. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins were
absent. © RJPT All right reserved.

Raja Rajeswari, P., S. Velmurugan, M. Michael Babu, S. Albin Dhas, K. Kesavan and T.
Citarasu (2012). "A study on the influence of selected Indian herbal active principles
on enhancing the immune system in Fenneropenaeus indicus against Vibrio harveyi
infection." Aquaculture International 20(5): 1009-1020.
Five herbs such as Acalypha indica, Hygrophila spinosa, Picrorhiza kurooa,
Tinospora cordifolia and Zingiber officinale were selected to screen for the in
vitro immunostimulant activity against the shrimp pathogen Vibrio harveyi
using different organic polar and non-polar solvents. After initial screening,
the best extract of the five herbs was mixed thoroughly in equal proportion
and made it an artificial immunostimulant diets (ISD) such as ISD-1(500), ISD-2
(1,000), ISD-3 (1,500) and ISD-4 (2,000) mg kg -1. The control diet was
prepared without adding immunostimulant herbal extracts. The Indian white
shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus having the weight of 8.0 ± 1.0 g, were fed

341 
 
 

with the above diets for 60 days. After the completion of feeding trail, they
were challenged with V. harveyi at the rate of 10 7CFU/ml and found out the
cumulative mortality, growth parameters, haematological and immunological
parameters. The weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly (P &lt;
0.05) increased from the control group to experimental group. The
Page | 342 
immunostimulant active principles helped to decrease the coagulation time
and improved the total haemocyte count (THC), phagocytosis, phenol oxidase
(PO) activity, haemagglutinin activity and bacterial clearance. © 2012 Springer
Science+Business Media B.V.

Rajalakshmi, M. and R. Anita (2016). "β-Cell regenerative efficacy of a polysaccharide

isolated from methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem on streptozotocin -
induced diabetic Wistar rats." Chemico-Biological Interactions 243: 45-53.
The use of herbal supplements either as extracts or plant-derived individual
molecules has significantly increased in the process of drug discovery and
development for their potential efficacy or reduced risk in treating human
disorders. Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) is a widely used herbal source to
treat various human ailments, including diabetes mellitus. The present study
was aimed on evaluating the antidiabetic property of a novel polysaccharide
isolated from the methanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem. Bioassay guided
fractionation was followed to isolate a compound from the methanol extract.
The compound was administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg.b.wt for 60 days
to control and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. It was found that plasma
glucose was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced compared to normal. Oral
administration of the compound significantly decreased HBA1c, triglycerides
and total cholesterol and at the same time markedly increased hemoglobin,
tissue glycogen and HDL cholesterol. Also the compounds restored the
altered carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, insulin, C-peptide, 14C-glucose
oxidation levels to near normal. In addition, the histological studies revealed
that there was regeneration of β-cells in the pancreatic sections. The
expression of Glut-4 mRNA and protein in the gasrtocnemius muscle were
significantly enhanced after the compound treatment. These results confirm
that the novel polysaccharide possesses hypoglycemic, glucose oxidizing,
hypolipidemic and β-cell regenerative properties and hence it could be
developed into potential oral hypoglycemic drug with lesser side effects. ©
2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rajalakshmi, M., J. Eliza, C. E. Priya, A. Nirmala and P. Daisy (2009). "Anti-diabetic

properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts on streptozotocin- induced diabetic
rats." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3(5): 171-180.
The oral administration of various extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and
methanol) of Tinospora cordifolia stem (TCS) were found to have potent
antidiabetic activity that reduces blood sugar level in streptozotocin-(STZ)

342 
 
 

induced diabetic rats. In this study, the chronic (100 days) antihyperglycemic
effect of the extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.w.p.d of TCS were investigated.
Insulin was used as a reference drug at a dose of 3 I.U/kg.b.w.p.d. Fasting
blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C), serum insulin, C-peptide
and liver enzymes levels were evaluated in normal, diabetic and treated rats.
Page | 343 
Supplementation of methanol extract significantly reduces the fasting blood
glucose level when compared to other 2 extracts. Moreover this
supplementation significantly decreases the glycosylated hemoglobin level as
compare to diabetic control (p < 0.001), reduced glucokinase and increased
glucose-6-phoaphatase activity were reversed significantly by the treatment of
TCS methanol extract in respect to diabetic group. In the TCS treated groups,
the insulin and C-peptide levels were improved which shows the regeneration
of β-cell which secretes insulin, histopathological studies of pancreas of TCS
methanol extract treated groups substantiate the regenerating capacity of
extract. © 2009 Academic Journal.

Rajalakshmi, P., V. Vadivel and P. Brindha (2016). "Review on medicinal plants

recommended in Siddha literatures for the management of hypertension."
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(1): 16-33.
Hypertension is the gift of modern life due to change in food habit and
reduced physical activities. According to Siddha literatures hypertension is
termed as ‘Kurithi azhal noi’. The causative factors, symptoms and medicinal
remedies for hypertension were explained detail in the Siddha literature.
Drugs for hypertension are many and usually the treatment is life-long. Hence
research is going on to find out a suitable & safe drug. Herbal products in this
regard are worthy of investigation. Even though several Siddha literatures are
available about the usage of various herbals in the management of
hypertension in South India, the information are scattered and hence there is
a lack of knowledge on their utility. Hence this present article focused on the
herbals which are used in Siddha system of medicine to manage hypertension
in Tamil Nadu region with scientific evidences. In Siddha system of medicine,
more than 60 medicinal plants are used to treat hypertension and
prevent/control blood pressure. In this review, important medicinal plants
employed in Siddha system of medicine were discussed in detail about their
medicinal efficacy, scientific validation and method of administration. © JK
Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Research in
Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Rajasulochana, P. and Saby (2016). "Antibacterial activity of mullatha and

chittamrutu." International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 8(1): 10518-10522.
In the world many medicinal plants are available. Among all these medicinal
plants, mullatha and chittamrutu showed antibacterial activity. We collected
these plants from Kerala region. In these plants, we isolated DNA for

343 
 
 

identification of antibacterial activity. We prepared crude extract and

subjected to antibacterial. Both crude and DNA showed both antibacterial
activity. But Crude extract showed more activity than DNA extract. © 2016,
International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.

Page | 344 
Rajeshwar Reddy, M., K. Tirumal Reddy, A. B. Vedamurthy, V. Krishna and H. Joy
Hoskeri (2011). "A study on anthelminthic activity of tinospora cordifolia extracts."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(SUPPL. 5): 78-80.
Helminthes infections are commonly found in community and are being
recognized as cause of much acute as well as chronic illness among the
various human beings as well as cattle's. Pherithema posthuma a helminthes is
commonly known as earth-worms. Tinospora cordifolia is an herbaceous vine,
indigenous to the tropical regions. T. cordifolia is traditionally used as an
anthelminthic agent. The anthelminthic property of T. cordifolia extracts was
evaluated using Pherithema posthuma as an experimental model. Piperazine
citrate was used as the standard reference. Among the various concentrations
of aqueous extract tested, 250 mg/ml showed efficient anthelminthic activity
and among all the concentrations ethanol extract tested, 250 mg/ml showed
significant results. This investigation revealed that ethanol extract of T.
cordifolia showed significant anthelminthic activity against Pheretima
posthuma when compared aqueous extract. Ethanol extract also proved to be
efficient than the standard drug. This investigation supported the
ethnomedical claims of T. cordifolia as anthelminthic plant.

Rajeshwari, P. and K. A. Raveesha (2016). "Mycological analysis and aflatoxin B1

contaminant estimation of herbal drug raw materials." African Journal of Traditional,
Complementary and Alternative Medicines 13(5): 123-131.
Background: The present study explores the fungal contamination of
important herbal drug raw materials (HDRM), which are widely used in the
preparation of many herbal drugs. Understanding of the microbial
contamination status of HDRM is one of the important steps to ensure the
safety and efficacy of herbal drugs. Materials and Methods: Eighteen samples
of six herbal drug raw materials (HDRM) viz., Acorus calamus Linn., Cassia
angustifolia Vahl., Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, Myristica fragrans
Houtt.,Tinospora cardifolia (Wild) Miers and Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal,
were screened for fungal contamination, by employing serial dilution method.
All the isolates of Aspergillus flavus were screened for their ability to produce
aflatoxin B1 (AB1) and highly contaminated samples were subjected to AB1
estimation by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometric
method and occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 was confirmed by Liquid
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis (LCMS). Results: A total of 302
isolates of 42 fungal species belonging to 17 genera were found in association
with test the samples. More than 61% of A. flavus isolates tested positive for

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production of AB1 and highest yield recorded was 5008.20 ppb from the
isolates of T. cordifolia. Amongthesix highly contaminated samples three
samples tested positive for AB1. Highest AB1 was recorded from T. cordifolia
(104.19 µg/kg), followed by A. calamus (13.73 µg/kg) and M. fragrans (12.02
µg/kg). Conclusion: Assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination
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should be a part of the quality check while selecting HDRM for manufacture of
herbal products. Safe processing and storage practices are necessary. © 2016,
African Ethnomedicines Network. All rights reserved.

Rajkumar, R. S., A. S. Yadav, M. Kirupasankar, V. K. Saxena and S. Singh (2009). "Effect

of tinospora cordifolia supplementation on immunity of broiler chicks." Indian
Veterinary Journal 86(12): 1244-1245.
Supplementation of guduchi ( Tinospora cordifolia) in broiler starter feed at
1% (w/w) level significantly increased the humoral immunity to SRBC and
Newcastle disease as well as cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, guduchi can
be used in the diet of broiler chickens for enhancing immunity as an
alternative to antibiotic.

Ram Gopal, K. V. R. S. S., A. Vijaya Lakshmi and C. Ravi Kumar (2013). "Anticancer
herbs in ayurveda: A review." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Pharmacy 4(2): 284-287.
Cells are the building blocks of living things. Normal cells multiply when the
body needs them, and die when the body doesn't need them. Cancer is the
uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancer grows out of
normal cells in the body. Cancer appears to occur when the growth of cells in
the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly. In the present world of
increased life span Cancers account for approximately 13% of all deaths each
year. In 2008 approximately 12.7 million cancers were diagnosed and 7.6
million people died of cancer worldwide. There are many reasons for this like
increased pollution, altered life style and increasing anxiety levels in the
psychosomatic front. In Ayurveda there is mention of a condition similar to
cancerous growths, their properties, types, signs and symptoms and
treatments. This paper reviews the work done on anticancer properties of
some of the herbs.

Ramana, K. V., K. S. Latha, K. Ravindranath and B. H. Babu (2017). "Methyl red dye
removal using new bio-sorbents derived from hyacinth and tinospora cordifolia
plants from waste waters." Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 10(2): 349-362.
The use of eco-friendly, highly efficient, locally available, and low-cost
adsorbents have been investigated for removing dyes from waste water and
regarded as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods. Adsorption
of methyl red from aqueous solution using dried Hyacinth and Tinospora
Cordifolia is the objective of this study. It was focusing on the effect of

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decolourisation due to dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration of solution,

pH, contact time and the equilibrium of adsorption was modelled by different
parameters. Prime pH value for dye adsorption was found to be 4.In the
removal of the dye than raw bio-materials, ashes of the bio-materials are
more effective. Percentage of extraction is effected in presence fivefold excess
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of anions. Trivalent anion, divalent, monovalent is the order of the
interference. Co-cations have showed less interference. The developed
methodologies are enact to industrial samples. © RASĀYAN. All rights
reserved.

Ramkumar, J., M. Swamiappan, S. Raguraman and A. Sadasakthi (2010). "Larval host

specificity and proboscis morphology of fruit piercing moths." Journal of
Biopesticides 3(2): 428-431.
The neonate larvae of Othreis materna (L.) fed only on the leaves of Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.), whereas the larvae of O. fullonia (Clerck) completed their life
cycle on the hosts viz., T. cordifolia, Tiliacora acuminata Miers. and Diploclisia
glaucescens (Blume) from neonate stage itself and it could not feed on
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels. and Erythrina indica (Lam.). Except T. cordifolia and
E. indica the larvae of O. homaena reared on C. hirsutus, T. acuminata and D.
glaucescens completed the life cycle. The larval duration was lesser when
reared on C. hirsutus than the T. acuminata and D. glaucescens. The neonate
larvae of Rhytia hypermnestra (Stoll) fed only on T. cordifolia with successful
survivability. The proboscis of male and female of O. materna, O. fullonia, O.
homaena and R. hypermnestra had three sclerotised oblique blades with sharp
edges, six erectile barbs arranged in two rows near the tip which was sharply
pointed. The total length of the proboscis of O. materna measured 13.90 mm
and the sclerotised tip was very short measuring 1.21mm in male whereas it
was 14.30 and 1.27 mm in female, respectively. The proboscis length of male
O. fullonia, O. homaena and R.hyperm nestra was measured to be 15.25, 13.40
and 15.15 mm, respectively whereas in female it was 17.50, 14.70, 15.60 mm.
The sclerotised tip of male moth measured 1.34, 1.30 and 1.27 mm,
respectively and in female 1.49 mm in O. fullonia and 1.34 mm in both O.
homaena and R. hypermnestra. © JBiopest.

Ramos-Remus, C. and A. Raut (2008). "Complementary and alternative practices in

rheumatology." Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology 22(4): 741-757.
Hundreds of non-conventional treatment modalities have been used to treat
patients with diverse diseases. Whatever term is used, non-conventional
remedies, complementary medicine and/or alternative therapies (CAM), or
even traditional systems of medicine, have become an increasingly prominent
part of health-care utilization by the healthy general population and by
patients with various diseases, even in an era of rapidly advancing medical
technology. It has become a significant topic not just in the lay press but also

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in the biomedical literature. Since 1966 more than 46,000 publications that
bear this or a related term in titles or abstracts have been referenced in
Medline alone. Several important journals have devoted editorials and original
papers to this subject during past decade. This review presents the most
recent data on the epidemiology of CAM utilization by rheumatic patients,
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with special emphasis on magnitude and patterns of use, and concepts of
alternative versus complementary medicine. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.

Rana, A., P. Saharan, P. Kumar, Surekha and J. S. Duhan (2014). "Free radical
scavenging and antimicrobial potential of mixture of selective medicinal plants."
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 7(4): 27-32.
Objectives: Even though pharmacological industries have produced a number
of new antibiotics in the last three decades, resistance to these drugs by
microorganisms has increased. The present study was aimed to evaluate
antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of the mixture
of plants extracts. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the
mixture was tested by agar well diffusion assay and antioxidant or free radical
scavenging activity of the mixture was assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing agent. Total phenolic content and
phytochemical screening was also determined to assess their corresponding
effect on the antioxidant activity of the plants mixture. Results: Among all the
four extracts (viz. methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and benzene) of the
mixture, methanol and ethanol extract exhibited maximum activity against
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Benzene
and ethyl acetate extracts of mixture was found to be significantly effective
against all fungal strains tested with the inhibition zone ranging from
26.0±1.41 to 11.0±0.43 mm. Ethyl acetate and benzene extract of the mixture
were highly effective against Aspergillus terreus (20.5±0.71 mm) and
Aspergillus niger (26±1.41 mm) respectively. The superoxide radical
scavenging activity (as evaluated by DPPH assay) of ethanol extract of the
mixture at concentration of 100 μg/ml was found to be 74.54% followed by
methanol, i.e., 72.10% whereas maximum metal chelating activity was
observed in ethyl acetate (76.82%) followed by methanol extract (72.91%) and
ethanol extract (62.11%) respectively. The IC50 value of the ethanol extract of
the mixture was more than that of L-ascorbic acid showing the maximum
inhibitory effect followed by methanol extract as evaluated by DPPH assay
while the same was higher in ethyl acetate extract as evaluated by ferric
reducing agents. Conclusion: These finding provides evidence that plant
mixture has strong antimicrobial and antioxidant effect and hence may be
used as a source of natural antibiotics for the treatment of the diseases caused
by the above pathogenic micro-organisms. © 2014 Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. All rights reserved.

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Rana, V., K. Thakur, R. Sood, V. Sharma and T. R. Sharma (2012). "Genetic diversity
analysis of Tinospora cordifolia germplasm collected from northwestern Himalayan
region of India." Journal of Genetics 91(1): 99-103.

Page | 348 
Randive, S. D. (2014). "Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of medicinal
plants." Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences
16(1): 91-96.
The phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of six medicinal plants
like caesalpinia bonducella Murraya koengi, Tinospora cordifolia, Morinda
citrifolia, Ficus fistulosa, Roasted kirkasaali have been tested for their
antimicrobial activity against pathogenic organisms Bacillus subtilis
staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aueroginosa, Klebsiella
pneumoniaalong. Caeselpinia bonducella show excellent antimicrobial activity
against S.aureus and E.coli Bacillus subtiis, Murraya koenigii show activity
against Klebsiella pneumoniae Tinospora cord ifolia show good activity
against Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. © Global Science Publications.

Rani, D. (2011). "Plant extracts with antiamoebic properties: A theoretical study with
reference to entamoeba histolytica." International Journal of PharmTech Research
3(2): 1113-1117.
Indigenous plant remedies are widely used in the treatment of variety of
disorders because these products are safe, widely available at low cost, and
easy to access. Developing countries are severely threatened by amoebic
diseases mainly caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Drugs available have been
reported to be mutagenic so an alternate source of medicines is highly
required. Plant extracts have found to possess antiamoebic properties which
could effectively cure amoebic diseases. Active molecules from these potential
plants can be widely used to cure amoebic diseases. These molecules might
have more potential to treat amoebic diseases and have lesser chances to
develop resistance and are less prone to develop mutagenic effects in host.

Rani, P. U. and M. U. R. Naidu (2006). "Clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of

eazmov plus in rheumatoid arthritis." Phytomedica 7: 1-7.
The present study was a single blind, randomised, parallel trial comparing
EazMov Plus, chloroquine and placebo treatment in patients of either sex with
active Rheumatoid Arthritis with RA factor IgM baseline value 104 ± 42 IU/ml
with duration of 1 to 4 yrs. 60 patients of either sex randomly received EazMov
Plus capsule twice daily or one tablet of chloroquine phosphate (250 mg-150
mg base) daily or one tablet of placebo daily for 24 weeks. Compared with
baseline there was a significant decrease in symptoms score with EazMov Plus
and chloroquine as compared to placebo. This included significant decrease in
tender joint count and swollen joint count and a marked decrease in duration

348 
 
 

of morning stiffness with EazMov Plus and chloroquine at the end of 24 weeks
treatment while there was no change with placebo. Both tender joint count
and swollen joint counts decreased significantly at the end of 12 & 24 weeks
with EazMov Plus and chloroquine respectively. Both EazMov Plus and
chloroquine produced significant decrease in rheumatoid factor between 27%
Page | 349 
to 32% as well as decrease in ESR and an increase in the mean haemoglobin
percentage. Overall the patients tolerated the test drugs EazMov Plus and
Chloroquine without any serious adverse effect. The response rate was highly
significant (p<0.001) for both EazMov Plus and chloroquine as per American
College of Rheumatology response criteria. Both EazMov Plus and chloroquine
were found safe and effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as
compared to placebo, with EazMov Plus exhibiting lower side effects and
higher safety profile.

Ranjan, R., D. Swarup and R. C. Patra (2007). "Ameliorative potential of stem extracts
of Tinospora cordifolia in bovine clinical mastitis." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
77(10): 937-939.
The ameliorative effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae) stem
extract administration for therapeutic management of mastitis was evaluated.
From a herd of 225-250 lactating cows screened for clinical and subclinical
mastitis using California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count, 42 animals
with only one affected quarter were randomly selected and divided into 2
equal groups. The animals received intramammary antibiotic infusion of
ampicillin sodium 75 mg and cloxacillin sodium 200 mg/infusion, based on
previous antibiotic sensitivity test, till CMT reaction became zero or for a
maximum period of 5 days but not less than 3 days, with or without T.
cordifolia extract @ 200 mg intramammary for 3 consecutive days. The
ameliorative potential was evaluated on the basis of physical examination of
udder and milk, CMT score and somatic cell count on day 3, 5 and 7 of
treatment. Higher recovery rate was noted in cows supplemented with extract
of T. cordifolia (80.95%) than those treated with antibiotic alone (71.42%).
Average requirement of antibiotic infusions was lower in T. cordifolia
supplemented group (3.43 ±0.20 vs 3.90±0.19). Recovery was also faster and
the effect was more pronounced on day 5 and 7 of the trial. Therefore T.
cordifolia could be used with intramammary antibiotic therapy to improve the
cure rate.

Ranjith, M. S., A. J. A. Ranjitsingh, S. Gokul Shankar, G. S. Vijayalaksmi, K. Deepa and

H. S. Sidhu (2008). "Enhanced phagocytosis and antibody production by Tinospora
cordifolia - A new dimension in immunomodulation." African Journal of
Biotechnology 7(2): 081-085.
Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) is a widely used shrub in ayurvedic systems of
medicine known to possess immunomodulatory properties. In the present

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study the aqueous extract of T. cordifolia was found to enhance phagocytosis

in vitro. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts also induced an increase in
antibody production in vivo. © 2008 Academic Journals.

Rao, M. V. and E. V. Rao (1979). "Studies on Guduchisatwa derived from Tinospora

Page | 350 
cordifolia." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 41(6).

Rao, P. K., S. S. Hasan, B. L. Bhellum and R. K. Manhas (2015). "Ethnomedicinal plants

of Kathua district, J&K, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 171(1): 12-27.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Natural products, especially those derived
from plants, continue to provide new and important leads in the drug
discovery process. The first step in drug discovery is to document material
traditionally used to treat an ailment. Documentation of such knowledge will
lead to its conservation and facilitate future research on medicinal plant safety
and efficacy to validate traditional use. The present study was undertaken with
an aim to document the ethnomedicinal plants of Kathua district. Material and
methods: The data were quantitatively analysed using indices like use-value
(UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (Fl). Results: A total of
112 informants (78 males and 34 females) were interviewed. They were using a
total of 197 plants from 87 families and 174 genera for the ethnomedicinal
purposes. The most dominant families were Fabaceae, Asteraceae and
Lamiaceae. The most important plants of the study site on the basis of use-
value were Mentha longifolia, Curcuma domestica, Zingiber officinale,
Ocimum tenuiflorum, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Viola odorata, Mentha
arvensis and Acorus calamus. The diabetes treatment had the maximum
consensus (0.96 ICF) among the informants. Other important categories with
high ICF values were gastrointestinal disorders and respiratory disorders. Total
23 species recorded 100% Fl. Medicinal plants with high Fl were Brassica rapa,
Plumbago zeylanica, Punica granatum, Catharanthus rosea, Tinospora
cordifolia, Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos, Abrus precatorius, Oxalis
corniculata, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Achillea millefolium, Tamarindus indica,
Taxus baccata and Butea monosperma. Conclusion: The plants with high UV
and Fl like M. longifolia, C. domestica, Z. officinale, O. tenuiflorum, A. capillus-
veneris, A. calamus, B. rapa, P. zeylanica, C. rosea, T. cordifolia, A. catechu, O.
corniculata, N. plumbaginifolia, A. millefolium, T. indica, T. baccata and B.
monosperma should be analysed for pharmacological components and
discovery of new drugs. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rao, P. R., V. K. Kumar, R. K. Viswanath and G. V. Subbaraju (2005). "Cardioprotective

activity of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia in ischemia-reperfusion induced
myocardial infarction in rats." Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28(12): 2319-
2322.

350 
 
 

It has been suggested that the beneficial effects of reperfusing the

myocardium might be in part reversed by the occurrence of reperfusion injury.
Oxidative stress was suggested to be implicating in the pathogenesis of
ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Many antioxidative plants were shown to be
cardioprotective in experimental models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion
Page | 351 
(I/R) injury. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of
pretreatment with alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia in an in vivo rat
model. The model adopted was that of surgically-induced myocardial
ischemia, performed by means of left anterior descending coronary artery
occlusion (LAD) for 30 min followed by reperfusion for another 4 h. Infarct size
was measured by using the staining agent TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium
chloride). Lipid peroxide levels in serum and in heart tissue were estimated
spectrophotometrically by the methods developed by Yagi and Ohkawa et al.
respectively. A lead II electrocardiogram was monitored at various intervals
throughout the experiment. A dose dependent reduction in infarct size and in
lipid peroxide levels of serum and heart tissue were observed with the prior
treatment of T. cordifolia with various doses for 7 d compared to control
animals. Hence, the present study suggests the cardioprotective activity of T.
cordifolia in limiting ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial infarction. ©
2005 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

Rao, P. S., K. Venkaiah, V. Murali and V. V. V. Satyanarayana (2000). "Macro-

propagation of some important medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh." Indian Forester
126(12): 1265-1269.
Macro-propagation of medicinal plants Viz., Andrographis paniculata,
Gymnema sylvestre, Hemidesmus indicus, Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora
tomentosa were tried in Regional Forest Research Centre, Rajahmundry,
Andhra Pradesh using root inducing hormones (IBA, NAA, IAA). The study
indicated that these plants can be successfully propagated without any
hormone (>70% rooting) but the rooting was slow and not profuse. The
hormonal influence on rooting of these selected medicinal herbs along with
concentration of hormone is presented.

Rao, S. K. and P. S. Rao (2010). "Alteration in the radiosensitivity of hela cells by

dichloromethane extract of guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)." Integrative Cancer
Therapies 9(4): 378-384.
Exposure of HeLa cells to TCE (dichloromethane extract of Tinospora
cordifolia) for 4 hours before exposure to 2-Gy γ-radiation caused a significant
decrease in the cell viability (approximately 50%). The surviving fraction (SF)
was reduced to 0.52 after 4 hours of TCE treatment; thereafter, clonogenecity
of HeLa cells declined negligibly with treatment duration up to 6 hours
posttreatment. Exposure of HeLa cells to different doses of γ-radiation
resulted in a dose-dependent decline in the viability of HeLa cells, whereas

351 
 
 

treatment of HeLa cells with various doses of TCE further decreased the cell
viability depending not only on the irradiation dose but also on the
concentration of TCE. Treatment of HeLa cells with various doses of TCE
caused a significant decline in cell viability after exposure to 1 to 4 Gy γ-
radiation. The increase in TCE concentration before irradiation caused a
Page | 352 
concentration-dependent reduction in the SF, and a lowest SF was observed
for 4 μg/mL TCE for all exposure doses. HeLa cells treated with TCE showed an
increase in lactate dehydrogenase and decrease in glutathioneS-transferase
activity at all postirradiation times. Lipid peroxidation increased up to 4 hours
postirradiation and declined gradually up to 12 hours postirradiation. © 2010
The Author(s).

Rao, S. K., P. S. Rao and B. N. Rao (2008). "Preliminary investigation of the

radiosensitizing activity of guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) in tumor-bearing mice."
Phytotherapy Research 22(11): 1482-1489.
The radiosensitizing activity of dichloromethane extract of guduchi [Tinospora
cordifolia (WILLD.) MIERS ex HOOK. F. & THOMS. Family: Menispermaceae
(TCE)] in the mice transplanted with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) was
investigated. The EAC mice received 0, 25, 30, 40, 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt. TCE 1
h before exposure to 6 Gy hemi-body γ-radiation and then once daily for
another eight consecutive days after irradiation. The EAC mice receiving TCE
for the above regimen showed a dose-dependent elevation in tumor-free
survival; the highest radiosensitizing activity was observed at 30 mg/kg b. wt.
TCE. Treatment of animals with 30 mg/kg b. wt. TCE, 1 h before exposure to 6
Gy of hemi-body gamma irradiation and subsequently once daily for another
six consecutive days post-irradiation increased the life span of EAC mice. This
is evident by more number of long-term survivors (LTS) as well as survivors
beyond 120 days when compared to the group of animals that received TCE
after irradiation for six consecutive days. Treatment modality was also altered
to assess the radiosensitizing effect of TCE before and after irradiation.
Evaluation of glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lipid
peroxidation (LPx) in mice treated with TCE 1 h before irradiation and
subsequently once daily for another six days showed a significant decline in
GSH up to 14 h and GST up to 24 h accompanied by a significant elevation in
LPx at 12 h post-irradiation. The radiosensitization of TCE may be due to
depletion of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase, accompanied by
elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage of tumor cells. Since
Tinospora cordifolia is being used in India for treatment of various ailments, it
may offer an alternative treatment strategy for cancer in combination with
gamma radiation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Rao, Y. K. and L. K. Bairy (2007). "Safety of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Tc)
in healthy volunteers: A double blind randomised placebo controlled study." Iranian
Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 6(1): 59-61.
It is a common misconception that ayurvedic medicines (traditional Indian
system of medicine) are always safe. In fact, they also pose serious health risks
Page | 353 
either in the form of adverse reactions or in the form of drug interactions.
Over 80% of our population takes ayurvedic medicines. The study was aimed
to evaluate the safety profile of Tinospora cordifolia in healthy volunteers
using a battery of haematological, and biochemical tests and open
questionnaire method. Thirty healthy volunteers (males - 22 and females - 8)
aged 18 - 30 years (mean 22.5 ± 0.28) who volunteered to participate were
studied in a randomized, double - blind, placebo controlled design. The
volunteers were provided with 21 days of medication (coded box) containing
Tinospora cordifolia 500 mg or matching placebo. One tablet of Tinospora
cordifolia of 500mg strength or placebo was taken once daily orally in the
morning along with breakfast for 21 days. The safety assessment was done
with the help of haematological and biochemical investigations which were
assessed before and after the medication by unpaired t test. 'Unpaired t test'
using SPSS computer software package. Analysis of the various lab values
between the control and the test group before and after taking the
drug/placebo by unpaired 't' test shows no significant difference between the
groups (p = > 0.05).Hence it can be concluded that Tinospora cordifolia is safe
at a dose of 500mg per day for a period 21 days in healthy volunteers for the
parameters studied. Copyright © 2006 by Razi Institute for Drug Research
(RIDR).

Raphael, T. J. and G. Kuttan (2003). "Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids

glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system."
Phytomedicine 10(6-7): 483-489.
The effect of naturally occurring triterpenoid compounds such as glycyrrhizic
acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and nomilin on the immune system was
studied using Balb/c mice. Intraperitoneal treatments with 5 doses of these
terpenoid compounds were found to enhance the total white blood cells
(WBC) count. In ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin treated animals the
maximum total WBC count was observed on the 6th day, while in glycyrrhizic
acid treated animals it was observed only on the 9th day after the drug
treatment. In ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin treated animals the
percentage of increase in the total WBC count was to 91.48 ± 4.6%, 135.75 ±
6.4% and 117.33 ± 17.9% respectively. In the glycyrrhizic acid treated animals
the total WBC count was increased to 114. 9 ± 18%. Bone marrow cellularity
and α-esterase positive cells were also enhanced by the treatment with these
terpenoids. Treatment with various triterpenoids along with antigen produced
an enhancement in the specific antibody titre and the number of plaque

353 
 
 

forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. Triterpenoids remarkably inhibited delayed

type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH). These results indicate the
immunomodulatory activity of naturally occurring triterpenoids such as
glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin.

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Rashmi, K. C., H. S. Atreya, M. Harsha Raj, B. P. Salimath and H. S. Aparna (2017). "A
pyrrole-based natural small molecule mitigates HSP90 expression in MDA-MB-231
cells and inhibits tumor angiogenesis in mice by inactivating HSF-1." Cell Stress and
Chaperones 22(5): 751-766.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), molecular chaperones, are crucial for the cancer
cells to facilitate proper functioning of various oncoproteins involved in cell
survival, proliferation, migration, and tumor angiogenesis. Tumor cells are said
to be “addicted” to HSPs. HSPs are overexpressed in many cancers due to
upregulation of transcription factor Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF-1), the
multifaceted master regulator of heat shock response. Therefore,
pharmacological targeting of HSPs via HSF-1 is an effective strategy to treat
malignant cancers like triple negative breast cancer. In the current study, we
evaluated the efficacy of a pyrrole derivative [bis(2-ethylhexyl)1H-pyrrole-3,4-
dicarboxylate], TCCP, purified from leaves of Tinospora cordifolia for its ability
to suppress heat shock response and angiogenesis using MDA-MB-231 cells
and the murine mammary carcinoma: Ehrlich ascites tumor model. HSP90 was
downregulated by TCCP by inactivation of HSF-1 resulting in inhibition of
tumor cell proliferation, VEGF-induced cell migration, and concomitant
decrease in tumor burden and neo-angiogenesis in vivo. The mechanism of
suppression of HSPs involves inactivation of PI3K/Akt and phosphorylation on
serine 307 of HSF-1 by the activation of ERK1. HSF-1 and HSP90 and 70
localization and expression were ascertained by immunolocalization,
immunoblotting, and qPCR experiments. The anti-angiogenic effect of TCCP
was studied in vivo in tumor-bearing mice and ex vivo using rat corneal micro-
pocket assay. All the results thus corroborate the logic behind inactivating
HSF-1 using TCCP as an alternative approach for cancer therapy. © 2017, Cell
Stress Society International.

Rashmi, K. C., M. Harsha Raj, M. Paul, K. S. Girish, B. P. Salimath and H. S. Aparna

(2019). "A new pyrrole based small molecule from Tinospora cordifolia induces
apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via ROS mediated mitochondrial
damage and restoration of p53 activity." Chemico-Biological Interactions 299: 120-
130.
Approximately 15% of globally diagnosed breast cancers are designated as
triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In this study, we investigated the effect
of the natural compound, Bis(2- ethyl hexyl) 1H-pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylate
(TCCP), purified from Tinospora cordifolia on MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line.
The pro-apoptotic nature of TCCP on MDA-MB-231 was determined by

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assessing various apoptotic markers. ROS generation, intracellular calcium,

mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), MPTP, cardiolipin peroxidation and
caspase activity were determined fluorometrically. BAX, BCL-2, cytochrome c,
caspases, and p53 protein expressions were determined by immunoblotting.
Further, the effect of TCCP on DNA and cell death was determined by DNA
Page | 355 
fragmentation assay, annexin-V staining, and cell cycle analysis. TCCP
treatment caused endogenous ROS generation, increase in intracellular
calcium and phosphorylation of p53 in a concentration-dependent manner,
which was reverted upon pre-treatment with pifithrin-μ. This led to the
downstream altered expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, mitochondrial
membrane depolarization, MPTP, and cardiolipin peroxidation. TCCP induced
cytochrome c release into the cytosol, caspase activation, ultimately resulting
in DNA fragmentation. Further, induction of apoptosis and morphological
alterations were evident from the phosphatidylserine externalization and
increase in sub G1 population. The in vivo Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) mouse
study revealed the effectiveness of TCCP in reducing the tumor burden and
resulted in a ~2 fold increase in mice survival with minimal hepato-renal
toxicity. Overall, TCCP was shown to be efficient in inducing ROS and
mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by restoring p53 activity in MDA-MB-231
cells and also induced EAT cell death in vivo thereby inhibiting tumor
proliferation. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Rastogi, M., R. P. Ojha, G. P. Dubey, U. Subasini, G. V. Rajamanickam, A. Agrawal and

B. P. Devi (2008). "Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: An overview."
Biomedicine 28(2): 73-80.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder worldwide,
predominant among the dementias. Conventional therapies prominently
include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that can provide only symptomatic
relief but to-date no cure for Alzheimer's disease exists. Natural products
continue to be of useful drugs in their own right and also enable a variety of
lead structures, which may be applied as templates for the development of
new drugs. In traditional practices of medicine, plants have been used to
enhance cognitive functions and they synergistically alleviate other symptoms
associated with Alzheimer's disease. Trasina, an Ayurvedic formulation has
gone to clinical trials in the US to test for efficacy and side effects in treating
Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the therapeutic potential of Indian
medicinal plants that have been popular in traditional Ayurvedic medicines as
cognitive enhancers in relevance to Alzheimer's disease.

Rastogi, S., M. K. Pandey, J. Prakash, A. Sharma and G. N. Singh (2015). "Veterinary

herbal medicines in India." Pharmacognosy Reviews 9(18): 155-163.
India has a rich and diversified flora. It is seen that synthetic drugs could pose
serious problems, are toxic and costly. In contrast to this, herbal medicines are

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relatively nontoxic, cheaper and are eco-friendly. Moreover, the people have
used them for generations. They have also been used in day-to-day problems
of healthcare in animals. 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from
plants. Almost 75% of the medicinal plants grow naturally in different states of
India. These plants are known to cure many ailments in animals like poisoning,
Page | 356 
cough, constipation, foot and mouth disease, dermatitis, cataract, burning,
pneumonia, bone fractures, snake bites, abdominal pains, skin diseases etc.
There is scarce review of such information (veterinary herbals) in the literature.
The electronic and manual search was made using various key words such as
veterinary herbal, ethno-veterinary medicines etc. and the content
systematically arranged. This article deals with the comprehensive review of 45
medicinal plant species that are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) 2014. The
botanical names, family, habitat, plant part used and pharmacological actions,
status in British Pharmacopoeia 2014, USP 36 are mentioned. Also, a
relationship between animal and human dose, standardization and regulatory
aspects of these selected veterinary herbals are provided.

Rathi, S. S., J. K. Grover, V. Vikrant and N. R. Biswas (2002). "Prevention of

Experimental Diabetic Cataract by Indian Ayurvedic Plant Extractst." Phytotherapy
Research 16(8): 774-777.
The efficacy of Momordica charantia (MC), Eugenia jainbolana (EJ), Tinospora
cordifolia (TC) and Mucuna priiriens (MP) was assessed in the prevention of
murine alloxan dibctic cataract. Alloxan (120 mg/kg) was used as the
diabetogenic agent. While controls and diabetic controls did not receive any
plant extract, treated rats received lyophilized aqueous extract of MC and EJ
(200 nig/kg p.o.), alcohol extract of TC (400 mg/kg) and MP (200 mg/kg p.o.)
every day until 4 months. Serum glucose concentration was assessed and
cataracts examined with both the naked eye and through a slit lamp. Of the
eight animals in the diabetic control group, four developed cortical cataract
(stage IV) by day 90 while the remaining four developed it by day 100. The
incidence rate of cataract in MC, EJ, TC and MP treated groups at 120 days
was only 0, 0, 1 and 2. Oral feeding of MC, EJ, TC and MP extracts for 1 month
produced a fall of 64.33%, 55.62%, 38.01% and 40.17%, respectively, in the
serum glucose levels in comparison with the 48 h level. After 2 months of
treatment, the respective values were 66.96%, 59.85%, 40.41% and 45.63%.
MC and EJ prevented the development of cataract while the protective effect
was less with TC and MP along with a significant reduction of plasma glucose
levels (p 0.001). Copyright © 2002 John Wilcy & Sons, Ltd.

Rathore, M. S. and D. Suhalka (2015). "Ethnobotany and chemical nature of herbal

plants found in tribal area of Rajasthan." Journal of Global Pharma Technology 7(12).

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Raut, A., L. Bichile, A. Chopra, B. Patwardhan and A. Vaidya (2013). "Comparative

study of amrutbhallataka and glucosamine sulphate in osteoarthritis: Six months
open label randomized controlled clinical trial." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative
Medicine 4(4): 229-236.
Background: AmrutBhallatak (ABFN02), a ′rasayana′ drug from Ayurveda is
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indicated in degenerative diseases and arthritis. Objective: To evaluate safety
and efficacy of ABFN02 in osteoarthritis (OA) and compare it with
Glucosamine sulphate (GS) Materials and Methods: This was a r andomized
open comparative study. Ambulant OPD patients of OA knees (n = 112) were
enrolled for 24 weeks. Tablets (750mg each) of GS and ABFN02 were matched.
Three groups of patients: (A) GS, one tablet × twice/day × 24 weeks. (B)
ABFN02, incremental pulse dosage (one tablet x twice/day × two weeks, two
tablets × twice/day × two weeks, three tablets × twice/day × two weeks), two
such cycles of drug and non-drug phases alternately for six weeks each (C)
ABFN02 continuous dosage akin to GS. Pain visual analogue score (Pain-VAS)
and Western Ontario and Mc-Master University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
were the primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures were
Health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), paracetamol consumption, 50 feet
walking, physician and patient global assessment, knee stiffness, knee status,
urinary CTX II, serum TNFa-SRI, SRII and MRI knee in randomly selected
patients. Results: ABFNO2 and GS demonstrated, adherence to treatment
87.75% and 74.3%, reduction in Pain-VAS at rest 61.05% and 57.1%, reduction
in pain-VAS on activity 57.4% and 59.8%, WOMAC score drop 62.8% and
59.1% respectively. Secondary outcome measures were comparable in all
groups. Safety measures were also comparable. No serious adverse events
reported. However, asymptomatic reversible rise in liver enzymes was noted in
the ABFNO2 group. Conclusions: ABFN02 has significant activity in OA; the
formulation needs further investigation.

Raveendran Nair, P. K., S. Rodriguez, R. Ramachandran, A. Alamo, S. J. Melnick, E.

Escalon, P. I. Garcia Jr, S. F. Wnuk and C. Ramachandran (2004). "Immune stimulating
properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia."
International Immunopharmacology 4(13): 1645-1659.
An α-d-glucan (RR1) composed of (1→4) linked back bone and (1→6) linked
branches with a molecular mass of >550 kDa and exhibiting unique immune
stimulating properties is isolated and characterized from the medicinal plant
Tinospora cordifolia. This novel polysaccharide is noncytotoxic and
nonproliferating to normal lymphocytes as well as tumor cell lines at 0-1000
μg/ml. It activated different subsets of the lymphocytes such as natural killer
(NK) cells (331%), T cells (102%), and B cells (39%) at 100 μg/ml concentration.
The significant activation of NK cells is associated with the dose-dependent
killing of tumor cells by activated normal lymphocytes in a functional assay.
Immune activation by RR1 in normal lymphocytes elicited the synthesis of

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interleukin (IL)-1β (1080 pg/ml), IL-6 (21,833 pg/ml), IL-12 p70 (50.19 pg/ml),
IL-12 p40 (918.23 pg/ml), IL-18 (27.47 pg/ml), IFN- γ (90.16 pg/ml), tumor
necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2225 pg/ml) and monocyte chemoattractant protein
(MCP)-1 (2307 pg/ml) at 100 μg/ml concentration, while it did not induce the
production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-α and TNF-β. The cytokine
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profile clearly demonstrates the Th1 pathway of T helper cell differentiation
essential for cell mediated immunity, with a self-regulatory mechanism for the
control of its overproduction. RR1 also activated the complements in the
alternate pathway, demonstrated by a stepwise increase in C3a des Arg
components. Incidentally, RR1 stimulation did not produce any oxidative
stress or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lymphocytes or any
significant increase in nitric oxide production. The water solubility, high
molecular mass, activation of lymphocytes especially NK cells, complement
activation, Th1 pathway-associated cytokine profile, together with a low level
of nitric oxide synthesis and absence of oxidative stress confer important
immunoprotective potential to this novel α-d-glucan. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All
rights reserved.

Ravikumar, M., L. Jeyanthi Rebecca, X. Suresh and L. Ananthi Rachel (2012).

"Toxicological analysis on EGFR protein Inhibitors (Clerodane and Iressa 2) using
TOPKAT analysis." Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 4(6): 3249-3253.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is under investigation as a
therapeutic target for cancers. Lung cancer cell lines are variably dependent
on autocrine stimulation of EGFR since it has a role in signal transduction. We
therefore examined the effects of a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Clerodane and Iressa 2. Clerodane molecule was used as an inhibitor for EGFR
and it was extracted from Tinospora cordifolia. Iressa 2 is a synthetic molecule
synthesized from a standard Iressa molecule. These compounds after docking
with EGFR protein were found to possess good energy score and also highly
inhibited the protein molecule indicating that both the molecules showed
anticancer activity on EGFR. Clerodane highly inhibited the protein EGFR at the
position of ARG 231 & CYS 224 compared to Iressa 2. ADME properties of
Clerodane by using ADME tool of TOPKAT (DS 2. 5) and as per the
Pharmacokinetics results for Clerodone molecule indicated the molecule is
non toxic effect to female mouse and female rat (Norms per NTP
carcinogenicity). Moreover, as per Food and Drug Administration
carcinogenicity value, there is no toxic effect on Male rat and Male Mouse. The
pharmacokinetic results showed normal absorption rate, solubility,
heptotoxicity, CYP2D6 and PPB values.

Ravikumar, M., D. V. Kishore and L. Jeyanthi Rebecca (2013). "Subchronic toxicity

analysis of clerodane using rats." International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(SUPPL 3): 286-288.

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Objective: To assess the Sub, chronic toxicity of Clerodane administration

orally to rats for 28 days and to determine (i) Target organ toxicity (ii) "No
observed effect level (NOEL)" and reversibility of signs of toxicity after
recovery period. Methods: This animal toxicity study we were used OECD
Guidelines No. 407, and WHO GCP Guidelines. As per these guidelines the rats
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of both sexes in controlled age and body weight were selected. 2) Clerodane
was administration at 25, 50 and 100mg/kg body weight as aqueous solution
along with a blank 3) The results were recorded on day 0, 28 th day and 43 rd
day i.e. recovery period. Results: I found to be Ophthalmoscopes examination
on days 0+29, 2) Organ weights, Hematological analysis, biochemical analysis
and urine analysis on days 0+29+43. 3), Histopathological and gross
pathological observations of sacrificed animals recorded after recovery period
it was normal. Conclusions: There was no toxicity effect in food consumption,
Ophthalmoscopes examination, Organ weights, Hematological analysis,
biochemical analysis and urine analysis.

Ravishankar, B. and V. J. Shukla (2007). "Indian systems of medicine: A brief profile."

African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 4(3): 319-
337.
Medicinal plants based traditional systems of medicines are playing important
role in providing health care to large section of population, especially in
developing countries. Interest in them and utilization of herbal products
produced based on them is increasing in developed countries also. To obtain
optimum benefit and to understand the way these systems function, it is
necessary to have minimum basic level information on their different aspects.
Indian Systems of Medicine are among the well known global traditional
systems of medicine. In this review, an attempt has been made to provide
general information pertaining to different aspects of these systems. This is
being done to enable the readers to appreciate the importance of the
conceptual basis of these system in evolving the material medica. The aspects
covered include information about historical background, conceptual basis,
different disciplines studied in the systems, Research and Development
aspects, Drug manufacturing aspects and impact of globalization on
Ayurveda. In addition, basic information on Siddha and Unani systems has
also been provided.

Rawal, A., M. Muddeshwar and S. Biswas (2004). "Effect of Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia
cretica linn, and Tinospora cordifolia on free radical generation and lipid peroxidation
during oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices." Biochemical and
Biophysical Research Communications 324(2): 588-596.
The major damaging factor during and after the ischemic/hypoxic insult is the
generation of free radicals, which leads to apoptosis, necrosis, and ultimately
cell death. Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretica linn (FC), and Tinospora

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cordifolia (TC) have been reported to contain a wide variety of antioxidants

and have been in use in the eastern system of medicine for various disorders.
Hippocampal slices were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and
divided into three groups, control, OGD, and OGD + drug treated. Cytosolic
reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide [NO, measured as nitrite (NO 2)]. EPR
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was used to establish the antioxidant effect of RC, FC, and TC with respect to
superoxide anion (O 2 .-), hydroxyl radicals ( .OH), nitric oxide (NO) radical,
and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO -) generated from pyrogallol, menadione,
DETA-NO, and Sin-1, respectively. RT-PCR was performed for the three herbs
to assess their effect on the expression of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLC),
iNOS, and GAPDH gene expression. All the three herbs were effective in
elevating the GSH levels and expression of the GCLC. The herbs also exhibited
strong free radical scavenging properties against reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species as revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy,
diminishing the expression of iNOS gene. RC, FC, and TC therefore attenuate
oxidative stress mediated cell injury during OGD and exert the above effects at
both the cytosolic as well as at gene expression levels and may be effective
therapeutic tool against ischemic brain damage. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

Rawal, A. K., M. G. Muddeshwar and S. K. Biswas (2004). "Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia

cretica linn and Tinospora cordifolia exert neuroprotection by modulating the
antioxidant system in rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen glucose
deprivation." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4.
Background: The major damaging factor during and after the
ischemic/hypoxic insult is the generation of free radicals, which leads to
apoptosis, necrosis and ultimately cell death. Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia
cretica linn (FC) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been reported to contain a
wide variety of antioxidants and have been in use in the eastern system of
medicine for various disorders. However, their mechanism of action was
largely unknown. We therefore selected these herbs for the present study to
test their neuroprotective ability and the associated mechanism in rat
hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Methods:
Hippocampal Slices were subjected to OGD (oxygen glucose deprivation) and
divided into 3 groups: control, OGD and OGD + drug treated. Cytosolic Cu-Zn
superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione
peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO) was measured as nitrite (NO2) in the
supernatant and protein assays were performed in the respective groups at
various time intervals. EPR was used to establish the antioxidant effect of RC,
FC and TC with respect to superoxide anion (O2·-), hydroxyl radicals (·H), nitric
oxide (NO) radical and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO) generated from pyrogallol,
menadione, DETA-NO and Sin-1 respectively. RT-PCR was performed for the
three groups for GCLC, iNOS, Cu-Zn SOD and GAPDH gene expression.

360 
 
 

Results: All the three herbs were effective in elevating the GSH levels,
expression of the gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase and Cu-Zn SOD genes. The
herbs also exhibited strong free radical scavenging properties against reactive
oxygen and nitrogen species as studied by electron paramagnetic resonance
spectroscopy. In addition all the three herbs significantly diminished the
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expression of iNOS gene after 48 hours which plays a major role in neuronal
injury during hypoxia/ischemia. Conclusions: RC, FC and TC therefore
attenuate oxidative stress mediated cell injury during OGD and exert the
above effects at both the cytosolic as well as at gene expression level and may
be an effective therapeutic tool against ischemic brain damage. © 2004 Rawal
et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Rawal, A. K., D. K. Nath and S. K. Biswas (2008). "Plausible mechanism of antioxidant

action of fagonia cretica linn, rubia cordifolia and tinospora cordifolia during
ischemic reperfusion injury in rat hippocampus." International Journal of Applied
Research in Natural Products 1(2): 16-25.
Summary: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) have
been implicated in a wide variety of diseases including cerebral ischemic
neuronal damage. We have earlier demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory properties of the herbs Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretia linn
(FC) andTinospora cordifolia (TC) in rat hippocampal slices subjected to
oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). In this communication we have
hypothesized that theherbs exert their antioxidant action by both, direct
scavenging and decreased generation of superoxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite
and hydroxyl free radicals. Treatment of OGD slices with RC, FC or TC
significantly reduced the generation of the aforesaid radicals, nitric oxide
synthase activity andincreased Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD)
enzyme levels in the cytosol. The herbs markedly inhibited inducible nitric
oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and up-regulated the expression of
Cu-Zn SOD gene. Studies with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ion
selective electrode for nitric oxide radical have revealed that the herbs could
directly scavenge the free radicals. Overall the three herbs modulated free
radical generation both at the cytosolic as well as at the nuclear levels.
Industrial relevance:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS)
have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases including cerebral ischemic
neuronal damage. Currently there is a race for discovering new and more
effective and efficient antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules. However,
most synthetic molecules have undesired side effects and therefore have
proved to be deleterious to health in the long run. The present study aims at
investigatingwhether or not RC, TC and FC have antioxidant properties and if
they have, what is the mechanism of their action. Such an investigation will
lead to the identification, purification and characterization of the antioxidant
molecule(s) in the said herbs. Since the antioxidant molecule(s) will be from

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natural resources this will provide with a therapeutic strategy with lesserside
effects. Identification of the antioxidant/antiinflammatory molecule(s) may
lead to its industrial production or pharmaceutical uses as preventive
measures against various diseases. © 2008 Healthy Synergies Publications.

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Rawal, A. K., D. K. Nath, N. Yadav, S. Pande, S. U. Meshram and S. K. Biswas (2009).
"Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn and Tinospora cordifolia exert anti-
inflammatory properties by modulating platelet aggregation and VEGF, COX-2 and
VCAM gene expressions in rat hippocampal slices subjected to ischemic reperfusion
injury." International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products 2(1): 19-26.
The formation of cerebral edema and central nervous system (CNS)
inflammation are a result of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacological strategies to
reverse or minimize acute ischemic brain injury include "antiplatelet" agents,
anticoagulants, and thrombolytics. However, these therapies have either
exhibited undesirable side effects or are not costeffective for the common
people. We report here the neuroprotective effects of three herbs Rubia
cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretica linn (FC) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) as
potent anti-inflammatory agents in view of their ability to downregulate the
expressions of COX2 and VCAM genes and upregulate VEGF expression and
inhibit platelet aggregation induced by multiple agonists in hypoxic-ischemic
hippocampal slices. All the three herbs exhibited appreciable anti-
inflammatory properties. Industrial relevance: The above work will lead to
development of new anti-inflammatory drugs with less toxic preparations and
has the potential to generate employment among people who will go farming
of such medicinal plants. © 2009 Healthy Synergies Publications.

Rawal Prof, R. C., P. Gandhi, T. B. Singh Prof and K. H. H. V. S. S. Narasimha Murthy

(2013). "Clinical evaluation of hairbac tablet and oil in the management of diffuse
hair loss: An open clinical study." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Pharmacy 4(4): 564-569.
Hair is an important component of the body derived from ectoderm of skin.
Keratin is the main component of hair fibers. Hair has great psycho-social
significance for persons. The average growth rate in a normal scalp is 0.41 mm
per day but lower growth rate is observed among aged persons and chronic
disease persons. Hair loss is a most common problem among men and
women of all age groups and it is a socially and psychologically distressing
also. Its severity varies from a small bare patch to a more diffuse and obvious
pattern. Diffuse hair loss may occur at any age and gender. It affects the whole
scalp. Management of hair fall is extremely complex. Treatments for the
various forms are available but alopecia has limited success. As a general rule,
it is easier to maintain remaining hair than it is to re-grow; however, the
success rate is very less with unwanted adverse effects. There are claims that
poly herbal formulations are giving promising results. So, a poly herbal

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formulation 'Hairbac' tablet and oil, is evaluated for its safety and efficacy in
diffuse hair loss. The subjective parameters used for assessment were Hair
Texture, Hair Density/cm sq area and Hair Loss. The beneficial effects of
Hairbac Tablets and Oil assessed in the context of hair texture, density /1cm2
and hair loss among females suffering with diffuse hair fall showed highly
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significant improvement without any adverse effects assessed by the
respondents.

Rawat, R. and D. P. Vashistha (2011). "Common herbal plant in Uttarakhand, used in

the popular medicinal preparation in Ayurveda." International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 3(3): 64-73.
A survey was conducted at different herbal drug stores in Uttarakhand, to list
plants components of various Ayurvedic formulations being sold. The list
contained about 150 medicinal plants. The most notable among them are
Aconitum heterophyllum, Acorus calamus, Adhatoda zeylanica, Asparagus
racemosus, Aleo barbadensis, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhavia diffusa,
Bergenia ligulata, Callicarpa macrophylla, Cissampelos pareira, Eclipta
prostrata, Evolvulus alsinoides, Hedychium spicatum, Picrorhiza kurrooa,
Swertia chirayita, Oroxylum indicum, Plumbago zeylanica, Ricinus communis,
Sida cordifolia, Solanum nigrum, Tribulus terrestris, Tinospora cordifolia,
Valeriana jatamansi, Vitex negundo, Withania somnifera and Zanthoxylum
armatum. The listed plants are given complete description viz, taxonomy,
habitat, branded drug etc. It is also evident that few herbal plants: Acorus
calamus, Aconitum hetrophyllum, Aegle marmelos, Asparagus racemosus,
Boerhavia diffusa, Callicarpa macrophylla, Eclipta prostrata, Gloriosa superba,
Hedychium spicatum, Oroxylum indicum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Plumbago
zylanica, Vitex negundo etc, are regular constituent of several medicines, while
Amaranthus polygonum, Cinnamonum zylanicum, Coriandrum sativum,
Solanum nigrum, Symplocos racemosa are used in preparation of specific
drugs. The present study assumes significance in selection of herbal plants
recommended for cultivation and emphasizes herbal potential of Uttarakhand.

Reddy, B. P., V. N. Murthy, V. Venkateshwarlu, C. K. Kokate and D. Rambhau (1993).

"Antihepatotoxic activity of Phyllanthus niruri, Tinospora cordifolia and Ricinus
communis." Indian Drugs 30(7): 338-341.

Reddy, K. R. (1988). "Folk medicine from Chittoor district, andhra pradesh, India, used
in the treatment of jaundice." Pharmaceutical Biology 26(3): 137-140.
Plants used by the traditional healers in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh for
treating jaundice include Aegle marmelos, Andrographis paniculata, Carica
papaya, Cassia fistula, C. tora, Cochlospermum religiosum. Delonix elata.
Eclipta prostrata. Lawsonia inermis. Phyllanthus amarus P maderaspatensis,

363 
 
 

Ricinus communis, Solanum nigrum and Tinospora cordifolia. © 1988 Informa

UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.

Reddy, S. S., P. Ramatholisamma, R. Karuna and D. Saralakumari (2009). "Preventive

effect of Tinospora cordifolia against high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance
Page | 364 
and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats." Food and Chemical Toxicology 47(9): 2224-
2229.
High intake of dietary fructose exerts a number of adverse metabolic effects.
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether aqueous extract of
Tinospora cordifolia stem (TCAE) alleviates high-fructose diet-induced insulin
resistance and oxidative stress in rats. High-fructose diet (66% of fructose) and
TCAE (400 mg/kg/day) were given simultaneously for a period of 60 days.
Fructose fed rats showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, impaired glucose tolerance and impaired insulin
sensitivity (P < 0.05). TCAE treatment prevented the rise in glucose levels by
21.3%, insulin by 51.5%, triglycerides by 54.12% and glucose-insulin index by
59.8% of the fructose fed rats. Regarding liver antioxidant status, fructose fed
rats showed higher values of lipid peroxidation (91.3%), protein carbonyl
groups (44%) and lowered GSH levels (42.1%) and, lowered activities of
enzymatic antioxidants, while TCAE treatment prevented all these observed
abnormalities. In conclusion, our data indicate the preventive role of T.
cordifolia against fructose-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress;
hence this plant could be used as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention
and/or management of chronic diseases characterized by hyperinsulinemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and aggravated antioxidant status. ©
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reena, K., K. Abhimanyu and K. N. Sunil Kumar (2013). "Formulation and

standardization of Medhya Rasayana - A novel Ayurvedic compound nootropic
drug." Pharmacognosy Journal 5(2): 72-76.
Introduction Medhya Rasayana is a poly herbal formulation widely used in
Ayurvedic clinical practice with multi fold benefits, specifically to improve
memory and intellect by their Prabhava (specific action) namely Medhya
(Nootropic). There is no work on record on formulation and standardization
aspect of a compound formulation containing nootropic herbs. This study
highlights physico-chemical characterization, TLC and HPTLC densitogram
profiling of Medhya Rasayana which can be applied for authentication of this
poly herbal formulation. Methods Four Medhya Rasayana herbs namely,
Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn.), Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.),
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Miers.) and Shankhapushpi (Evolvulus
alsinoids L.) were authenticated botanically. Tablets were prepared by
combining all these four drugs and subjected for detailed physico-chemical
and HPTLC analyses. Results Set of standardization parameters were derived

364 
 
 

for the compounded tablet containing four Medhya Rasayana herbs by

physico-chemical characterisation. The tests proposed would serve as
diagnostic parameters for the identity of this poly herbal formulation. HPTLC
fingerprint profile which can serve as a fingerprint for the identification of the
formulation has been obtained. Conclusion The proposed method of making
Page | 365 
tablet from four Medhya Rasayana herbs will aid in yielding concentrated
medicament with the same efficacy as per the classically proposed drug
dosage at lower dose. Standards for the poly herbal formulation has been
developed for the quality check of the formulation. Copyright © 2013,
Phcog.Net, Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rege, A. A., R. Y. Ambaye and R. A. Deshmukh (2010). "In-vitro testing of anti-HIV

activity of some medicinal plants." Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources
1(2): 193-199.
Medicinal plants namely Ocimum sanctum Linn., Withania somnifera Dunal,
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex Hook.f. & Thoms., Avicennia officinalis
Linn. and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. were screened for anti-HIV activity in
the present study. O. sanctum, T. cordifolia, A. officinalis and R. mucronata
showed anti-HIV potential by inhibiting the virus by 2 different mechanisms.
Interference with the gp120/CD4 interaction and inhibition of viral Reverse
Transcriptase (RT) contributed to the overall anti-viral activity in vitro. Among
these plants A. officinalis and R. mucronata are mangrove plants and their
medicinal properties are rarely reported.

Rege, A. A., R. Y. Ambaye and R. A. Deshmukh (2012). "Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory

effect of selected plants and Shilajit on HIV-Reverse transcriptase." Indian Journal of
Natural Products and Resources 3(2): 145-151.
Three tropical medicinal plants, Ocimum sanctum Linn., Withania somnifera
Dunal and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. and two
mangrove medicinal plants, Avicennia officinalis Linn. and Rhizophora
mucronata Lam. were taken up in the present study along with Shilajit. Three
extracts, petroleum ether, ethanol (successive) and aqueous were prepared
from each plant, whereas, only 2 extracts of Shilajit, ethanol (successive) and
aqueous were included for the in vitro study. Thus a total of 17 extracts were
evaluated for their effect on HIV-reverse transcriptase of 2 clinical isolates,
designated as non-antiretroviral therapy (non-ART, from drug naïve patient)
and antiretroviral therapy (ART, from drug-treated patient), by reverse
transcriptase inhibition assay. The virus stocks were prepared by standard co-
cultivation method. Eleven of the 17 extracts showed more than or equal to
50% (≥50%) inhibition of non-ART isolate whereas, only 9 of the 17 extracts
showed ≥50% inhibition of ART isolate. In general, Shilajit extracts showed
≥50% inhibition of both the clinical isolates. Furthermore, different
combinations of aqueous extracts were assessed for their effect on reverse

365 
 
 

transcriptase of non-ART isolate. Combination of A. officinalis and Shilajit

showed the highest inhibition of viral enzyme. However, the lowest inhibition
was noted with combination of W. somnifera and T. cordifolia.

Rege, A. A. and A. S. Chowdhary (2013). "Evaluation of some medicinal plants as

Page | 366 
putative HIV-protease inhibitors." Indian Drugs 50(6): 24-28.
Aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers
ex Hook. f. & Thoms, Withania somnifera Dunal, Avicennia officinalis Linn. and
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. were included for the present in vitro study.
Pepsin was used as a substitute for HIV-protease to evaluate inhibitory activity
of these extracts, as pepsin has close resemblance with HIV-protease in
proteolytic activity. O. sanctum revealed the highest inhibitory activity
followed by R. mucronata. In our earlier study, O. sanctum and R. mucronata
exerted anti-HIV activity via multiple mechanisms of action; viz., interference
with the gp120 / CD4 interaction and inhibition of HIV-reverse transcriptase.
In the present study, they also showed potent inhibitory activity against
pepsin enzyme (indirectly against HIV-protease) which may be due their
flavonoids content.

Rege, A. A., P. R. Juvekar and A. R. Juvekar (2012). "In vitro lipid peroxidation
inhibitory and anti-arthritic activities of some Indian medicinal plants." Indian Drugs
49(6): 31-35.
Anti-lipid peroxidation effect of aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum,
Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera was evaluated against Fe 2+-
ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation using rat liver mitochondria as model
system, whereas, anti-arthritic activity was evaluated by proteinase inhibitory
assay. O. sanctum showed potent anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-arthritic
activities. T. cordifolia exhibited moderate anti-lipid peroxidation activity, but
considerable anti-arthritic activity, whereas, W. somnifera revealed least lipid
peroxidation inhibitory activity and considerable anti-arthritic activity. Besides,
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in terms of gallic acid equivalent achieved the total
phenolic content and the trend was found to be O. sanctum &gt; T. cordifolia
&gt; W. somnifera.

Rege, N., R. D. Bapat, R. Kori, N. K. Desai and S. Dahanukar (1993). "Immunotherapy

with Tinospora cordifolia: A new lead in the managemnt of obstructive jaundice."
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 12(1): 5-8.

Rege, N. N. and S. A. Dahanukar (1993). "Quantitation of microbicidal activity of

mononuclear phagocytes: an in vitro technique." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
39(1): 22-25.
An in vitro assay technique was set up to determine the phagocytic and
microbicidal activity of a monocyte-macrophage cell line using Candida

366 
 
 

species as test organisms. The norms were determined for the activity of
peritoneal macrophages of rats (24.69 +/- 2.6% phagocytosis and 35.4 +/-
5.22% ICK) and human (27.89 +/- 3.63% phagocytosis and 50.91 +/- 6.3%
ICK). The assay technique was used to test the degree of activation of
macrophages induced by metronidazole, Tinospora cordifolia and Asparaqus
Page | 367 
racemousus and to compare their effects with a standard immunomodulator
muramyl-dipeptide. All the three test agents increased the phagocytic and
killing capacity of macrophages in a dose dependent manner upto a certain
dose, beyond which either these activities were found to have plateaued or
decreased. The optimal doses for MDP, Metronidazole, Asparagus racemosus
and Tinospora cordifolia were found to be 100 micrograms, 300 mg/kg, 200
mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively. Patients with cirrhosis were screened for
defects in monocyte function. The depressed monocyte function (20.58 +/-
5% phago and 41.24 +/- 12.19% ICK; P < 0.05) was observed indicating a
compromised host defense. The utility of this candidicidal assay in
experimental and clinical studies is discussed.

Rege, N. N., H. M. Hazareth, R. D. Bapat and S. A. Dahanukar (1989). "Modulation of

immunosuppression in obstructive jaundice by Tinospora cordifolia." Indian Journal
of Medical Research - Section B Biomedical Research Other Than Infectious Diseases
90(DEC.): 478-483.

Rege, N. N., U. M. Thatte and S. A. Dahanukar (1999). "Adaptogenic properties of six

rasayana herbs used in ayurvedic medicine." Phytotherapy Research 13(4): 275-291.
Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherecoccus senticosus, Panax
ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and
Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic
potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an
adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in
evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically
useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from
Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential. The whole,
aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia,
Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum
and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a
dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed
to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were
found to offer protection against these stressors, as judged by using markers
of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a
model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of
these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of
pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects of cisplatin
on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also

367 
 
 

normalized cisplatin induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was

also tested for its ability to modulate the changes occurring in the phagocytic
activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon
tetrachloride or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic
function irrespective of the direction of change, complying to the definition of
Page | 368 
an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and
subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants
revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by
Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if
macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence
mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of
Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to
synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia
suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena
for more research and experimentation.

Rehman, S., U. A. Ashfaq, S. Riaz, T. Javed and S. Riazuddin (2011). "Antiviral activity
of Acacia nilotica against Hepatitis C Virus in liver infected cells." Virology Journal 8.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belonging to the family Flaviviridae has infected 3% of
the population worldwide and 6% of the population in Pakistan. The only
recommended standard treatment is pegylated INF- plus ribavirin. Due to less
compatibility of the standard treatment, thirteen medicinal plants were
collected from different areas of Pakistan on the basis of undocumented
antiviral reports against different viral infections. Medicinal plants were air
dried, extracted and screened out against HCV by infecting HCV inoculums of
3a genotype in liver cells. RT-PCR results demonstrate that acetonic and
methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica (AN) showed more than 50% reduction at
non toxic concentration. From the above results, it can be concluded that by
selecting different molecular targets, specific structure-activity relationship can
be achieved by doing mechanistic analysis. So, additional studies are required
for the isolation and recognition of antiviral compound in AN to establish its
importance as antiviral drug against HCV. For further research, we will
scrutinize the synergistic effect of active antiviral compound in combination
with standard PEG INF- and ribavirin which may be helpful in exploring further
gateways for antiviral therapy against HCV. © 2011 Rehman et al.

Revathi, S. and U. Saraswathi (2014). "Anti-hepatocarcinogenic activity of a

polyherbal formulation (Chathurmuka Chooranam) aganist Aflatoxin-B1 induced
male wistar rats." International Journal of PharmTech Research 6(4): 1334-1340.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the primary liver malignancies and is
prevalent in developing countries. The present study was designed on
evaluating the hydro-ethanolic extract of Chathurmuka Chooranam (CMC)
herbal formulation against Aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) induced hepatic carcinoma in

368 
 
 

Wistar strain. Hepatic carcinoma was induced in male Wistar rats by AFB1 (250
μg/kg/i.p) for 7 days. The administration of the polyherbal extract at a dose of
250 mg/kg and 500mg/kg were given orally for a period of 14 days.
Estimation of enzymic antioxidants and non-enzymic antioxidants, Total
proteins, DNA, RNA and LPO were measured. Elevated levels of DNA and RNA
Page | 369 
were observed in AFB1 induced rats when compared to the control rats. The
administration of the polyherbal extract to the AFB1 treated group restored
the normal levels of DNA, RNA and protein content. Lipid peroxidation was
found to be decreased whereas increased levels of antioxidant enzymes were
seen in polyherbal extract treated group when compared to the AFB1 group.
From the present study, it might be concluded that the antioxidant potential
of the polyherbal extract was responsible for its anti-hepatocarcinogenic
potential.

Revathi, S., U. Saraswathi and K. E. Poorni (2014). "Standardization and cytotoxic

potential of a poly herbal formulation- chathurmuka chooranam." International
Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 5(1): P739-P746.
Siddha system of medicine is an ancient traditional system intertwined with
the mythology and culture of ancient Tamil civilization. The present study
investigates the Standardization, Phytochemicals and Cytotoxic potential of a
poly herbal siddha formulation Chathurmuka chooranam. Various parameters
performed which include organoleptic, physiochemical and flow properties. Its
cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay in Hep G2 cell line. Phytochemicals
investigation was also analyzed which revealed the presence of alkaloids,
phenols, and flavanoids. The cytotoxicity of the crude extract was found to be
very potent against cancer cell line. The results obtained may pave the way for
the quality assurance and control organization mostly depends upon the plant
drugs as the primary health care needs.

Ríos, J. L., M. Onteniente, D. Picazo and M. C. Montesinos (2016). "Medicinal Plants

and Natural Products as Potential Sources for Antiparkinson Drugs." Planta Medica
82(11-12): 942-951.
Parkinsons disease is a progressive neurodegenerative dysfunction
characterized by the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the
nigrostriatal system with a consequent dopamine decrease. The reduction of
dopamine levels produces neuronal damage, depigmentation of the
substantia nigra, and the presence of intracellular inclusions in dopaminergic
neurons. Treatments for Parkinsons disease aim for improving these motor
symptoms by increasing the dopaminergic signal in the striatum with
levodopa in combination with enzyme inhibitors or anticholinergic drugs.
Nevertheless, natural products can act as neuroprotective agents by reducing
the progression of the disease and the inflammatory process. In the present
review, we have compiled data on the principal medicinal plants and natural

369 
 
 

products as potential antiparkinsonian agents. They act by different

mechanisms, such as the inhibition of α-synuclein condensation, reduction of
oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, increase of dopaminergic neurons
survival, or the blockade of the A2 A receptor. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Stuttgart. New York.
Page | 370 

Rocha, L. G., J. R. G. S. Almeida, R. O. Macêdo and J. M. Barbosa-Filho (2005). "A

review of natural products with antileishmanial activity." Phytomedicine 12(6-7): 514-
535.
Infections caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide
health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The incidence
of the disease has increased since the emergence of AIDS. In the absence of a
vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace/supplement
those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source
of new medicinal agents. The present work constitutes a review of the
literature on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin
showing antileishmanial activity. The review refers to 101 plants, their families,
and geographical distribution, the parts utilized, the type of extract and the
organism tested. It also includes 288 compounds isolated from higher plants
and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some
aspects of recent antileishmanial-activity-directed research on natural
products are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Rodríguez, E. R. (2009). "Hemeroteca." Revista de Fitoterapia 9(2): 165-171.

Roja, G., A. S. Bhangale, A. R. Juvekar, S. Eapen and S. F. D'Souza (2005). "Enhanced

production of the polysaccharide arabinogalactan using immobilized cultures of
Tinospora cordifolia by elicitation and in situ adsorption." Biotechnology Progress
21(6): 1688-1691.
Immobilized callus cultures of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex Hooks and
Thoms were investigated to find out the combined effect of elicitation, cell
permeabilization with chitosan and in situ product recovery by polymeric
neutral resin-like Diaion HP 20. In this study, callus cultures of T. cordifolia
were immobilized using sodium alginate and calcium chloride and the beads
were cultured in Murashige and Skoog's basal medium along with benzyl
adenine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3% sucrose. The
immobilized cultures, when subjected to elicitation and cell permeabilization
with chitosan and in situ removal of the secondary metabolites by addition of
resin, showed a 10-fold increase in production of arabinogalactan (0.490% dry
weight) as compared to respective controls devoid of resin and chitosan. This
indicates that in situ adsorption may have reduced the feedback inhibition
caused by accumulation of secondary metabolites in the media, while the dual
effect of elicitation and cell permeabilization by chitosan may have released

370 
 
 

the intracellular (secreted) berberine and the polysaccharide arabinogalactan,

respectively. © 2005 American Chemical Society and American Institute of
Chemical Engineers.

Roozbeh, N., S. Rostami and F. Abdi (2016). "A review on herbal medicine with fertility
Page | 371 
and infertility characteristics in males." Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and
Infertility 19(13): 18-32.
Introduction: Male infertility is responsible for 30%-50% of infertility cases.
Male fertility mainly depends on sperm morphology, quality, motility, and
concentration, and abnormalities in any of these factors may result in male
infertility. There are different herbal medicine with fertility and infertility
characteristics in males throughout the world. The application of these plants
in male fertility is of great importance, so that numerous studies have
evaluated the effects of some of them. So, this study was performed with aim
to evaluate herbal medicine with characteristics of fertility enhancing and
infertility in males. Methods: To access the related articles, several databases
including PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Emro, WHO, IranMedex, SID,
and Google Scholar were used. To collect the needed information, the studies
were searched which contained the keywords of herbal medicine, male
fertility, infertility, Daucus carota, Dendrophthoe falcate, either alone or in
combination with other names of herbal medicine. The studies published
during 2000-2015 were included. Finally, 80 papers with the most relevant
topics were evaluated. Results: Based on the evaluated papers, Petroselinum
crispum, Allium sativum, Matricaria chemmomilla, Crocus sativus L., Fumaria
Parviflora, Origanum vulgarel L. spp. viride, and Daucus carota L. had male
fertility enhancing properties. In contrast, Curcurma Longa, Piper nigrum,
Achillea millefolium L., Capparis deciduas, Centella Asiatica, Allamanda
cathartica, Aegle marmelos, Tinospora cordifolia, Martynia annua, Anethum
graveolens, Mistletoe, Barleriaprionitis, and Abrus precatorius had male
antifertility characteristics. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicine with fertility
enhancing properties can be used as supplements or alternatives to fertility
chemical drugs in men. On the other hand, it is recommended that plants with
antifertility properties should be less used or be avoided by men with fertility
abnormalities. © 2016 - Journal Management System.

Rout, G. R. (2006). "Identification of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F. &

Thomas Using RAPD Markers." Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of
Biosciences 61(1-2): 118-122.
Identified germplasm is an important component for efficient and effective
management of plant genetic resources. Traditionally, plant identification has
relied on morphological characters like growth habit, floral morphology like
flower colour and other characteristics of the plant. Studies were undertaken
for identification and genetic variation within 15 clones of Tinospora cordifolia

371 
 
 

through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Analysis was

made using forty decamer primers. Out of them, 15 primers were selected and
used for identification and genetic relationships within 15 clones. A total of
138 distinct DNA fragments ranging from 0.2 to 3.2 kb were amplified using
15 selected random primers. The genetic similarity was evaluated on the basis
Page | 372 
of presence or absence of bands. The genetic distance was very close within
the clones. Thus, these RAPD markers have the potential for identification of
species and characterization of genetic variation within the population. This
study will be helpful to know the genetic background of the medicinal plants
with high commercial value, and also provides a major input into conservation
biology. © 1946–2014, Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. All rights
reserved.

Roy, I. and G. K. Saha (2014). Developmental stages of tetranychus ludeni zacher

(Acari: Tetranychidae) and brevipalpus eleoni pritchard and baker (Acari:
Tenuipalpidae) on new host plant. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animal Approaches,
Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: 123-128.
The present report represents new record of medicinal host plants Abutilon
indicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Tinospora cordifolia for Tetranychus ludeni
Zacher and medicinal host plant Ocimum gratissimum for Brevipalpus deleoni
Pritchard and Baker along with a note of their developmental stages at
laboratory condition. The mean duration of egg to adult period was 14.4±1.34
days in T. ludeni on Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill. In B. deleoni the
duration of egg to adult period was 21.3±0.67 on Ocimum gratissimum Linn.
© 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Roy, S., A. Tiwari and M. Roy (2003). "Studies on the efficacy of herbal Zycox alone
and in combination with ImmuPlus in caprine coccidiosis." Phytomedica 4: 29-33.
To evaluate the efficacy of herbal Zycox at two doses and Zycox alongwith
herbal ImmuPlus, 6 healthy and 18 coccidiosis positive goats of either sex and
nearly same age and body weight were selected. Group A with 6 healthy goats
was kept as healthy control. The coccidiosis positive goats were divided into
three groups (B,C and D), each group comprising of six goats. The goats of
group B were treated with Zycox 25mg/kg bwt, goats of group C were treated
with Zycox 50mg/kg bwt and goats of group D were treated with Zycox
50mg/kg bwt alongwith ImmuPlus 10 mg/kg bwt. The treatment schedule was
continued for twenty days by administering the products mixed with feed. The
clinical symptoms, oocysts count per gram of faeces (OPG), haemato-
biochemical profile were estimated on day 0,3,7,14 & 21. Body weight was
taken on day 0 and day 21. The gradual reduction was observed in OPG from
the average of 3500 on day 0 which was fully controlled by day 14. On the
basis of clinical recovery, OPG count and restoration of haemato-biochemical
proffle; herbal Zycox was found very effective, however the combination of

372 
 
 

Zycox and ImmuPlus was found to be better. Very encouraging results for
weight gain (+12.5% and +18.8%) were observed with two different dosage of
Zycox in coccidiosis infected goats even in comparison to weight gain in non-
infected healthy control group, while much higher weight gain (+50%) was
observed in Zycox + ImmuPlus group.
Page | 373 

Sabde, S., H. S. Bodiwala, A. Karmase, P. J. Deshpande, A. Kaur, N. Ahmed, S. K.

Chauthe, K. G. Brahmbhatt, R. U. Phadke, D. Mitra, K. K. Bhutani and I. P. Singh (2011).
"Anti-HIV activity of Indian medicinal plants." Journal of Natural Medicines 65(3-4):
662-669.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients face great socio-economic
difficulties in obtaining treatment. There is an urgent need for new, safe, and
cheap anti-HIV agents. Traditional medicinal plants are a valuable source of
novel anti-HIV agents and may offer alternatives to expensive medicines in
future. Various medicinal plants or plant-derived natural products have shown
strong anti-HIV activity and are under various stages of clinical development
in different parts of the world. The present study was directed towards
assessment of anti-HIV activity of various extracts prepared from Indian
medicinal plants. The plants were chosen on the basis of similarity of chemical
constituents with reported anti-HIV compounds or on the basis of their
traditional usage as immunomodulators. Different extracts were prepared by
Soxhlet extraction and liquid-liquid partitioning. Ninety-two extracts were
prepared from 23 plants. Anti-HIV activity was measured in a human CD4+ T-
cell line, CEM-GFP cells infected with HIV-1NL4.3. Nine extracts of 8 different
plants significantly reduced viral production in CEM-GFP cells infected with
HIV-1NL4.3. Aegle marmelos, Argemone mexicana, Asparagus racemosus,
Coleus forskohlii, and Rubia cordifolia demonstrated promising anti-HIV
potential and were investigated for their active principles. © 2011 The
Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy and Springer.

Sachdeva, H. and S. Kaur (2018). "Cisplatin along with herbal drug treatment reduces
the percentage of regulatory T cells and decreased the severity of experimental
visceral leishmaniasis." Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 51(4):
435-445.
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is the most alarming and devastating
amongst the various forms of leishmaniases. It is caused by Leishmania
donovani, an obligate intracellular parasite of macrophages that survives
through immunosuppression. Absence of T regulatory cells provides complete
clearance of the parasite. A few immunoprophylactics have been sought to
battle instinctive leishmaniasis, with fluctuating achievement. Our previous
studies have shown that treatment of L. donovani infected mice with cisplatin
along with herbal drugs resulted in decreased parasite load with heightened
delayed type hypersensitivity responses (DTH), increased levels of IgG2a, IFN-γ

373 
 
 

IL-2, CD4+ cells, NK 1.1 cells over that of IgG1, IL-4, 1L-10, CD8+ and CD19 in
infected mice. Methods: Along the above lines, the present study further
evaluated the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells and ultra
structural changes in kidney, liver and spleen. Cisplatin (5 mg/kg b.wt. daily for
5 days, i.p.) along with Tinospora cordifolia (100 mg/kg b.wt. daily for 15 days,
Page | 374 
p.o.) or Withania somnifera (350 mg/kg b.wt. daily for 15 days, p.o.) or
Asparagus racemosus (650 mg/kg b.wt. daily for 15 days, p.o.) was
administered to L. donovani infected BALB/c and after 30 days post treatment
mice were sacrificed. Results: The findings uncover a significant reduction in
parasite load coupled with decreased percentage of Treg cells and no
pathological changes at ultra structural level. Conclusion: In this manner,
results acquired recommend that the decrease in percentage of T reg cells
may further help the antileishmanial remedial impact of cisplatin alongside
natural medications. © 2017

Sachdeva, H., R. Sehgal and S. Kaur (2014). "Tinospora cordifolia as a protective and
immunomodulatory agent in combination with cisplatin against murine visceral
leishmaniasis." Experimental Parasitology 137(1): 53-65.
Administration of cisplatin (5. mg/kg b.wt. daily for 5. days, i.p.) reduced the
parasite load in L. donovani infected BALB/c mice but produced damage in
liver and kidney as manifested biochemically by an increase in serum
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (SGPT), serum urea, serum creatinine and various electrolytes
etc. These biochemical analyses were further supported by cisplatin induced
morphological changes in kidney, liver and spleen. To combat this pure herb,
T. cordifolia (100. mg/kg b.wt. for 15. days daily) was used in combination with
cisplatin in L. donovani infected BALB/c mice and it was found that all the
aforementioned changes were effectively attenuated by T. cordifolia when
administered in combination with cisplatin. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis
of lymphocyte surface markers of T cells (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), NK1.1 and
B cells (CD19) indicated prominent enhancement in proliferation and
differentiation of lymphocytes. T. cordifolia in combination with cisplatin
selectively induced Th1 type of immune response as depicted by enhanced
levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 whereas Th2 specific cytokines IL-4 and IL-10
observed a moderate decline. Confirmation of Th1 polarization was further
obtained from augmented levels of IgG2a over IgG1 and heightened DTH
(delayed type hypersensitivity) response. Thus, our results suggest that
treatment by T. cordifolia may be a critical remedy for the amelioration of
adverse effects of cisplatin. Thus, this might serve as a novel combination
against visceral leishmaniasis in future. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

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Sagar, S. M. (2010). "Can the therapeutic gain of radiotherapy be increased by

concurrent administration of Asian botanicals?" Integrative Cancer Therapies 9(1): 5-
13.
Therapeutic gain by radiotherapy can be achieved through improved
targeting, selectively sensitizing malignant cells, or protecting normal tissue.
Page | 375 
The majority of synthetic chemical radiation sensitizers and normal tissue
protectors have proved to be too toxic at effective clinical doses. However,
Asian botanicals (from both Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine) are being
evaluated for their ability to improve therapeutic gain through the modulation
of reactive oxygen species. An increase in the efficacy of radiotherapy on
tumor tissue allows a reduction in the dose applied to normal tissues. In
addition, some botanicals may selectively protect normal tissue or increase its
repair following radiation therapy. The results are promising enough to
consider clinical trials. © The Author(s) 2010.

Saha, S., G. Dhinsa, U. Ghoshal, A. N. F. Afzal Hussain, S. Nag and A. Garg (2019).
"Influence of plant extracts mixed with endodontic sealers on the growth of oral
pathogens in root canal: An in vitro study." Journal of the Indian Society of
Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 37(1): 39-45.
Introduction: Microbes are considered as the primary etiological agents in
endodontic diseases. Ways of reducing these agents are root canal
debridement and antibacterial filling materials. One of the factors in
determining the success of endodontic treatment previously was sealing root
canals with materials possessing potent bactericidal effect. Due to cytotoxic
reactions of sealers and their inability to eliminate bacteria completely from
dentinal tubules, trend to use natural plants extracts have been introduced.
Aim: To compare antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers added to herbal
extracts. Materials and Method: Three sealers mixed with three herbal extracts
were evaluated against seven strains of bacteria at various time intervals using
Agar Diffusion Test. The mean zones of inhibition were measured. Statistical
Analysis: All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 15 statistical
software version, Chicago. Intergroup comparison was evaluated using Kruskal
Walls test along with Mann Whitney U test. The Intragroup comparison was
evaluatd using Friedman test along with Wilcoxon test. Results: Statistically
significant zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed largest with
Zinc Oxide Eugenol based sealer when mixed with Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
followed in descending order by zinc oxide eugenol based sealer mixed with
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) and Mimusops elengi (Bakul) respectively.
Conclusion: Zinc Oxide Eugenol based sealer with herbal extracts produced
largest inhibitory zones followed in descending order by Resin based sealer
and Calcium hydroxide along with three herbal extracts respectively.

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Sahoo, N., N. C. Behura and J. Mishra (2001). "Effects of Immu-21 on certain blood
biochemicals, milk, colostrum, body weight gain and livability in goats." Phytomedica
2(1-2): 69-72.
Study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of Immu-21 (A herbal
immunomodulator manufactured by M/s Indian Herbs) in goats. Twenty-four
Page | 376 
healthy pregnant Black Bengal goats in the last month of the pregnancy were
randomly divided into two equal groups (Group I and II). The Immu-21 at the
dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight daily was given orally to does of Group I
for about one month before the expected date of kidding. All the kids
delivered from both the groups were subsequently divided into equal
numbers (Group IA, IB, IIA and IIB) consisting of six kids each. Kids of Group IA
and IIA were given Immu-21 at the same dose rate for first 10 days of every
month till 6 months of age. Haemato-biochemical values such as Hb, PCV,
Glucose, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Creatinine, Cholesterol, Urea, GOT,
GPT, LDH, ALP and Immunoglobulin were recorded both pre and post kidding
in does and during 1st, 3rd and 6th month of age in kids. Milk yield and its
composition (Protein, ash, SNF, fat, lactose and lactoglobulin) were recorded
at 15 days interval upto 60 days. Besides, body weight of kids were recorded
from birth upto 270 days of age at an interval of 15 days. Significantly higher
birth weight, increased concentration of protein in blood and immunoglobulin
in colostrum and absence of kid mortality were recorded in the pregnant does
and kids supplemented with Immu-21. Thus administration of Immu-21 during
later part of pregnancy as well as to the kids during growth period would be
considered much more beneficial than either stage alone.

Sahoo, N., P. Manchikanti and S. H. Dey (2011). "Herbal drug patenting in India: IP
potential." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(1): 289-297.
Ethnopharmacological Relevence: Herbal drugs are gaining worldwide
prominence due to their distinct advantages. Developing countries have
started exploring the ethnopharmacological approach of drug discovery and
have begun to file patents on herbal drugs. The expansion of R&D in Indian
herbal research organizations and presence of manufacturing units at non-
Indian sites is an indication of the capability to develop new products and
processes. The present study attempts to identify innovations in the Indian
herbal drug sector by analyzing the patenting trends in India, US and EU.
Methodology: Based on key word and IPC based search at the IPO, USPTO,
Esp@cenet and WIPO databases, patent applications and grant in herbal
drugs by Indian applicants/assignees was collected for the last ten years (from
1st January 2001 to 31st October 2010). From this collection patents related to
human therapeutic use only were selected. Analysis was performed to identify
filing trends, major applicants/assignees, disease area and major plant species
used for various treatments. Result: There is a gradual increase in patent filing
through the years. In India, individual inventors have maximum applications

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and grants. CSIR, among research organizations and Hindustan Unilever,

Avesthagen, Piramal Life Science, Sahajanand Biotech and Indus Biotech
among the companies have the maximum granted patents in India, US and EU
respectively. Diabetes, cancer and inflammatory disorders are the major areas
for patenting in India and abroad. Recent patents are on new herbal
Page | 377 
formulations for treatment of AIDS, hepatitis, skin disorders and
gastrointestinal disorders. Conclusion: A majority of the herbal patents
applications and grants in India are with individual inventors. Claim analysis
indicates that these patents include novel multi-herb compositions with
synergistic action. Indian research organizations are more active than
companies in filing for patents. CSIR has maximum numbers of applications
not only in India but also in the US and EU. Patents by research organizations
and herbal companies are on development of new processes for active
compound isolation and standardization of such components in addition to
new compositions for therapeutic use. Pharmaceutical companies such as
Ranbaxy, Lupin and Panacea Biotec are increasingly patenting on herbal
drugs. There is increased patenting activity related to diabetes, cancer,
cardiovascular diseases, asthma and arthritis in India and abroad. © 2011
Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved.

Sahu, C., P. K. Pandey, F. Khan and M. Pandey (2018). "Biosorptive removal of

cadmium by tinospora cordifolia (Wild giloy)." Water Environment Research 90(6):
554-562.
This research reports the efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia as a biosorbent for
removing cadmium ions from industrial effluents. The biosorption capacity
was found to be 38.91 mg Cd/g and 43.06 mg Cd/g, in batch and column
mode experiments, respectively. The work included uptake capacity, an
equilibrium study, and a column study at varying pH (1–9), contact time (5–
240 min), biosorbent dosages (1–8 g), and initial metal concentration (10–
1000 mg/L). Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to
study the dose–response behavior, and it was observed that the Freundlich
model provided the highest R2 value. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) analysis indicated the involvement of hydroxyl, alkane, anhydride,
halide, and amine functional groups. Multilayer adsorption as indicated by the
Freundlich adsorption model, and multifunctional group interaction as
identified in the FTIR analysis, explains the high adsorptive capacity. The
biomass was successfully applied for the removal of cadmium from industrial
effluents. Biosorbent also gave a higher removal percentage at a low pH value
(pH 2). The feasibility and viability of the biomass for technocommercial
utilization in effluent treatment appears high. Water Environ. Res., 90, 554
(2018). © 2018 Water Environment Federation. All rights reserved.

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Sahu, J., P. Sen, M. D. Choudhury, B. Dehury, M. Barooah, M. K. Modi and A. D.

Talukdar (2014). "Rediscovering medicinal plants' potential with OMICS:
Microsatellite survey in expressed sequence tags of eleven traditional plants with
potent antidiabetic properties." OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology 18(5): 298-
309.
Page | 378 
Herbal medicines and traditionally used medicinal plants present an untapped
potential for novel molecular target discovery using systems science and
OMICS biotechnology driven strategies. Since up to 40% of the world's poor
people have no access to government health services, traditional and folk
medicines are often the only therapeutics available to them. In this vein, North
East (NE) India is recognized for its rich bioresources. As part of the Indo-
Burma hotspot, it is regarded as an epicenter of biodiversity for several plants
having myriad traditional uses, including medicinal use. However, the
improvement of these valuable bioresources through molecular breeding
strategies, for example, using genic microsatellites or Simple Sequence
Repeats (SSRs) or Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)-derived SSRs has not been
fully utilized in large scale to date. In this study, we identified a total of 47,700
microsatellites from 109,609 ESTs of 11 medicinal plants (pineapple, papaya,
noyontara, bitter orange, bermuda brass, ratalu, barbados nut, mango,
mulberry, lotus, and guduchi) having proven antidiabetic properties. A total of
58,159 primer pairs were designed for the non-redundant 8060 SSR-positive
ESTs and putative functions were assigned to 4483 unique contigs. Among the
identified microsatellites, excluding mononucleotide repeats, di-
/trinucleotides are predominant, among which repeat motifs of AG/CT and
AAG/CTT were most abundant. Similarity search of SSR containing ESTs and
antidiabetic gene sequences revealed 11 microsatellites linked to antidiabetic
genes in five plants. GO term enrichment analysis revealed a total of 80
enriched GO terms widely distributed in 53 biological processes, 17 molecular
functions, and 10 cellular components associated with the 11 markers. The
present study therefore provides concrete insights into the frequency and
distribution of SSRs in important medicinal resources. The microsatellite
markers reported here markedly add to the genetic stock for cross
transferability in these plants and the literature on biomarkers and novel drug
discovery for common chronic diseases such as diabetes. © Copyright 2014,
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014.

Sahu, R., T. Ahmed, R. Sangana, R. Punde and B. B. Subudhi (2018). "Effect of

Tinospora cordifolia aqua-alcoholic extract on pharmacokinetic of Glibenclamide in
rat: An herb-drug interaction study." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Analysis 151: 310-316.
Tinospora cordifolia (TC) has been used as a complimentary/alternative
medicine against diabetes. Considering its potential to modulate metabolic
enzymes, Tinospora cordifolia extract (TCE) may influence the metabolism of

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the antidiabeic drug Glibenclamide following co-administration. Accordingly,

this work was undertaken to evaluate impact of TCE on fate of Glibenclamide.
Activity of clinically important Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes were inhibited in
the order of CYP2C9 &gt; CYP2D6 &gt; CYP2C19 &gt; CYP1A2 &gt; CYP3A4.
Formations of metabolites were inhibited with increasing concentration of TCE
Page | 379 
in both rat and human liver microsomes. TCE was co- administered in three
different groups (0, 100 and 400 mg/kg) with Glibenclamide at 1 mg/kg dose
to observe the alteration in pharmacokinetic parameters of Glibenclamide. The
rats were pretreated with 0 (vehicle), 100 and 400 mg/kg dose of TCE b.i.d for
14 days and on the 14th day all three groups were administered with 1 mg/kg
Glibenclamide. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed based on plasma
concentrations of Glibenclamide from all the groups by LC–HRMS methods
using Glipizide as an internal standard. At 400 mg/kg dose, a marked increase
in the bio availability of Glibenclamide was observed with a significant delay of
Tmax and suppression of clearance. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Sahu, R. K., A. Singh, R. Gupta, A. Roy and J. Dwivedi (2012). "Development and
evaluation of antipyretic and antinociceptive activity of polyherba formulation
containing some indigenous medicinal plants." International Journal of
Pharmacology 8(4): 271-276.
In the present study, it was envisaged to prepare three polyherbal
formulations (F 1 F 2 and F 3 ) containing leaves of Solanum xanthocarpum
and Andrographis paniculata, rhizomes of Curcuma longa and stem of
Tinospora cordifolia in varying ratio and evaluating the polyherbal
formulations for the antipyretic and antinociceptive activities. The antipyretic
activity of methanol extracts (MF 1 MF 2 and MF 3 ) and aqueous extracts (AF
1 AF 2 and AF 3 ) of polyherbal formulation were studied in Brewer's yeast
induced pyrexia in mice. The antinociceptive activity of methanol and aqueous
extracts of polyherbal formulation were studied using Eddy's hot plate
method and tail flick method in mice. The polyherbal formulation of all
extracts showed significant reduction in the elevated body temperature of rat
which was compared with standard paracetamol. The extract of polyherbal
formulation produced significant increase in the reaction time by Eddy's hot
plate method and tail flick method in mice which was compared with standard
morphine sulphate. From these results it may be concluded that AF 1
formulation demonstrated maximum significant antipyretic and
antinociceptive activities that might be due to combined effect of active
constituents present in all plant material. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific
Information.

Sai, K. S. and N. Srividya (2002). "Blood glucose lowering effect of the leaves of
Tinospora cordifolia and Sauropus androgynus in diabetic subjects." Journal of
Natural Remedies 2(1): 28-32.

379 
 
 

Objective: To study the blood glucose lowering effect of the aqueous leaf
digest prepared from T. cordifolia and S. androgynus. Materials and methods:
The effect of the aqueous leaf digest (10g/200ml water) of the two
experimental plants on post-prandial blood glucose levels was determined
separately, in non-insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects using the
Page | 380 
method of glucose tolerance test (GTT). The effect was compared with the
glycemic response elicited by the control (glucose=50g) and the
hypoglycaemic activity was evaluated in terms of glycemic index (GI) score.
Results: The rise in the blood glucose levels of the subjects administered with
the experimental samples were lower than the levels observed after feeding
glucose control, with the glucose levels reverting back to fasting levels after 2
h. of administration in experimental groups. The GI scores of T. cordifolia
(GI=39) and S. androgynus (GI=55) were significantly lower than that of
glucose control (GI=100). Conclusion: T. cordifolia is found to exhibit a
significant ability to reduce blood sugar levels in human subjects. This
corroborates with the results of earlier animal studies and its use as an anti-
diabetic agent in ayurvedic medical system. The hypoglycaemic activity of S.
androgynus indicated in the present study warrants investigation into the
compounds/extracts with anti-diabetic activity.

Saikia, S., M. Bordoloi, R. Sarmah and B. Kolita (2019). "Antiviral compound screening,
peptide designing, and protein network construction of influenza a virus (strain
a/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1)." Drug Development Research 80(1): 106-124.
Plant-based antiviral therapy is the current need for holistic health care
management, which can be achieved through screening of phytochemicals
and designing of antiviral peptides. There exist certain host's factors which are
directly involved for rapid viral replication causing worldwide pandemic. A
total of 177 phytochemicals from Ocimum sanctum (L.), Tinospora cordifolia
(Thunb.) Miers, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Allium sativum (L.),
Curcuma longa (L.), and Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. were evaluated for their affinity
to all viral proteins of H1N1. Applying drug filters and keeping the threshold
of such filters relative to the standards, 82 compounds were found suitable for
further analysis. Consensus scoring system was used for screening top ligands
from 82 compounds, which screened the top 12 compounds. Highly
conserved regions (>80%) which were hydrophilic, flexible, antigenic, and also
charged were screened out as potent antiviral peptides. The viral proteins
were taken as the targets for the modeled peptides for protein–protein
docking. Further, host-pathogen interacting network was constructed to
unveil host factors involved in viral replication, from which unique protein
clusters representing their involvement in viral reproduction were selected
through mapping with pathway databases. Twelve compounds and five
peptides were found to be highly effective against all the proteins of H1N1.
Based on the uniqueness, 13 clusters of proteins were obtained which are

380 
 
 

engaged in cellular process, namely, viral reproduction, fructose-6-phosphate

metabolism, nitrogen compound metabolism, biosynthesis, cellular process,
oligodendrocyte development, localization, multiorganism process, primary
metabolism, response to unfolded protein, metabolism, and response to
protein and catabolism. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Page | 381 

Sakarkar, D. M., K. U. M. Sakarkar, K. N. M. Sakarkar, N. M. Mahajan and S. B. Jaiswal

(2006). "Biodiversity of indigenous herbal potential medicinal plants used by the
tribals for hair disorders and other diseases in Melghat forest of Amravati district,
India." Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences
8(3): 721-726.
The present study is an attempt to investigate the medicinal plants used for
hair disorders by tribal women community in Melghat forest of Amravati
district, India. The information was collected from tribal women and herbal
medicine used by them in hair disorders. To know the medicinal properties of
plants a discussion with a group of 6-7 females in the age group of 15-50
years and 6-7 male in the age group of 45-50 years were used for hair
disorders and for various diseases respectively. In all 56 plants species
belonging to 50 families of ethnomedicinal interest are recorded after critical
screening. © Global Science Publications.

Sakthi Priya, M., K. V. Venkateswaran and T. Vijayanand (2017). "Determination of

apoptosis by flow cytometric analysis in MCF-7 cells treated with Tinospora
Cordifolia." Indian Veterinary Journal 94(7): 73-75.
An in vitro study designed to study the effect of aqueous (TAE) and hydro-
alcoholic (THAE) extracts of Tinospora cordifolia at three different doses in
inducing apoptosis on human mammary tumor cell line MCF-7 was
determined by flow cytometry and the results revealed an increase in the
percentage of apoptotic cells in the plant extracts treated groups similar to
the positive control (Doxorubicin 2 μg/ml) group. Mean values of Live cell,
Apoptotic cell and Necrotic cell were compared between TAEand THAE
apoptosis induction level which suggest the potential of using these extracts
as anticancer agent against mammary tumour.

Salar, R. K. and A. Dhall (2010). "Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activity of
extracts of some indian medicinal plants." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(22):
2313-2320.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant potency of aqueous and organic solvent
extracts of five Indian medicinal plants (Prosopis cineraria, Capparis decidua,
Tinospora cordifolia, Carissa carandas and Cordia dichotoma) was
investigated. The acetone and ethanol extracts exhibited highest antimicrobial
activity (60 to 80% and 40 to 60%, respectively) against Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and

381 
 
 

Candida albicans. Acetone extracts showed inhibitory zones ranging from 11.2
- 19.8 mm whereas no inhibitory effect was observed for aqueous extracts.
During NBT assay of acetone and ethanol extracts of all the plants, maximum
antioxidant activity was noticed in C. carandas (63.5 and 61.0% for acetone
and ethanol extracts, respectively). The inhibitory potential when compared
Page | 382 
with known antioxidant (L-ascorbic acid), it was observed that IC 50 values of
acetone extracts of C. carandas and T. cordifolia (93 and 97 μg/ml) were very
close to L-ascorbic acid (81 μg/ml). The results suggest that C. carandas has
promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. © 2010 Academic Journals.

Samad, A., M. S. Shams, Z. Ullah, M. Wais, I. Nazish, Y. Sultana and M. Aqil (2009).
"Status of herbal medicines in the treatment of diabetes: A review." Current Diabetes
Reviews 5(2): 102-111.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by
hyperglycemia caused by defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin
action, or a combination of both. DM has reached epidemic proportions in the
US and more recently worldwide. The morbidity and mortality associated with
diabetes is anticipated to account for a substantial proportion of health care
expenditures. Although there are several drug treatments currently available,
the need for new herbal agents for treatment of diabetes are required. The
treatment goals for patients with diabetes have evolved significantly over the
last 80 years, from preventing imminent mortality, to alleviating symptoms, to
the now recognized objective of normalization or near normalization of
glucose levels with the intent of forestalling diabetic complications. The
present review stated several findings from an extensive literature search of
natural plants that have been assessed for the anti diabetic activity over past
80 years. An attempt has been made to summarize the information in order to
highlight those chemical entities and plant species which are of worthy for
further investigation as leads to the drug developments. Over 100 plant
species from wide range of families containing various chemical classes of
compounds have been cited here which are worthy for the researchers and
the industrialist concerned to diabetes. © 2009 Bentham Science Publishers
Ltd.

Samal, P. K., J. S. Dangi and K. P. Meena (2011). "Ethnopharmacological studies of

traditional hepatoprotective medicinal plants used by the tribals of Bilaspur districts."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 3(2): 1917-1987.
Plants play significant role not only in our economy but also used as
traditional medicines. Almost 75% of the medicinally important plant species
grow in wild condition. An ethno pharmacological survey was carried out to
collect information on the use of plants for curing hepatic disorders. The
majority of the remedies were prepared from freshly collected plant material
from the wild and from a single species only. They were mainly taken orally,

382 
 
 

but some applications were prepared with a mixture of plants or ingredients

such as honey, sugar, salt, ginger and pepper. A total of 45 hepato protective
ethnop harmacological plants species distributed in 32 families are
documented in this study. The medicinal plants used by tribals are listed with
botanical name, family, local name, parts used, mode of preparation and
Page | 383 
ethno pharmacological uses. Further studies on chemical and pharmacological
actions are suggested to validate the claims.

Samarakoon, S. M. S., H. M. Chandola and V. J. Shukla (2011). "Evaluation of

antioxidant potential of Amalakayas Rasayana: A polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation."
International Journal of Ayurveda Research 2(1): 23-28.
Amalakayas Rasayana (AR) is a polyherbal formulation mentioned in Ayurveda
to treat aging and age-associated diseases. Being an antiaging drug, AR may
have antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity to minimize free radical-
induced damage which is a key cause of aging. The methanolic extract of AR
was evaluated in vitro for total phenolic and tannin content, free radical
scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and reducing
power. The total phenolic content was measured using Folin-ciocalteu reagent
against gallic acid [relative standard deviation (R2 ) = 0.998]. Total tannin was
estimated using the Stephen method and was found to be 2.82% w/w. Free
radical scavenging activity was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl
assay and R2 was 1. Superoxide radical scavenging activity was done by
ethylene diamine tetra acetate and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium Chloride assays
against ascorbic acid and R2 was 0.976 (EC 50 = 77.5 g/ml). Ferrous reducing
power was evaluated by Oyaizu method where R2 was 0.986. All studies
showed that AR possesses antioxidant activity. The results of this study
suggest that the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of AR may
explain its rasayana effect and justify its use as a medicine for age associated
diseases.

Samuel Sudhakaran, D., P. Srirekha, L. D. Devasree, S. Premsingh and R. Dinakaran

Michael (2006). "Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract
in Oreochromis mossambicus." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44(9): 726-
732.
Immunostimulatory effect of leaf extract of T. cordifolia on (i) specific
immunity (antibody response), (ii) non-specific immunity (neutrophil activity)
and (iii) disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated in
O. mossambicus. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of the leaves were
used. Both ethanol and petroleum ether extracts administered at doses of 0.8,
8 or 80 mg/kg body weight, prolonged the peak primary antibody titres upto
one to three weeks. Ethanol extract at the dose of 8 mg/kg and petroleum
ether extract at the doses of 0.8 or 8 mg/kg enhanced the secondary antibody
response. All the doses of ethanol extract significantly enhanced neutrophil

383 
 
 

activity. Fish injected with petroleum ether or ethanol extract at a dose of 8

mg/kg were protected against experimental infection with virulent A.
hydrophila. The results indicates the potential of T. cordifolia leaf extracts for
use as an immunoprophylactic to prevent diseases in finfish aquaculture.

Page | 384 
Samy, R. P. (2005). "Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from India."
Fitoterapia 76(7-8): 697-699.
The results of a preliminary antimicrobial screening of the methanol extracts
of Zingiber officinale, Asteracantha longifolia, Citrus acida, Salacia
microsperma and Tinospora cordifolia are reported. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All
rights reserved.

Sanap, A., B. Chandravanshi, T. Shah, G. Tillu, A. Dhanushkodi, R. Bhonde and K. Joshi

(2017). "Herbal pre-conditioning induces proliferation and delays senescence in
Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 93:
772-778.
Background Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells which
are being explored for various clinical applications. Isolation and in-vitro
expansion of MSCs remain important in achieving desired cell number for the
therapy. However, in-vitro proliferation of MSCs is often associated with
senescence and early onset of apoptosis which limits its therapeutic ability
and long term clinical use. Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera are
used widely in Ayurveda: the traditional Indian system of medicine and are
reported to have rejuvenating and anti-aging potential. In the present study,
we investigated the effect of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera on
proliferation and senescence of wharton's jelly MSCs (WJMSCs) in-vitro.
Methods WJMSCs were treated in culture medium with Tinospora cordifolia
leaf and Withania somnifera root extracts to examine their effect on
proliferation and senescence properties of WJMSCs. Proliferation of WJMSCs
was assayed by cell count, MTT, BrdU incorporation assay, cell cycle analysis
and Ki67 mRNA expression. Senescence was demonstrated using β-
galactosidase senescence assay and associated mRNA markers. Results
Culture medium supplemented with Tinospora cordifolia leaf and Withania
somnifera root extracts exhibited significant increase in proliferation of
WJMSCs as evidenced by cell count and MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis using
propidium iodide showed increase in G2/M phase and decrease in apoptotic
cells. BrdU incorporation and upregulation of proliferation marker ki67 by RT
PCR showed increased DNA synthesis/proliferation in Tinospora cordifolia and
Withania somnifera extract treated MSCs. Delayed senescence was confirmed
by β-galactosidase senescence assay and down regulation of senescence
marker p21. Conclusion Our results demonstrate for the first time that
Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera extracts support proliferation and
inhibit senescence in WJMSCs making them suitable candidates as

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supplements for in-vitro expansion without affecting the cell viability

indicating its non-toxic nature. © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS

Sandhu, H. S. and J. S. Kaler (1978). "Rumalaya therapy in rheumatoid arthritis

osteoarthritis and periarthritis shoulder." Antiseptic 75(10): 631-636.
Page | 385 

Sane, R. T. (2002). "Standardization, quality control and GMP's for herbal drugs."
Indian Drugs 39(3): 184-190.

Sangeetha, M. K., H. R. Balaji Raghavendran, V. Gayathri and H. R. Vasanthi (2011).

"Tinospora cordifolia attenuates oxidative stress and distorted carbohydrate
metabolism in experimentally induced type 2 diabetes in rats." Journal of Natural
Medicines 65(3-4): 544-550.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting a vast number of people
worldwide. Oxidative stress is the causative agent amplifying diabetic
complications in various organs by generating noxious amount of free
radicals. A huge interest always exists in exploring nutraceuticals from plant
materials to replace synthetic drugs in order to overcome their adverse effects
and also for economic reasons. The anti-diabetic efficiency of a medicinal
plant, Tinospora cordifolia (TC) was studied in experimentally induced type 2
diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetes was induced by a combination of
high fat diet (HFD) for a period of 10 weeks followed by intraperitoneal
injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg of body weight). Oral treatment of
TC (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days regulated blood glucose,
provoked insulin secretion and also suppressed oxidative stress marker,
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), formation and restored
cellular defence anti-oxidant markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD),
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH), in liver. Treatment with
TC (100 and 200 mg/kg) also inhibited glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose
1,6-diphosphatase (p < 0.001); and restored glycogen content in liver (p <
0.005), which was also studied by histopathological staining with periodic
acid-Schiff stain. In conclusion, the traditional plant Tinospora cordifolia
mediates its anti-diabetic potential through mitigating oxidative stress,
promoting insulin secretion and also by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis, thereby regulating blood glucose. © 2011 The Japanese
Society of Pharmacognosy and Springer.

Sangeetha, M. K., C. D. M. Priya and H. R. Vasanthi (2013). "Anti-diabetic property of

Tinospora cordifolia and its active compound is mediated through the expression of
Glut-4 in L6 myotubes." Phytomedicine 20(3-4): 246-248.
Tinospora cordifolia is a well reported plant possessing numerous medicinal
values including anti-diabetic property. Aim of the present study is to study
the mechanism of action of Tinospora cordifolia and its active compound in

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differentiated myocytes, L6 cells. Key marker of diabetes in cells is the insulin

dependent glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) which also responds to exogenous
chemicals, and is over expressed up to 5- and 4-fold, by Tinospora cordifolia
and palmatine, respectively. Next to Glut-4, the predominant protein
influencing glucose metabolism is PPARα and γ whose expressions were also
Page | 386 
positively modulated. Further, the inhibitors of insulin pathway prevented
glucose uptake mediated by Tinospora cordifolia and palmatine which shows
that the activity is majorly mediated through insulin pathway. © 2012 Elsevier
GmbH.

Sankhala, L. N., S. K. Bhavsar, S. M. Tripathi and A. M. Thakar (2013). "Amilorative

effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract on acephate induced immunotoxicity in mice."
Veterinary Practitioner 14(1): 110-112.
Toxic effect of acephate on immune system and reversal of acephate induced
immunotoxicity by Tinospora cordifolia extract following oral administration in
mice were evaluated. The study was conducted on six to eight week old mice.
Mice were subjected to the low, medium and high dose of acephate alone or
in combination with aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem orally for 28
days. Haematological, serum biochemical and immunological parameters
evaluation were carried out after 28 days of treatment. There was a reduction
in the TLC, lymphocyte count, serum total protein, serum globulin, spleen to
body weight ratio and antibody titre against SRBC in mice that were given
different doses of acephate. Non significant reduction of these parameters
was observed in mice that received Tinospora cordifolia stem extract along
with acephate at different doses. These findings suggest amilorative effect of
Tinospora cordifolia stem extract on acephate induced immunotoxicity.

Sankhala, L. N., S. M. Tripathi, S. K. Bhavsar and A. M. Thakar (2012). "Evaluation of

effect of tinospora cordifolia extract on humoral and cell mediated immunity in
acephate intoxicated mice." Veterinary Practitioner 13(2): 168-171.
Present study was planned to investigate the effect of Tinospora cordifolia
extract on humoral and cell mediated immunity in acephate intoxicated mice.
A total number of 64 balb/c mice were exposed to different doses of acephate
either individually or in combination with Tinospora cordifolia stem extract
(100 mg/kg) once daily for 28 days. There was significant decrease in antibody
titre against SRBC in high dose acephate treated group (T3) as compared to
pesticide vehicle control group (C1). Mice given T. cordifolia along with
acephate at different doses have higher antibody titre against SRBC as
compared to only acephate treated mice. Significant increase in skin thickness
was observed in plant control group (C2) in comparison to pesticide vehicle
control group after 24 hrs of challenge whereas nonsignificant increase in skin
thickness was observed in animals that received T. cordifolia extract along with

386 
 
 

acephate in comparison to pesticide vehicle control group as well as only

acephate treated groups, respectively, after 24 and 48 hrs of challenge.

Sannegowda, K. M., S. H. Venkatesha and K. D. Moudgil (2015). "Tinospora cordifolia

inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation
Page | 387 
and bone damage." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology
28(4): 521-531.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic
inflammation of the joints leading to tissue damage. Despite the availability of
potent drugs including the biologics, many patients fail to respond to them,
whereas others suffer adverse effects following long-term use of these drugs.
Accordingly, the use of natural herbal products by RA patients has been
increasing over the years. However, limited information about the mechanism
of action of these natural products is a major shortcoming that prevents the
widespread acceptance of herbal therapy by professionals and patients alike.
In this study, we demonstrated the anti-arthritic activity of Tinospora cordifolia
extract (TCE) using the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model of human RA and
elaborated the immune mechanisms underlying this effect. TCE treatment
suppressed arthritic inflammation and bone and cartilage damage. The anti-
inflammatory effect of TCE was mediated via reduction of the pro-
inflammatory cytokines such as: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17; the frequency of
IL-17-producing T cells; and the production of chemokines such as RANTES.
Furthermore, TCE treatment limited bone damage by shifting the balance of
mediators of bone remodeling (e.g., receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB
ligand [RANKL] and MMP-9) in favor of anti-osteoclastic activity. Our results
suggest that TCE and its bioactive components should be evaluated for their
utility as therapeutic adjuncts to conventional drugs against RA. © SAGE
Publications.

Santhosh Kumar, J. U., V. Krishna, G. S. Seethapathy, R. Ganesan, G. Ravikanth and R.

U. Shaanker (2018). "Assessment of adulteration in raw herbal trade of important
medicinal plants of India using DNA barcoding." 3 Biotech 8(3).
A number of studies have shown that there could be widespread substitution
and/or adulteration (hereafter referred to as substitution) in raw herbal trade
of medicinal plants. Substitution could potentially endanger the health and
safety of the consumers. In this study, the extent of adulteration in raw herbal
trade of 30 important medicinal plants in South India was analyzed. Biological
reference material (BRM) consisting of taxonomically authenticated samples of
each of the 30 species along with 14 other co-occurring and congeneric allied
species that are likely to be used in adulteration was established. DNA
barcode signatures of 124 BRM using two candidate regions, nr-ITS and psbA-
trnH were identified. A total of 203 herbal trade samples representing the 30
medicinal plant species were collected from 34 locations in South India. Using

387 
 
 

the DNA barcode sequences of the BRM as reference, the analysis indicated
that the substitution ranged from 20 to 100%. Overall, approximately 12% of
the market samples were adulterated. Considering the potential health hazard
that such adulteration can cause, the need for a national regulatory framework
that can authenticate and regulate raw herbal trade in the country is
Page | 388 
discussed. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Sanyal, B., S. Chatterjee, P. S. Variyar and A. Sharma (2012). "Application of EPR

Spectroscopy to Identify Irradiated Indian Medicinal Plant Products." Journal of Food
Science 77(6): C710-C718.
A study of gamma-irradiated Indian medicinal plant products was carried out
using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Improved
approaches like high-power measurement, microwave saturation, and thermal
behavior of the radicals were explored for detection of irradiation.
Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), vairi (Salacia reticulata), amla (Emblica
officinalis), haldi (Curcumin longa), and guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)
exhibited a weak singlet at g= 2.005 before irradiation. Aswagandha,
immediately after radiation treatment, revealed a complex EPR spectrum
characterized by EPR spectrum simulation technique as superposition of 3
paramagnetic centers. One group of signal with organic origin was
carbohydrate and cellulose radical and the other was isotropic signal of
inorganic origin (g ⊥= 2.0044 and g∥= 1.9980). However, other products did
not exhibit any radiation-specific signal after irradiation. Power saturation and
thermal behavior techniques were not suitable for these products. However,
amongst all the 3 approaches, high-power measurement of EPR spectra
emerged as a suitable technique in identification of the irradiated
aswagandha. © 2012 Institute of Food Technologists ®.

Sao, K., M. Pandey, P. K. Pandey and F. Khan (2017). "Highly efficient biosorptive
removal of lead from industrial effluent." Environmental Science and Pollution
Research 24(22): 18410-18420.
This study has been focused on the efficient removal of Pb (II) from
contaminated waters by biosorption using plant derived material. Accordingly
an indigenous shrub, Tinospora cordifolia has been identified as the most
suitable biosorbent. The plant biomass was subjected to optimization of
various parameters such as the pH, equilibrium time, dosage, concentration,
temperature and the applicable adsorption models. The optimum pH
identified was 4.0 with a contact time of 60 min at room temperature
(27 ± 2 °C). The experimental data fitted well to adsorption isotherms and the
uptake capacity of Pb (II) was found to be 20.83 and 63.77 mg/g in batch
mode and column mode, respectively. The high correlation factors obtained
for Langmuir and Freundlich models indicated that both models were obeyed
by the system. Kinetic study for adsorption of Pb (II) follow only pseudo

388 
 
 

second order rate of reaction. The accumulation of lead in biomass was

confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The FTIR
analysis indicated the involvement of hydroxyl (−OH), alkenes (=CH) and
carbonyl group (C = O) chelates in metal binding. The SEM and EDX analysis
Page | 389 
showed the structural changes and the filling of voids in the biomass thus, it
indicated the metal-binding mechanism. In elution studies, the 0.1 M Na2CO3
was found to be the best with about 71% elution of the adsorbed metal. The
biomass was then used for the removal of Pb (II) in synthetic and real
wastewater samples from a lead-acid battery industry. It is also noteworthy
that even at a very high concentration of 450 mg/L, the biomass was showing
about 92% removal. The result is to establish the efficacy of T. cordifolia as a
very good bioadsorbent for the Pb (II) removal from contaminated water. ©
2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Sarala, M., V. Velu, C. Anandharamakrishnan and R. P. Singh (2012). "Spray drying of

Tinospora cordifolia leaf and stem extract and evaluation of antioxidant activity."
Journal of Food Science and Technology 49(1): 119-122.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is widely used in folk medicine/ ayurvedic
system of medicine, also in ayurvedic 'Rasayanas' to improve the immune
system and used as general tonic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic,
antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-diabetic agent. Numerous studies
have been reported on the health benefits of individual parts or whole
Guduchi plant. However, most of the work has focused on the extracts of T.
cordifolia. In this study, T. cordifolia leaf and stem extract powders were
prepared using spray drying at 90 °C outlet temperature of the spray dryer.
The powder morphology has also been studied by scanning electron
microscopy. The antioxidant activity was followed by DPPH method. The leaf
extract powder showed higher retention of antioxidant activity than stem
extract powder. © 2011 Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).

Saran, P. L., R. Patel, R. P. Meena, K. A. Kalariya and R. Choudhary (2019). "Mini cutting
technique: An easy and cost-effective way of Tinospora cordifolia multiplication."
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89(2): 206-209.
The experiment was carried out to determine the commercially viable
technique for multiplication of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F
and Thoms (giloy). In the open field condition using the variable numbers of
nodes per cutting were investigated and observed that three and four nodes
cuttings were significantly superior in growth and survival parameters but
involved more planting/stock materials. Therefore, to reduce the planting
stocks, cuttings with one node with and without stem part were evaluated.
Single bud cuttings with both side wood (stem part) showed significantly
higher growth and survival percent in comparison to only bud without stem

389 
 
 

portion and bud with one side stem wood. Among all the tested technique,
four buds’ technique was nearly found superior in growth parameters but not
significant with three buds, which was proven for higher survival percent.
However, single bud cutting technique involved minimum cost and
economically proven superior for one-ha plantation as compare to available
Page | 390 
traditional techniques. The present study indicated that for T. cordifolia, mini
cuttings (bud with both side stem wood) techniques is the best propagation
method for commercial multiplication. © 2019 Indian Council of Agricultural
Research. All Rights Reserved.

Sarangi, M. K. and S. Padhi (2014). "Plants with potential anticancer activities - a

review." International Journal of Phytomedicine 6(1): 1-15.
This article has been made to review some medicinal plants used for the
treating cancer disease. The plant sources of India are likely to provide
effective anticancer agents. Herbs have a vital role in the prevention and
treatment of cancer. Examples are provided in this review of promising
bioactive compounds obtained from various plants with medicinal and other
therapeutic uses. The photochemical exploration of these herbs has
contributed to some extent in this race for the discovery of new anticancer
drugs. In recent years owing to the fear of side effects people prefer to use of
natural plant products for cancer treatment. This review also helps to
summarize the diverse methodologies and various ways to evaluate the
potential natural compounds having anticancer activity. Although drug
discovery from medicinal plants continues to provide an important source of
new drug leads, numerous challenges are encountered including the
procurement of plant materials and their selection. © 2014, Advanced
Research Journals. All rights reserved.

Saraswat, P. K. and R. Gangil (1984). "Septilin in dermatological disorders." Indian

Medical Gazette 118(5): 152-154.

Saravanan, R. and L. Pari (2005). "Antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of

Diasulin, a polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats." BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5.
Background: This study was undertaken too investigation the effect of
Diasulin, a poly herbal drug composed of ethanolic extract of ten medicinal
plants on blood glucose, plasma insulin, tissue lipid profile, and
lipidperoxidation in alloxan induced diabetes. Methods: Ethanolic extract of
Diasulin a, poly herbal drug was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight)
for 30 days. The different doses of Diasulin on blood glucose and plasma
insulin in diabetic rats were studied and the levels of lipid peroxides [TBARS,
and Hydroperoxide] and tissue lipids [cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipides
and free fatty acids] were also estimated in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The

390 
 
 

effects were compared with glibenclamide. Result: Treatment with Diasulin

and glibenclamide resulted in a significant reduction of blood glucose and
increase in plasma insulin. Diasulin also resulted in a significant decrease in
tissue lipids and lipid peroxide formation. The effect produced by Diasulin was
comparable with that of glibenclamide. Conclusion: The decreased lipid
Page | 391 
peroxides and tissue lipids clearly showed the antihyperlipidemic and
antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin apart from its antidiabetic effect. © 2005
Saravanan and Pari; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Sarkar, R. and N. Mandal (2011). "In vitro cytotoxic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of
medicinal plants on Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma (EAC)." International Journal of
Phytomedicine 3(3).
Context and Purpose: Cancer continues to represent the largest cause of
mortality in the world and claims over 6 million lives each year. An extremely
promising strategy for cancer prevention today is chemoprevention, which is
defined as the use of synthetic or natural agents (alone or in combination) to
block the development of cancer in human beings. Plants, vegetables, herbs
and spices used in folk and traditional medicine have been accepted currently
as one of the main sources of cancer chemopreventive drug discovery Main
findings: Hydroalcoholic extracts of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica,
Emblica officinalis, Caesalpinia crista, Cajanus cajan, and Tinospora cordifolia
are found to be variably and selectively cytotoxic to normal and EAC cells.
Brief Summary: Hydroalcoholic extracts of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia
belerica, Emblica officinalis, Caesalpinia crista, Cajanus cajan, and Tinospora
cordifolia which have been found to be possible natural antioxidant are
evaluated for their selective cytotoxic effect on murine tumor cell Ehrlich's
Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) and normal spleenocyte cell. The extracts were
subjected to cytotoxicity test by the tetrazolium cell proliferation reagent
(WST-1) assay in vitro. The results showed that the plant extracts were
invariably non toxic for the normal spleenocyte cell, whereas they showed
toxicity for EAC cells in different degree. The cell cycle analysis for the EAC
cells treated with the extracts of the aforesaid plants showed a variable, yet
dose-dependent increasing percentage of apoptosis. Potential Implications:
The results signify that the plants which have antioxidant property may
function as cytotoxic agent for cancer cell.

Sarkar, R. and N. Mandal (2012). "Hydroalcoholic extracts of Indian medicinal plants

can help in amelioration from oxidative stress through antioxidant properties."
Journal of complementary & integrative medicine 9.
The in vitro study of the antioxidant properties of the hydroalcoholic extracts
of various Indian medicinal plants can logically help to develop a better and
safer way of amelioration from oxidative stress. As aimed, the present study
has been done to estimate and thereby conclude regarding the antioxidant

391 
 
 

activities of a few Indian medicinal plants, viz., Terminalia chebula, Terminalia

belerica, Emblica officinalis, Caesalpinia crista, Cajanus cajan, and Tinospora
cordifolia. The extracts of the plants have been subjected to the evaluation of
antioxidant properties through scavenging assays for reactive oxygen species
like superoxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, singlet oxygen,
Page | 392 
etc. and measurement of TEAC values and other phytochemical parameters.
The phenolic and flavonoid contents of each plant have been found to be
correlated to their individual antioxidant activity. The results showed the
hydroalcoholic extracts of the plants were efficient indicators of their
antioxidant capacity thus concreting their basis to be used as natural
antioxidant.

Sarkar, R. and N. Mandal (2012). "Study of iron chelating and dna protective activities
in hydroalcoholic extract of Indian medicinal plants." International Journal of Pharma
and Bio Sciences 3(4): 282-291.
The study evaluated the in vitro iron chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibitory
and DNA protective activities of hydroalcoholic (60% ethanolic) extracts of
various plant parts of Terminalia chebula, Caesalpinia crista, Cajanus cajan,
Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis, and Tinospora cordifolia. The iron
chelating property of the plants is in accordance with the order of their IC50
values following the trend T. chebula > T. belerica > E. officinalis > C. cajan >
T. cordifolia > C. crista. The inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation of the plant
extracts followed the order T. belerica > E. officinalis > T. chebula > C. cajan >
T. cordifolia > C. crista. All the plants showed reasonable DNA protective
ability in the order T. chebula > E. officinalis > T. belerica > C. crista > C. cajan
> T. cordifolia. These results furthermore strengthen the antioxidant potential
of the plants, through their iron chelating abilities.

Sarkhel, S. (2014). "Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of

snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal." Asian Pacific Journal of
Tropical Biomedicine 4(5): 416-420.
Objective: To investigate and collect information from traditional health
healers/tribal communities on the use of medicinal plants for treatment of
snakebite. Methods: The ethno-medicinal study was conducted in 8 villages of
the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal in 2012-2013 through
questionnaire and personal interviews. Following the method of Martin,
information about medicinal plants used in snake bite, precise plant parts
used, methods of treatment and administration was enquired from the tribal
communities (Santhals, Mundas, Lodhas, Bhumijs, Oraon Kherias) of the
region. Results: The present study enumerates 20 ethnomedicinal plant
species belonging to 16 families used by the tribal communities and medicinal
healers of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal in treatment of snakebite.
Each plant species has been listed alphabetically according to its botanical

392 
 
 

name, family, vernacular name, part(s) used, mode of

preparation/administration. Conclusions: The importance of traditional
medicinal system among the tribal communities of Paschim Medinipur district
of West Bengal has been highlighted in the present study. © 2014 by the
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.
Page | 393 

Sarma, D. N. K. and R. L. Khosa (1993). "Chemistry and pharmacology of tinospora

cordifoliamiers." Indian Drugs 30(11): 549-554.

Sarma, D. N. K., R. L. Khosa, J. P. N. Chansauria and A. K. Ray (1995). "Effect of

Tinospora cordifolia on brain neurotransmitters in stressed rats." Fitoterapia 66(5):
421-422.
The alcoholic extract of the roots of T. cordifolia was investigated for its effect
on brain amine levels in stressed rats. It was found to possess normalising
activity against stress induced changes in norepinephrine (NE), dopamine
(DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIA)
levels.

Sarma, D. N. K., R. L. Khosa, J. P. N. Chansauria and M. Sahai (1995). "Antiulcer activity

of Tinospora cordifolia Miers and Centella asiatica linn extracts." Phytotherapy
Research 9(8): 589-590.
The ethanol extracts of the roots of T. cordifolia Miers and C. asiatica Linn
were observed to induce a marked protective action against an 8 h restraint
stress induced ulcerization, the activity being comparable to that of diazepam.
Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sarma, D. N. K., R. L. Khosa, J. P. N. Chansauria and M. Sahai (1996). "Antistress

activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Centella asiatica extracts." Phytotherapy Research
10(2): 181-183.
Tinospora cordifolia Miers. and Centella asiatica Linn. were screened for their
putative antistress activity in a battery of experiments, Ethanol extracts of both
drugs at 100 mg/kg exhibited significant antistress activity in all the
parameters studied, compared with diazepam at 2.5 mg/kg.

Sarma, D. N. K., R. L. Khosa and M. Sahai (1995). "Isolation of Jatrorrhizine from

Tinospora cordifolia roots." Planta Medica 61(1): 98-99.

Sarma, D. N. K., S. Koul and R. L. Khosa (2009). "Alkaloids from Tinospora cordifolia
miers." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1(1): 34-35.
The details of isolation and spectral analysis of the protoberberine alkaloids,
tetrahydropalmatin and jatrorrhizine, reported for the first time to occur in the
roots of Tinospora cordifolia by the authors, are described.

393 
 
 

Sarma, D. N. K., P. Padma and R. L. Khosa (1998). "Constituents of Tinospora

cordifolia root." Fitoterapia 69(6): 541-542.

Saroj, B. K., D. Mani and S. K. Mishra (2012). "Scientific validation of polyherbal

hepatoprotective formulation against paracetamol induced toxicity." Asian Pacific
Page | 394 
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2(3 SUPPL.): S1742-S1746.
Objective: This polyherbal formulation has been traditionally used in the
Indian system of medicine as a chief formulation for the treatment of hepatic
diseases as hepatoprotective. The aim of the study was to study
hepatoprotective activity which will be scientific validation of traditional
knowledge claimed about this polyherbal formulation. Methods:
Hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of paracetamol (300mg/kg) to
the animals. The levels of liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase,
Serum Bilirubin), lipid profiles (triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL), creatinine,
urea levels and histopathological parameters were measured in order to
evaluate hepatoprotective activity of polyherbal formulation. Results: The
polyherbal formulation produced a significant hepatoprotective activity of the
decoction of polyherbal formulation. The polyherbal formulation (PHF = 1)
shows good hepatoprotective activity by lowering the levels of SGOT, alkaline
phosphatase, bilirubin parameters (P<0.05), lipid profiles - cholesterol,
triglyceride, LDL and histopathological evaluations shows that PHF = 1 and
PHF = 3 formulations have significantly hepatoprotective activity (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The study validates that polyherbal formulation has a good
hepatoprotective activity. Further standardization processes may be
performed in order to make it a beneficial hepatoprotective formulation. ©
2012 Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedical Magazine.

Sasi, S. K. and S. Chitra (2012). "A validation of siddha basic principles using a
scientific parameter." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
4(SUPPL. 2): 7-8.
Siddha, a common sense science deals with the grossest to subtle aspects of
the body. Here Dhoshas, the functional intelligence within the body - mind
complex plays an indispensable part in disease determination. Any alterations
in the harmonious actions of these Dhoshas will terminate in disease. Every
Taste has relation with the three Dhoshas and herbs with meticulous taste
should be favored to tame a rouge Dhoshas and restore balance to the whole
body. The Three Herbs Tinospora cordifolia (Seenthil), Vetiveria zizanoides
(Veti Ver), Aerva lanata (sirukan peelai) were chosen based on their tastes and
has been scientifically reviewed with the previous Antimicrobial Activities
carried out for this herbs against E coli, since Ecoli is the common organism
that cause Urinary tract infection(UTI). This study has been done to justify
scientifically the precedence of Dhosha and Taste in the treatment of Urinary
tract Infection.

394 
 
 

Sathyanathan, T. J. (1985). "Effect of Mustong and sexual dysfunction in male

diabetes." Indian Medical Gazette 119(6): 196-197.

Satija, S., P. Bansal, H. Dureja and M. Garg (2015). "Microwave assisted extraction of
Page | 395 
Tinospora cordifolia and optimization through central composite design." Journal of
Biological Sciences 15(3): 106-115.
Present study was conducted to develop a new optimized Microwave-
Assisted Extraction (MAE) method for Tinospora cordifolia in order to improve
the efficiency and yield of chief bioactive compounds. Stems of the Tinospora
cordifolia were subjected for extraction using MAE technique using three
variable factors (extraction time, irradiation power and solvent concentration)
optimized through central composite design. Berberine which was used, as
marker was estimated in prepared extract by High Performance Thin Layer
Chromatography (HPTLC) and compared with extracts prepared by
conventional techniques like maceration and soxhlation. The results revealed
that MAE of Tinospora cordifolia at 60% irradiation power, 80% ethanol
concentration and at 3 min extraction time produced highest extract yield
(91.3% better yield than maceration and 25.7% than soxhlation) as well as
berberine content (492.8% better than maceration and 59.6% than soxhlation)
as compared to extracts prepared with conventional techniques. Efficiency of
the MAE method was considerably better than the conventional procedures,
especially in terms of shortening extraction time (3 min as compared to 3 h for
soxhlation and 7 days fort maceration), reduction of solvent used and energy
consumption. The optimized microwave extraction method can provide a
valuable extraction alternative of Tinospora cordifolia stem at industrial scale.
© 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Satija, S., S. Malik and M. Garg (2016). "Development of a new, rapid, and sensitive
validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the estimation
of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern
TLC 29(3): 209-215.
A straightforward, delicate, and fast elite thin-layer chromatographic system
(high-performance thin-layer chromatography [HPTLC]) has been produced
and validated for the quantitative determination of berberine in Tinospora
cordifolia. The chromatographic development was completed on HPTLC plates
precoated with silica gel 60 F254 utilizing a blend of methanol, acetic acid, and
water (8:1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. Detection was completed
densitometrically at 366 nm. The RF estimation of berberine was observed to
be 0.71 ± 0.02. The system was validated according to the International
Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines regarding linearity, precision,
accuracy, robustness, and so forth. The calibration curve was observed to be
straight over a scope of 120-360 ng spot-1 with a regression coefficient of

395 
 
 

0.971. The accuracy was observed to be as high as 98.56%, and the relative
standard deviation (% RSD) values for intra-day and between-day variations
were under 2%. The system showed high affectability and specificity. The
strategy is new, basic, and economical for the routine estimation of berberine
in T. cordifolia plant tests to help the commercial ventures and, in addition,
Page | 396 
scientists for their quick touchy determination of critical phytoconstituent
berberine, requiring little to no effort in routine examination. © Akadémiai
Kiadó.

Savrikar, S. S. and B. Ravishankar (2010). "Bhaishajya Kalpanaa - the ayurvedic

pharmaceutics - an overview." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and
Alternative Medicines 7(3): 174-184.
In Ayurvedic therapeutics, drug therapy is given prime importance. There is a
very well developed sub-discipline entirely devoted to drug formulations
known as "Bhaisajya Kalpanaa". Considering its importance, different aspects
of this discipline have been presented in this review to familiarize the readers,
especially those who have just started studying Ayurveda, with concept of
ayurvedic pharmaceutics. The Ayurvedic drug formulation is based on what is
known as "Pancavidha Kasaaya" concept. According to this concept there are
five basic forms of formulation known as 1- 'Swarasa' the expressed juice, 2-
'Kalka', a fine paste obtained by grinding fresh or wet grinding dried plant
material 3- 'Kwaatha', the decoction, 4- 'Sheeta' or 'Hima', the cold water
infusion and 5- 'Faanta', the hot water infusion. Different aspects of their
preparation and use have been discussed. Further from the above basic forms,
a number of other formulations are derived; a brief description of each of
them has been given along with brief outlines of drug formulations meant for
specific routes. The third part of the review is devoted to discussion of
influence of different factors on the expression of pharmacological activity.

Saxena, A. and N. K. Vikram (2004). "Role of Selected Indian Plants in Management of

Type 2 Diabetes: A Review." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
10(2): 369-378.
Type 2 diabetes has become a global epidemic. Modern medicines, despite
offering a variety of effective treatment options, can have several adverse
effects. Ayurveda, a science that uses herbal medicines extensively, originated
in India. Of considerable interest is the adoption of Ayurveda by the
mainstream medical system in some European countries (e.g., Hungary),
emphasizing this modality is increasing worldwide recognition. From ancient
times, some of these herbal preparations have been used in the treatment of
diabetes. This paper reviews the accumulated literature for 10 Indian herbs
that have antidiabetic activity and that have been scientifically tested. Few of
these herbs, such as Momordica charantia, Pterocarpus marsupium, and
Trigonella foenum greacum, have been reported to be beneficial for treating

396 
 
 

type 2 diabetes. Mechanisms such as the stimulating or regenerating effect on

beta cells or extrapancreatic effects are proposed for the hypoglycemic action
of these herbs.

Schneider, R. H., C. N. Alexander, J. W. Salerno, D. K. Robinson, Jr., J. Z. Fields and S. I.

Page | 397 
Nidich (2002). "Disease prevention and health promotion in the aging with a
traditional system of natural medicine: Maharishi Vedic Medicine." Journal of Aging
and Health 14(1): 57-78.
Objective: This review focuses on a comprehensive, sophisticated system of
natural medicine that appears to hold promise for prevention of chronic
diseases and disabilities, loss of independence, suffering, and health care costs
often associated with "usual" aging. Methods: The authors discuss the
negative impact of usual aging on our society, with its rapidly growing
percentage of elderly, and the challenge of promoting "successful aging."
Emphasis is given to research literature suggesting that Maharishi Vedic
Medicine (MVM) is particularly effective in retarding usual aging. Results:
Proposed mechanisms for the antiaging effects of MVM include reductions in
physiological and psychological stress and enhancement of homeostatic and
self-repair processes. Conclusions: The authors conclude that this set of
innovative strategies may help society achieve recommended health
objectives for disease prevention and health promotion in older adults and
that widespread implementation of this self-empowering, prevention-oriented
approach in the elderly is feasible, cost effective, and timely.

Seidlova-Wuttke, D., D. Christel, P. Kapur, B. T. Nguyen, H. Jarry and W. Wuttke

(2010). "β-Ecdysone has bone protective but no estrogenic effects in ovariectomized
rats." Phytomedicine 17(11): 884-889.
Estrogens exert beneficial effects in the bone. Their chronic use however bares
several risks. Therefore intensive search for non-estrogenic, bone protective
compounds is going on. We observed that an extract of Tinospora cordifolia
has antiosteoporotic effects and identified 20-OH-Ecdysone (β-Ecdysone =
Ecd) as a possible candidate for this action. Ovariectomized (ovx) rats were
treated orally over 3 months with no Ecd (control) or 18, 57 or 121. mg
Ecd/day/animal. Estradiol-17β benzoate (E2) 159. μg/day/animal) fed animals
served as positive controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) of tibia was measured
by quantitative computer tomography, serum Osteocalcin and CrossLaps were
measured in a ligand binding assay. Utilizing an estrogen receptor (ER)
containing cytosolic extract of porcine uteri the capability of Ecd to bind to ER
was tested. Ecd did not bind to ER. BMD was reduced by more than 50% in
the control. In the Ecd animals BMD was dose dependently higher. Serum
CrossLaps was lower in the Ecd and E2 group while serum Osteocalcin levels
were decreased in the E2 but increased in the Ecd fed animals. Ecd has an

397 
 
 

antiosteoporotic effect which does not involve activation of ER. © 2010

Elsevier GmbH.

Selvaraj, B. and S. Periyasamy (2016). "Indian medicinal plants for diabetes: Text data
mining the literature of different electronic databases for future therapeutics."
Page | 398 
Biomedical Research (India) 2016(Special Issue 1): S430-S436.
Diabetes, a metabolic disorder, affects nearly 7% of world population and
predicted that it would be the seventh leading cause of death by the year of
2030. The prevalence and morbidity of diabetes are increasing rapidly because
of the lifestyle and diet changes occurring with urbanization. Medicinal plants
and their derivatives have been proven to be an effective and safe therapy
offering various benefits, for example, the moderate reduction in
hypoglycaemia, in the treatment and prevention of diabetes. However, the
identification of such valuable Indian medicinal plants for diabetes from
biomedical literature is not comprehensively explored. In this study, we have
investigated Indian medicinal plants for diabetes in the biomedical literature
using text data mining technique. We discovered a total of 203 Indian
medicinal plants for diabetes in 355 articles out of 15651 articles of text
corpus in the dataset. In addition, we analysed the importance of Indian
medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes by means of the frequency of
203 plants in 355 articles, which identified 22 antidiabetic Indian medicinal
plants that showed ≥ 9 frequencies. Momordica charantia, also known as
bitter melon, had the highest frequency (≥ 51 frequencies) among 203 Indian
plants, indicating that it is the most important Indian medicinal plant for the
treatment of diabetes. In addition, we compared the identified 203 plants with
previously reported database of anti-diabetic Indian medicinal plants, which
showed the identification of 100 new anti-diabetic Indian medicinal plants.
The results from this study could provide helpful information for future
experimental and clinical studies, and the development of future therapeutic
for diabetes. © 2016, Scientific Publishers of India. All rights reserved.

Selvaraj, R., N. Mahesh Kumar and D. Sivaraman (2015). "Arabinogalactan protein – A

potent immunostimulator." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research 7(4): 732-734.
For the past several years glycoproteins are the subject of interest for the
researches because of their abundant presence and diverse functions. Recent
researches reported glycoproteins with potential activities such as antiviral,
anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-complementary, anti-
coagulant, immunostimulatory, anti-ulcer activity etc. Arabinogalactan
proteins are group of polysaccharides found almost in all the plants. Many
researchers have reported that arabinogalactan protein with potent immune
stimulating ability. In recent years arabinogalactan protein is beginning to
gain interest as a carrier to deliver drugs. Beside this drug delivery they can

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also be used to enhance the drug solubility, enhance the drug stability, extend
duration of activity etc. This review covers only a small part of the activity of
arabinogalactan protein isolated from plants. It mainly focuses on the invivo
and invitro analysis that reveals the immunological activity of arabinogalactan
protein. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical
Page | 399 
Research. All Rights Reserved.

Selvaraj, S., P. R. Naik and V. R. Chandavar (2012). "Therapeutic efficacy of acidic and
neutral fractions of Tinospora cordifolia stem on diabetes induced animal model."
Drug Invention Today 4(12): 625-628.
The present investigation is aimed at bio-graded fractionation of Tinospora
cordifolia stem extract for screening antidiabetic activity in diabetic Wistar
rats. T. cordifolia stem was subjected for alcoholic fractions by standard
protocol. The Wistar rats were fasted overnight and diabetes was induced by a
single intra-peritoenal (i.p.) injection of a freshly prepared solution of
Streptozotocin (STZ)-55 mg/kg body weight in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5).
Rats whose serum glucose level measured in the range of = 287 mg/dl were
designated as diabetic and selected for experiment. Acidic fraction (F3) and
neutral fraction (F5) are orally fed to diabetes induced rats with two different
doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight during the tenure of the
experiment. Blood glucose, body weights were measured every week whereas
glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea, liver glycogen
and insulin were measured at the termination of the experiment. Though both
fractions showed significant hypoglycemic effect. F5 performed better and
demonstrated antidiabetic properties by enhancing insulin secretion. F3 and
F5 contained glycosides, flavones, and phenolic compounds of plant extract
which are the common compounds present in the both fractions. Hence it
may be concluded that active compounds for antidiabetic activity may be
present in these compounds.

Selvarajan, S., V. Gayathri Devi, A. John, J. Jeyakannan, D. Balakrishnan and N. Raaman

(2015). "Pharmacognostical studies of tinospora cordifolia (MIERS.) HK. F and TH.
(STEM)." International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 6(3): 7065-7077.
Tinospora cordifolia commonly known as Guduchi is used in traditional
systems of medicine for general debility, dyspepsia, fevers and urinary
diseases. The plant also possesses antiviral as well as antibacterial properties.
The present study provides a detailed pharmacognostic study based on its
physicochemical, macroscopic, microscopic and chromatographic features.
The physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, solubility in different
solvents, ash content, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, volatile oil, fibre
content etc. were determined by standard methods. Anatomical features of
the stems of Tinospora cordifolia were determined. For this the sample was
fixed in FAA, cast into paraffin blocks and sectioned with the help of Rotary

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Microtome. The stomata morphology, venation pattern and trichome

distribution were studied. Microscopic descriptions of tissues were
supplemented with micrographs wherever necessary. Photographs of different
magnifications were taken with Nikon Labphot 2 Microscopic Unit. Powder
microscopy was carried out using standard methods. HPTLC profile of the
Page | 400 
methanolic plant extract was carried out in short UV, long UV and using
anisaldehyde - sulphuric acid as detection reagent. The Rf values of the spots
developed were noted which is an important parameter for identification of
plant materials. The pharmacognostical parameters along with the HPTLC
profile may be utilized to identify the drug material and for laying down the
pharmacopoeial standards. © 2015 International Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology. All rights reserved.

Semalty, A., M. Semalty, V. S. Panda, K. H. Asrani and H. D. Ashar (2012). "Herbal

drugs in chronic fatigue syndrome: An overview." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur
GanzheitsMedizin 24(3): 155-168.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating and complex disorder
characterized by profound fatigue of 6 months or longer duration that is not
improved by bed rest and that may be worsened by physical or mental
activity. It is often age-related and may coexist with other diseases such as
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, cancer, HIV infection etc.
Persons with CFS most often function at a substantially lower level of activity
than they were capable of before the onset of illness. Modern medicine has
limited therapies and those offered by it have strong side-effects. On the
other hand, various traditional systems of medicine such as the Chinese herbal
system and Ayurveda offer several botanicals, especially the adaptogens,
which have been used to combat chronic fatigue effectively. Literature reports
a plethora of animal and clinical studies on the safety and efficacy of these
plant drugs. The present article extensively reviews CFS, its pathophysiology,
and its pharmacological treatment, with a special emphasis on herbal drugs
such as Cat's claw, Ginseng, caterpillar fungus, ashwagandha, Tulsi, jiaogulan
etc. The botanical therapies discussed here are very commonly used drugs
with profound data available on them. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Semwal, D. P., K. C. Bhatt, A. Mamgain, P. L. Uniyal and Y. M. Bahuguna (2013). "Role

of potential ethno-medicinal plants resources of Kalimath valley (District
Rudraprayag) Uttarakhand, India in health care." Medicinal Plants 5(4): 223-230.
The present communication deals with the documentation of traditional
medicines used by the local people/ Vaidyas inhabiting in Kalimath valley of
district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand. The local Vaidyas who are likely to
disappear from the society were approached to record such tresure of
traditional knowledge. A total of 75 ethnomedicinal plant species (belonging
to 37 families and 55 genera) including rare, endangered and threatened

400 
 
 

species are used by the native people for the treatment of over 25 ailments
ranging from headache to highly complicated heart problems. Among the
plant parts utilized in treatment of ailments, leaves (41.33%) were recorded as
most utilized plants parts followed by rhizome/root/tuber (38.66%), fruit/seed
(25.33%), and stem/bark (20%). As far as major part of plant species in the
Page | 401 
treatment of different ailments is concerned, 31 species have their role in the
treatment of stomach disorder, 19 species in fever and for injuries and wounds
18 species used by the local communites.

Sengupta, M., G. D. Sharma and B. Chakraborty (2011). "Effect of aqueous extract of

Tinospora cordifolia on functions of peritoneal macrophages isolated from
CCl4intoxicated male albino mice." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
11.
Background: The current practice of ingesting phytochemicals for supporting
the immune system or fighting infections is based on centuries-old tradition.
Macrophages are involved at all the stages of an immune response. The
present study focuses on the immunostimulant properties of Tinospora
cordifolia extract that are exerted on circulating macrophages isolated from
CCl4(0.5 ml/kg body weight) intoxicated male albino mice.Methods: Apart
from damaging the liver system, carbon tetrachloride also inhibits
macrophage functions thus, creating an immunocompromised state, as is
evident from the present study. Such cell functions include cell morphology,
adhesion property, phagocytosis, enzyme release (myeloperoxidase or MPO),
nitric oxide (NO) release, intracellular survival of ingested bacteria and DNA
fragmentation in peritoneal macrophages isolated from these
immunocompromised mice. T. cordifolia extract was tested for acute toxicity
at the given dose (150 mg/kg body weight) by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
assay.Results: The number of morphologically altered macrophages was
increased in mice exposed to CCl4. Administration of CCl4(i.p.) also reduced
the phagocytosis, cell adhesion, MPO release, NO release properties of
circulating macrophages of mice. The DNA fragmentation of peritoneal
macrophages was observed to be higher in CCl4intoxicated mice. The
bacterial killing capacity of peritoneal macrophages was also adversely
affected by CCl4.However oral administration of aqueous fraction of Tinospora
cordifolia stem parts at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight (in vivo) in
CCl4exposed mice ameliorated the effect of CCl4, as the percentage of
morphologically altered macrophages, phagocytosis activity, cell adhesion,
MPO release, NO release, DNA fragmentation and intracellular killing capacity
of CCl4intoxicated peritoneal macrophages came closer to those of the
control group. No acute toxicity was identified in oral administration of the
aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia at a dose of 150 mg/kg body
weight.Conclusion: From our findings it can be suggested that, polar fractions
of Tinospora cordifolia stem parts contain major bioactive compounds, which

401 
 
 

directly act on peritoneal macrophages and have been found to boost the
non-specific host defenses of the immune system. However, the molecular
mechanism of this activity of Tinospora cordifolia on immune functions needs
to be elucidated. © 2011 Sengupta et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Page | 402 
Sengupta, S., A. Mukherjee, R. Goswami and S. Basu (2009). "Hypoglycemic activity of
the antioxidant saponarin, characterized as α-glucosidase inhibitor present in
Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 24(3):
684-690.
Tinospora cordifolia, used in anti-diabetic herbal drug preparations, was
reported [12] to contain an α-glucosidase inhibitor, characterized as saponarin
(apigenin-6-C-glucosyl-7-O-glucoside). The leaf extract had appreciable
antioxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and contained the
flavonoid in the range of 32.1 ± 1.545.5 ± 3.5 mg/g of dry solid. Saponarin
showed mixed competitive inhibition on activities of α-glucosidase and
sucrase of different origins. IC50, Ki and ki′ values determined were 48 μM, 8
μM and 19.5 μM respectively for intestinal maltase and 35 μM, 6 μM and 13
μM respectively for intestinal sucrase. When given orally to maltose-fed rat,
saponarin showed hypoglycemic activity in the range of 2080 mg/kg
compared to 100200 mg/kg for acarbose as reported [27]. © 2009 Informa UK
Ltd.

Sengupta, S., S. Sengupta, A. Mukherjee and L. Ray (2013). "Tinospora cordifolia, a

novel source of extracellular disaccharidases, useful for human disaccharidase
deficiency therapy." Phytotherapy Research 27(5): 725-730.
Disaccharide intolerance is the inability to digest certain carbohydrates due to
a lack of one or more intestinal disaccharidases (e.g., lactase, maltase,
isomaltase and sucrase). Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal distention
and flatulence. Management of the disorder by external enzymes
supplementation has not yet been attempted. We report that the medicinal
plant Tinospora cordifolia contains substantial amounts of all disaccharidases
required for intestinal digestion of carbohydrates. The plant is also a rich
source of saccharifying amylase. We recovered (units/100 g fresh stem)
amylase: 49,000 + 500, maltase: 400 + 50, isomaltase: 130 + 50, sucrase: 4500
+ 500, acid lactase: 350 + 30, cellobiase: 35 + 10 and trehalase: 40 + 10 by
buffer extraction of the blended stem. Crude enzymes in the forms of stem
powder, lyophilized aqueous extract and ethanol precipitated protein were
found to be stable. Disaccharidases were optimally active at 50 0C in the pH
range of 4-5. Lactase was an acid lactase similar to the type linked with human
lactose intolerance. Enzymes were catalytically stable in the pH range of 2-7
and temperature range of up to 40 0C. T. cordifolia enzyme was non-toxic up
to a dose of 200 mg protein/kg body weight. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley
&amp; Sons, Ltd.

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Sengupta, T., J. Vinayagam, R. Singh, P. Jaisankar and K. P. Mohanakumar (2016).

Plant-derived natural products for parkinson’s disease therapy. Advances in
Neurobiology, Springer New York LLC. 12: 415-496.
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of
Page | 403 
neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson’s disease (PD), the
second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the
treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and
objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of
these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and
progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature,
sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or
biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants
derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis
underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12
Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived
molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or
biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal
models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural
products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular
degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped
to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all
cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal
or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly
warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported
effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to
traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD. ©
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.

Sereena, K. and A. B. Rema Shree (2011). "Anatomical and chemical marker based
standardization of source plants of amrita - An ayurvedic medicinal plant."
Phytomorphology: An International Journal of Plant Morphology 61(3-4): 125-134.
According to classical texts Amrita, is described as Chittamrita (Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thorns), the genuine source and Wild
amrita (Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.) as a substitute or adulterant. This
paper deals with the study of comparative morphological, anatomical,
histochemical and phytochemical studies on stem of T. cordifolia and T
sinensis. The present study reveals that there are similarities and differences in
all the aspects between T. cordifolia and T sinensis. Using these parameters it
is easy to identify the genuine and substitute raw drag of Amrita available
from different sources for the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines.

403 
 
 

Shah, P. A. and G. B. Shah (2015). "Uricosuric activity of Tinospora cordifolia."

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 10(4): 884-890.
Uricosuric activity of different extracts of Tinospora cordifolia was studied in
hyperuricemia induced in albino Wistar rat using potassium oxonate. The uric
acid level in serum and urine were measured. Uricosuric activity was also
Page | 404 
evaluated using phenol red dye excretion model. Phenol red levels were
measured in blood. In potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia, probenecid,
aqueous, hydro-alcoholic, dichloromethane extract and galo satwa (starch of
T. cordifolia) significantly lowered the serum uric acid levels. All the extracts
increased uric acid excretion and decreased the elevated serum uric acid levels
induced due to potassium oxonate. Probenecid, aqueous extract and galo
satwa significantly increased fractional excretion of uric acid and phenol red
levels in blood indicating uricosuria. Polysaccharides in aqueous extract and
galo satwa may be responsible for uricosuric action. © 2015, Bangladesh
Pharmacological Society. All rights reserved.

Shahidullah, M., M. Al-Mujahidee, S. M. Nasir Uddin, M. Shahadat Hossan, A. Hanif, S.

Bari and M. Rahmatullah (2009). "Medicinal plants of the Santal tribe residing in
Rajshahi district, Bangladesh." American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
3(2): 220-226.
The Santals form the largest tribal group living in several districts in northern
Bangladesh. They are the descendants of Austric-speaking Proto-Australoid
race. The Santals, particularly their traditional healers are well known for their
knowledge of medicinal plants, which they use to treat ailments of both
human and cattle. In fact, settlers residing in the region but belonging outside
the Santal tribe seek out Santal traditional healers to treat various ailments.
We undertook an ethnobotanical survey of the Santals living in Rajshahi
district, Bangladesh. Information was obtained on the medicinal plants,
ailments for which the plants were prescribed, formulations, and dosages.
Field trips were conducted in which the traditional healers pointed out the
plants and described their uses. Plants were photographed and identified at
the Bangladesh National Herbarium. Information was obtained on 26
medicinal plants distributed into 21 families. The plants (with ailments treated
given in parenthesis) include Achyranthes aspera (severe stomach pain,
excessive bleeding after menstruation), Aerva sanguinolenta (blood in urine),
Amaranthus viridis (snake bite), Crinum sp. (stomach pain), Centella asiatica
(lack of breast milk after childbirth), Asparagus racemosus (tuberculosis),
Capparis zeylanica (pain in hands or feet, paralysis), Cuscuta reflexa (excessive
bleeding after menstruation), Leucas aspera (headache), Litsea sp. (debility),
Abrus precatorius (tuberculosis, throat pain), Cajanus cajan (jaundice),
Dalbergia sissoo (diarrhea), Strychnos nux-vomica (paralysis, fever),
Dendrophthoe falcata (rheumatism), Hibiscus rosa sinensis (excessive loss of
weight in women), Marsilea quadrifolia (lack of breast milk after childbirth),

404 
 
 

Tinospora cordifolia (dripping of saliva from mouth, loss of movement of

tongue), Ficus benghalensis (excessive loss of weight in women), Polygonum
orientale (headache), Madhuca indica (debility, blood purifier), Scoparis dulcis
(blood dysentery), Datura metel (throat pain in children), Solanum virginianum
(tuberculosis), Vitex negundo (pain on one side of the forehead), and Cissus
Page | 405 
quadrangularis (bone fracture). © 2009, American Eurasian Network for
Scientific Information.

Shaikh, R., M. Pund, A. Dawane and S. Iliyas (2014). "Evaluation of anticancer,

antioxidant, and possible anti-inflammatory properties of selected medicinal plants
used in indian traditional medication." Journal of Traditional and Complementary
Medicine 4(4): 253-257.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the anticancer, antioxidant, and
possible anti-inflammatory properties of diverse medicinal plants frequently
used in Indian traditional medication. The selected botanicals such as Soymida
fembrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. (Miliaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
(Menispermaceae), Lavandula bipinnata (L.) O. Ktze. (Lamiaceae), and
Helicteres isora L. (Sterculiaceae) extracted in different solvents were evaluated
for their in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activities. The results obtained
indicate that H. isora has potent cytotoxic activity toward the selected cancer
cells such as HeLa-B75 (34.21 ± 0.24%), HL-60 (30.25 ± 1.36%), HEP-3B (25.36
± 1.78%), and PN-15 (29.21 ± 0.52%). Interestingly, the selected botanicals
selectively inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) more than (COX-1), which are
the key enzymes implicated in inflammation. COX-2 inhibition was observed
to be in the range of 19.66-49.52% as compared to COX-1 inhibition (3.93-
19.61%). The results of the antioxidant study revealed that the selected plants
were found to be effective 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl
(OH), and superoxide radical (SOR) scavenging agents. High-performance thin
layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint of flavonoids was used as a
measure of quality control of the selected plant samples. The results of the
present findings strengthen the potential of the selected plants as a resource
for the discovery of novel anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant
agents.

Shailaja, U., N. Rao Prasanna, G. R. Arun Raj and V. Mallannavar (2013). "Effect of
Kumarabharana rasa on chronic tonsillitis in children: A pilot clinical study."
International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 4(2): 153-157.
Objective of the study was to assess the effect of Kumarabharana Rasa in the
management of chronic tonsillitis (Tundikeri) in children. This study was pilot
clinical study with single arm with pre and post test design at outpatient level
in a tertiary Ayurveda hospital attached to teaching institute located in district
headquarters in Southern India. 16 patients of chronic tonsillitis satisfying
diagnostic criteria and age 5-10 years were selected from outpatient

405 
 
 

department of Kaumarbhritya, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College

of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan. Patients were treated with Kumarabharana
rasa (tablet form) in the dose of 500mg once daily for 30 days. The percentage
of relief in various assessment criteria were observed which are Kathina shotha
(enlargement of tonsils) (43.20%), Ragatwa (hyperemia) (48.83%), Galoparodha
Page | 406 
(dysphagia) (47.48%), Mukha daurgandhya (halitosis) (49.68%), Lasikagranthi
vriddhi (enlargement of lymph nodes) (37.72%) and Jwara (improvement in
fever) (85.71%). Kumarabharana Rasa is effective in reducing the signs and
symptoms of chronic tonsillitis.

Shakil, N. A. and D. B. Saxena (2006). "Isolation and structure of cordifolin, a novel

insecticidal oxygenated chalcone, from the stem of tinospora cordifolia miers."
Natural Product Communications 1(7): 553-556.
Cordifolin, a chalcone reported for the first time from a natural source, has
been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the woody stem of Giloe
(Tinospora cordifolia). The chemical structure was established as 1-(2', 3', 4'-
trihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4''-methoxyphenyl)-propen-1-one by spectroscopic
analysis. The compound exhibited good insect growth regulatory activity
against larvae of Spodoptera litura.

Shakya, P., V. Sharma, S. Rakesh and K. S. Misraulia (2010). "In vitro antibacterial
activities of cow urine along with withania somnifera and tinospora cordifolia." Indian
Veterinary Journal 87(9): 930-931.

Shamim, A., H. H. Siddiqui, T. Mahmood, P. Bagga and R. Kumar (2017). "A

comprehensive study on literature evidence, clinical studies and practices of herbal
drugs for diabetic neuropathy and cardiomyopathy." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical
and Clinical Research 10(9): 30-37.
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic disease that eventually advances to
a chronic stage and affects different vital organs by intensifying the underlying
pathological factors, and through the remodeling of the tissues by the
generation of reactive oxygen species leading to the development of
respective organ failure. Two such complications are painful neuropathy and
cardiomyopathy; both of which are common and progressive complications of
diabetes. The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include tingling, burning,
lancinating pain, hyperesthesia, and allodynia. The course of the disease
progression may vary from intermittent, mild symptoms to severe chronic, and
daily pain; which culminates into poor quality of life. Another complication of
diabetes mellitus, diabetic cardiomyopathy, is defined as a ventricular
dysfunction disorder that occurs in diabetic patients. The development of the
disease is characterized by a hidden subclinical period, during which cellular,
structural changes and abnormalities lead to diastolic dysfunction, followed by
systolic dysfunction, and terminating into heart failure. Left ventricular

406 
 
 

hypertrophy, metabolic abnormalities, extracellular matrix changes, small

vessel disease, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, insulin resistance, oxidative
stress, and apoptosis are the most important pathological advancements that
lead to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Various pharmaceutical agents from
different pharmacological categories have been proposed for the
Page | 407 
symptomatic treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy; however, it is a
herculean task to select a drug due to the wide range of choices and lack of
consistent guidelines for treatment. Similarly, treatment of cardiomyopathy is
based on the general therapeutic rules of management of heart failure and no
specifications have yet been addressed for this condition. Therefore, more
studies are required to improve our knowledge of these complex syndromes.
From this perspective, this review is designed to delineate a general overview
of neuropathy and cardiomyopathy, referring to the conventional therapies in
use and possible unconventional, natural, herbal, and safe treatments for both
the abovementioned complications of diabetes. © 2017 The Authors.

Shanbhag, T., S. Shenoy and M. C. Rao (2005). "Wound healing profile of Tinospora
cordifolia." Indian Drugs 42(4): 217-221.
The present study was aimed at evaluating the wound healing profile of
alcoholic extract of Tinospora cardifolia and its effect on dexamethasone
suppressed healing. Incision, excision and dead space wounf models were
employed to investigate the wound models were employed to nvestigate the
wound healing potential. The extract of T. cardifolia increased the tensile
strength may be attributed to the promotion of collagen synthesis by the
extract of T. cordifolia did not reverse dexamethasone suppressed wound
healing.

Shandilya, M. D., J. Kumar Singh and B. K. Pandey (2013). "Medico-floristic evaluation

of medicinal plants at Meja, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh." Medicinal Plants 5(4): 231-
237.
The present study deals with the enumeration of 52 medicinally important
indigenous plants belonging to 31 families frequently used by local
communities of Meja tehsil of Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh for the
treatment of various diseases like skin diseases, diabetes, weakness, cold and
cough, poison bites, diarrhea, asthma, fever, rheumatic pain, oral diseases,
fracture, jaundice and tuberculosis etc. During the study, 98 persons (55 male
and 43 females) were contacted to know about the indigenous plants used for
medicinal purposes. This information need to be tested and validated for
further bioprospecting and commercial activities.

Shanthi, P. and P. Venkatalakshmi (2011). "Antimicrobial activity and preliminary

phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of Pure and Applied
Microbiology 5(1): 477-479.

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In the present study, the methanolic and aqueous extracts of T.cordifolia were
subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and anti microbial activities
against certain pathogenic micro organisms. The phytochemical analysis
revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Saponins,
Sterols, Fats & Oils, Resins, Phenols, Proteins and Flavanoids. The antimicrobial
Page | 408 
activity of the methanolic extract was comparatively more for bacterial strains
than that of the fungal strains. Further, antimicrobial activity was more in
methanolic extract than the aqueous extract.

Sharatkumar, S., C. Dhanachand and N. Mohilal (2004). "Study on the efficacy of

certain medicinal plants on gastrointestinal helminths of cattle." Indian Veterinary
Journal 81(5): 497-498.
Eight medicinal plants were studied for their anthelmintic properties against
the gastrointestinal parasites of cattle. Among the medicinal plants, Tinospora
cordifolia and Asclepias curassavica had the highest and lowest anthelmentic
properties respectively. Ascaris sp. and Paramphistomum were the most and
least affected group respectively. The treated plants showed 40-58%, efficacy
rate against the gastrointestinal parasites of cattle.

Sharma, A. and K. A. Geetha (2014). "Variability in seed characters of Tinospora

Cordifolia." Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 5(1): 1-4.
Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as Guduchi is a glabrous, deciduous
climber which belongs to family Menispermaceae. Fruit is drupe, ovoid, glossy
and red. Investigation was carried out to know the extent of variability in seed
characters of 22 female accessions of T. cordifolia. Based on two years
observations it was found that wide variability of seed shape, seed surface
pattern, seed size and condyle size existed among the accessions and these
characters were found stable. Hence it is concluded that seed characters can
be used for the characterization of accessions in T. cordifolia germplasm and
these characters can be used in DUS descriptors of the species. © 2014,
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India. All rights reserved.

Sharma, A. and G. Kaur (2018). "Tinospora cordifolia as a potential neuroregenerative

candidate against glutamate induced excitotoxicity: An in vitro perspective 11
Medical and Health Sciences 1109 Neurosciences." BMC Complementary and
Alternative Medicine 18(1).
Background: Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS acts as
a neurotoxin at higher concentrations. Prolonged activation of glutamate
receptors results in progressive neuronal damage by aggravating calcium
influx, inducing mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Excitotoxic cell
death is associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative
disorders such as trauma, brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. The
current study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective and

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neuroregenerative potential of Tinospora cordifolia against glutamate-

induced excitotoxicity using primary cerebellar neuronal cultures as a model
system. Methods: Monosodium salt of glutamate was used to induce
neurotoxic injury in primary cerebellar neurons. Four extracts including
Hexane extract, Chloroform extract, Ethyl acetate, and Butanol extract were
Page | 409 
obtained from fractionation of previously reported aqueous ethanolic extract
of T. cordifolia and tested for neuroprotective activity. Out of the four
fractions, Butanol extract of T. cordifolia (B-TCE) exhibited neuroprotective
potential by preventing degeneration of neurons induced by glutamate.
Expression of different neuronal, apoptotic, inflammatory, cell cycle regulatory
and plasticity markers was studied by immunostaining and Western blotting.
Neurite outgrowth and migration were also studied using primary explant
cultures, wound scratch and gelatin zymogram assay. Results: At molecular
level, B-TCE pretreatment of glutamate-treated cultures normalized the stress-
induced downregulation in the expression of neuronal markers (MAP-2, GAP-
43, NF200) and anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl-xL). Further, cells exposed to
glutamate showed enhanced expression of inflammatory (NF-κB, AP-1) and
senescence markers (HSP70, Mortalin) as well as the extent of mitochondrial
damage. However, B-TCE pretreatment prevented this increase and inhibited
glutamate-induced onset of inflammation, stress and mitochondrial
membrane damage. Furthermore, B-TCE was observed to promote
regeneration, migration and plasticity of cerebellar neurons, which was
otherwise significantly inhibited by glutamate treatment. Conclusion: These
results suggest that B-TCE may have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative
potential against catastrophic consequences of glutamate-mediated
excitotoxicity and could be a potential therapeutic candidate for
neurodegenerative diseases. © 2018 The Author(s).

Sharma, A., N. Kumar, R. Kumar and A. Sharma (2018). "Therapeutic effects of feeding
Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on blood
biochemical profile in Jersey crossbred cows." Exploratory Animal and Medical
Research 8(1): 52-58.
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia)
and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) supplementation on blood
biochemical parameters. The lactating cows were randomly divided into four
groups, each group having six animals. T1, T2 and T3 group cows received
Giloy stem powder (150 g), Fenugreek seed powder (150 g), and a
combination of both the herbs (75 g of each) respectively, mixed with the
concentrate feed for 60 days while the control group (T 0 ) received only the
concentrate. Blood sampling was done fortnightly, from Day 0 to Day 75.
Blood plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters viz. glucose,
protein profile (Total protein, albumin, globulin and A: G ratio) and renal
profile (urea nitrogen and creatinine). ). It was found that the feeding of Giloy

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stem powder lead to significantly lower levels (p ≤ 0.05) of blood glucose in

the blood of lactating dairy cows. Most of the other blood biochemical
parameters remained unchanged in control and treated animals. © 2012.
Exploratory Animal and Medical Research.

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Sharma, A., S. Prasad, Y. Singh and R. Bishisth (2014). "Effect of polyherbal
preparation supplementation on immunity and udder health of periparturient Karan-
Fries crossbred dairy cows." Journal of Applied Animal Research 42(2): 217-221.
A preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the influence of indigenous
traditional knowledge-based polyherbal preparation supplementation
containing Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis,
Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus terrestris, and Nigella sativa
on periparturient immunity and udder health of high yielding Karan-Fries
crossbred cows. Present findings revealed that polyherbal supplementation at
the rate of 200-250 mg/kg body weight reduced periparturient stress and
improved immunity and udder health. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Sharma, A., P. K. Shukla, A. Bhattacharyya, U. Kumar, D. Roy, B. Yadav and A. Prakash

(2018). "Effect of dietary supplementation of sea buckthorn and giloe leaf meal on
the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, biochemical attributes, and meat
composition of turkey poults." Veterinary World 11(1): 93-98.
Aim: In the recent past, few studies have been carried out about sea
buckthorn (SBT) and giloe in chicken as a part of the quest for suitable
alternatives to antibiotics. However, studies in turkeys are lacking. Hence, the
present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of SBT and giloe leaf
meal by dietary feed supplementation in turkey poults. Materials and
Methods: A total of 1-day-old turkey poults (n=84) of small white variety were
distributed into four dietary treatments having three replicates each with
seven birds. The study was conducted in turkey poults during 0-8 weeks of
age. During the experiment, the poults were fed basal ration (28% crude
protein [CP], 2800 Kcal/kg ME) T1, T2-basal ration was supplemented with SBT
leaf meal powder at 0.5%, T3-basal ration was supplemented with giloe leaf
meal powder at 0.5%, and T4-basal ration was fed along with supplementation
of both SBT at 0.5% and giloe leaf meal powder at 0.5%. Results: T2 turkey
poults had a significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) body weight gain than T3 and T4
at 7th week of age. Weekly body weight gain was significantly higher (p &lt;
0.05) in T2 than T3 during 5th-8th week and 0-8th week of the growth phase.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly better (p &lt; 0.01) in T2 than
other treatment groups during 4th-8th week phase of growth (2.09 vs. 2.36,
2.29 and 2.31). Further, FCR was significantly better (p &lt; 0.01) in T2 group as
compared to other treatment groups during 0-8th week of growth phase (1.95
vs. 2.21, 2.21 and 2.12). Plasma uric acid was found significantly increased (p
&lt; 0.05) in T1 than T3 and T4, and alkaline phosphatase value was

410 
 
 

significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in T1 and T3 than T2. Zinc content of breast
(pectoralis major) muscles was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in T2 and T4 as
compared to T1, while ether extract (EE) in thigh (ilio tibialis) muscles was
significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in T2 as compared to the other treatment
groups. Conclusion: It may be concluded that supplementation of SBT leaf
Page | 411 
meal at 0.5% may improve production performance of turkey poults.
Supplementation of 0.5% SBT leaf meal may result in higher levels of zinc and
EE in the breast and thigh cuts of turkey poults. © Sharma, et al.

Sharma, A. K., K. Kishore, D. Sharma, B. P. Srinivasan, S. S. Agarwal, A. Sharma, S. K.

Singh, S. Gaur and V. S. Jatav (2011). "Cardioprotective activity of alcoholic extract of
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers in calcium chloride-induced cardiac arrhythmia in
rats." Journal of Biomedical Research 25(4): 280-286.
The present study investigated the antiarrhythmic activity of alcoholic extract
of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cor-difolia) in CaCl 2 induced arrhythmia. CaCl 2 (25
mg/kg) was administered by intravenous infusion (iv) to produce arrhythmia in
rats. The animals were then treated with T. cordifolia extract (150, 250, and 450
mg/kg) and vera-pamil (5 mg/kg, iv). Lead II electrocardiogram was
monitored. Plasma calcium, sodium and potassium levels were measured. In
CaCl 2 induced arrhythmia, heart rate was decreased by 41.10%, T. cordifolia
at 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg decreased the heart rate by 26.30%, 29.16%, and
38.29%, respectively, and verapamil reduced the heart rate by 9.70%
compared to the normal group. The PQRST waves were normalized and atrial
and ventricular fi-brillation was controlled in rats treated with verapamil and T.
cordifolia. CaCl 2 increased calcium and sodium levels and decreased
potassium levels in blood. T. cordifolia dose-dependently decreased calcium
and sodium levels and increased potassium levels. Hence, T. cordifolia can be
used in antiarrhythmic clinical settings and beneficial in atrial and ventricular
fibrillation and flutter and may be indicated in ventricular tachyarrhythmia. ©
2011 The Editorial Board of Journal of Biomedical Research.

Sharma, B. and R. Dabur (2015). "Protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia on hepatic

and gastrointestinal toxicity induced by chronic and moderate alcoholism." Alcohol
and Alcoholism 51(1): 1-10.
Aims: Heavy alcohol intake depletes the plasma vitamins due to hepatotoxicity
and decreased intestinal absorption. However, moderate alcohol intake is
often thought to be healthy. Therefore, effects of chronic moderate alcohol
intake on liver and intestine were studied using urinary vitamin levels.
Furthermore, effects of Tinospora cordifolia water extract (TCE)
(hepatoprotective) on vitamin excretion and intestinal absorption were also
studied. Methods: In the study, asymptomatic moderate alcoholics (n = 12)
without chronic liver disease and healthy volunteers (n = 14) of mean age 39
± 2.2 (mean ± SD) were selected and divided into three groups. TCE treatment

411 
 
 

was performed for 14 days. The blood and urine samples were collected on
Day 0 and 14 after treatment with TCE and analyzed. Results: In alcoholics
samples, a significant increase in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase,
aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, HDL
and LDL (P < 0.05) was observed but their level get downregulated after TCE
Page | 412 
intervention. Multivariate analysis of metabolites without missing values
showed an increased excretion of 7-dehydrocholesterol, orotic acid,
pyridoxine, lipoamide and niacin and TCE intervention depleted their levels (P
< 0.05). In contrast, excretion of biotin, xanthine, vitamin D2 and 2-O-p-
coumaroyltartronic acid (CA, an internal marker of intestinal absorption)were
observed to be decreased in alcoholic samples; however, TCE intervention
restored the CA and biotin levels. Vitamin metabolism biomarkers, i.e.
homocysteine and xanthurenic acid, were also normalized after TCE
intervention. Conclusion: Overall data depict that moderate alcohol intake is
also hepatotoxic and decreases intestinal absorption. However, TCE treatment
effectively increased the intestinal absorption and retaining power of liver that
regulated alcohol-induced multivitamin deficiency. © The Author 2015.

Sharma, B., R. Salunke, S. K. Satapati, C. Balomajumder and P. Roy (2011). "Screening

of some indian medicinal plant extracts for their antihyperglycemic activities in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice." Journal of Food Biochemistry 35(5): 1398-
1406.
Plants have been an exemplary source of medicines. In the present study,
antidiabetic potential of some common Indian medicinal plants, Tinospora
cordifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Murraya koenigii, Capparis decidua, Eugenia
jambolana, Aegel marmelos, Pterocarpus marsupium, Eucalyptus globulus,
and Commiphora mukul were analyzed by gavaging 100mg/kg body
weight/day of each plant extracts to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Different biochemical parameters like fasting blood glucose level, glucose
tolerance test, lipid profile and glycogen biosynthesis were all significantly
improved as compared with diabetic and normal animals (P<0.05). The activity
of glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme which regulates glucose homeostasis was
also significantly altered (P<0.05). These data showed that all these plant
extracts have varying degree of antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Medicinal plants provide an effective and
potential source of hypoglycemic drugs and many compounds and extracts
derived from plants have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Medicinal
plants in the form of extract or herbal formulation have been investigated for
their therapeutic potential using modern scientific approach and several active
molecules have been isolated, identified and studied for their role in diabetes
treatment. This preliminary screening system thus provided a platform where
the potential plants demonstrating antidiabetic activities could be selected to

412 
 
 

further analyze in detail and understand their mechanism(s) of action. © 2011

Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sharma, H. and H. M. Chandola (2011). "Prameha in ayurveda: Correlation with

obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. part 2-management of
Page | 413 
Prameha." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 17(7): 589-599.
Background: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus are
increasing to epidemic proportions globally. Prameha is a syndrome described
in the ancient Ayurvedic texts that includes clinical conditions involved in
obesity, prediabetes, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Materials
and methods: Various dietary, lifestyle, and psychologic factors are involved in
the etiology of Prameha, particularly in relation to disturbances in fat and
carbohydrate metabolism. Results: The Ayurvedic management of Prameha
emphasizes dietary and lifestyle recommendations and herbal preparations, in
accordance with the psychophysiologic constitution of the patient. Ayurveda
also addresses the management of psychologic factors that contribute to the
development of Prameha. Ayurvedic treatment known as Apatarpana
(balanced diet with restricted calories) and Santarpana (highly nutritious, high-
calorie diet intended to increase weight) are recommended for patients with
type 2 and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Various Ayurvedic herbs and
herbomineral formulations are utilized, based on the stage and type of
disease as well as the psychophysiologic constitution of the patient. A large
body of research has been conducted on these Ayurvedic herbs. Conclusions:
Integrating the theory and modalities of Ayurveda in the management of
these disorders may prove to be beneficial. © 2011 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Sharma, H. and B. D. Vashistha (2011). "Effect of some plant growth regulators on

regenerative potential of internodal explants of tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex
Hook. f. & Thoms." Annals of Biology 27(1): 9-14.
Effects of some growth regulators (IAA, NAA, 2, 4-D, BAP and KIN) have been
studied on the regenerative potential of internodal explants in Tinospora
cordifolia under in vitro conditions. Internodal explants were inoculated on
Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented
with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1) of these growth
regulators individually. Internodal explants produced callus at all the four
concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1) of IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D on both the
media. No callusing occurred in control cultures as well as on media
supplemented with BAP and Kn. Callus formation increased with increase in
concentration of IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/1. At 4.0 mg/1 2, 4-D
on WPM per cent response was 70% and mean fresh weight was 2.74 g. The
callus was transferred to media with different concentrations of BAP (0.5, 1.0
and 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1) alone and in combination with IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D for

413 
 
 

differentiation. BAP (0.5 and 2.0 mg/1) in combination with (0.5 and 4.0 mg/1)
IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D showed both shoot as well as root formation on WPM.

Sharma, H. and B. D. Vashistha (2011). "In vitro callus induction and plant
regeneration in nodal expiants of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Ex Hook. f. &
Page | 414 
Thorns." Annals of Agri Bio Research 16(1): 7-11.
An in vitro plant regeneration protocol was developed through callus
induction using nodal expiants of Tmospora cordifolia. Nodal expiants
produced callus at all the four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1) of
IAA, NAA and 2,4-D on both Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant
Medium (WPM). The per cent response was maximum (80%) at 4 mg/1 2,4-D
on WPM. WPM was better as a basal medium for callus induction and plant
regeneration. No callusing was observed in control cultures. The callus was
cultured on different concentrations of BAP and KIN for organogenesis.
Maximum shoot regeneration (70%) was achieved with 2 mg/1 BAP on WPM.
In vitro rooting was achieved by transferring the regenerated shoots to half
strength WPM supplemented with 0.5 mg/ 1 IBA. Acclimatized plantlets were
grown in polyhouse with 70% survival rate.

Sharma, H. and B. D. Vashistha (2015). "Effect of some auxins on petiolar expiants of

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook, f & Thorns." Annals of Biology 31(1): 28-
31.
Effects of some auxins (IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D) were studied on petiole expiants
in Tinospora cordifolia under in vitro conditions. Expiants were inoculated on
MS medium and woody plant medium supplemented with different
concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1) of IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D. No any
response of expiants was observed in control cultures, while petiolar segments
produced callus at all the four concentrations of these auxins on both the
media. Callus formation increased with increase in concentration of IAA, NAA
and 2, 4-D from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/1. Maximum average fresh and dry weights
were obtained from the callus at 4.0 mg/12, 4-D on WPM. The callus was
transferred to media with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/1)
of BAP and KIN.

Sharma, J., S. Gairola, R. D. Gaur and R. M. Painuli (2012). "The treatment of jaundice
with medicinal plants in indigenous communities of the Sub-Himalayan region of
Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143(1): 262-291.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Inspite of tremendous advances made in
allopathic medical practices, herbs still play an important role in the
management of various liver diseases. A large number of plants and
formulations have been claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. Jaundice is
a symptom, indicative of the malfunctioning of the liver. This paper provides
ethnomedicinal information on the plants used to treat jaundice by three

414 
 
 

important indigenous communities, i.e.; nomadic Gujjars, Tharu and Bhoxa of

Sub-Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India. Aims of the study: To record herbal
preparations used by the studied indigenous communities in treatment of
jaundice and discuss hepatoprotective properties of the recorded plants.
Research strategy and methods: The traditional knowledge of the studied
Page | 415 
indigenous communities on herbal preparations used for treating jaundice
was collected through structured questionnaire and personal interviews. The
interviews were conducted with 91 traditional healers (29 Bhoxa, 35 Tharu and
27 nomadic Gujjars) in Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. More
than 250 research papers reporting ethnomedicinal information on the
hepatoprotective plants used by various communities from different parts of
India were extensively reviewed. Results: A total of 40 medicinal plants
belonging to 31 families and 38 genera were recorded to be used by the
studied communities in 45 formulations as a remedy of jaundice. Bhoxa,
nomadic Gujjars and Tharu communities used 15, 23 and 9 plants,
respectively. To our knowledge eight plants reported in the present survey viz.;
Amaranthus spinosus L.; Cissampelos pareira L.; Ehretia laevis Roxb.;
Holarrhena pubescens Wall.; Ocimum americanum L.; Physalis divaricata D.
Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes cucumerina L. have not been
reported earlier as remedy of jaundice in India. Literature review revealed that
a total of 214 (belonging to 181 genus and 78 families), 19 (belonging to 18
genus and 12 families) and 14 (belonging to 14 genus and 11 families) plant
species are used as internal, external and magico-religious remedies for
jaundice, respectively by various communities in different parts of India. Most
widely used hepatoprotective plant species for treatment of jaundice in India
is Boerhavia diffusa L. followed by Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers,
Saccharum officinarum L.; Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.; Ricinus
communis L.; Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.; Oroxylum indicum (L.)
Kurz, Lawsonia inermis L. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Conclusions: The plants
recorded in the present survey have also been discussed in relation to
pharmacological studies and hepatoprotective phytoconstituents present in
them. Most of the recorded plants have shown hepatoprotective effects on
experimental animals in earlier studies but more studies are needed to assess
hepatoprotective properties of some recorded medicinal plants viz.; Averrhoa
carambola L.; Ehretia laevis Roxb.; Holarrhena pubescens Wall.; Mangifera
indica L.; Ocimum americanum L.; Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis
divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L.; Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. and
Tribulus terrestris L. The plants enumerated in this study with high number of
citations and wider distributions have given some useful leads for further
biomedical research. Nevertheless more phytochemical, pharmaceutical and
clinical studies are needed to evaluate hepatoprotective properties, efficacy
and safety of all the claimed medicinal plants. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

415 
 
 

Sharma, M., A. Sharma and A. Kumar (2012). "Vital medicine Asparagus racemosus
willd." Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy 6(2): 210-221.
Use of plants as a source of medicine has been inherited and is an important
component of the health care system in India. Among these plants Asparagus
race mosus is an important medicinal plant which has been used worldwide. A
Page | 416 
lot of medicinally importance attributes have been assigned to this herb. It has
been used by tribes located in distinct area of India from primeval time. Key
component of this herb is saponins. Recent developments in transgenic
research have opened up the possibility of the metabolic engineering of
biosynthetic pathways to produce these high-value secondary metabolites.
The present review is a pragmatic approach to accrue the findings on this very
important herb.

Sharma, M. K., R. Mukherjee and V. K. Gupta (2013). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory

activity of polysaccharide fraction of Tinospora cordifolia against bovine sub-clinical
mastitis." Veterinary Practitioner 14(2): 505-507.
The present study was carried out to assess the anti-inflammatory property of
polysaccharide fraction of Tinospora cordifolia against bovine sub-clinical
mastitis (SCM). The therapeutic efficacy of the test drugs was evaluated on the
basis of California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial
isolation of milk. The anti-inflammatory potential was adjudged by estimation
of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in milk serum and differential leukocyte count
(DLC) of milk leukocytes. The study was initiated with screening of SCM in
lactating cows by CMT in organized dairy herd during October 2011 to April
2012. Two hundred and fifty mg of sterile polysaccharide fraction of Tinospora
cordifolia was infused per teat with a sterile antibiotic dispensing canula, after
diluting the drug in 10 ml sterile phosphate buffer saline, once daily for 5
days. The results of therapeutic efficacy indicators showed that CMT point
score and SCC reduced significantly in post infusion periods. Further the
intramammary infusion of polysaccharide fraction of T. cordifolia reduced the
milk neutrophil per cent and milk lactate dehydrogenase activity and
augmented the milk lymphocyte per cent significantly in post infusion periods.
The result confirms the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in
polysaccharide fraction of Tinospora cordifolia against bovine sub-clinical
mastitis. © 2013, Veterinary Practitioner. All rights reserved.

Sharma, N., A. Kumar, P. R. Sharma, A. Qayum, S. K. Singh, P. Dutt, S. Paul, V. Gupta,

M. K. Verma, N. K. Satti and R. Vishwakarma (2018). "A new clerodane furano
diterpene glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia triggers autophagy and apoptosis in
HCT-116 colon cancer cells." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 211: 295-310.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Tinospora cordifolia is a miraculous
ayurvedic herb used in the treatment of innumerable diseases such as
diabetes, gonorrhea, secondary syphilis, anaemia, rheumatoid arthritis,

416 
 
 

dermatological diseases, cancer, gout, jaundice, asthma, leprosy, in the

treatment of bone fractures, liver & intestinal disorders, purifies the blood,
gives new life to the whole body; (rejuvenating herb) and many more. Recent
studies have revealed the anticancer potential of this plant but not much work
has been done on the anticancer chemical constituents actually responsible
Page | 417 
for its amazing anticancer effects. This prompted us to investigate this plant
further for new potent anticancer molecules. Aim of the study The present
study was designed to isolate and identify new promising anticancer
candidates from the aqueous alcoholic extract of T. cordifolia using bioassay-
guided fractionation. Materials and methods The structures of the isolated
compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data
interpretation and that of new potent anticancer molecule, TC-2 was
confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of its
corresponding acetate. The in vitro anti-cancer activity of TC-2 was evaluated
by SRB assay and the autophagic activity was investigated by
immunofluorescence microscopy. Annexin-V FITC and PI dual staining was
applied for the detection of apoptosis. The studies on Mitochondrial
Membrane potential and ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production were also
done. Results Bioassay guided fractionation and purification of the aqueous
alcoholic stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia led to the isolation of a new
clerodane furano diterpene glycoside (TC-2) along with five known
compounds i.e. cordifolioside A (β-D-Glucopyranoside,4-(3-hydroxy-1-
propenyl)- 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl 3-O-D-apio-β-D-furanosyl) (TC-1), β-
Sitosterol(TC-3), 2β,3β:15,16-Diepoxy- 4α 6β-dihydroxy-13(16),14-
clerodadiene-17,12:18,1-diolide (TC-4), ecdysterone(TC-5) and
tinosporoside(TC-6). TC-2 emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment
of colon cancer. Conclusion The overall study on the bioassay guided isolation
of T.cordifolia identified and isolated a new clerodane furano diterpenoid that
exhibited anticancer activity via induction of mitochondria mediated apoptosis
and autophagy in HCT116 cells. We have reported a promising future
candidate for treating colon cancer. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Sharma, P. and P. K. Goyal (2013). "Preclusion of radiation-mediated hematological

and biochemical variations by root extract of Tinospora cordifolia (an Indian
medicinal plant)." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 28(4): 389-397.
The present study deals with the radiomodulatory influence of Tinospora
cordifolia (Amrita) root extract on the peripheral blood of Swiss albino mice
after 5.0 Gy gamma irradiation in the presence (experimental) or absence
(control) of Tinospora cordifolia (75 mg/kg b.wt/day). The animals from
different groups were necropsied and their blood collected on days 1, 3, 7, 15,
and 30 postirradiation. A considerable decrease was recorded in the number
of erythrocyte and total leucocyte counts, differential leucocytes, hemoglobin
content, and hematocrit percentage in the irradiated control group, while a

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recovery pattern was recorded in experimental animals, however, without the

attainment of normal levels up to the end of the experiment. Furthermore,
Tinospora cordifolia root extract pretreatment significantly ameliorated
radiation-induced elevation in cholesterol and lipid peroxidation levels,
whereas, a decline in glutathione and total proteins concentration was noted.
Page | 418 

Sharma, P. and P. K. Goyal (2014). "Protective action of Tinospora cordifolia extract

against radiation induced biochemical alterations in liver." International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(6): 305-311.
Objective: The present investigation has been carried out to evaluate the
possible radio protective potential of Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCE)
against 2.5 Gy gamma radiations induced biochemical alterations in the liver
of Swiss albino mice. Methods: For this purpose, healthy Swiss albino male
mice were selected from an inbred colony and divided into four groups.
Group I (normal) was administered double distilled water (DDW) volume equal
to TCE (75mg/ kg.b.wt/ animal) by oral gavage. Group II was orally
supplemented TCE as 75mg/ kg. b.wt once daily for 5 consecutive days. Group
III (irradiated control) received DDW orally equivalent to TCE for 5 days then
exposed to 2.5 Gy gamma radiation. Group IV (experimental) was
administered TCE as in group II. and exposed to radiation (as in group III).at
various post- irradiation intervals between 12 hrs and 30 days. Results: The
irradiation of mice caused a considerable elevation in glycogen, total proteins,
acid phosphatase and LPO along with a significant decrease in alkaline
phosphatase, GSH, catalase and SOD activities. On the contrary, oral
administration of TCE before irradiation reduced the radiation- induced
variations in all such parameters and the recovery and regeneration was faster
as compare to irradiated control group. Conclusion: The present investigation
indicates that Tinospora cordifolia has the potential to alleviate the radiation
mediated adverse effects in liver and it could be exploited as a protector
against planned and unplanned radiation exposure.

Sharma, P. and P. K. Goyal (2015). "Modulation of biochemical and antioxidant

enzymes in blood by Tinospora cordifolia against gamma radiation mediated
damage in mice." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(3): 106-
112.
Objective: The present investigation has been carried out to evaluate the
possible radio- protective potential of root extract of Tinospora cordifolia
(TCE) against 2.5 Gy gamma radiations in adult Swiss albino mice. Methods:
For this purpose, healthy Swiss albino male mice were selected from an inbred
colony and divided into four groups. Group I (normal) was administered
double distilled water (DDW) volume equal to TCE (75 mg/kg body
weight[b.wt]/animal) by oral gavage. Group II was orally supplemented TCE as
75 mg/kg b.wt once daily for 5 consecutive days. Group III (irradiated control)

418 
 
 

received DDW orally equivalent to TCE for 5 days then exposed to 2.5 Gy
gamma radiation. Group IV (experimental) was administered TCE as in Group II
and exposed to radiation (as in Group III) at various post-irradiation intervals
between 12 hrs and 30 days. Biochemical alterations were observed in the
blood of mice at various post-irradiation intervals between 12 hrs and 30 days.
Page | 419 
Results: The irradiation of mice caused considerable decrease in the level of
total proteins, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity along
with significant increase in cholesterol, lipid peroxidation (LPO). Whereas,
administration of TCE prior to irradiation enhanced the activity of various
antioxidant enzymes and reduced the radiation- induced variations in total
proteins, cholesterol and LPO levels in the blood serum. Conclusions: Hence,
the data of present investigation indicate that T. cordifolia root extract reduce
the bioeffects of gamma radiation in mammals. © 2015, Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. All rights reserved.

Sharma, P., S. Pant, V. Dave, K. Tak, V. Sadhu and K. R. Reddy (2019). "Green synthesis
and characterization of copper nanoparticles by Tinospora cardifolia to produce
nature-friendly copper nano-coated fabric and their antimicrobial evaluation."
Journal of Microbiological Methods 160: 107-116.
Metallic nanoparticles such as gold, zinc, copper possess anti-microbial
activity. These nanoparticles have a small size which provides a large surface
area for the interaction with microbes and there are various mechanisms
through which copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) act. The demand of these
nanoparticles are increasing in the textile industry as they decrease the
catalytic degradation property of various dyes as well as being helpful in the
treatment of various topical infections. Our aim is to formulate the copper
nanoparticle which is capped with Tinospora cardifolia and incorporate these
nanoparticles on fabric and to study the anti-microbial activity of these
nanoparticles formulated along with their study on the fabric. Formulated
nanoparticles were tested for various characterizations such as SEM (Scanning
Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) for the
microscopical study. The interaction of excipients with the drug was studied
using FTIR, XRD, and Raman and the anti-microbial study was studied to
determine the activity of the nanoparticles on gram-positive and gram-
negative bacteria. Least particle size of 63.3 nm was used as optimized
formulation (CuNPs-5) and further used for testing. Laundry durability, ZOI
study and %efficacy of copper nanoparticles along with nanoparticle-coated
fabric was tested and it was found that fabric was more efficacious for gram-
positive bacteria as ZOI for gram positive and gram negative was 21.99 mm
and 11 mm. The %efficacy of copper nanoparticle-coated fabric was 101% and
74% at the highest concentration for gram positive and gram negative
bacteria respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

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Sharma, P., S. Pant, P. Poonia, S. Kumari, V. Dave and S. Sharma (2018). "Green
Synthesis of Colloidal Copper Nanoparticles Capped with Tinospora cordifolia and Its
Application in Catalytic Degradation in Textile Dye: An Ecologically Sound Approach."
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 28(6): 2463-2472.
Green synthesis has been considered as an ideal approach owing to its
Page | 420 
simplicity, cost effectiveness and minimal toxicity. Aim of the present study
was to synthesize and characterize copper nanoparticle capped Tinospora
cordifolia using green synthesis and further to evaluate its catalytic
degradation property on different dyes. Various characterization parameters
were performed such as particle size, PDI, zeta potential, microscopic study
(SEM, TEM), interaction study through ATR-FTIR and DSC. Surface area of the
sample was analyzed through the surface area analyzer. Catalytic degradation
ability of synthesized nanoparticle was studied using various dyes such as
reactive dye, direct dye, eosin yellowish and safranin. © 2018, Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Sharma, P., J. Parmar, P. Sharma, P. Verma and P. K. Goyal (2010). "Modulation of

radiation induced biochemical changes in testes by Tinospora Cordifolia extract (An
Indian medicinal plant)." Pharmacologyonline 1: 830-840.
Increasing use of nuclear radiation in diverse fields necessitates for developing
a potential drug of natural origin for the modification of radiation toxicity. In
this context, the present study has been undertaken to explore radioprotective
potential of the root extract of Tinospora cordifolia (an Indian medicinal
plant). For this purpose, healthy Swiss albino male mice were selected from an
inbred colony and divided into four groups. Group I (normal) received double
distilled water(DDW) while Group II was given orally Tinospora cordifolia root
extract (TCE) at the dose of 75 mg/kg.b.wt/ day for 5 consecutive days. Group
III (irradiated control) received DDW orally and exposed to 2.5 Gy of gamma
radiation. Group IV (experimental) was administered orally TCE for 5
consecutive days once daily and exposed to 2.5 Gy of gamma radiation. Mice
from all groups were sacrificed at different autopsy intervals viz. 1,3,7, 15 and
30 days, and their testes were removed for various biochemical estimations
viz. protein, cholesterol and glycogen and sialic acid. A significant decrease
(p< 0.01) in total proteins and sialic acid content (p< 0.05), whereas, a
significant increase in cholesterol (p< 0.001) and glycogen (p< 0.01) from
normal was observed in irradiated control group. On the contrary, TCE
administration before administration exhibited a favorable alteration in these
biochemical parameters. The results from the present study suggest a
radioprotective effect of the Tinospora cordifolia extract against radiation
induced biochemical alteration in testes of mice.

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Sharma, P., V. Velu, D. Indrani and R. P. Singh (2013). "Effect of dried guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia) leaf powder on rheological, organoleptic and nutritional
characteristics of cookies." Food Research International 50(2): 704-709.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is a shrub with various medicinal properties
like, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, etc., and
Page | 421 
widely used in Ayurvedic preparations. Use of dried Tinospora leaf powder
(DTLP) at the levels of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% on the rheological characteristics of
wheat flour; organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of cookies was
studied. Incorporation of increasing amount of DTLP from 0 to 7.5% increased
farinograph water absorption, decreased dough stability; increased
amylograph gelatinization temperature, decreased peak viscosity; increased
hardness, decreased cohesiveness and springiness of cookie dough; decreased
spread ratio and increased breaking strength of the cookies. Sensory
evaluation showed that cookies incorporated with 5% DTLP were acceptable.
Addition of DTLP increased the protein, dietary fiber, iron, calcium, radical
scavenging activity and β-carotene contents of the cookies. The results
showed the possibility of utilizing DTLP to improve the nutritional properties
of cookies. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Sharma Parul, R. and L. Laware Shankar (2016). "Antioxidant and antilipid

peroxidation potential of polyherbal formulation." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Research 8(1): 47-52.
The polyherbal formulation was designed with Tinospora cordifolia, Adathoda
vasaka, Stevia rebaudiana, Pterocarpus marsupium, Withania somnifera, Tridax
procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa and Syzygium cumini. The formulation was
subjected to bioconversion for 40 days with yeast. This bio-converted PHF
contains 10.80 mg ml-1 of reducing sugars, 8.84 mg ml-1 of total phenol
including 2.36 mg ml-1 of total flavonoids, 1.02 mg ml-1 of gallic acid and
4.73 mg ml-1 of tannic acid as well as 0.15 mg ml-1 of ascorbic acid. The
formulation exhibited lower IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging (99.09 μg
ml-1), H2O2 radical scavenging (99.09 μg ml-1) and Iron chelation (99.09 μg
ml-1) which indicate in good antioxidant potential of PHF, while higher IC 50
values were recorded with nitric oxide radical scavenging (575.96 μg ml-1) and
hydroxyl radical scavenging (350.79 μg ml-1) assay models. The PHF also
showed good anti-lipid peroxidation potential in goat liver (IC50 value 73.87
μg ml-1) and human erythrocyte (IC50 value 72.40 μg ml-1) models. © 2016,
Pharmainfo Publications. All rights reserved.

Sharma, R. (2015). "In vivo delivery of tinospora cordifolia root extract preventing
radiation-induced dystrophies in mice ovaries." Evidence-based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine 2015.
Unconscious and unplanned radiation exposures are a severe threat to gonads
particularly ovaries. The present study aims at finding radioprotective effect of

421 
 
 

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers root extract (TCRE) in ovaries. Swiss albino
mice were divided into four groups: Group 1 served as "normal" and is
administered double distilled water and Group 2 is given TCRE with optimum
dosage selected as 75 mg/mice. Group 3 serving the purpose of "irradiated
control" were exposed to 2.5 Gy gamma radiation. Group 4 (experimental)
Page | 422 
were administered optimum dosage of TCRE with prior exposure to 2.5 Gy
gamma radiation. Follicle cell counts were scored at autopsy intervals of 24
hrs, 3 days, 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days after gamma irradiation. To
understand the mechanism of radioprotection, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and
glutathione (GSH) levels were also measured in all groups. TCRE
supplementation rendered significant protection to ovaries by restoring
follicle counts; it also reduced LPO levels and increased GSH levels in ovaries.
It implies that TCRE administration protects ovaries against radiation
exposure. © 2015 Riddhi Sharma.

Sharma, R., H. Amin, Galib and P. K. Prajapati (2015). "Antidiabetic claims of Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Critical appraisal and role in therapy." Asian Pacific Journal of
Tropical Biomedicine 5(1): 68-78.
Currently, available conventional options for diabetes mellitus have certain
limitations of their own, and options from medicinal plants with
antihyperglycemic activities are being searched to meet the need. Antidiabetic
properties of Tinospora cordifolia are highly appreciated in Ayurveda and
even in recent modern researches. Several studies on its extracts (viz.
immunemodulatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, adaptogenic,
hepatoprotective, hormone regulator etc.) and isolated phytoconstituents (like
tinosporin, berberine, jatrorrhizine etc.) have reported that it is a preventive
and curative antidiabetic herb, which are substantiated by clinical trials.
Scattered information pertaining to antidiabetic potential of Tinospora is
reported. Present review encompasses (i) in-depth information of reported
antidiabetic activities of the plant in light of available experimental and clinical
studies, and (ii) understanding on the possible mechanism of its action in
combating the complex pathology of diabetes. © 2015 by the Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.

Sharma, R., H. Amin, R. Galib and P. K. Prajapati (2013). "Seasonal variations in

physicochemical profiles of Guduchi Satva (starchy substance from Tinospora
cordifolia [Willd.] Miers)." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 4(4): 193-
197.
Guduchi Satva (GS), the starchy material extracted from the Guduchi stem is
well-known Ayurvedic single drug formulation having a wide range of
therapeutic utility. Species of the plant, stem size, collection time, season and
maturity of the plant may affect the yield and physico-chemical profile of GS.
However, published data on such variations is lacking. Considering this,

422 
 
 

present study is planned to screen seasonal variations in physico-chemical

profile of GS. 18 batches of GS were prepared in six different seasons (3
batches in each season) and findings were systematically recorded. The
obtained Satva was further subjected to relevant physico-chemical
parameters. Principal component analysis method was adopted to analyze
Page | 423 
variations. Maximum yield of Satva was obtained in Shishira Ritu(January-
February) while the minimum in Grishma (May-June). Variation in taste and
color was found in Satva prepared in Varsha Ritu. All functional groups were
found to be same in each season. Total alkaloidal contents found bit higher in
Varsha and Vasanta. More residual x-variance in alcohol soluble extract and
more leverage were observed in water soluble extract due to impact of
seasonal spells.

Sharma, R., H. Amin, V. J. Shukla, D. Kartar, R. Galib and P. K. Prajapati (2013). "Quality
control evaluation of Guduchi Satva (solid aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers): An herbal formulation." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 7(3):
258-263.
Introduction: Herbal products represent complex biological mixture and
achieving a reproducible pharmaceutical quality could be a very challenging
task in standardisation of herbal products. Hence, methodical approach is
required for standardisation, development of sufficient quality control profile
and scientific validation of plant extracts, as is done in contemporary
medicine. Ayurvedic physicians prescribe dried extract of Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers known as ′Guduchi Satva′ in several febrile conditions. However,
till today no published information is available on its analytical profile. Aims
and Objectives: Present study is aimed to evaluate quality control parameters
for Guduchi Satva. Materials and Methods: Fifteen batches of Guduchi Satva
were prepared and findings were systematically recorded. Physicochemical
parameters and qualitative tests for various functional groups, quantitative
estimation of total alkaloids, fluorescence analysis, high performance thin
layer chromatography (HPTLC) profile, heavy metal analysis and microbial load
of Guduchi Satva were carried out. Results: The average percentage of dried
Satva obtained was 3.8%. Alkaloids, carbohydrates and starch were found
present in Satva. Number of peaks obtained in HPTLC also corresponds to this
finding. Percentage of total alkaloid content was 0.31%. No heavy metal and
microbial load were detected in the sample. The present observation can be
considered as standard for further studies on Satva.

Sharma, R., V. Kumar, B. K. Ashok, R. Galib, P. K. Prajapati and B. Ravishankar (2013).

"Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycaemic activities of Guduchi Ghana in
Swiss albino mice." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 7(2): 145-148.
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder, characterized
by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or

423 
 
 

both. Ayurvedic herbs are relatively low cost, more suitable and have
negligible side-effects than synthetic oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents.
Guduchi is reported as highly potent anti-diabetic herb in Ayurveda and
Guduchi Ghanavati is popularly known by the Ayurvedic fraternity for its
therapeutic properties on Madhumeha represented as diabetes mellitus. Aim:
Page | 424 
The aim of this study is to evaluate hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycaemic
activities of Guduchi Ghana (GG) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods:
Hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycaemic potential of GG was evaluated in
normal mice using both 18 h fasted mice model and oral glucose tolerance
test. GG was suspended in distilled water and administered to animals at the
dose of 130 mg/kg. Statistical Analysis: The results were statistically
interpreted using Student′s ′t′- test for paired and unpaired data to assess the
statistical significance and the significant level was set at P < 0.05. Results: GG
showed mild reduction in blood sugar level (BSL) at all the time intervals in
normoglycaemic mice. In anti-hyperglycaemic activity, glibenclamide at a dose
of 0.65 mg/kg studied as the reference standard to compare the potency of
test drug. Administration of GG prior to glucose over load resulted significant
attenuation in BSL at 60 min, 90 min and 120 min in comparison to glucose
control group. Conclusions: GG has mild hypoglycaemic and significant anti-
hyperglycaemic activity and can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
as well as a supportive drug without fear of producing hypoglycaemia.

Sharma, R., R. K. Manhas and R. Magotra (2012). "Ethnoveterinary remedies of

diseases among milk yielding animals in Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 141(1): 265-272.
The triangle of relationship between human beings, animals and plants has
existed for ages, and has given rise to intense-relationships and consequently
rich traditions of ethnoveterinary knowledge throughout the world. The
predominantly rural population and the strong agricultural base have
provided unique situation for rich ethnoveterinary practices in the study area.
Aim of the study: The present study was conducted in the Kathua district of
Jammu and Kashmir between 2007 and 2009 to provide list of the important
plants of the region for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies,
and to prepare inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for the future
generations. Material and methods: Direct interview of 78 informants was
conducted and the information gathered was analyzed for two quantitative
methods viz. informant consensus factor (ICF) and use-value (UV). The
characteristics of ethnoveterinary plants and practices were also documented.
Results: A total of 72 plants were used to cure 33 common ailments of milk
yielding animals of Kathua district. Fabaceae (7 species) was the most
represented family, along with Poaceae (6 species). Leaves (27.2%) were the
most frequently used plant parts, herbs (48.6%) the most frequently used life-
form and wild flora (58.3%) the most used source for the ethnoveterinary

424 
 
 

practices. The highest ICF was reported for urological disorders (0.95) and
lowest for nutritional diseases (0.80). The values of ICF were generally on the
higher side which shows that the informants share the knowledge about the
ailment among themselves. The important ethnoveterinary plant species on
the basis of use-values were: Brassica campestris, Saccharun officinarum,
Page | 425 
Emblica officinalis, Trachyspermum ammi, Asparagus adscendens, Musa
paradisica, Oryza sativa, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora
cordifolia and Tamarindus indica. Conclusion: High diversity of
ethnoveterinary plants were found to cure the common milk yielding animals
of Kathua district. Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies are
required to ascertain their chemical nature for the betterment of the locals
and farmers, and commercial utilization of this knowledge. © 2012 Elsevier
Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sharma, R., A. Rohilla and V. Arya (2011). "A short review on pharmacology of plant
immunomodulators." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and
Research 9(2): 126-131.
The immunomodulators or Rasayana's (in Ayurveda) are agents used to
modulate the immune system and can be obtained from both natural as well
as synthetic origin from plants and chemicals respectively. The aim of this
review is to highlight the work on pharmacological aspects of plant
immunomodulators and also provides the knowledge on the recent
pharmacological research update in current year (2011). Plants explained in
this review having potential of immunomodulating activity are identified from
various sources in the literature. Among these many plants have undergone in
vitro as well as in vivo evaluations which are explained in this review including
the dose administered of particular plant extract and the mechanism involved
in immunomodulation.

Sharma, R., P. Sharma and P. K. Goyal (2009). "Appraising radioprotective potential of

Tinospora cordifolia (AMRITA) extract in Swiss albino mice exposed to different doses
of gamma radiation." Pharmacologyonline 2: 249-260.
The root extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) is a unique drug used in Indian
systems of medicine for several diseases and as a vitalizer. Looking at its
sundry applications, hydro alcoholic extract was examined for its radio
protective potential against gamma radiation in Swiss albino mice. Animals
were divided into two groups and irradiated, with or without TCE extracts,
given orally at 25, 50, 100, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg.kg.b.wt./day
before irradiation. The acute toxicity studies showed that the drug was non-
toxic up to a dose of 2500 mg.kg.b.wt./day. Administration of TCE resulted in a
dose-dependent decline in radiation induced mortality up to a dose of 75
mg.kg.b.wt./ day the dose at which the highest number of survivors (87%) was
observed. This was considered optimum dose for radioprotection and used in

425 
 
 

further radiomodulatory studies exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11Gy of gamma

radiation. The treatment of mice with 75 mg.kg.b.wt./day TCE reduced the
severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality at all exposure doses,
and a significant increase in survival was observed as compared with the non-
treated irradiated group. The TCE treatment effectively protected mice against
Page | 426 
the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow related death, as revealed by the
increased number of survivors at all irradiation doses. The dose reduction
factor was found to be 1.68. To understand the mechanism of action,
biochemical parameters as lipid peroxidation (LPx) & Glutathione (GSH)
content were evaluated, indicating radioprotection afforded by TCE may be in
part due to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by ionizing
radiation. Irradiation of animals resulted in an elevation in lipid peroxidation
(LPx) and a significant decline in glutathione in liver. Conversely,
administration of animals with TCE before irradiation caused a significant
decline in LPx accompanied by a significant incresse in GSH concentration.

Sharma, S., R. Chauhan and J. Dwivedi (2011). "Evaluation of combined

herbalextractof Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifolia as an
chemoprotectivein cancer." Pharmacologyonline 2: 619-625.
Chemoprotective effect of herbal extract: To study the chemo protective effect
of combined herbal extract of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum and
Tinospora cordifolia in the chemotherapy of cancer. The drugs were extracted
with 50% ethanol. The equal proportion of these three drugs was mixed to get
a homogenous mixture. This ethanolic extract was treated on the blood
sample (taken from a healthy volunteer). In-vitro cytogenic analysis was
performed by arresting metaphase using colchicine. The chromosomal
aberrations were observed under the microscope. The types of aberrations
were found out and their percentage was calculated. It was concluded that
combination of plant extract of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and
Tinospora cordifolia when given along with chemotherapy, it showed
chemoprotective properties via decrease in chromosomal aberrations
impressively.

Sharma, S., A. Shahzad, R. Akhtar and A. Upadhyay (2015). Micropropagation: A boon

for conservation of valuable vines and lianas. Biotechnological Strategies for the
Conservation of Medicinal and Ornamental Climbers, Springer International
Publishing: 163-193.
Woody climbers or lianas are one of the important assets of nature upon
which rely many folk and traditional systems of medicine. The increasing need
and demand with growing population and thoughtless utilisation of natural
products, so far, have resulted into a dwindling population of many plant
species. In the present scenario, increasing health issues, hazardous effects of
synthetic drugs and thus the preference of natural products over synthetic

426 
 
 

one, is questioning the survival of many valuable medicinal plant species.

Moreover, their own growth pattern, reproductive behaviour and maturation
time are the key issues for which fast alternative propagation methods are
sought. Advances in the field of biotechnology have opened fresh avenues for
replenishment and conservation of such high value plants-plant tissue culture
Page | 427 
(PTC) or in vitro technique is one among them. In vitro techniques like
adventitious shoot regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, bioreactors and
fermentation process have speed up regeneration time manyfold. The
techniques like protoplast culture, micrografting and genetic transformation
have been implied for variety improvement, whereas cryopreservation, slow
growth methods and synseed production have been reported for long-term
storage of germplasm and their exchange. Thus, PTC justifies a great deal of
contribution in conserving the wealth of nature proving itself a reliable
technique in plant biodiversity conservation. Nowadays laudable attempts
have been done for the conservation of various useful medicinal climbers
through PTC such as Salacia reticulata, Celastrus paniculatus, Cocculus
hirsutus, Leptadenia reticulata, Caesalpinia bonduc, Tinospora cordifolia,
Embelia ribes, Decalepis hamiltonii, Naravelia zeylanica and Ceropegia
thwaitesii. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.

Sharma, T. and G. Rawal (2012). "Role of ayurveda in tumorigenesis: A brief review."

International Journal of Green Pharmacy 6(2): 93-101.
From ancient times, many herbal compounds have been screened worldwide
to validate their use as anticancer drugs. But an integrated approach is
required along with complete knowledge about the disease. Hence, an
attempt has been made in this review to discuss about the role of Ayurveda in
cancer therapy. Also, discussion about the pathology and therapeutic
management of various cancers described in Ayurveda has been made in this
review. Review of literature on anticancer drugs of plant origin revealed
identification of newer several Ayurvedic drugs that can be used for the
treatment of one of the most dreaded diseases, i.e. cancer.

Sharma, U., M. Bala, N. Kumar, B. Singh, R. K. Munshi and S. Bhalerao (2012).

"Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 141(3): 918-926.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tinospora cordifolia mentioned as
"Rasayana" is extensively used in various herbal preparations for the treatment
of different ailments for its general tonic, antiperiodic, antispasmodic,
antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, antiallergic and antidiabetic properties. It is
extensively used in Ayurveda due to its potential in improving the immune
system and the body resistance against infections. Aim of the study: The aim
of the study was to isolate and characterise the immunomodulatory active
compounds of Tinospora cordifolia. Materials and methods: The

427 
 
 

immunomodulatory activity of different extracts, fractions and isolated

compounds in relation to phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species
production in human neutrophil cells have been investigated using the PMN
phagocytic function studies, NBT, NO and chemiluminescence assay. Results:
The results obtained indicate that ethyl acetate, water fractions and hot water
Page | 428 
extract exhibited significant immunomodulatory activity with an increase in
percentage phagocyctosis. Chromatographic purification of these fraction led
to the isolation of a mixture of two compounds 2, 3 isolated for the first time
from natural source and five known compounds 1, 4-7 which were
characterized as 11-hydroxymustakone (2), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (3), N-
formylannonain (1), cordifolioside A (4), magnoflorine (5), tinocordiside (6),
syringin (7) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry
(MS) and comparing the spectral data with reported one. Cordifolioside A and
syringin have been reported to possess immunomodulatory activity. Other five
compounds showed significant enhancement in phagocytic activity and
increase in nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species generation at
concentration 0.1-2.5 μg/ml. Conclusions: Seven immunomodulatory active
compounds belonging to different classes have been isolated and
characterised indicating that the immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora
cordifolia may be attributed to the synergistic effect of group of compounds.
© 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sharma, U., M. Bala, P. Kumar, G. Rampal, N. Kumar, B. Singh and S. Arora (2010).
"Antimutagenic extract from Tinospora cordifolia and its chemical composition."
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(23): 2488-2494.
Chemical constituents of Tinospora cordifolia n-hexane extract were
characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and
column chromatography. 14 constituents were characterised by GC-MS
analysis and column chromatography led to the isolation of β-sitosterol. The
immunomodulatory activity of the extract was investigated by
polymorphonuclear leucocytes function test and antimutagenic activity by
using Salmonella histidine tester strain TA 98. The extract exhibited potent
antimutagenic activity and the IC 50 value was found to be 1033.98 μg/ 0.1 ml
in co-incubation mode and 298.57 μg/ 0.1 ml in pre-incubation mode. © 2010
Academic Journals.

Sharma, U., M. Bala, R. Saini, P. K. Verma, N. Kumar, B. Singh, R. K. Munshi and S.

Bhalerao (2012). "Polysaccharide enriched immunomodulatory fractions from
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) miers ax hook. F. & Thoms." Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology 50(9): 612-617.
Tinospora cordifolia is used in Ayurveda as "Rasayanas" to improve the
immune system and the body resistance against infections. Polysaccharides
are the main constituents which are considered to be responsible for immune

428 
 
 

enhancement. In this study, immunomodulatory activity of three

polysaccharide enriched fractions was evaluated using the polymorphonuclear
leukocyte function test. Sugar composition was determined by GC-MS analysis
of the derivatised fractions. The active polysaccharide fractions mainly
constitute glucose, fructose and arabinose as monomer units.
Page | 429 

Sharma, U., P. Bhandari, N. Kumar and B. Singh (2010). "Simultaneous determination

of ten sugars in tinospora cordifolia by ultrasonic assisted extraction and LC-ELSD."
Chromatographia 71(7-8): 633-638.
Sugars present in medicinal plants are known for protecting and stimulating
the immune system against various biological disorders. Tinospora cordifolia
is a reputed Indian herb used for immunity enhancing which is mainly
attributed to saccharides. In the present study, a simple, sensitive, and reliable
liquid chromatography method based on ultrasonic assisted extraction and
evaporative light scattering detection was developed for simultaneous
determination of ten sugars comprising of monosaccharides (l-(+)-rhamnose,
d-(+)-xylose, d-(-)-arabinose, β-d-(+)-glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, d-(+)-
cellobiose, α-lactose), alditols (xylitol, d-(+)-mannitol) and a polyalcohol (myo-
inositol) in T. cordifolia. The separation was achieved on Zorbax-NH 2 column
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) in gradient elution of acetonitrile: water as mobile
phase with flow rate of 0.5 mL min -1 . The drift tube temperature and
nitrogen flow-rate were optimized at 70 °C and 2.0 standard litres per minute,
respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits
of detection and quantification. The calibration equation revealed a good
linear relationship (r 2 = 0.959-0.999). The sufficient recovery was observed in
the range of 94.1-99.9%. The method showed good reproducibility with intra-
and inter-day precision of &lt;0.99 and 0.97% (RSD), respectively. The
detection and quantification limits for the compounds were in the range of
8.32-44.29 and 25.23-134.20 μg mL -1 , respectively. © 2010 Vieweg+Teubner
Verlag | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH.

Sharma, V., R. Gupta, N. Mishra and S. Sharma (2011). "Influence of Tinospora

cordifolia root extract supplementation on hematological and serological parameters
of male mice exposed to aflatoxin B1." International Journal of Pharmacology 7(5):
659-663.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of
Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alleviating the toxicity of aflatoxin B1
(AFB1) in male swiss albino mice. Forty eight male swiss albino mice (30±5 g)
were exposed to aflatoxin B1 (2 μg 30/g body weight, orally) either
individually or in combination with Tinospora cordifolia (50, 100, 200 mg kg -1
, orally) once daily for 25 days. Evaluation was made for haemato-serological
parameters. The results suggested that aflatoxin B 1 exposure led to
significant fall (p&lt;0.01) in haemoglobin, erythrocyte count and significant

429 
 
 

rise (p&lt;0.01) in platelet count, total leukocyte count, segmented neutrophil,

lymphocyte count (p&lt;0.05), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase,
Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase whereas no
significant difference was seen in haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume,
mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin content.
Page | 430 
Treatment with plant extract alone had no negative effects on most of the
parameters. Concomitant administration of all three plant doses along with
aflatoxin significantly diminished the adverse effect of aflatoxin and altered
most of the haematological and serological variables. © 2011 Asian Network
for Scientific Information.

Sharma, V., R. Gupta and S. Sharma (2011). "Antiaflatoxicogenic activities of

Tinospora cordifolia root extract against aflatoxin B 1 -induced renal damage."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(4): 326-329.
The present study is an effort to identify a potent chemopreventive agent
against various diseases (including aflatoxicosis) in which oxidative stress plays
an important causative role. Here, we investigated the antiaflatoxicogenic
activity of ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia against aflatoxin induced
renal damage. The results revealed that administration of AFB 1 induces
oxidative stress in kidney of AFB 1 -treated mice through elevating the level of
malondialdehyde (MDA) and depleting the level of tissue antioxidants viz.,
sodium dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH),
glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-
transferase (GST), ascorbic acid and protein. Pathological changes in kidney
tissue also supported the biochemical finding. Supplementation of ethanolic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia root during post exposure therapy effectively
ameliorates the deviation induced in kidney of animal in response to AFB 1
administration may be due to presence of antioxidant alkaloids viz.,
tinosporine, tinosporic acid, tinosporol, choline (V), isocolumbine, palmatine
and magnoflorine. The further studies warrant the investigation of exact active
principle (s) present in the extract responsible for the observed effects
employing various carcinogenic models.

Sharma, V., R. Gupta and S. Sharma (2011). "Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic

activity of Tinospora cordifolia root extract on aflatoxin B 1 -induced toxicity in mice."
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(4): 585-589.
Aflatoxin, a fungal mycotoxins are potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic
agent. Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is an ayurvedic herb and has
wide range of traditional use in different diseases. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic effect of ethanolic extract of
Tinospora cordifolia root on aflatoxin B 1 -induced toxicity. Aflatoxin was
administered orally (2μg /30g body weight, 0.2 ml -1 day -1 ) to mice of each
group except control, group III, group IV and group V. Different doses of plant

430 
 
 

extract of Tinospora cordifolia were given to all groups except control and
aflatoxin B 1 administered group. The entire study was carried out for 75 days
and animals were scarified after an interval of 25 days till the completion of
study. From the current study it was illustrated that the Tinospora cordifolia
significantly recovered the body weight, liver weight, kidney weight and also
Page | 431 
showed the hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic activity by lowering down the
level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, blood glucose and enhancing the
level of HDL cholesterol. The overall data indicated that Tinospora cordifolia
possess potent hypolipidemic effect against aflatoxin B 1 -induced
atherosclerosis, and the main mechanism involved in protection could be
associated with its strong hypoglycaemic property. © JK Welfare &amp;
Pharmascope Foundation.

Sharma, V., R. Gupta and S. Sharma (2011). "Preventive effects of Tinospora cordifolia
extract against aflatoxin-B 1 induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice." Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 4(4): 149-155.
Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agents. Reactive
oxygen species and consequent peroxidative damage caused by aflatoxin are
considered to be the main mechanisms leading to carcinoma. The present
investigation aimed at assessing the protective role of ethanolic root extract of
Tinospora cordifolia on aflatoxin B 1 induced toxicity in mice model. The level
of alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase were found
to be increased significantly in serum of AFB 1 administered (2μg/30g b.wt.,
orally) mice, suggesting hepatic and renal damage. Marked increase in lipid
peroxide and a concomitant decrease in enzymatic (superoxide dismutase,
catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione
reductase) and non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione, vitamin c and protein)
antioxidant in hepatic and renal tissues were observed in aflatoxin
administered animals. AFB1 supplementation also affects the hematological
indices by decreasing the level of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit,
lymphocyte and elevating the level of leukocyte, platelet and neutrophil
counts. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney also corroborated
the biochemical findings. Concomitant treatment with different doses of plant
extract along with aflatoxin for 75 days reverted the condition near to normal.
The results of present study suggested that Tinospora cordifolia extract
protect against aflatoxin induced carcinoma and other hematological
abnormalities.

Sharma, V., S. Kaushik, P. Pandit, D. Dhull, J. P. Yadav and S. Kaushik (2019). "Green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants and evaluation of their
antiviral potential against chikungunya virus." Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology 103(2): 881-891.

431 
 
 

The exploration of nanoscale materials for their therapeutic potential against

emerging and re-emerging infections has been increased in recent years.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to possess antimicrobial activities
against different pathogens including viruses and provide an excellent
opportunity to develop new antivirals. The present study focused on biological
Page | 432 
synthesis of AgNPs from Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus niruri, and
Tinospora cordifolia and evaluation of their antiviral properties against
chikungunya virus. Synthesized plants AgNPs were characterized to assess
their formation, morphology, and stability. The cytotoxicity assays in Vero cells
revealed that A. paniculata AgNPs were most cytotoxic with maximum non-
toxic dose (MNTD) value of 31.25 μg/mL followed by P. niruri (MNTD,
125 μg/mL) and T. cordifolia AgNPs (MNTD, 250 μg/mL). In vitro antiviral
assay of AgNPs based on degree of inhibition of cytopathic effect (CPE)
showed that A. paniculata AgNPs were most effective, followed by T. cordifolia
and P. niruri AgNPs. The results of antiviral assay were confirmed by cell
viability test using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide (MTT) dye, which revealed that A. paniculata AgNPs inhibited the
virus to a maximum extent. The cell viability of CHIKV-infected cells
significantly increased from 25.69% to 80.76 and 66.8%, when treated with A.
paniculata AgNPs at MNTD and ½MNTD, respectively. These results indicated
that use of plants AgNPs as antiviral agents is feasible and could provide
alternative treatment options against viral diseases which have no specific
antiviral or vaccines available yet. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany,
part of Springer Nature.

Sharma, V. and D. Pandey (2010). "Beneficial effects of Tinospora cordifolia on blood

profiles in male mice exposed to lead." Toxicology International 17(1): 8-11.
This study was carried out to evaluate in vivo protective role of aqueous
extract of stem and leaves of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) on the toxic effects of
lead on the hematological values. The lead-treated (5 mg/kg body weight,
intraperitonially, once daily) male albino mice concurrently received either T.
cordifolia stem or leaves extracts (400 mg/kg body weight, orally, once daily)
for the duration of 30 days. The animals exposed to lead showed significant
decrease in RBC and Hb level. Significant decline in WBC, DLC, and PCV was
also noticed. Increase in MCV values displaying reciprocal relationship with
RBC, PCV, and Hb values in lead-treated mice were also recorded. These
influences of lead were prevented by concurrent daily administration of T.
cordifolia stem and leaves extract. These results suggested that simultaneous
supplementation of T. cordifolia protects against lead intoxication.

Sharma, V. and D. Pandey (2010). "Protective role of Tinospora cordifolia against

lead-induced hepatotoxicity." Toxicology International 17(1): 12-17.

432 
 
 

The importance of Tinospora cordifolia stem and leaves extract was

investigated for its possible hepatoprotective effect in Swiss albino male mice
against lead nitrate induced toxicity. Oral administration of plant extracts
prevented the occurrence of lead nitrate induced liver damage. The decreased
level of tissue enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and
Page | 433 
increased level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase
(ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were observed
in mice treated with lead. Administration of aqueous stem extract (400 mg/kg
body weight, orally) and aqueous leaves extract (400 mg/kg body weight,
orally) along with the lead nitrate (5 mg/kg body weight, i.p. for 30 days)
increased the activities of SOD and CAT and decreased the levels of AST, ALT,
ALP, and ACP enzymes in mice. These biochemical observations were
supplemented by histopathology/histological examinations of liver section.
Results of this study revealed that plant extract could afford protection against
lead-induced hepatic damage.

Sharma, V. K., R. K. Diwan, R. C. Saxena, P. N. Shrivastava and R. Saxena (2010).

"Survey report of medicinal plant used in folk medicine in tribal areas of Pandhurna,
District Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh)." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 3(2):
403-408.
66 locally available plants of 40 families have been listed below which are used
in folk medicine by the natives of Tehsil Pandhura of District Chhindwara, M. P.
The lists of the plants have been prepared in alphabetical order along with
their local names and medicinal uses of each plant.

Sheeja, E., V. Kuldeep, J. Edwin, A. Showkat and D. Anwar (2011). "Estimating

curcumin and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid in a marketed herbal product using
HPTLC." Indian Drugs 48(2): 43-47.
A highly sensitive and accurate HPTLC method was developed and validated
for quantitative estimation of curcumin and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
in a marketed herbal product 'Rheumax' (herbajules rumatis) containing
extract of Curcuma longa, Boswellia serrata, Tinospora cordifolia and Vitex
negundo. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica
gel 60F 254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system taken was chloroform-
methanol, 9.25:0.75 (v/v/v) in which spot of curcumin was found to be R f of
0.59. The solvent system for 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid taken was
hexane-ethyl acetate (5:5) in which spot of 3-acetyl-11-keto- β-boswellic acid
was found to be R f of 0.24. Densitometric analysis of curcumin and 3-acetyl-
11-keto-β-boswellic acid was done at 430 nm and 254 nm respectively. Linear
regression equation was found to be Y = -3505.107 + 50.275X with R 2 =
0.99984 and Sdv = 1.58 % for curcumin while that of 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-
boswellic acid was found to be Y= -35.042 + 336.513X with R 2 = 0.99919 and
Sdv = 1.79 %.The range for linearity was found to be 100 to 500 ng per spot

433 
 
 

and 1500 to 4000 ng per spot for both curcumin and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-
boswellic acid. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity
and robustness.

Sheorayan, A., S. Kajla, A. Kulhari, P. Kharab and A. Chaudhury (2014). "Efficient

Page | 434 
protocol for isolation of genomic DNA from fresh leaves of Tinospora cordifolia."
Annals of Biology 30(3): 429-433.
Tinospora cordifolia is considered as an important medicinal climber and a
rejuvenating drug provider, capable of imparting youthfulness, vitality and
longevity. Berberine, an important alkaloid from this plant, is a chief
rejuvenating drug found in tropical Indian subcontinent including India, Sri
Lanka and Bangladesh. The experiments were conducted to obtain highly
purified genomic DNA from fresh leaves of the plant. It is very hard to isolate
the good quantity of pure DNA from the leaves as the planting material has
various secondary metabolites and phenolic substances which interfere with
the DNA isolation. To overcome this problem, a standard protocol of DNA
isolation was developed with increasing the amount of CTAB (cetyltrimethyl
ammonium bromide) and a combined treatment of RNAse A and Proteinase K.
The yield of purified DNA was found in the range of 52-197 μg/g of leaf
tissues. The isolated DNA using the following protocol was found to be
suitable for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification using Random
Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

Shinde, V. M. and K. Dhalwal (2010). "DNA fingerprinting of Tinospora cordifolia

using RAPD analysis." Journal of Global Pharma Technology 2(2): 38-42.
Tinospora cordifolia Linn. is one of the important immunomodulating agents
in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. In this study, we
analyze different samples of Tinospora cordifolia for genetic polymorphism
using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Analysis of well-
characterized marker compounds is now the most popular method for
identifying and quality control of herbal materials. However, in many herbal
species the chemical composition of the plant changes with environment
growing and processing conditions, which lowers the reliability of
authentification methods. For the determination of genetic polymorphism,
one hundred and twenty decamer oligonucleotide primers were used to
screen twenty selected samples. Total DNA extracted from the stem by using
ethanol precipitation was used as the template in the PCR reaction. Four
primers OPA-16, OPC-7, OPC-13 and OPG-5, showed reproducible distinct
polymorphic patterns. The primers possess abilities in detecting variations in
twenty collected samples of Tinospora cordiofolia. It can be applied to detect
the presence of the drug in formulations. A low genetic diversity among the
Tinospora cordifolia samples was revealed by RAPD analysis. © 2009, JGPT.

434 
 
 

Shinde, V. M., K. Dhalwal, K. R. Mahadik, K. S. Joshi and B. K. Patwardhan (2007).

"RAPD analysis for determination of components in herbal medicine." Evidence-
based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4(SUPPL. 1): 21-23.
In this study, the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique was
employed for determination of the components in an Ayurvedic herbal
Page | 435 
prescription, Rasayana Churna. One-hundred-and-twenty decamer
oligonucleotide primers were screened in the RAPD analysis to identify three
Ayurvedic medicines, dried stem of Tinospora cordifolia, dried fruit of Emblica
officinalis and dried fruit of Tribulus terestris, the Ayurvedic prescription.
Primer OPC-6 simultaneously generated three distinct amplicons, each specific
to one component. The marker with 600 bp is specific to Tinospora cordifolia;
the marker 500 bp is specific to Emblica officinalis and the remaining marker
>1000 bp was present in Tribulus terestris. Presence of three herbal medicines
was determined when RAPD reaction with OPC-6 was performed. The
technique was proved to contribute to the identification of components in
Ayurvedic herbal preparation and thus helping to serve as a complementary
tool for quality control. © 2007 The Author(s).

Shirolkar, A., B. Sharma, S. Lata and R. Dabur (2016). "Guduchi Sawras (Tinospora
cordifolia): An Ayurvedic drug treatment modulates the impaired lipid metabolism in
alcoholics through dopaminergic neurotransmission and anti-oxidant defense
system." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 83: 1265-1277.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi Sawras) though has been clearly demonstrated
in literature for its hypolipidemic and anti-alcoholism properties but its anti-
hyperlipidemia mechanistic approach is still missing. Moreover, its direct
implication with alcohol induced hyperlipidemia has also not been reported
till date. In order to explore the answers of these questions, phytochemicals of
Tinospora cordifolia water extract “Guduchi Sawras” (GS) was analyzed using
HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. On the basis of relative peak volumes 110 compounds were
selected and identified in GS. Besides that, protein targets of most abundant
compounds present in GS were fetched from ChEMBL and protein interaction
network (PIN) was constructed. GO enrichment analysis showed that GS
targets various pathways including dopamine metabolism, cAMP-dependent
signaling pathway, and glycolytic process. Biological processes obtained via
PIN were correlated with hyperlipidemia markers and dopamine metabolism
in moderate alcohol consumers (n = 25) and healthy volunteers (n = 27) of
age 41 ± 3.8 years. Metabolic analysis demonstrated the increased serotonin
(1.9-fold) and decreased dopamine (−2.3-fold) levels in alcoholics. Further
data analysis revealed a significant increase in urinary BCAAs (>2.0-fold),
pantothenic acid (1.8-fold), carnitines (>2-fold) levels, and decrease in PPARα
activation markers levels i.e. nicotinamide-1-oxide (−1.7-fold), and N-
methylnicotinamide (−1.6-fold) in alcoholics. Biochemical analysis showed the
increased AST/ALT ratio (1.91), along with triglycerides (20%), and MDA (34%)

435 
 
 

and GSH (56%) levels in alcoholics. GS treatment significantly reverted the

most of the discussed metabolites levels (p < 0.05) and enzymes activities
(p < 0.05) in alcoholics. The data depict that moderate chronic alcohol
consumption lead to hyperlipidemia and oxidative burden; whereas GS
treatment ameliorates hyperlipidemia by decreasing oxidative stress,
Page | 436 
activating PPARα, CREB and SREBP-1 through stimulation of dopamine D1
receptors mediated signalling molecules i.e. cAMP and protein kinase A. ©
2016 Elsevier Masson SAS

Shirolkar, A. R. and R. Dabur (2016). "Administration of fresh juice of Tinospora

cordifolia decreases levels of urinary markers of peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptors in hyperlipidemic patients." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research 50(3): 451-457.
Objective: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers juice (TCJ) is known for its anti-
hyperlipidemic properties. This study was aimed to validate the efficacy of TCJ
to activate PPARα in vivo in hyperlipidemic (HPL) patients. Materials and
Methods: HPL (n=20) and healthy (n=22) volunteers were enrolled in the
study. HPL patients were treated with TCJ for 14 days. The fasting urine and
blood samples were collected on 0 and 14th day for analysis. The blood
samples were used for biochemical analysis. Urine samples were subjected to
LC-ESI-QTOFMS for the analysis of PPAR-α markers. Results: Treatment with
TCJ depleted cholesterol (TC-24%), triglycerides (TG-28%) and low density
lipoprotein (LDL-14%) levels and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL)
(p&lt;0.05) levels in HPL. The QTOFMS data revealed increased urinary
excretions of pantothenic acid (5.99 fold), hippuric acid (&lt;15.0 fold),
acylcarnitines (&lt;2.0 folds) and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) in HPL
patients which significantly depleted (p&lt;0.01) after TCJ treatment. Two new
acylcarnitines, L-hexanoylcarnitine and 4-hydroxyisovaleric acid observed in
HPL patients were depleted (&gt;2.0 fold) after treatment with TCJ. The other
biomarkers of HPL, ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were also
depleted (&gt;4.0 fold) after TCJ treatment. Conclusion: The present data
clearly depicted the regulatory effects of TCJ on the lipid metabolism. It
emphasize that TCJ activates PPAR-α in vivo that decreased the urinary levels
of PPARα biomarkers. © 2016, Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of
India. All rights reserved.

Shivakumar Singh, P. and G. M. Vidyasagar (2015). "Antifungal screening of 61

traditional medicinal plants of 305 extracts against dermatophytic fungi trichophyton
tonsurans." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(3): 186-
190.
Objective: Antidermatophytic activity of 305 extracts from 61 traditional
medicinal plants belonging to 33 different families from Hyderabad Karnataka
region was subjected to screening against Trichophyton tonsurans. Methods:

436 
 
 

The screening was performed using Pet ether, chloroform, ethyalacetate,

methanol and aqueous successive extracts (Soxhlet extractor) of each plant
was tested for their antifungal activity using the agar well diffusion method at
a sample concentration of 5 & 2.5 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory
concentrations of 10 very effective plants were determined using the broth
Page | 437 
dilution technique. Results: Out of 61 plants, 10 exhibited very effective
antidermatophytic activity in three extracts like ethyalacetate (05), methanol
(02), chloroform (02), Aqueous (01) extracts, effective activity observed in 14
plants in different extracts, whereas 34 plants showed moderate activity, 03
plants showed weak activity. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained,
we conclude that the crude extracts of Allium sativam L., Corchorus oleterius
L., Gymnosporia montana (Roth) Benth, Milletia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi,
Lycopersicon esculentum L., Annona squamosa L., Plumbago zeylanica L.,
Calotropis gigantea L., Zingiber officinale Rosce. exhibited significant
antidermatophytic activity (T. tonsurans) and properties that support folkloric
use in the treatment of skin diseases as broad-spectrum antimycotic agents.
This probably explains the use of these plants by the indigenous people
against dermatological infections. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.

Shivananjappa, M. M. and Muralidhara (2012). "Abrogation of maternal and fetal

oxidative stress in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat by dietary supplements of
Tinospora cordifolia." Nutrition 28(5): 581-587.
Objective: Diabetes during pregnancy increases the incidences of congenital
anomalies, morbidity, and mortality in the mother and her fetus/newborn.
Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated to be responsible because various
antioxidants have been demonstrated to be beneficial in diabetic
embryopathy. In this study, we examined the propensity of Tinospora
cordifolia (TC) to attenuate embryopathy and OS in pregnant diabetic rats.
Methods: Pregnant rats were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (45 mg/kg
of body weight, on gestation day 4) and fed a normal or a TC-supplemented
(1% or 2%) diet. After monitoring diet intake, body weight gain, and urine
output, dams were sacrificed on gestation day 20 and the markers of OS were
determined in the maternal liver and the fetal brain and liver. Results:
Although streptozotocin induced a significant (40%) increase in embryopathy,
the dietary supplements offered significant protection (63%). Interestingly, TC
significantly offset the diabetes-associated OS in the maternal liver as
evidenced by the lower levels of malondialdehyde (25%) and reactive oxygen
species (72%) and the higher levels of glutathione (53%) and total thiols (45%).
The protective effects of TC could be observed even in the fetal milieu, with
higher levels of antioxidant molecules and enzymes. Conclusion: These data
suggest that TC during pregnancy may provide significant protection against

437 
 
 

diabetes-induced OS and thus serve as an effective therapeutic supplement. ©

2012 Elsevier Inc..

Shivanna, M. B., K. G. S. Achar, M. M. Vasanthakumari and P. Mahishi (2014). "Phoma

leaf spot disease of tinospora cordifolia and its effect on secondary metabolite
Page | 438 
production." Journal of Phytopathology 162(5): 302-312.
Tinospora cordifolia is one of the important medicinal climbers growing
extensively in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. The plant foliages
were found infected with Phoma putaminum in different parts of the
sanctuary. A three-year (August 2006-July 2009) study of the disease due to
the pathogen indicated that the disease incidence (DI) ranged from 0 to 100%
(maximum in Kakanahasudi), while disease severity (DS) ranged from 1.60 to
45.00% (maximum in Madhuguni). The environmental parameters like rainfall
and relative humidity (RH) correlated significantly with DI and DS, while
temperature correlated negatively. The regression analysis indicated that DI
and DS were affected due to increase in RH and decrease in temperature and
rainfall. The spatial heterogeneity of the foliar disease determined by the
binary form of modified Taylor's power law indicated that the disease
incidence showed the regular pattern of dispersion (P < 0.001) in seven forest
regions and heterogenous pattern (P < 0.001) in one forest region. The result
also indicated that the alkaloid content decreased drastically following
infection with P. putaminum, while phenol, flavonoid and steroid contents
increased with increase in the severity of infection. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag
GmbH.

Shukla, S. D., M. Bhatnagar and S. Khurana (2012). "Critical evaluation of ayurvedic

plants for stimulating intrinsic antioxidant response." Frontiers in Neuroscience(JULY):
1-12.
Oxidative damage caused by free radicals plays an important role in the
causation and progression of many diseases, including aging. Free-radical
damage is countered by many mechanisms, including both active antioxidant
enzymatic activity in our body and passive antioxidants. Antioxidant response
of our body can accommodate increased oxidative damage in diseased states
to a level but beyond that level, additional antioxidants are required to
combat the increased stress. Apart from the regular dietary sources of
antioxidants, many traditional herbal medicines demonstrate a potential to
boost antioxidant activity. Rasayana chikitsa that deals with rejuvenation and
revitalization is a branch of the Indian traditional medical system of ayurveda.
We review some select herbs described in rasayana chikitsa that have been
assessed by modern means for stimulating intrinsic antioxidant responses in
humans. A critical evaluation of rasayana chikitsa will likely provide urgently
needed, actual stimulants of our physiological antioxidant responses and not

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just more passive antioxidants to add to an already large catalog. © 2012

Shukla, Bhatnagar and Khurana.

Sibi, P. I. and T. Rahees (2013). "Tinosporacordifolia: A potential plant with

immunomodulatory activity." Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Page | 439 
12(1): 30-38.
Immunomodulation is a procedure, which can alter the immune system of an
organism by interfering its function. Modulation of immune system may result
in suppression or stimulation of immunological reactivity. Recently the effect
of immunomodulators in the treatment of various diseases is significant.
Tinosporacordifolia is a widely used shrub in ayurvedic system of medicine. It
is reported to benefit the immune system in a variety of ways. The medicinal
properties incorporated with this plant are antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-
neoplastic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cognitive,
adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effect. Many
compounds belonging to different classes such as alkaloids, diterpenoids,
phenol, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides have been isolated from
this plant. But it is not well known that which of these compounds are
responsible for various activities. Therefore, it needs further exploration of its
components, pharmacological action and mechanism of action. This review
presents a detail survey of literature on immunomodulatory properties of
T.cordifolia. The main aim of the survey is to reinforce scientific reconfirmation
of its immunological activities and human studies. © 2013 by Tehran
University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

Sidana, A. and U. Farooq (2015). "Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of plants used

in Indian traditional medicine." Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 10(2): 423-426.
The present study was aimed at in vitro antileishmanial screening of 10 plants
used in the traditional medicine in India. MTT method was used to evaluate
the cell death after application of 100, 250, 350 and 500 μg/mL of the
methanolic extracts followed by incubation for 24 hours at 25°C. Methanolic
leaf extracts of Acorus calamus, Alstonia scholaris and Berberis aristata
showed significant antileishmanial activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. In
order to identify the antileishmanial compounds present in the active extracts
of the screened plants, an LC-MS analysis of the tested extracts was carried
out. The active extracts revealed the presence of some natural products with
known antileishmanial activity along with other compounds. The present study
suggests that the active plant extracts may be processed to isolate the
compounds that may further be screened for their antileishmanial potential. ©
2015, Bangladesh Pharmacological Society. All right resreved.

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Silambarasan, R. and M. Ayyanar (2015). "An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants

in Palamalai region of Eastern Ghats, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 172: 162-
178.
Ethnopharmacological relevance During the last few decades there has been
an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants with their traditional use
Page | 440 
and related pharmacological research all over the World. This paper
enumerated folk medicinal plants used by Malayali tribal people in an
unexplored and biodiversity rich region of Eastern Ghats in southern India.
Aim of study The aim of this study is to collect and identify the plants used in
medicinal therapy by the local people and professional traditional healers with
quantitative analysis. Materials and methods An ethnobotanical survey was
carried out during January to December 2014 among the Malayali tribal
people in four villages of Palamalai region in Eastern Ghats, India. The
information was obtained through open and semi-structured face-to-face
interviews with the local knowledgeable people and professional traditional
healers. The statistical analysis, use value, family use value, informants'
consensus factor, fidelity level, frequency of citation, relative frequency
citation and informants' agreements ratio were calculated for the quantitative
study of ethnomedicinal data. Results A total of 118 plant species belonging
to 95 genera and 55 families dominated by the families like Leguminosae,
Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were enumerated with detailed information on
parts used, method of preparation, mode of administration and ailments
treated. Leaves were mostly used plant part and predominantly used herbal
preparations were decoction and paste. Moringa oleifera Lam. was reported
by all the interviewed informants and gives the highest UV of 3.9 with 78 use
reports due to its diverse medicinal uses. Conclusion The present study
demonstrated the need for importance of documenting the traditional
knowledge of forest dwelling people. As a result of the study, Abutilon
indicum (L.) Sweet., Andrographis echioides (L.f.) Nees., Bacopa monnieri (L.)
Wettst., Canarium strictum Roxb., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban., Senna auriculata
(L.) Roxb. and Tribulus terrestris (L.) were recommended for further
ethnopharmacological studies since these plants were recorded with high UV,
IAR, RFC and FL values. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Simonsen, H. T., J. B. Nordskjold, U. W. Smitt, U. Nyman, P. Palpu, P. Joshi and G.

Varughese (2001). "In vitro screening of Indian medicinal plants for antiplasmodial
activity." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74(2): 195-204.
Plants traditionally used in India to treat fever or malaria were examined in
vitro for antiplasmodial properties against Plasmodium falciparum. Of 80
analysed ethanol extracts, from 47 species, significant effects were found for
31 of the extracts. These represent 23 different species from 20 families. Of the
active species 20 were tested against P. falciparum for the first time. The
following five species seems to be of special interest for further antimalarial

440 
 
 

studies, Casearia elliptica, Holarrhena pubescens, Pongamia pinnata, Soymida

febrifuga, and Plumbago zeylanica. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland
Ltd.

Singh, A., H. Sharma, R. Singh, P. Pant, N. Srikant and K. S. Dhiman (2017).

Page | 441 
"Identification and quantification of boeravinone-B in whole plant extract of
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn and in its polyherbal formulation." Journal of Natural
Remedies 17(3): 88-95.
Objective: To ascertain the authenticity of Boeravinone-B in Boerhaavia diffusa
and its poly-herbal dosage form (capsule) by identification and quantification
through precise and robust HPLC method. Materials and Methods: The RP-
HPLC analysis was accomplished employing phosphate buffer & acetonitrile as
mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and 270 nm as detection
wavelength. Results: The content of Boeravinone B in ingredients (hydro-
alcoholic extracts of whole plant) and poly-herbal formulation of B. diffusa was
estimated as 0.041 % w/w and 0.011 % w/w, respectively with good linearity
R2> 0.9997 and retention time 24.413±0.004 min. Conclusion: The amount of
Boeravinone- B present in B.diffusa extracts of raw drug complies with that of
reported in literature. Quantification of Boeravinone-B suggested an
identification mark for this drug and its different market formulations and may
work as quality parameter in standardization. On the basis of percentage of
Boeravinone-B the content of B.diffusa in poly-herbal formulation validate the
ratio of ingredient in final formulation. This method proved its applicability in
quality assessment via quantification of this marker in raw material as well as
various phyto-formulations of B.diffusa and widens the acceptability criteria at
international level. © 2017, Informatics Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

Singh, B., T. Kaur, S. Kaur, R. K. Manhas and A. Kaur (2014). "An Alpha-Glucosidase
Inhibitor from an Endophytic Cladosporium sp. with Potential as a Biocontrol Agent."
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 175(4): 2020-2034.
This study highlights the importance of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as
mechanisms for endophyte-mediated resistance to insect pests. One of the
major benefits which endophytes confer on plants is providing resistance
against insect pests. This built-in defense mechanism of the plant can be used
for exploring ecofriendly strategies for pest control. In the present study, 34
endophytic fungi were isolated from Tinospora cordifolia and screened for
their ability to produce alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Maximum inhibitory
activity was observed in an isolate from T. cordifolia (TN-9S), identified to be
Cladosporium sp. The inhibitor was purified using chromatographic
techniques. The insecticidal activity of the purified inhibitor was evaluated
against Spodoptera litura. The inhibitor induced a significant mortality in the
larvae of S. litura and adversely affected its survival and development. It also
inhibited the activity of α-glycosidases in vivo in the gut of the larvae. The

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purified inhibitor was determined to be a phenolic compound with amine

groups, demonstrating a noncompetitive type of inhibition in vitro. The
production of the inhibitor was optimized. Response surface methodology
(RSM) analysis revealed a significant interaction between dextrose and malt
extract, with first-order effect of pH. © 2014, Springer Science+Business
Page | 442 
Media New York.

Singh, B., T. Kaur, S. Kaur, R. K. Manhas and A. Kaur (2016). "Insecticidal potential of
an endophytic Cladosporium velox against Spodoptera litura mediated through
inhibition of alpha glycosidases." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 131: 46-52.
Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity was exhibited by partially purified
fractions obtained from an endophytic Cladosporium velox, isolated from
Tinospora cordifolia. Taking into account the increasing importance of
digestive enzyme inhibitors as insecticidal agents, the entomopathogenic
potential of the fractions obtained was evaluated against Spodoptera litura
(Fab.), a polyphagous pest. Considerable mortality was obtained when the
larvae were fed on diet supplemented with the partially purified extract. All the
concentrations of the extract significantly prolonged the overall
developmental period of S. litura. At higher concentrations, the extract
influenced the longevity of females as well as their reproductive potential.
Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the
active fraction. The phenolic compound responsible for the bioactivities was
purified and identified to be chlorogenic acid using HPLC and MS analysis. The
content of chlorogenic acid in the extract was quantified to be 250 μg/ml. The
purified compound also demonstrated inhibition of alpha glycosidases in vivo.
The present study indicates that the endophyte imparted resistance to the
insects in the plants could be mediated through chlorogenic acid targeting
the alpha glycosidases present in the gut of the insect. The isolate obtained
can be exploited for the production of chlorogenic acid, which has the
potential to be exploited as a biocontrol agent against S. litura. © 2016
Elsevier B.V.

Singh, B., P. Sharma, A. Kumar, P. Chadha, R. Kaur and A. Kaur (2016). "Antioxidant
and in vivo genoprotective effects of phenolic compounds identified from an
endophytic Cladosporium velox and their relationship with its host plant Tinospora
cordifolia." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 194: 450-456.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Tinospora cordifolia (Willd. Hook. f. &amp;
Thomson; family: Menispermaceae), has a long history of use in various
traditional medicinal systems including “Ayurveda”. It is reported to possess
anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, and antiinflammatory
activities. T. cordifolia has also been well documented for production of
various bioactive metabolites and their antioxidant activity, but the
microorganisms associated with it have been least explored for the same

442 
 
 

properties. Aim of the study Aim of the present study was to evaluate
antioxidant and in vivo genoprotective potential of phenolic compounds
produced by an endophytic fungus Cladosporium velox TN-9S isolated from T.
cordifolia. Materials and methods The isolate of C. velox TN-9S was cultivated
in malt extract medium and extracted with ethyl acetate. Total phenol content
Page | 443 
was determined by Folin Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was
measured in terms of DPPH and FRAP assay. The in vivo genoprotective
activity was assessed using fish Channa punctatus as model. Identification of
phenolic compounds was carried out using RP-HPLC. The fungal extract was
evaluated for biosafety using Salmonella typhimurium His - strain and CHO
cell lines for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. Results The total
phenolic content in the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus was determined to
be 730 μg gallic acid equivalent/mL. The extract evinced significant
antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 22.5 µg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay.
The phenolic extract showed good in vivo genoprotective activity against the
genetic damage induced in fish C. punctatus after treatment with a non-ionic
surfactant 4-nonylphenol. RP-HPLC analysis revealed the presence of peaks
corresponding to various phenolic compounds in the extract. Mutagenicity
and cytotoxicity results revealed the extract to be nonmutagenic and non
cytotoxic in nature. Conclusion The results indicate the potential of an
endophytic C. velox isolated from T. cordifolia as a producer of phenolic
compounds with antioxidant and genoprotective activities which could be
exploited in pharmaceutical industry. The ability of endophytes to produce
similar compounds as the host, is also revealed in the present study. © 2016
Elsevier Ireland Ltd

Singh, B. P., S. Garg and R. S. Chauhan (2006). "Enhanced lymphocyte transformation

responses (LTR) in poultry due to immuplus." Phytomedica 7: 9-11.
Immunomodulatory effect of ImmuPlus, a polyherbal preparation was studied
on lymphocyte transformation responses in poultry for a period of 60 days. T
and B lymphocyte blastogenesis responses were performed using
phytohaemagglutinin-M and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as mitogen,
respectively. ImmuPlus has been found to enhance the lymphocyte
transformation responses significantly from the 3rd week and the same
remained high till the end of experiment in comparison to controls.

Singh, D. and P. K. Chaudhuri (2015). "(+) corydine from the stems of Tinospora
cordifolia." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27(4): 1567-1568.
The present work constitutes the systematic chemical screening of matured
stems of Tinospora cordifolia as matured stems are preferred in commercial
formulations for its efficacy. Earlier works on T. cordifolia collected from wild
sources showed a lot of chemical variations with altogether different
compounds which pose difficulties in its quality management as marker

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compounds. The stems of T. cordifolia were collected at matured stage from

our gene bank and extracted with alcohol after its defatification with hexane.
The isolated alkaloidal part on repeated Si-gel, flash and reversed phase C18
column chromatography afforded four isoquinoline alkaloids palmatine,
jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine and (+) corydine. The non-alkaloidal part gave
Page | 444 
columbin, a furano diterpenoid beside β-sitosterol. (+) Corydine, a rare
alkaloid was reported first time from T. cordifolia and from the genus
Tinospora. The structures of compounds were identified by 2D NMR and MS
analyses.

Singh, D. and P. K. Chaudhuri (2017). "Chemistry and pharmacology of Tinospora

cordifolia." Natural Product Communications 12(2): 299-308.
Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant
distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and China. The whole plant is
used in folk and the Ayurvedic system of medicine alone and in combination
with other plants. Due to its commercial importance, T. Cordifolia has been of
intense research interest for the last four decades with the isolation of diverse
compounds such as alkaloids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, phenolics,
steroids, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides, along with the discovery
of a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties like immunomodulation,
anticancer, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic. Although pharmacological
activities of extracts and compounds of T. Cordifolia have been studied both
in vitro and in vivo, only few mechanisms of action have been explored and
need further elaboration. In the present review, the pharmacological activities
of compounds and different extracts of T. Cordifolia are highlighted, along
with those of the marketed products, showing the relevance of
phytochemicals and the standardization of the marketed products for
medicinal use. This compilation of the extensive literature of T. Cordifolia here
will be a referral point for clinical study and the development of standardized
phytomedicines in healthcare.

Singh, G., M. Srivastava and P. Misra (2015). Genetic transformation for quality
improvement in ornamental climbers. Biotechnological Strategies for the
Conservation of Medicinal and Ornamental Climbers, Springer International
Publishing: 351-365.
The climbers have very important role as ornamentals (e.g. Bougainvillea,
Clematis, Bignonia, Lonicera, floribunda rose, Asparagus racemosus, Gloriosa
superba, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Ceropegia spp., etc.) and as medicinal
plants (e.g. Gymnema sylvestre, Tinospora cordifolia, Gloriosa superba,
Asparagus racemosus, Piper betle, Holostemma ada-kodien). But there are
many problems associated with their propagation, breeding, untimely ripening
of male and female fl owers, biotic and abiotic stress and also many types of
diseases. Plant transformations including Agrobacterium -mediated; virus-

444 
 
 

mediated, chemical-mediated microinjection; electroporation; particle

bombardment; RNAi and miRNA technologies are routinely being used for the
improvement of crops, to develop desired transgenics and to introduce
various types of biotic and abiotic resistance in plants. Mutation breeding is a
conventional and time-consuming technique for modifying the target traits in
Page | 445 
plant systems. To overcome this, genetic transformation can be used for the
modification of trait-related genes in few plants. Flower colour, flower
fragrance, dwarfi sm and increase in vase life of climbing ornamentals are
some of the important areas of research which contribute to the market value
of any ornamental plant. In last few decades, the relationship between fl
avonoid biosynthetic pathway and anthocyanin production has been well
studied, and genetic engineering is being used to produce cultivars with novel
pigmentation in flowers by modifi cation in the biosynthesis of
flavonoid/anthocyanin. Initially, blue rose was developed by introducing genes
for delphinidin pigments to ordinary roses. But recently, gene silencing using
RNAi technology is being used to prevent red pigment formation and allow
the production of blue pigment. Colour intensity and flower longevity can be
increased by the transformation and modulation of genes that encode for
pigment and ethylene biosynthetic pathways. However, with the knowledge of
genes related to fragrance biosynthesis, one can improve the ornamental
climbers, such as Quisqualis indica, Lonicera, Bignonia, Bougainvillea, etc. ©
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.

Singh, H., T. Kaur, S. Manchanda and G. Kaur (2017). "Intermittent fasting combined
with supplementation with Ayurvedic herbs reduces anxiety in middle aged female
rats by anti-inflammatory pathways." Biogerontology 18(4): 601-614.
Intermittent fasting-dietary restriction (IF-DR) is an increasingly popular
intervention to promote healthy aging and delay age associated decline in
brain functions. Also, the use of herbal interventions is gaining attention due
to their non-pharmacological approach to treat several abnormalities and
promote general health with least side effects. The present study was aimed to
investigate the synergistic effects of IF-DR regimen with herbal
supplementation on anxiety-like behavior and neuroinflammation in middle
aged female rats. We used dried leaf powder of Withania somnifera and dried
stem powder of Tinospora cordifolia for our study. The rats were divided into
three groups: (1) Control group fed ad libitum (AL); (2) rats deprived of food
for full day and fed ad libitum on every alternate day (IF-DR); and (3) IF-DR
and herbal extract (DRH) group in which rats were fed ad libitum with herbal
extract supplemented diet, every alternate day. Post regimen, the rats were
tested for anxiety-like behavior and further used for study of key inflammatory
molecules (NFκB, Iba1, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and glial marker (GFAP) in
hippocampus and piriform cortex regions of brain. The study was further
extended to explore the effect of DRH regimen on stress response protein

445 
 
 

(HSP70) and calcium dependent regulators of synaptic plasticity (CaMKIIα,

Calcineurin). Our data demonstrated that DRH regimen reduced anxiety-like
behavior in middle age female rats and associated neuroinflammation by
ameliorating key inflammatory cytokines and modulated stress response. The
present data may provide scientific validation for anxiolytic and anti-
Page | 446 
inflammatory potential of herbal intervention combined with short term IF-DR
regimen. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Singh, J., A. Bagla and V. Pahal (2010). "Hepatoprotective activity of herbal extracts in
carbon tetrachloride intoxicated albino rats by measuring anti-oxidant enzymes."
International Journal of PharmTech Research 2(3): 2112-2115.
The plants Tinospora cordifolia, Aloe Vera and Mangifera indica are used in
the ayurvedic system as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor,
immunostimulant and also to treat liver disorders. The aim of the study was to
evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of these three plants extracts against
carbon tetra chloride induced intoxicity in wistar albino rats. Stock solution
(1mg/ml) of these extracts was prepared and administered to experimental
rats for 6 days. On the seventh day single dose of CCl4 (0.25 ml/100 gm) was
given and hepatoprotective activity of extracts was evaluated by estimation of
the antioxidant enzymes- superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and also
lipid peroxidation level. The toxicity induced by CCl4 was controlled
significantly by restoration of improved level of superoxide dismutase,
catalase, peroxidase and decreased lipid peroxidation when compared to the
toxic control group. Increased levels of these enzymes showed good
antioxidant potential and thus hepatoprotective effect. Aloe Vera extract
showed the best antioxidant potential followed by Tinospora cordifolia and
Mangifera indica. Aloe vera extract could be recommended for improving the
antioxidative status of patients undergoing antiviral therapy.

Singh, K., S. Kadyan, M. Panghal and J. P. Yadav (2014). "Assessment of genetic

diversity in Tinospora cordifolia by inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and
expressed sequence tagged- simple sequence repeats (EST-SSR)." International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(10): 520-524.
Objective: In this study, assessment of genetic diversity was carried out using
two kinds of molecular markers: Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and
Expressed Sequence Tag Simple Sequence Repeats (EST-SSR) in T. cordifolia.
Methods: A total of 20 primers/primer pairs were tested for the detection of
polymorphism. For genetic diversity assessment, certain parameters such as
Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), Marker Index (MI), effective multiplex
ratio (EMR) and DDI (Diversity detecting Index) were used. Results: The PIC,
MI, EMR and DDI values ranges from 0.306-0.351, 0.76-1.18, 3.86-2.16 and
0.739-0.175 respectively. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard`s similarity
coefficient using an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean

446 
 
 

(UPGMA) classified all 24 accessions in to two major clusters respectively for

both the marker system which demarcated the accessions according to
different climatic zones. Similarity indices ranged from 0.68-1.0 for ISSR and
0.52-0.96 for EST-SSR. Conclusion: Both marker systems ISSR and EST-SSR
separate out the accessions from different climatic zones in to different
Page | 447 
groups. In addition, both have shown a high genetic diversity and a good
consistency among different genotypes of T. cordifolia. Out of these two, EST-
SSR proves more efficient as it directly correlates with the geographical
distribution of the plant. © 2014, International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.

Singh, K., M. Panghal, S. Kadyan, U. Chaudhary and J. P. Yadav (2014). "Antibacterial

activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia against multi
drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients."
Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology 5(2).
In the present study, antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized
from stem of Tinospora cordifolia were analysed against multidrug-resistant
strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients. As
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a scourge of hospital burn units and its
emergence as multidrug-resistant strains is a major problem in the control of
nosocomial infections. Therefore, we tried to establish a combination of
medicinal values of Tinospora cordifolia and nanotechnology possibly with the
field of medicine for the development of antibacterial agents against these
MDR strains.The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-
visible spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-Ray
Diffraction have revealed the size of silver nanoparticles 9 ± 36 nm and 12.49
nm respectively. Further antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared
from Tinospora cordifolia against multidrug resistant strains was determined
by agar well diffusion assay and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was
estimated by qualitative experimentation by resazurin based micro broth
dilution method. All experiments were done in triplicate. The silver
nanoparticles of stem of Tinospora cordifolia showed the zone of inhibition
ranges from 10 ± 0.58 to 21 ± 0.25mm. The MIC of AgNPs from stem extract
was found to be 6.25 to 200 μg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
Silver nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia possess very good antibacterial
activity which makes them a potent source of antibacterial agent. © 2014
Singh K, et al.

Singh, L., S. Tyagi, M. A. Rizvi and H. C. Goel (2007). "Effect of tinospora cordifolia on
gamma ray-induced perturbations in macrophages and splenocytes." Journal of
Radiation Research 48(4): 305-315.

447 
 
 

Tinospora cordifolia (RTc) has already been reported to protect whole-body

lethally irradiated mice. This study has focussed on certain aspects of
immuno-competence, which are adversely affected by irradiation. This study
included estimation of spleen size, cell count, DNA fragmentation and
apoptosis in splenocytes. The adherence, spreading and phagocytic activities
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of macrophages were also assessed. Cytokines in serum and anti-oxidants in
plasma were also estimated. Administration of RTc (200 mg/kg.b.wt.) one hour
before irradiation showed recovery of spleen weight from 49% of control in
irradiated group to 93%; apoptosis from 19% to 2.8%; DNA fragmentation
from 43% to 20.4%; macrophage adherence form 75% of control to 120% and
macrophage spread size from 8 μm to 15 μm. RTc also stimulated proliferation
in splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. RTc administration before
irradiation also increased levels of IL-1β and GM-CSF levels, from 56 pg/ml
and 53 pg/ml respectively in irradiated group to 59 pg/ml and 63 pg/ml.
Similarly, radiation-induced decrease of anti-oxidant potential of plasma (32
Fe2+ equiv.) as compared to control (132 Fe2+ equiv.) was countered by
administration of RTc before irradiation (74.2 Fe2+ equiv.) RTc treatment thus
reveals several radio-protective mechanisms.

Singh, M. and A. C. Varshney (2005). "Therapeutic evaluation of ART-400 in traumatic

arthritis in bovines." Indian Veterinary Journal 82(4): 384-387.
Aseptic traumatic arthritis of radiocarpal joint was induced in 11 male calves,
which were divided into 3 groups. The animals of group III were treated with
ART-400 powder, group II were treated with 2ml (50mg) diclofenac sodium on
5th post-induction day, whereas the animals of group I served as control.
Following treatment maximum improvement in mucin clot quality and total
leucocytic count of synovia were seen in the animals of group III followed by
group II on 24th post-induction day. The relative viscosity of synovia also
improved significantly and the effect of treatment was equal in group II and III.
Significantly reduced glucose concentrations on 5th post-induction day
registered rise following treatment in the animals of group II and III. Synovial
total protein and albumin concentration declined sharply in treated groups on
24th day as compared to 5th post-induction day. No significant change was
seen in synovial alkaline phosphatase values. Following treatment on 24th day,
the values of lactate dehydrogenase significantly increased in group II,
whereas it decreased in group III when compared to 5th day values.

Singh, M. K., K. Nagori and D. K. Tripathi (2010). "Potential Analgesic & Anti-Pyretic
Herbal Drugs: A Comparative Review of Marketed Products." International Journal of
Phytomedicine 2(3): 197-209.
Analgesic from the family of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) have probably been used for more than 2000 years. In the 1900 ASA
become an established treatment for pain and migraine. The detection of the

448 
 
 

main mechanism of the clinical effect of ASAs in John R.Vane's group in

1972(who received the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1982 for his discovery of
prostaglandin synthesis inhibition) gave a new and persistent drive to the
development of other chemically different NSAID. The currently available
analgesic and antipyretic drugs in allopathic system of medicine are not so
Page | 449 
effective in combating wide variety of complications. The remedial measure
may lie in the ayurvedic system of medicine. The various herbal drugs such as
Acacia nilotica, Bauhinia racemosa Linn. Cleome viscose, Hippobromus
panciflorus etc known for their potential analgesic and antipyretic activity shall
be discussed. The various branded herbal formulations like Rumalaya, Charak,
Rumartho, Arthrella, and Reosto etc available in the market as analgesic and
antipyretic remedies are also discussed along with their clinical merits. It may
be concluded that since ayurvedic formulations contain number of ingredients
in which one ingredient may act to enhance the action of other ingredient.
Also as a result of so many ingredients present in the particular ayurvedic
formulation it helps in combating other diseases in addition to analgesic and
antipyretic activity. © arjournals.org, All rights reserved.

Singh, N., S. M. Singh, Prakash and G. Singh (2005). "Restoration of thymic

homeostasis in a tumor-bearing host by in vivo administration of medicinal herb
Tinospora Cordifolia." Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 27(4): 585-599.
In vivo administration of alcoholic extract of medicinal plant Tinospora
cordifolia (TC) to mice bearing a spontaneous T cell lymphoma designated as
Dalton's lymphoma prevented tumor growth-dependent regression of
thymus. TC was found to augment proliferation of thymocytes with a
concomitant decrease in thymocyte apoptosis. It also resulted in a decrease in
the number of Hassal's corpuscles. Restoration of thymus homeostasis was
caused by TC-dependent augmentation in production of thymocyte growth
promoting cytokines Interleukin-2 and Interferon-gamma from thymocytes.
TC was found to downregulate thymocyte apoptosis by modulation of
Caspase pathway. TC administration retarded tumor growth and prolonged
survival of tumor-bearing mice. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
Copyright © Taylor & Francis LLC.

Singh, N., S. M. Singh and P. Shrivastava (2004). "Immunomodulatory and Antitumor

Actions of Medicinal Plant Tinospora cordifolia Are Mediated Through Activation of
Tumor Associated Macrophages." Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology
26(1): 145-162.
The present investigations were under taken to study whether the tumor-
associated macrophages (TAM) of Dalton's lymphoma (DL), a spontaneous
transplantable T cell lymphoma, can be activated by the alcoholic extract of
medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (ALTC). Intraperitoneal administration of
ALTC in DL-bearing mice not only augments the basic function of

449 
 
 

macrophages such as Phagocytosis as well as their antigen presenting ability

and secretion of IL-1, TNF and RNI. The results of the present investigation
also indicate that the intraperitoneal administration of ALTC slow down the
tumor growth and increases the life span of tumor bearing host, thus showing
its anti tumor effect through destabilizing the membrane integrity of DL cells
Page | 450 
directly or indirectly. This is the first study of it's kind regarding the effect of
alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia on the activation of tumor associated
macrophages and showing the antitumor effect on the spontaneous T-cell
lymphoma (DL), thus may have clinical implications.

Singh, N., S. M. Singh and P. Shrivastava (2005). "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on the
antitumor activity of tumor-associated macrophages-derived dendritic cells."
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 27(1): 1-14.
We and others previously have reported that extract prepared from medicinal
plant Tinospora cordifolia shows a wide spectrum of immunoaugmentary
effects. Tinospora cordifolia was shown to upregulate antitumor activity of
tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). In this article we present evidence to
show that an alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (ALTC) enhances the
differentiation of TAM to dendritic cells (DC) in response to
granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and tumor
necrosis factor. DC differentiated in vitro from TAM that were harvested from
tumor-bearing mice after i.p. administration of ALTC (200 mg/kg body weight)
2 days posttumor transplantation shows an enhanced tumor cytotoxicity and
production of tumoricidal soluble molecules like TNF, IL-1, and NO. Adoptive
transfer of these TAM-derived DC to Dalton's lymphoma-bearing mice
resulted in prolongation of survival of tumor-bearing mice. This is the first
report regarding the differentiation and antitumor functions of TAM-derived
DC obtained from tumor-bearing host administered with ALTC. The possible
mechanisms involved also are discussed. Copyright © 2005 Taylor & Francis
Inc.

Singh, P., A. Gupta and A. Verma (2013). "Herbal memory enhancer: A review."
Pharma Research 10(1): 96-109.
Now a day's use of herbal products has been increasing greatly in developing
countries. There are various natural products which are used as therapeutic in
the treatment for diverse purposes such as loss of memory. Memory is
necessary aspect for the human beings. It stores the information temporary or
permanently which helps in learning and modify it according to our own need.
Loss of memory occurs due to aging or alzheimer's disease. So, there are
number of herbal drugs which have cognitive enhancing property due to its
chemical constituents. The drugs which are used to enhance memory are
called as nootropic drugs. This review article shows memory enhancing
property of commonly used plants. The plants which are used for treatment of

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loss of memory are known as nootropic plants and their constituents are
known as smart drugs. These drugs enhance the memory, increase blood
circulation and increase acetylcholine level in brain.

Singh, P. K. and P. Rawat (2017). "Evolving herbal formulations in management of

Page | 451 
dengue fever." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8(3): 207-210.
Dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries and it is estimated that
annually above 390 million infections occur globally. During the period
between 1996–2015, a massive increase of more than 500 per cent has been
recorded in number of dengue cases reported in India. Till date, there are no
specific globally accepted treatments for dengue fever in any system of
medicine. Dengue does not cause very high mortality if properly handled and
is currently being managed by clinicians through various adjuvant and
alternative therapeutic options. Various plant based preparations have been
used in different parts of India for combating dengue and are simultaneously
also being scientifically validated by researchers. However, number of such
scientific validation studies on phytomedicines are very less in India. Out of
twenty-two plants reported against dengue, only four have been studied
scientifically. Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Hippophae rhamnoides and
Cissampelos pareira extracts were found effective and demonstrated
improvement in clinical symptoms and direct inhibitory effect on dengue
virus. C. papaya clinical trial showed increase in platelet count and faster
recovery. These plants may be explored further as probable candidates for
drug discovery against dengue. There is a need to search more such herbal
formulations, which are being practiced at local level, document properly and
validate them scientifically to confirm efficacy, mechanistic action and safety,
before use. The herbal formulations being used by communities are the low
hanging fruits which may provide alternative or adjuvant therapy if proper
validation, value addition and product development steps are followed. This
paper aims to review the recent status of dengue cases, deaths and evolving
curative herbal solutions adapted and reported from India to combat the
disease. © 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda
Foundation

Singh, R., R. Kumar, A. K. Mahato, R. Paliwal, A. K. Singh, S. Kumar, S. S. Marla, A.

Kumar and N. K. Singh (2016). "De novo transcriptome sequencing facilitates
genomic resource generation in Tinospora cordifolia." Functional and Integrative
Genomics 16(5): 581-591.
Tinospora cordifolia is known for its medicinal properties owing to the
presence of useful constituents such as terpenes, glycosides, steroids,
alkaloids, and flavonoids belonging to secondary metabolism origin. However,
there is little information available pertaining to critical genomic elements
(ESTs, molecular markers) necessary for judicious exploitation of its

451 
 
 

germplasm. We employed 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing of entire transcripts

and altogether ∼25 K assembled transcripts or Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)
were identified. As the interest in T. cordifolia is primarily due to its secondary
metabolite constituents, the ESTs pertaining to terpenoids biosynthetic
pathway were identified in the present study. Additionally, several ESTs were
Page | 452 
assigned to different transcription factor families. To validate our transcripts
dataset, the novel EST-SSR markers were generated to assess the genetic
diversity among germplasm of T. cordifolia. These EST-SSR markers were
found to be polymorphic and the dendrogram based on dice similarity index
revealed three distinct clustering of accessions. The present study
demonstrates effectiveness in using both NEWBLER and MIRA sequence read
assembler software for enriching transcript-dataset and thus enables better
exploitation of EST resources for mining candidate genes and designing
molecular markers. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Singh, R. K. (2005). "Tinospora cordifolia as an adjuvant drug in the treatment of

hyper-reactive malarious splenomegaly - Case reports." Journal of Vector Borne
Diseases 42(1): 36-38.
Background & objectives: The effect of aqueous extract of Tinospora
cordifolia, an immunomodulator with antimalarial activity along with
chloroquine was studied in the treatment of three cases of hyper-reactive
malarious splenomegaly in District Hospital, Daltonganj town, Jharkhand,
India. These cases were partial/slow responders to the conventional
antimalarial drug chloroquine. Methods: Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia (500
mg) was added to chloroquine (CQ) base (300 mg) weekly and CQ prophylaxis
was observed up to six months. Improvement was gauzed by measuring
spleen enlargement, Hb, serum IgM and well-being in three cases of hyper-
reactive malarious splenomegaly. Results: Addition of extract of T. cordifolia
for the first six weeks to chloroquine showed regression of spleen by 37-50%
after six weeks and 45-69% after six months from the start of treatment.
Likewise decrease in IgM and increase in Hb as well as wellbeing (Karnofsky
performance scale) were observed. Conclusion: The results of the present
study paves a new sight in the treatment of hyper-reactive malarious
splenomegaly, however, large-scale trial is required to confirm the beneficial
effect of T. cordifolia extract in combination with chloroquine.

Singh, R. P., S. Banerjee, P. V. S. Kumar, K. A. Raveesha and A. R. Rao (2006).

"Tinospora cordifolia induces enzymes of carcinogen/drug metabolism and
antioxidant system, and inhibits lipid peroxidation in mice." Phytomedicine 13(1-2):
74-84.
The present study is an effort to identify a potent chemopreventive agent
against various diseases (including cancer) in which oxidative stress plays an
important causative role. Here, we investigated the effect of a hydroalcoholic

452 
 
 

(80% ethanol: 20% distilled water) extract of aerial roots of Tinospora

cordifolia (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt./day for 2 weeks) on carcinogen/drug
metabolizing phase-I and phase-II enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione
(GSH) content, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation in liver of 8-
week-old Swiss albino mice. The modulatory effect of the extract was also
Page | 453 
examined on extrahepatic organs, i.e., lung, kidney and forestomach, for the
activities of GSH S-transferase (GST), DT-diaphorase (DTD), superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Significant increases in the levels of acid-
soluble sulfhydryl (-SH) and cytochrome P450 contents, and enzyme activities
of cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome b5 reductase, GST, DTD, SOD,
catalase, GSH peroxidase (GPX) and GSH reductase (GR) were observed in the
liver. Both treated groups showed decreased malondialdehyde (MDA)
formation. In lung SOD, catalase and GST; in kidney SOD and catalase; and in
forestomach SOD, DTD and GST showed significant increase at both dose
levels of treatment. BHA (0.75%, w/w in diet), a pure antioxidant compound,
was used as a positive control. This group showed increase in hepatic levels of
GSH content, cytochrome b5, DTD, GST, GR and catalase, whereas MDA
formation was inhibited significantly. In the BHA-treated group, the lung and
kidney showed increased levels of catalase, DTD and GST, whereas SOD was
significantly increased in the kidney and forestomach; the latter also showed
an increase in the activities of DTD and GST. The enhanced GSH level and
enzyme activities involved in xenobiotic metabolism and maintaining
antioxidant status of cells are suggestive of a chemopreventive efficacy of T.
cordifolia against chemotoxicity, including carcinogenicity, which warrants
further investigation of active principle (s) present in the extract responsible
for the observed effects employing various carcinogenesis models. © 2005
Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Singh, S. (2007). "From Exotic Spice to Modern Drug?" Cell 130(5): 765-768.
The global demand for more affordable therapeutics and concerns about side
effects of commonly used drugs are refocusing interest on Eastern traditional
medicines, particularly those of India and China. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

Singh, S., M. Gupta and S. Gautam (2010). "Adaptogenic potential of herbal

immunomodulators as new therapeutic approach to combat swine influenza A/H1N1
crisis." Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 4(4): 3003-3005.
This short communication makes use of Mashelkar's "Golden Triangle" of
scientific, modern and traditional medicine as a unified approach to combat
Swine Influenza A/H1N1 crisis in a safe, costeffective manner. It considers the
theoretical approach that can be effectively utilized when scientific systems
take plunge into the unfamiliar waters of Ayurvedic biology. This paper
proposes herbal immunomodulators as effective adaptogens along with

453 
 
 

neuraminidase inhibitors for primary prevention. Finally, in our fight to control

H1N1, there is a golden opportunity to bring these different systems together.

Singh, S., R. Srivastava and S. Choudhary (2011). "Antifungal and high-performance

liquid chromatography analysis of the crude extracts of acorus calamus, Tinospora
Page | 454 
cordifolia and celestrus paniculatus." Archives of Phytopathology and Plant
Protection 44(9): 902-910.
The antifungal activity of methanolic crude extracts of Acorus calamus,
Tinospora cordifolia and Celestrus paniculatus was investigated against
Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium sp., Bipolaris sp. and
Helminthosporium sp. At different concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and
5000 μg/ml). At 5000 μg/ml, crude extract of T. cordifolia is found to be highly
effective against Helminthosporium sp. followed by A. calamus against A.
solani. On the other hand, at 5000 μg/ml, C. paniculatus showed better activity
against A. solani and Helminthosporium followed by A. calamus against A.
solani at 4000 μg/ml. At 5000 μg/ml, all the three crude extracts showed least
activity against fungus C. lunata and Fusarium sp. except A. calamus that
showed better activity against C. lunata. The increase in the production of
phenolic acid in the extract can be correlated with the induction of resistance
in treated plants against phytopathogenic fungi. High-performance liquid
chromatography analysis of the crude extract of medicinal plants showed six
different phenolic acids (benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid,
gallic acid and tannic acid) present in varying amounts. The results of the
study provide scientific basis for the use of the plant extract in the future
development as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory
agent. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

Singh, S. K. and K. Rajoria (2017). "Ayurvedic management in cervical spondylotic

myelopathy." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8(1): 49-53.
The age related spondylotic changes may result in direct compressive and
ischemic dysfunction of the spinal cord known as cervical spondylotic
myelopathy (CSM). Symptoms often develop insidiously and are characterized
by neck stiffness, unilateral or bilateral deep aching neck, arm and shoulder
pain, and possibly stiffness or clumsiness while walking. The management
available in current mainstream medicine is not satisfactory. Various Ayurvedic
treatments have been in use for these manifestations. We present a case of
CSM, which was treated with a combination of Panchakarma procedures and
Ayurvedic oral drugs. The patient was considered suffering from
Greevastambha (neck stiffness) and was treated with Shalishastika pinda
svedana (sudation with medicated cooked bolus of rice) for one month and
Mustadi yapana basti (enema with medicated milk) for 16 days along with oral
Ayurvedic drugs such as Brihatavata chintamani rasa 50 mg, Ekangaveer ras-
250 mg, Ardhangavatari rasa-125 mg Amrita satva (dry extract of Tinospora

454 
 
 

cordifolia Willd)-500 mg, Muktasukti pisti-500 mg, Ashwagandha churna

(powder of Withania somnifera Dunal)-500 mg Dashmool kvatha ghana (solid
extract of Dashmool kvatha)-500 mg, Trayodashanga guggulu-575 mg, twice a
day with honey and Eranda paka-10 g twice a day with milk. Patient's
condition which was assessed for symptoms of CSM and Chile's modified
Page | 455 
Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score for cervical spondylotic
myelopathy showed substantial improvement. This study shows that the cases
of CSM may be successfully managed with Ayurvedic treatment. © 2016
Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation

Singh, S. M., N. Singh and P. Shrivastava (2006). "Effect of alcoholic extract of

Ayurvedic herb Tinospora cordifolia on the proliferation and myeloid differentiation
of bone marrow precursor cells in a tumor-bearing host." Fitoterapia 77(1): 1-11.
The present study investigates the effect of in vivo administration of alcoholic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia whole plant (ALTC) on the proliferation and
myeloid differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic precursor cells in mice
bearing a transplantable T cell lymphoma of spontaneous origin designated as
Dalton's lymphoma (DL). BMC obtained from ALTC administered DL-bearing
mice showed an enhanced BMC proliferation and colony forming ability in
vitro in response to L929 conditioned medium as a source of colony
stimulating factor (CSF). The number of granulocyte-macrophages colony
(CFU-GM) was predominantly higher in the cultures of BMC obtained from
ALTC administered mice as compared to mice injected with PBS alone. An
increase in the count of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from
ALTC administered mice was also observed along with an increase in the
count of tumor associated macrophages. The BMDM obtained from ALTC
administered mice showed an enhanced response to signal of LPS for
activation to produce IL-1 and TNF. This study indicates that the T. cordifolia
can influence the myeloid differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells and
the recruitment of macrophages in response to tumor growth in situ. © 2005
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Singh, S. S., S. C. Pandey, S. Srivastava, V. S. Gupta, B. Patro and A. C. Ghosh (2003).

"Chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi)." Indian
Journal of Pharmacology 35(2): 83-91.
Tinospora cord/folia (Guduchi) is a widely used shrub in folk and ayurvedic
systems of medicine. This review presents a detailed survey of the literature on
chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia. The chemical
constituents reported from this shrub belong to different classes such as
alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid,
phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. The notable medicinal
properties reported are anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-
inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic,

455 
 
 

anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic

activities.

Singh, V., M. Ali and C. Pahuja (2016). "A new steroidal ester from Tinospora
cordifolia Miers. stems." Der Pharmacia Lettre 8(20): 47-51.
Page | 456 
Tinospora cordifoliya (Gioe, Gudduchi or Amrita) is very well known in
Ayurvedic system of medicine and found its use in various ailments. The
present paper describes the isolation and structure elucidation of a new
steroidal ester along with aliphatic alcohols and fatty acid esters from the
alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems. To carry out phytochemical
investigation of dried stems of Tinospora cordifolia Miers. (Menispermaceae)
for the isolation of a new steroidal ester. Column was eluted with different
concentrations of petroleum ether: chloroform and their isolation and
characterization was done with spectroscopic techniques. Results:
Phytoconstituents characterized as stigmast-5-en-3β, 21-dio-3β-yl
hexadecanoate (5) along with n-heptacosanol (1), n-octacosanol (2), n-
nonacosanol (3), n-tetracontanol (4), n-triacontanyl palmitate (6) and n-
hexacosanyl stearate (7). The structures of all these phytoconstituents have
been established by means of chemical, spectral and chromatographic means.

Singh, V. and H. S. Banyal (2011). "Antimalarial effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)

Hook.f. & Thoms and Cissampelos pareira L. On Plasmodium berghei." Current
Science 101(10): 1356-1358.
Cissampelos pareira L. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thoms
inhibited the propagation of rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei in vivo. In a
typical fourday experiment, the BALB/c mice were administered with ethanol
extracts of Cissampelos pareira L. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. &
Thoms. The parasitaemian in untreated control group ranged between 17.31%
and 30.02% whereas the root extracts of Cissampelos pareira L. and stem
extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thoms resulted in inhibition
of Plasmodium berghei significantly. The inhibitory properties of extracts of
two plants require further studies so that the antimalarial activity is elucidated.

Singh, Y., A. V. Muruganandam, S. N. Das, A. T. Rao and S. K. Agrawala (1999). "Reno-

protective action of a herbal formulation (ELKP-1) in cisplatin-induced
nephrotoxicity." Phytomedica 20(1-2): 37-39.
ELKP-1, a polyherbal formulation manufactured by Indian Herbs, Saharanpur,
is recommended for the treatment of renal disorders. In the present study,
effect of ELKP-1 on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was evaluated in rats.
ELKP-1 (50 mg/kg, p.o. five days treatment) showed significant
nephroprotection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity as evidenced by
decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in ELKP-1
treated rats in comparison to only cisplatin treated control rats.

456 
 
 

Histopathological studies also confirmed the renoprotective action of ELKP-1

against cisplatin-induced renal damage. Cisplatin-induced
nephrodegenerative signs, viz., ischaemia, vacuolar appearance, swelling and
pyknotic nuclei of glomeruli were not observed in the ELKP-1 treated rats.
Nephroprotective action of ELKP-1 with a wide safety margin and without any
Page | 457 
side effects merits its use in the renal disorders.

Singha, U. K., P. Y. Guru, A. B. Sen and J. S. Tandon (1992). "Antileishmanial activity of

traditional plants against Leishmania donovani in golden hamsters." International
Journal of Pharmacognosy 30(4): 289-295.
A total of 23 plants were evaluated for antileishmanial activity with Leishmania
donovani - infected hamsters. Extracts derived from Alstonia scholaris, Swertia
Chirata, Tibouchina Semidecandra, Tinospora cordifolia and Nyctanthes
arbortristis were found to be active.

Singha, U. K., P. Y. Guru, A. B. Sen and J. S. Tandon (1992). "Antileishmanial activity of

traditional plants against leishmania donovani in Golden hamsters." Pharmaceutical
Biology 30(4): 289-295.
A total of 23 plants were evaluated for antileishmanial activity with Leishmania
donovani - infected hamsters. Extracts derived from Alstonia scholaris, Swertia
Chirata, Tibouchina Semidecandra, Tinospora cordifolia and Nyctanthes
arbortristis were found to be active. © 1992 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved:
reproduction in whole or part not permitted.

Sipahimalani, A., H. Norr and H. Wagner (1994). "Phenylpropanoid glycosides and

tetrahydrofurofuranlignan glycosides from the adaptogenic plant drugs Tinospora
cordifola and Drypetes roxburghii." Planta Medica 60(6): 596-597.

Sivakumar, V. and M. S. Dhana Rajan (2010). "Antioxidant effect of Tinospora

cordifolia extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences 72(6): 795-798.
Many plants are claimed to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. In
practice, it is being increasingly recognized to be an alternative approach to
modern medicine. This study assess the antioxidant capacity of Tinospora
cordifolia stem methanol extract in daily oral administration of 500 mg/kg of
body weight for 40 days in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The erythrocytes
membrane lipid peroxide and catalase activity was increased where as the
activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase were found to be
decreased significantly (P<0.01) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The levels of
lipid peroxide in liver of diabetic rats increased significantly (P<0.01) and
catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase in liver was
significantly decreased in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, when compared to
normal rats. After treatment of methanol Tinospora cordifolia stem extract

457 
 
 

brings back to normal (P<0.01) in the erythrocytes membrane and liver cell
enzymes activities.

Sivakumar, V. and M. S. Dhana Rajan (2011). "Preliminary phytochemical screening

and evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of Tinospora cordifolia in alloxan induced
Page | 458 
diabetic rats." Medicinal Plants 3(4): 283-287.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, which characterizes with hyperglycemia
and its related complication. Herbal plants or botanical medicines have been
used traditionally by herbalists worldwide for the treatment of diabetes
mellitus. The present investigation was aimed to screening of phytochemical
constituents in Tinospora cordifolia stem methanolic extract and to attempt
assess the hypoglycemic activity of daily oral administration of Tinospora
cordifolia stem extract (500 mg/kg of body weight) for 42 days. Significantly
decreased (P<0.01) in blood glucose, blood urea, glycosylated hemoglobin
and cholesterol and increased in protein, liver glycogen levels and body
weight were observed in treated with Tinospora cordifolia. The activities of
hepatic enzymes such as hexokinase was significant increased and glucose-6-
phosphatase, fructose1,6-biphosphatase were significantly (P<0.01) decreased
by the administration of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract in diabetic rats
when compared to normal rats and standard drug glibenclamide treated rats.

Sivakumar, V. and M. S. Dhana Rajan (2012). "Marker based standardization of

Tinospora cordifolia stem extract by HPTLC." International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research 4(2): 93-95.
A simple and reproducible high performance thin layer chromatography
method for the determination of berberine in methanol extract of Tinospora
cordifolia was developed and is described. This method involves separation of
compounds by TLC on pre-coated silica gel 60F 254 plates with a solvent
system of butanol: ethyl acetate: acetic acid: water (3:5:1:1) and scanned using
densitometric scanner in UV reflectance photo mode at 366nm. The berberine
content of 0.23% w/w was observed in methanol extract of Tinospora
cordifolia test sample. The proposed method being precise and sensitive can
be used for detection, monitoring and quantification of berberine in Tinospora
cordifolia.

Sivakumar, V., M. S. Dhana Rajan, A. Mohamed Sadiq and M. Jayanthi (2010). "Bio
activity of tinospora cordifolia crude methanolic extract in expiremental diabetes."
Pharmacologyonline 1: 591-598.
The traditional system of the medicine remains the major source of the health
care. It is safe alternative, lesser cost and better tolerance and its
complications. The major defense against free radicals found in medicinal
plants is in the form of natural antioxidants. The present investigation is an
attempt to asses the bioactivity of daily oral administration of methanolic

458 
 
 

extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem (T.C.S) (500mg/kg body weight) for

6weeks in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. A significant decrease in
blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol (p<0.05), and increase
in body weight, protein (p<0.01) were observed in diabetic rats on treatment
with T.C.S. methanolic extract when compared to normal. The activity of the
Page | 459 
hepatic enzyme hexokinase was significantly increased where as glucose 6-
phosphatase and fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase were significantly decreased
(p<0.01) by the oral administration of T.C.S. methanolic extract in diabetic rats
when compared to normal. The six weeks treatment of T.C.S. methanolic
extract was proved natural antioxidant present in the plant, because the
activity of erythrocytes lipid peroxide and catalase (CAT) was significantly
(p<0.01) increased whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced
glutathione (GHS-Px) were significantly (p<0.01) decreased when compared to
normal rats.

Sivakumar, V., M. S. Dhana Rajan and M. S. Riyazullah (2010). "Preliminary

phytochemical screening and evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of
tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
2(4): 186-188.
The present study was aimed to screen and quantify the phyto constituents of
Tinospora cordifolia stem methanolic extract and evaluated the in vitro
antioxidant activity in three models viz. DPPH (1,1- diphenyl - 2 -
picrylhydrazyl) free radical screening activity, superoxide radical scavenging
activity and reducing power assay. The total phenolic and total tannins were
quantitatively estimated in stem parts of Tinospora cordifolia in 7.2 %w/w and
8.7% w/w present respectively. The greater amount of phenolic and tannins
compounds leads to more powerful free radical scavenging effect as shown by
metanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem.

Sivasubramanian, A., K. K. G. Narasimha, R. Rathnasamy and A. M. F. O. Campos

(2013). "A new antifeedant clerodane diterpenoid from Tinospora cordifolia." Natural
Product Research 27(16): 1431-1436.
Phytochemical investigation of the chloroform extract of Tinospora cordifolia
yielded a new clerodane diterpenoid tincordin (1) along with tinosporide (2),
8-hydroxytinosporide (3), columbin (4), 8-hydroxycolumbin (5) and 10-
hydroxycolumbin (6). The structure of the new compound was elucidated
comprehensively using 1D and 2D NMR methods. All major clerodane
diterpenoids isolated were tested for their efficacy as insect antifeedants
against Earias vitella, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura. © 2013 Taylor
&Francis.

Siveen, K. S. and G. Kuttan (2009). "Role of macrophages in tumour progression."

Immunology Letters 123(2): 97-102.

459 
 
 

It is now becoming clear that the inflammatory cells that exist in the tumour
microenvironment play an indispensable role in cancer progression. Tumour
associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a prominent component of the
mononuclear leukocyte population of solid tumours, which displays an
ambivalent relationship with tumours. They originate in the circulation and are
Page | 460 
recruited to the tumour site by tumour-derived attractants such as
chemokines and interact with the tumour cells and preferentially localize at
the tumour-host tissue interface, in regions often associated with low oxygen
tensions. The tumour microenvironment, including cytokines and hypoxia,
regulates the localization and function of TAMs. Upon activated by cancer
cells, the TAMs can release a vast diversity of growth factors, proteolytic
enzymes, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Many of these factors are
key agents in cancer metastasis. Substantial evidence suggests that TAMs can
interact with cancer cells, modify the ECM, and promote cancer cell invasion
and metastasis. Several natural products have shown ability to inhibit the
production of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors by TAMs. The
presence of extensive TAM infiltration has been shown to correlate with
cancer metastasis and poor prognosis in a variety of human carcinomas. ©
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Smith, M. and V. R. Thawani (2005). "Jury still out on the usefulness of a traditional
herbal medicine for allergic rhinitis." Focus on Alternative and Complementary
Therapies 10(3): 188-189.

Sohni, Y. R., P. Kaimal and R. M. Bhatt (1995). "The antiamoebic effect of a crude drug
formulation of herbal extracts against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo."
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(1): 43-52.
The antiamoebic effect of a crude drug formulation against Entamoeba
histolytica was studied. In the traditional system of medicine in India, the
formulation has been prescribed for intestinal disorders. It comprises of five
medicinal herbs, namely, Boerhavia diffusa, Berberis aristata, Tinospora
cordifolia, Terminalia chebula and Zingiber officinale. The dried and pulverized
plants were extracted in ethanol together and individually. In vitro
amoebicidal activity was studied to determine the minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC) values of all the constituent extracts as well as the whole
formulation. The formulation had a MIC of 1000 μg/ml as compared with 10
μg/ml for metronidazole. In experimental caecal amoebiasis in rats the
formulation had a curative rate of 89% with the average degree of infection
(ADI) reduced to 0.4 in a group dosed with 500 mg/kg per day as compared
with ADI of 3.8 for the sham-treated control group of rats. Metronidazole had
a cure rate of 89% (ADI = 0.4) at a dose of 100 mg/kg per day and cured the
infection completely (ADI = 0) when the dosage was doubled to 200 mg/kg
per day. There were varying degrees of inhibition of the following enzyme

460 
 
 

activities of crude extracts of axenically cultured amoebae: DNase, RNase,

aldolase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, α-amylase and protease. ©
1995.

Sohni, Y. R., P. Kaimal and R. M. Bhatt (1995). "Prophylactic therapy of Salmonella

Page | 461 
typhi septicemia in mice with a traditionally prescribed crude drug formulation."
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(2): 141-147.
A crude drug formulation comprised of eight medicinal herb extracts was
studied for in vitro and in vivo effect against Salmonella typhi. The formulation
displayed inhibitory action against the test organism in vitro. Subsequently
mice were challenged with a virulent strain of Salmonella typhi (Ty2) and the
protective effect of the formulation was evaluated with post-infective, pre-
infective, single and multiple dose schedules, administered either orally or
subcutaneously. A schedule that included multiple divided doses
prophylactically administered had a significant therapeutic effect. © 1995.

Soni, H., S. Bhatt and B. Patgiri (2013). "Standardization of Rasayana Churna - A

classical Ayurvedic formulation." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical
Sciences 4(2): 283-289.
Standardization is necessary to ensure quality and purity of the herbal drugs.
It is equally important to establish system of standardization for every plant
used in the herbal formulation to develop safe and quality based herbal
formulation. Present study is initiated with to establish a standard methods
and quality parameters for Rasayana Churna. It includes Authentication,
Organoleptic properties, physic-chemical parameters, assay of active, heavy
metal analysis, microbial load and qualitative HPTLC analysis. All results were
compared with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial standard. The obtained values
should be helpful to develop pharmacopoeial standards of Rasayana Churna.
Simultaneous comparative data of Rasayana Churna showed presence of each
and every ingredient in formulation with their unique R f value. This data will
be helpful to overcome batch to batch variations in traditional preparation of
Rasayana Churna. ©JK Welfare &amp; Pharmascope Foundation.

Soni, H., S. Patel, G. Patel and A. Paranjape (2014). "Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity
of Glucova Active Tablet on Type i and Type II diabetic model in rats." Journal of
Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 5(2): 97-103.
Background: Glucova Active Tablet is a proprietary Ayurvedic formulation with
ingredients reported for anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic activity and
antioxidant properties. Objective: Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of
Glucova Active Tablet on Type I and Type II diabetic model in rats. Materials
and Methods: Experimental Type I diabetes was induced in 24 albino rats with
intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Type II diabetes was
induced in 18 albino rats by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (35

461 
 
 

mg/kg) along with high fat diet. The rats were divided in 5 groups for Type I
model and 4 groups for Type II model. Normal control group was kept
common for both experimental models. Glucova Active Tablet (108 mg/kg)
treatment was provided for 28 days twice daily orally. Fasting blood glucose
level, serum lipid profile and liver anti-oxidant parameters like superoxide
Page | 462 
dismutase and reduced glutathione was carried out in both experimental
models. Pancreas histopathology was also done. Statistical analysis were done
by ′analysis of variance′ test followed by post hoc Tukey′s test, with significant
level of P < 0.05.Results and Discussion: Glucova Active Tablet showed
significant effect on fasting blood glucose level. It also showed significant
alteration in lipid profile and antioxidant parameters. Histopathology study
revealed restoration of beta cells in pancreas in Glucova Active Tablet treated
group. Conclusion: Finding of this study concludes that Glucova Active Tablet
has shown promising anti-diabetic activity in Type I and Type II diabetic rats. It
was also found showing good anti-hyperlipidemic activity and anti-oxidant
property.

Sood, R., R. Raut, P. Tyagi, P. K. Pareek, T. K. Barman, S. Singhal, R. K. Shirumalla, V.

Kanoje, R. Subbarayan, R. Rajerethinam, N. Sharma, A. Kanaujia, G. Shukla, Y. K.
Gupta, C. K. Katiyar, P. K. Bhatnagar, D. J. Upadhyay, S. Swaminathan and N. Khanna
(2015). "Cissampelos pareira Linn: Natural Source of Potent Antiviral Activity against
All Four Dengue Virus Serotypes." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9(12).
Background: Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral disease, poses a significant
global public health risk. In tropical countries such as India where periodic
dengue outbreaks can be correlated to the high prevalence of the mosquito
vector, circulation of all four dengue viruses (DENVs) and the high population
density, a drug for dengue is being increasingly recognized as an unmet
public health need. Methodology/Principal findings: Using the knowledge of
traditional Indian medicine, Ayurveda, we developed a systematic bioassay-
guided screening approach to explore the indigenous herbal bio-resource to
identify plants with pan-DENV inhibitory activity. Our results show that the
alcoholic extract of Cissampelos pariera Linn (Cipa extract) was a potent
inhibitor of all four DENVs in cell-based assays, assessed in terms of viral NS1
antigen secretion using ELISA, as well as viral replication, based on plaque
assays. Virus yield reduction assays showed that Cipa extract could decrease
viral titers by an order of magnitude. The extract conferred statistically
significant protection against DENV infection using the AG129 mouse model.
A preliminary evaluation of the clinical relevance of Cipa extract showed that it
had no adverse effects on platelet counts and RBC viability. In addition to
inherent antipyretic activity in Wistar rats, it possessed the ability to down-
regulate the production of TNF-α, a cytokine implicated in severe dengue
disease. Importantly, it showed no evidence of toxicity in Wistar rats, when
administered at doses as high as 2g/Kg body weight for up to 1 week.

462 
 
 

Conclusions/Significance: Our findings above, taken in the context of the

human safety of Cipa, based on its use in Indian traditional medicine, warrant
further work to explore Cipa as a source for the development of an
inexpensive herbal formulation for dengue therapy. This may be of practical
relevance to a dengue-endemic resource-poor country such as India. © 2015
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Sood et al.

Soujanya, P. L., J. C. Sekhar, S. B. Suby, S. Rakshit, G. Srivalli Susmitha and U. V.

Mallavadhani (2018). "Biopesticide treated double layered bags: Novel method of
application of botanicals for sitophilus oryzae l. management in stored maize."
Maydica 63(1).
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of the novel
method of application of leaf powder of Tinospora cordifolia as water-based
paste between the layers of double layered storage bags and acetonic leaf
extracts on single layered bags against Sitophilus oryzae to protect stored
maize for a period of five months. Untreated double and single layered bags
were set as controls. After 5 months of storage, the weevil population builds
up, percent grain damage, and percent weight loss was significantly lower in T.
cordifolia treated double layered bags @ 2.0% w/w. However, untreated single
layered bags recorded high population build up and maximum percent grain
weight loss. The present work suggests that T. cordifolia treated double bags
provide better protection to maize from S. oryzae infestation up to five
months and can be readily used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides at the
farm level. © 2018, Consiglio per la Ricercame la sperimentazione in
Agrcoltura. All rights reserved.

Spandana, U., S. L. Ali, T. Nirmala, M. Santhi and S. D. Sipai Babu (2013). "A review on
tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and
Research 4(2): 61-68.
Tinospora cordifolia is a climbing deciduous shrub. It is found throughout
tropical part of India and also found in China, Bangladesh, Myanmar &
Srilanka. This plant belongs to the family Menispermaceae. A variety of
constituents have been isolated from different parts of T.cordifolia. They
belong to different classes such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, steroids,
glycosides, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. T.cordifolia is the best
remedy for children suffering from upper respiratory tact infections. The
aqueous extract of T.cordifolia significantly lowered the serum cholesterol and
moves the HDL cholesterol level to basic value. It also possesses antioxidant,
anti-hyperglycemic, anti-neoplastic and also it shows hepatoprotective
properties. The aim of this article is to give fast review about T.cordifolia.

Spangenberg, B. (2018). "Editorial." Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC

31(6): 419-420.

463 
 
 

Spelman, K., J. J. Burns, D. Nichols, N. Winters, S. Ottersberg and M. Tenborg (2006).

"Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: A review of herbal
immunomodulators." Alternative Medicine Review 11(2): 128-150.
INTRODUCTION: Modulation of cytokine secretion may offer novel
Page | 464 
approaches in the treatment of a variety of diseases. One strategy in the
modulation of cytokine expression may be through the use of herbal
medicines. A class of herbal medicines, known as immunomodulators, alters
the activity of immune function through the dynamic regulation of
informational molecules such as cytokines. This may offer an explanation of
the effects of herbs on the immune system and other tissues. For this informal
review, the authors surveyed the primary literature on medicinal plants and
their effects on cytokine expression, taking special care to analyze research
that utilized the multi-component extracts equivalent to or similar to what are
used in traditional medicine, clinical phytotherapy, or in the marketplace.
METHODOLOGY: MEDLINE, EBSCO, and BIOSIS were used to identify research
on botanical medicines, in whole or standardized form, that act on cytokine
activity through different models, i.e., in vivo (human and animal), ex vivo, or
in vitro. RESULTS: Many medicinal plant extracts had effects on at least one
cytokine. The most frequently studied cytokines were IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IFN.
Acalypha wilkesiana, Acanthopanax gracilistylus, Allium sativum, Ananus
comosus, Cissampelos sympodialis, Coriolus versicolor, Curcuma longa,
Echinacea purpurea, Grifola frondosa, Harpagophytum procumbens, Panax
ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia, Poria cocos, Silybum marianum, Smilax glabra,
Tinospora cordifolia, Uncaria tomentosa, and Withania somnifera demonstrate
modulation of multiple cytokines. CONCLUSION: The in vitro and in vivo
research demonstrates that the reviewed botanical medicines modulate the
secretion of multiple cytokines. The reported therapeutic success of these
plants by traditional cultures and modern clinicians may be partially due to
their effects on cytokines. Phytotherapy offers a potential therapeutic modality
for the treatment of many differing conditions involving cytokines. Given the
activity demonstrated by many of the reviewed herbal medicines and the
increasing awareness of the broad-spectrum effects of cytokines on
autoimmune conditions and chronic degenerative processes, further study of
phytotherapy for cytokine-related diseases and syndromes is warranted.

Sreenivasa Reddy, S., P. Ramatholisamma, B. Ramesh, R. Baskar and D. Saralakumari

(2009). "Beneficiary effect of tinospora cordifolia against high-fructose diet induced
abnormalities in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in wistar rats." Hormone and
Metabolic Research 41(10): 741-746.
High intake of dietary fructose has been shown to exert a number of adverse
metabolic effects in humans and experimental animals. The present study was
designed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Tinospora

464 
 
 

cordifolia stem (TCAE) on the adverse effects of fructose loading toward

carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rats. Adult male Wistar rats of body
weight around 200g were divided into four groups, two of which were fed
with starch diet and the other two with high fructose (66%) diet. Plant extract
of TC (400mg/kg/day) was administered orally to each group of the starch fed
Page | 465 
rats and the high-fructose fed rats. At the end of 60 days of experimental
period, biochemical parameters related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
were assayed. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin
resistance, and elevated levels of hepatic total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides,
and free fatty acids (p<0.05) observed in fructose-fed rats were completely
prevented with TCAE treatment. Alterations in the activities of enzymes of
glucose metabolism (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase,
glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase) and lipid metabolism (fatty acid synthetase,
lipoprotein lipase, and malic enzyme) as observed in the high fructose-fed rats
were prevented with TCAE administration. In conclusion, our findings indicate
improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in high-fructose fed rats by
treatment with Tinospora cordifolia, and suggest that the plant can be used as
an adjuvant for the prevention and/or management of insulin resistance and
disorders related to it. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart - New York.

Srinivasa, C., C. Shivamallu, K. Shivaprasad and M. Prasad (2011). "Studies on pro-

oxidant induced DNA damage: Inhibition by methanolic extract of Tinospora
cardifolia." BioTechnology: An Indian Journal 5(2): 87-92.
Isolation of polyphenols from the plant source Tinospora cordifolia, Guduchi is
a large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub belonging to the
familyMenispermaceae. The knowledge of absorption, biodistribution and
metabolism of polyphenols is partial and incomplete, yet it is sufficient to
state that in general, some polyphenols are bioactive compounds that are
absorbed fromthe gut in their native ormodified form. Polyphenols exhibit a
wide range of biological effects as a consequence of their antioxidant
properties. They inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro. Thus, polyphenols probably
protect LDL oxidation in vivo with significant consequences in atherosclerosis
and also protect DNA from oxidative damage with important consequences in
the age-related development of some cancers. We know that the free radicals
are formed in the body constantly. Surely the body has mechanisms to take
care of the oxidative stress. All cells have defenses against the free radicals
and these defenses are antioxidants. Therefore proximate analysis and a study
has performed to find out the preventive role of the extract on pro-oxidant
induced DNA damage using calf thymus DNA as model system. © 2011 Trade
Science Inc. - INDIA.

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Srinivasan, G., K. Unnikrishnan, A. Rema Shree and I. Balachandran (2008). "HPLC

estimation of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis." Indian
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70(1): 96-99.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of
berberine in the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex Hook.f. and
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Thoms. and Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill is described. The dried stems of
T. cordifolia and T. sinensis were defatted with petroleum ether (60-80°). The
marc was dried and further extracted with methanol. The concentration of
berberine in methanol extract was determined using a C-18 reverse phase
column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (10:90 v/v) at a flow rate of
0.6 ml/min and with UV detection at 266 nm. TLC and HPLC comparison of
both the species revealed significant variation in the chemical constitution of
the two species. This observation becomes important in the context of the use
of T. sinensis in place of the genuine drug T. cordifolia.

Srinivasu, T., S. N. Pathan and S. N. Pardeshi (2004). "Biodiversity of medicinal plants -

Mumbai railway track-sides, India." Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and
Environmental Sciences 6(4): 625-633.
Mumbai is one of the mega-metropolitans in the world and is located on the
West Coast of India. It is one of the richest biodiversity areas in Maharashtra.
Mumbai receives abundant rainfall and maintains sufficient humidity
throughout year. Railways occupy one-third area of city (western, central and
harbour) and have sufficient vacant sites on both sides of tracks for rich plant
diversity. The present survey recorded 99 medicinal plants belonging to 46
families are growing naturally on vacant sites. This paper enlists scientific
names, family, common/vernacular names of some of the important plants
and their medicinal uses in brief. Authors feel to suggest, there is an ample
opportunity to utilize these medicinal plants, and also to generate revenue
and man-hour days. © Global Science Publications.

Srivastava, A. K., D. Kaushik and V. K. Lal (2018). "Acetaminophen-induced hepato-

and nephrotoxicity and amelioration by hydroalcoholic polyherbal formulation in
experimental rodents." International Journal of Green Pharmacy 12(4): S801-S807.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate hepato- and
nephroprotective potential of extracts of polyherbal formulations against
acetaminophen (paracetamol [PCM])-induced dysfunction in experimental
rodents. Materials and Methods: Acute and subacute toxicity study of
hydroalcoholic polyherbal formulation (HAF) was performed according to the
OECD guidelines. Sprague Dawley female rats were grouped into three
containing six animals each for acute toxicity study. For subacute toxicity
study, animals were observed periodically for the symptoms of toxicity and
death within 24 h and then daily for 14 days. Acetaminophen-induced hepato-
and nephrotoxicity models were used for this study. Hepatotoxicity and

466 
 
 

nephrotoxicity were performed it to control group rats received normal saline

(p.o.) per day for 7 days. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by
acetaminophen (PCM) were administered at a dose of 750 mg/kg/day/oral for
7 day and Groups III & IV were treated with PCM (750 mg/kg/ day/oral) and
HAF of doses 200 and 400 mg/kg/day/oral for 7 days respectively. The liver
Page | 467 
weight, kidney weight, liver function test, and kidney function test were
evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental
groups of rats. Results: It was observed that the PCM treatment induced
significant elevation (P < 0.001) in creatinine, kidney weight, liver weight, and
liver functions such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), and triglycerides. Treatment of HAF of doses 200 and
400 mg/kg/d (p.o) for 7 day) on experimental rats recorded significant
decrement (up to P < 0.001) in creatinine, kidney weight, liver weight, and liver
functions such as ALT and AST. The doses of 400 mg/ kg/body weight/oral of
HAF were found significant when compare with at doses of 200 mg/kg/body
weight/oral. A histological observation of liver and kidney tissues provides
positive response on experimental groups having PCM + HAF 400 mg/kg-
induced model and significant data also correlate the biochemical parameters.
Conclusions: This finding powerfully supports that polyherbal formulation acts
in the liver and kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the
toxic effects of PCM. The biochemical and histopathological parameters of
polyherbal formulation validate its ethnomedicinal uses and polyphenolic
presence. © 2019 BRNSS Publication Hub. All Rights Reserved.

Srivastava, A. K., D. Kaushik and V. K. Lal (2018). "Comparative antioxidant activity of

hydro-alcoholic polyherbal formulations (HAF-I & HAF-II) in immobilised stress
induced rat model." Indian Drugs 55(12): 69-77.
The present study was undertaken to develop a method and to assess the
anti-stress activity of poly herbal formulation HAF-I &amp; HAF-II in
immobilised stress induced rat model. Acute toxicity study was performed
according to OECD guidelines No. 423. Sprague Dawley female rats were
observed periodically for the symptoms of toxicity and death within 24 h and
at regular intervals for 14 d. In anti-stress study, total 24 female rats were
selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. The stress was
confirmed by physiological parameters as well as malonaldialdehyde and FOX
1 level measured in the blood samples of 18 animals. On the basis of these
parameters, treatments were started in group III to group VI animals taken
individually dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily dose per oral
administration. Our finding showed that there were significant (P&lt;0.0001)
increased MDA, FOX 1 and Ache enzyme activities along with decreased
(P&lt;0.0001, P&lt;0.001) catalase, glutathione and total thiol antioxidant
enzymes levels in stress induced group as compared to control group. After
treatment with respective poly-herbal drugs HAF-I &amp; HAF-II in group III

467 
 
 

to group IV animals, these above parameters were significantly improved in all

treated animals after 20 days. based on above study, it is concluded that these
poly herbal formulations are effective for management of stress but
comparativly, HAF-I is more effective for the improvement of stress (MDA,
FOX 1 , Ache) levels and anti-oxidant enzyme during stress. © 2018 Indian
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Drugs. All rights reserved.

Srivastava, A. K., D. Kaushik and V. K. Lal (2018). "Determination of bioactive contents

and in vitro antioxidant activity of poly herbal formulations." Indian Drugs 55(6): 56-
62.
Free radicals are reactive molecules involved in many physiological processes
and have been associated with many diseases, such as ageing, cancer, arthritis
and liver injury and cardiac complications. The total phenolics content were
found to be 34.4±0.10 and 27.6±1.20 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAe)/g and
total flavonoids contents, total tannin contents were 24.7±0.25 &amp;
18.1±1.20 Re/g and 12.31±0.25 &amp; 9.48±1.85 GAe/g, respectively of
polyherbal formulations (HAF-I &amp; HAF-II). Free radical scavenging activity
was determined according to the elimination of DPPH radicals and total
phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction. The relative
antioxidant ability of the polyherbal formulations were investigated through
two in vitro models, such as antioxidant capacity by radical scavenging activity
using, α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) methods.
The extracts were used at concentration 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL
concentrations and radical scavenging activity was determined in terms of
inhibition percentage. The IC 50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition)
were calculated for each radicals. The present study was designed to evaluate
the free radical scavenging activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of polyherbal
formulations (HAF-I &amp; HAF-II) various in vitro models using Ascorbic acid
and Rutin as a reference. The In vitro free radical DPPH activities were found
to 74.17±0.18 &amp; 75.30±0.18 and NO antioxidant activity were found to
75.3±1.10 &amp; 76.17±1.24 at maximum concentration of 100 μg/mL. The In
vitro anti-oxidant activity of these polyherbal formulations may be due to the
presence of polyphenols. © 2018 Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association. All
rights reserved.

Srivastava, M., G. Singh and P. Misra (2015). Contribution of biotechnological tools in

the enhancement of secondary metabolites in selected medicinal climbers.
Biotechnological Strategies for the Conservation of Medicinal and Ornamental
Climbers, Springer International Publishing: 465-486.
Plants by nature protect themselves by producing secondary metabolites
which often have pronounced bioactivities. The presence of these metabolites
is responsible for the active interaction of plants with their environment
defending themselves against a variety of herbivores and pathogenic

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microorganisms as well as various kinds of abiotic stresses. Climber plants

contain large number of useful secondary metabolites. Besides their
pharmacological role, secondary metabolites also contain some other
properties. Artabotrys hexapetalus, a climbing herb, secretes oil which is used
in perfume industry. Capparis zeylanica is a thorny stout climbing shrub, used
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in the treatment of snake bite and to cure small pox, cholera, etc. Stem barks
and roots of Tinospora cordifolia, a woody climber, are used in dysentery and
diarrhoea. Toddalia asiatica, an evergreen climber, produced nitidine
secondary metabolite which contains anti-HIV and antimalarial and
anticancerous properties, but its production is not enough for commercial
supply. Tissue culture technology has emerged as a supplementary branch to
fulfil demands for this valuable secondary metabolite. Various in vitro
methods for enhancement of secondary metabolites are available such as
hairy root culture, treatment of elicitors and use of precursors and
introduction of any foreign gene via bacterial transformation. Current
progresses have been made in the field of molecular biology through the
alteration in metabolic skeleton of plant secondary metabolism. With the use
of various genes (involved in the synthesis of enzymes and their regulatory
proteins), diverse pathways have been traced and being transformed.
Antisense technology has been emerged as an additional alternative for
enhancement of secondary metabolites. In Tylophora indica enhancement in
kaempferol, an antioxidant compound was observed by using precursors like
salicylic acid, ornithine, cinnamic acid, tyrosine and phenylalanine. The total
dry weight of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde was enhanced in hairy root
cultures of Decalepis hamiltonii. The present chapter provides an insight on
the use of biotechnological techniques for the enhancement of secondary
metabolites in medicinal climbers. © Springer International Publishing
Switzerland 2016.

Sruthi, T., D. Satyavati, R. Dasari, V. Jyothi and P. Roshan Ali (2014). "Hypoglycemic
activity of NIDDWIN, a polyherbal formulation in normal rats." Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 7(1): 94-97.
Objective: The present study was focused to evaluate the hypoglycemic
activity of NIDDWIN, a polyherbal formulation in normal rats. Methods: Male
Albino Wistar Rats (180-200gms) were divided into four groups of five animals
each. Group-I was given aqueous suspension of 2% gum acacia, Group-II was
given aqueous suspension of NIDDWIN 50mg/kg, Group-III was given
aqueous suspension of NIDDWIN 100mg/kg, Group-IV was given aqueous
suspension of Glibenclamide 10mg/kg were given orally for 10days. The blood
samples were collected before and after administration drugs at 0hrs, 2hrs,
4hrs, 6hrs, and 8hrs on 1 st , 5 th , and 10 th days from retro-orbital sinus and
serum was separated and estimated for glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides
by using analytical method[1,2]. Results: NIDDWIN showed significant

469 
 
 

hypoglycemic activity at 4hrs on 1 st , 5 th , and 10 th days was found to be

effect in comparable with standard Glibenclamide 10mg/kg. Conclusion:
NIDDWIN a polyherbal formulation concluded that it possesses hypoglycemic
activity in normal rats and should be evaluated for its antidiabetic activity.

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Stanca, M. H., A. Nagy, M. Toæa and L. Vlad (2011). "Hepatoprotective effects of per
os administrated melatonin and tinospora cordifolia in experimental induced
jaundice." Chirurgia (Romania) 108(2): 205-210.
Posthepatic cholestasis is figured by the onset of an intense oxidative stress,
followed by important celular morphological and functional abnormalities. The
aim of this experimental study is to assess the hepatoprotective effects of
Melatonin and extract of Tinospora cordifolia in bile duct ligation induced
jaundice in rats. We choosed to administrate both pharmacological products
per os, in order to compare the results with those already published, in which
melatonin was administrated injectable. The assessment of microscopy, lab
tests and the measurement of oxidative stress products indicates a marked
hepatoprotective effect of those two compounds. The results alowed us to
recomand the use of melatonin and Tinospora cordifolia to reduce the
cholestasis's oxidative stress in human. Copyright © Celsius.

Stanely Mainzen Prince, P., N. Kamalakkannan and V. P. Menon (2004). "Restoration

of antioxidants by ethanolic Tinospora cordifolia in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar
rats." Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research 61(4): 283-287.
The present study investigates the effect of oral administration of an alcoholic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots on antioxidant defence in alloxan-induced
diabetes in rats. A significant increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS) in brain along with a decrease in heart was
observed in diabetic rats. Decreased concentration of glutathione (GSH) and
decreased activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) in heart and brain of diabetic rats were also noted. Alcoholic
Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCREt) administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg
to diabetic rats orally for six weeks normalized the antioxidant status of heart
and brain. The effect of T. cordifolia root extract was more prominent than
glibenclamide (600 μg/kg). Insulin (6 units/kg) restored all the parameters to
normal status.

Stanely Mainzen Prince, P. and V. P. Menon (1999). "Antioxidant activity of Tinospora

cordifolia roots in experimental diabetes." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65(3): 277-
281.
We made an attempt to study the antioxidant properties of Tinospora
cordifolia roots, an indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine in India in
alloxan diabetic rats. Oral administration of an aqueous T. cordifolia root
extract (TCREt) (2.5 and 5.0 g/kg) for 6 weeks resulted in a decrease in the

470 
 
 

levels of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, ceruloplasmin and α-

tocopherol in alloxan diabetic rats. The root extract also causes an increase in
the levels of glutathione and vitamin C in alloxan diabetes. The root extract at
a dose of 5.0 g/kg showed the highest effect. The effect of TCREt was more
effective than glibenclamide. Insulin restored all the parameters to near
Page | 471 
normal levels. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Stanely Mainzen Prince, P., M. Padmanabhan and V. P. Menon (2004). "Restoration of

antioxidant defence by ethanolic Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alloxan-induced
diabetic liver and kidney." Phytotherapy Research 18(9): 785-787.
The present study investigates the effect of oral administration of an alcoholic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots on antioxidant defence in alloxan-induced
diabetes in rats. A significant increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver and kidney was observed in diabetic
rats. Decreased concentration of glutathione (GSH) and decreased activities of
superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase in liver and kidney of diabetic rats
were also noted. Alcoholic Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCREt)
administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight to diabetic rats orally for six
weeks normalized the anti-oxidant status of liver and kidney. The effect of
Tinospora cordifolia root extract was more potent than glibenclamide (600
μg/kg body weight). Insulin (6 units/kg) restored all the parameters to normal
status. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stanely, P., M. Prince and V. P. Menon (2000). "Hypoglycaemic and other related
actions of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 70(1): 9-15.
Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for treating
diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of an aqueous T. cordifolia root extract
(TCREt) to alloxan diabetic rats caused a significant reduction in blood glucose
and brain lipids. The extract caused an increase in body weight, total
haemoglobin and hepatic hexokinase. The root extract also lowers hepatic
glucose-6-phosphatase and serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase,
and lactate dehydrogenase in diabetic rats. Thus TCREt has hypoglycaemic
and hypolipidaemic effect. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Steels, E., M. Steele, M. Harold, L. Adams and S. Coulson (2018). "A double-blind,
randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating safety and efficacy of an ayurvedic
botanical formulation in reducing menopausal symptoms in otherwise healthy
women." Journal of Herbal Medicine 11: 30-35.
Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the safety and efficacy of a
formulated Ayurvedic botanical combination in reducing vasomotor and other
menopause-associated symptoms in otherwise healthy women. Methods: This
was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted with 117

471 
 
 

healthy women, aged 40–65 years using a formulated Ayurvedic medicine

composed of 75 mg Tinospora Cardifolia, 100 mg Asparagus racemosus, 100
mg Withania somnifera and 225 mg Commiphora mukul per capsule,
administered as one capsule twice per day over a period of 12 weeks. The
primary outcome measure was menopausal symptoms assessed by the
Page | 472 
validated Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire. The
secondary outcome measures included a patient-reported diary of vasomotor
symptoms, serum hormone levels and health indices (body weight, blood
pressure, haematological and biochemistry markers). Results: A significant
difference was demonstrated for the total MENQOL score and the vasomotor
(p < 0.001), psychosocial (p < 0.001), physical (p = 0.02) and sexual domains
(p < 0.001) between the active treatment and placebo groups after 12 weeks.
There was a significant reduction in total hot flushes, daytime hot flushes and
night sweats in the active treatment group compared to the placebo group (p
≤ 0.001). There were no significant changes observed in serum hormone levels
or health indices between the active and the placebo group. Conclusion: This
study demonstrated a combination of Tinospora cardifolia, Asparagus
racemosus, Withania somnifera and Commiphora mukul to be a safe and
effective treatment for reducing menopausal symptoms in healthy
menopausal women over a duration of 12 weeks. © 2018 Elsevier GmbH

Subash, K. R., G. Somasundaram, N. Jagan Rao, G. Muthulakshmi Bhaarati, B. V.

Cheriyan and K. Sandeep Kumar (2012). "Studies on the in vitro anti-oxidant
properties of a polyherbal formulation: Rumalaya forte." Journal of Clinical and
Diagnostic Research 6(7 SUPPL.): 1254-1257.
The Polyherbal Formulation (PHF), Rumalaya Forte that has a combination of
medicinal herbs such as the powders of Boswellia serrata, Commiphora
wightii, Alpinia galanga and Glycyrrhiza glabra and the extracts of Tribulus
terrestris and Tinospora cordifolia, was tested for its antioxidant and free
radical scavenging activity in vitro. This PHF has been traditionally used by the
ayurvedic practioners in India, for the treatment of various inflammatory
disorders. The in vitro scavenging of the NO radical activity, Lipid Peroxidation
(LPO) inhibition and the 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazil (DPPH) inhibition of PHF
were tested by using a spectrophotometer at absorbance levels of 546nm, 532
and 517nm respectively. The experiments were performed in triplicates with
different concentrations of PHF (1.95-500 g/ml).The percentage inhibition IC50
values were 203.57%, 315.92% and 10.37% g/ml for LPO, DPPH and NO
respectively. The polyherbal formulation, Rumalaya Forte demonstrated a
significant NO free radical scavenging activity.

Subash-Babu, P., G. M. Alshammari, S. Ignacimuthu and A. A. Alshatwi (2017). "Epoxy

clerodane diterpene inhibits MCF-7 human breast cancer cell growth by regulating

472 
 
 

the expression of the functional apoptotic genes Cdkn2A, Rb1, mdm2 and p53."
Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 87: 388-396.
Systematic analyses of plants that are used in traditional medicine may lead to
the discovery of novel cytotoxic secondary metabolites. Diterpene possesses
multiple bioactivities; here, epoxy clerodane diterpene (ECD) was isolated from
Page | 473 
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) stem and shown potential antiproliferative effect
in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The antiproliferative effect of ECD on
MCF-7 cells was systematically analyzed by cell and nuclear morphology,
alterations in oxidative stress, and the expression of tumor suppressor and
mitochondria-mediated apoptosis-related genes. We found that the IC50
value of ECD was 3.2 μM at 24 h and 2.4 μM at 48 h. We observed that the
cytotoxicity of ECD was specific to MCF-7 cells, whereas ECD was nontoxic to
normal Vero and V79 cells. ECD significantly triggered intracellular ROS
generation even from the lower doses of 0.6 and 1.2 μM; and it is relative to
higher dose of 2.4 μM. Further, we used 0.6 μM, 1.2 μM and 2.4 μM as
experimental doses to analyze the relative dose-dependent effects. Nuclear
staining revealed that cells treated with the 2.4 μM dose exhibited
characteristic apoptotic morphological changes and that 46% of the cells were
apoptotic and 4% were necrotic after 48 h. ECD significantly increased the
expression of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway-related genes after
48 h; we observed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased expression of CYP1A, GPX,
GSK3β and TNF-α and downregulated expression of NF-κB. ECD also
increased the expression of tumor suppressor genes such as Cdkn2A, Rb1 and
p53. In addition, we observed that ECD treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.001)
upregulated the expression of apoptotic genes such as Bax, cas-3, cas-8, cas-9
and p21 and downregulated the expression of BCL-2, mdm2 and PCNA. In
conclusion, ECD regulates the expression of Cdkn2A, p53 and mdm2 and
induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in MCF-7 human breast
cancer cells. © 2016

Subramanian, M., G. J. Chintalwar and S. Chattopadhyay (2002). "Antioxidant

properties of a Tinospora cordifolia polysaccharide against iron-mediated lipid
damage and γ-ray induced protein damage." Redox Report 7(3): 137-143.
The antioxidant activity of an arabinogalactan polysaccharide (TSP) isolated
from Tinospora cordifolia, an Indian medicinal plant, was studied. The
polysaccharide showed good protection against iron-mediated lipid
peroxidation of rat brain homogenate as revealed by the thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) assays. TSP also
provided significant protection to protein against γ-ray induced damage. The
protective action can possibly be explained by its very high reactivity towards
DPPH, superoxide radicals and the most damaging of radicals, the hydroxyl
radical.

473 
 
 

Subramanian, M., G. J. Chintalwar and S. Chattopadhyay (2003). "Radioprotective

property of polysaccharide in Tinospora cordifolia." Indian Journal of Biochemistry
and Biophysics 40(1): 22-26.
Radioprotective activity of a polysaccharide preparation from the Indian
medicinal plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers has been established using
Page | 474 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 strain as the in vivo test model. The entire
activity could be attributed to the radical scavenging capacity of the
preparation, as it did not enhance the expression of the protective enzymes,
catalase and superoxide dismutase in the yeast cells.

Subramoniam, A. and P. Pushpangadan (1999). "Development of phytomedicines for

liver diseases." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 31(3): 166-175.
A phytotherapeutic approach to modern drug development can provide many
invaluable drugs from traditional medicinal plants. Search for pure
phytochemicals as drugs is time consuming and expensive. Numerous plants
and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of liver diseases.
However, in most of the severe cases, the treatments are not satisfactory.
Although experimental evaluations were carried out on a good number of
these plants and formulations, the studies were mostly incomplete and
insufficient. The therapeutic values were tested against a few chemicals-
induced subclinical levels of liver damages in rodents. Even common dietary
antioxidants can provide such protection from liver damage caused by
oxidative mechanisms of toxic chemicals. However, experiments have clearly
shown that plants such as Picrorrhiza kurroa, Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta
alba, Silibum marianum, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and Trichopus
zeylanicus are sufficiently active against, at least, certain hepatotoxins.
Screening plants for antihepatitis activities remains in its infancy. P. kurroa, E.
alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, A. paniculata and P. amarus are likely to be active
against Hepatitis B virus. In the case of severe liver damage, most of the liver
cells die or turn into fibrotic state. In this case, the treatment should include in
addition to the therapeutic agents, agents which can stimulate liver cell
proliferation. For developing satisfactory herbal combinations to treat severe
liver diseases, plants have to be evaluated systematically for properties such as
antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc), antihepatotoxicity (antioxidants
and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. The plants
with remarkable activities for each of the above properties have to be
identified. Single plant may not have all the desired activities. A combination
of different herbal extracts/'fractions is likely to provide desired activities to
cure severe liver diseases. Development of such medicines with standards of
safety and efficacy can revitalise treatment of liver disorders. hepatoprotective
activity.

474 
 
 

Sudhakar Reddy, C., K. N. Reddy, E. N. Murthy and V. S. Raju (2009). "Traditional

medicinal plants in Seshachalam hills, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Medicinal
Plants Research 3(5): 408-412.
The present study documents the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants
that are in use in Seshachalam hill ranges in Cuddapah district, Andhra
Page | 475 
Pradesh, India. Ethnomedicinal uses of 48 plant species along with botanical
name, vernacular name, family and mode of administration are presented.
They belong to 44 genera and 30 families. These plants used to cure 32 types
of ailments. Most remedies were taken orally, accounting for 78% of medicinal
use. Most of the remedies were reported to have been from trees and climber
species. The most widely sought after plant parts in the preparation of
remedies in the study area are the leaves and root. High number of medicinal
plant species available for the treatment of skin diseases and indigestion. The
study emphasizes the potentials of the ethnobotanical research and the need
for the documentation of traditional knowledge pertaining to the medicinal
plant utilization for the greater benefit of mankind. © 2009 Academic
Journals.

Sudhakar, S., L. K. Joshi and A. Sehgal (2015). "Assessment of antioxidant and anti -
Lipid peroxidation capability of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)." Research Journal of
Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 6(5): 458-463.
Many oxidative stress related diseases like cancer, diabetes,
neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases are occurring as a
result of accumulation of free radicals in the body. Tinospora cordifolia
(Guduchi) is a medicinal herb used in the Indian system of medicine due to its
health benefits. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of Guduchi
extract was investigated using various in vitro methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-
2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)
(ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl (OH), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging
and anti-lipid peroxidation assays. The results indicated that IC<inf>50</inf>
values of Guduchi extract were 0.997mg/ml in DPPH, 0.72mg/ml in ABTS,
10.7mg/ml in NO, 3.1mg/ml in H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>, 0.86mg/ml in
hydroxyl radical scavenging and 109mg/ml in anti-lipid peroxidation. The
results revealed that Guduchi extract has promising antioxidant activity and
could serve as potential source of natural antioxidants.

Sulaiman, C. T. and I. Balachandran (2014). "Chemical profiling of an Indian herbal

formula using liquid chromatography coupled with electro spray ionization mass
spectrometry." Spectroscopy Letters 48(3): 222-226.
Amruthotharam kashayam is an important Ayurvedic formulation prepared
using specified plant parts of Tinospora cordifolia, Terminalia chebula, and
Zingiber officinale. The current study developed a rapid liquid
chromatographic method coupled with electro spray ionization mass

475 
 
 

spectrometry for the identification of major phytoconstituents present in the

formulation. Reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatogram was
developed as chemical fingerprint. The mass spectrum along with the MS/MS
fragmentation on collision-induced dissociation led to the structural
identification of separated compounds. Phenolic acids such as quinic acid,
Page | 476 
protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, and chebulic acid were identified in the
formulation along with some flavonoids. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Sultana, S., M. Ali, S. R. Mir and A. Mittal (2018). "Analysis of spectral data of the
chemical constituents from the leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum L., Achyranthes
aspera L. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers." Eurasian Journal of Analytical
Chemistry 13(5).
Jasminum grandiflorum L. (Oleaceae) is used to relieve coughs, depression,
dizziness, eye diseases, facial paralysis, general debility, fevers, headache,
psoriasis, sciatica, skin diseases and vertigo. Achyranthes aspera L.
(Amaranthaceae) is utilized to treat anorexia, ascites, respiratory problems,
kidney, brain and skin diseases, cholera, convulsions, diabetes, fistula, hysteria,
insect bites, malaria, night blindness, obesity, piles, snake bites, stomach
disorders, swellings, tooth aches, tumors and wounds. Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) is effective to alleviate anemia, debility,
diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, fevers, jaundice, rheumatism, urinary
and skin diseases, scorpion stings and snake bites. The air-dried plant leaves
were exhaustively extracted with methanol individually in a Soxhlet apparatus.
The concentrated methanol extracts were adsorbed on silica gel for column
and chromatographed over silica gel column separately. The columns were
eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol successively to isolate
the phytoconstituents. Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of J.
grandiflorum afforded glyceryl behenate (2,3-dihydroxypropyl docosanoate,
1), glycerol cerotate (2,3-dihydroxypropyl 1-hexacosanoate, 2), cerotyl O-β-D-
diarabinoside (n-hexacosanoyl-O-β-D- arabinopyranosyl-(2→1″)-O-β-D-
arabinopyranoside / cerotyl O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2→1)-O-β-D-
arabinopyranoside, 3), stearyl-O-α-D-triglucoside (stearyl glucopyranosyl-
(6′→1′′)-O-α-D- glucopyranosyl-(6′′→1′′′)-O-α-D-glucopyranoside, 4) and
behenyl-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6’→1″)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6’′→1″′)-O-α-
D-glucopyranoside, 5). The leaves of A. aspera and T. cordifolia furnished a
new diterpenoid ester aromadendr-10(14)-en-15-olyl (E)-ferulate 6) and an
aromatic ester phenyl ethyl behenate 7), respectively. The structures of these
phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis
and glycosidic and phenolic chemical reactions. © 2018 by the authors.

Sumantran, V. N., A. K. Joshi, S. Boddul, S. J. Koppikar, D. Warude, B. Patwardhan, A.

Chopra, R. Chandwaskar and U. V. Wagh (2011). "Antiarthritic activity of a
standardized, multiherbal, ayurvedic formulation containing Boswellia serrata: In vitro

476 
 
 

studies on knee cartilage from osteoarthritis patients." Phytotherapy Research 25(9):

1375-1380.
A validated in vitro model of cartilage damage and published data were used
showing that this model measures the chondroprotective and
antiinflammatory effects of different antiarthritic drugs. In this report, this
Page | 477 
model was used to evaluate the effects of a new antiarthritic Ayurvedic
formulation containing Zingiber officinale root, Tinospora cordifolia stem,
Phyllanthus emblica fruit and oleoresin of Boswellia serrata. Glucosamine
sulphate was used as a positive control in the study. Aqueous extracts of each
drug were tested on explant cultures of knee cartilage obtained from
osteoarthritis patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. The new
formulation caused a sustained and statistically significant inhibition in the
release of glycosaminoglycans and aggrecan by cartilage explants from these
patients. This formulation also induced a transient antiinflammatory effect as
measured by a reduction in the levels of nitric oxide released by explants.
Furthermore, the data strongly suggest that oleoresin of B. serrata plays a
crucial role in the chondroprotective and antiinflammatory activity of this
formulation. In summary, this report provides the first, direct, in vitro
biochemical evidence of anti-arthritic activity a new Ayurvedic formulation.
This formulation significantly reduced damage of articular knee cartilage from
chronic osteoarthritis patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sumathi, P. and S. Isabella Rosaline (2013). "Phytochemical analysis of certain

traditional medicinal plants." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4(2):
B225-B230.
The traditional medicine involves the use of different plant extracts or the
bioactive constituents. For this study, nine medicinal plants such as
Andrographis paniculata, Bixa orellana, Catharanthus roseus, Curcuma longa,
Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus niruri, Terminalis bellerica, Terminalua chebula
and Tinospora cordifolia, were subjected to phytochemical analysis employing
standard methods. The study confirms the presence of various phytochemicals
like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycosides, Phenols, Proteins, Steroids,
Terpenoids and Tannins. The results obtained in the present study suggest
that these plants could be used for curing various ailments and possess
potential antioxidant properties and can be used for the isolation of new and
novel bioactive compounds.

Sundar, R. D. V., S. Settu, S. Shankar, G. Segaran and M. Sathiavelu (2018). "Potential

medicinal plants to treat leprosy-A review." Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology 11(2): 813-821.
Therapeutic plants have many different medicinal properties and thereby it
helps in finding out a proper health care system. Since ancient times the drugs
were derived mainly from the herbal origin either from the whole plant or

477 
 
 

from different organs like leaves, root, stem, bark, seed, flower etc., and some
drugs are prepared from excretory plant product such as gum, resins and
latex. Mycobacterium leprae is a bacteria which causes a chronic disease called
Leprosy which damages the peripheral nervous system and skin. Slowly the
disease develops and results in deformities and skin lesions, most commonly it
Page | 478 
affects the cooler places on the body like testicles, earlobes, eyes and nose. It
was estimated that about two to three million people were permanently
disabled because of leprosy. The highest number of cases was seen in India
followed by Brazil and Burma. Leprosy is common in tropical, subtropical and
temperate climates,and it affects humanity for over 4,000 years. © RJPT All
right reserved.

Suneetha, J., R. Koteswara Rao, P. Prabhakara Rao and T. V. V. Seetharami Reddi

(2013). "Ethnomedicine for jaundice by the tribals of East Godavari district, Andhra
Pradesh." Journal of Natural Remedies 13(2): 143-145.
The present paper deals with 25 plant species belonging to 24 genera and 18
families used to cure jaundice by the tribal of East Godavari district.
Euphorbiaceae is the dominant family followed by Acanthaceae and
Solanaceae. Of the 25 practices 9 were found to be new.

Sunkireddy, P., S. N. Jha, J. R. Kanwar and S. C. Yadav (2013). "Natural antioxidant

biomolecules promises future nanomedicine based therapy for cataract." Colloids
and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 112: 554-562.
Cataract is an eye disease of major human concern and its prevention is
important to control the global incidences of blindness. The emergence of
cataract in the eye lens by strong UV radiation and growing pollution could be
effectively reduced by natural antioxidant biomolecules such as flavonoids,
phenolic acids, carotenoids and vitamins. This goal can be achieved either by
direct external use of antioxidant biomolecules in the form of topical
application as an eye drops, food supplements or through nanobiotechnology
based formulation without any side effects. In this manuscript, we have
discussed the mechanisms of cataract formation and the preventive role of
different classes of natural antioxidant biomolecules. Further, role of
nanobiotechnology to enhance therapeutic potential of these natural
antioxidant molecules by enhancing solubility, stability, bioavailability and
sustained release has been briefly discussed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Süntar, I. and E. K. Akkol (2013). "Beneficial effects of plant sources on the treatment
of osteoporosis." Current Drug Targets 14(13): 1611-1618.
Osteoporosis causes bone loss, and makes bone to susceptible to fracture.
The main cause of osteoporosis is estrogen deficiency. Estrogen, calcitonin,
calcium, vitamin D and antioxidants can be used to prevent osteoporosis. For
the treatment of osteoporosis, the potential biological activities of traditional

478 
 
 

medicines have been subjected to scientific evaluation, since synthetic drugs

are considered to have several side effects and they lack efficacy. Therefore,
more extensive research should be carried out to investigate the medicinal
plants to be used as an alternative treatment for osteoporosis. The present
review focuses on the scientific researches on the assessment of anti-
Page | 479 
osteoporotic activity of medicinal plants. © 2013 Bentham Science Publishers.

Suryavanshi, S., A. Zanwar, M. Hegde and R. Kaul-Ghanekar (2014). "Standardization

of a polyherbal formulation (HC9) and comparative analysis of its cytotoxic activity
with the individual herbs present in the composition in breast cancer cell lines."
Pharmacognosy Journal 6(2): 87-95.
Introduction: The present study aims to standardize a polyherbal formulation
(HC9) that was previously shown to exhibit excellent antioxidant and cytotoxic
activity in breast cancer cells. Here, we have compared the cytotoxic activity of
HC9 with its individual components in breast cancer and non-cancerous cells.
Methods: Physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of HC9 was
performed. Qualitative and quantitative HPTLC analysis of component herbs
and HC9 was done by using specific markers. The cytotoxic activity of HC9
with its individual components was evaluated in breast cancer (MCF-7 and
MDA MB-231) and non-cancerous cell lines (HEK-293, HaCaT and MCF- 10A)
by MTT dye uptake. Results: Physico-chemical results revealed that HC9
contained 7.24% total ash content, 9.52% of alcohol-soluble extractive, 0.801
specific gravity, 0.50g/ml bulk density and exhibited 7.18% loss on drying.
Phytochemical results revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates,
flavanoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds, and absence of
terpenoids. The individual herbs of HC9 and the formulation showed the
presence of marker compounds such as picroside-I, nootkatone, 6-gingerol,
matairesinol, swertiamarin, berberine, connesine and 2-hydroxy-4-
methoxybenzaldehyde. At 160ìg/ml concentration, HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity
in both MCF7 and MDA MB231 with no cytotoxicity in MCF-10A, HaCaT and
HEK-293. In contrast, at this concentration, the individual herbs of HC9
exhibited cytotoxicity not only in cancerous cells, but also in non-cancerous
cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the standardized HC9 formulation
was safe to non-cancerous cells and exhibited significant antineoplastic
potential in breast cancer cells. Thus, HC9 could be a potential drug candidate
in breast cancer.

Swaminathan, K., U. C. Sinha, R. K. Bhatt, B. K. Sabata and S. S. Tavale (1989).

"Structure of tinosporide, a diterpenoid furanolactone from Tinospora cordifolia
Miers." Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications 45 ( Pt 1):
134-136.
(1S,2S,3R,4R,5R,8S,10R,12S)-4-Hydroxy-2,3:15,16-diepoxycleroda-13( 16),14-
dieno-17,12:18,1-biscarbolactone, C20H22O7, Mr = 374, m.p. = 509-511 K,

479 
 
 

orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 9.191 (2), b = 13.8230 (6), c = 26.956 (2) A, V

= 3424.50 A3, Z = 8, Dx = 1.450, Dm (by flotation) = 1.446 g cm-3, lambda (Cu
K alpha) = 1.5418 A, mu = 8.20 cm-1, F(000) = 1584, T = 295 K, R = 0.0464, wR
= 0.0579 for 3437 observed reflections. The asymmetric unit contains two
molecules. The structure resembles that of a similar compound [Swaminathan,
Page | 480 
Sinha, Bhatt & Sabata (1988). Acta Cryst. C44, 1421-1424] with atom H(15)
replacing the tertiary hydroxyl group at C(8). Atoms H(4) and H(15) are alpha-
and beta-oriented respectively at sites C(12) and C(8). The terpene ring A is
locked into a boat conformation by the C(1)-C(4) lactone bridge. The hydroxyl
at C(4) is involved in hydrogen bonding.

Swaminathan, K., U. C. Sinha, S. Ramakumar, R. K. Bhatt and B. K. Sabata (1989).

"Structure of columbin, a diterpenoid furanolactone from Tinospora cordifolia Miers."
Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications 45 ( Pt 2): 300-
303.
(1S,4R,5R,8S,10R,12S)-4-Hydroxy-15,16-epoxycleroda-2,12(16),14- trieno-
17,12: 18,1-biscarbolactone, C20H22O6, Mr = 358.2, m.p. = 453-454 K,
orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 7.3869 (6), b = 11.986 (1), c = 19.896 (2) A, V
= 1761.65 A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.351, Dm(by flotation) = 1.349 g cm-3, lambda(Cu
K alpha) = 1.5418 A, mu = 8.36 cm-1, F(000) = 760, T = 295 K, R = 0.0432 for
1662 observed reflections. Two terpene rings, two delta-lactones, two methyl
groups, a tertiary hydroxyl group and a beta-substituted furan ring are present
in the structure. The H atoms at C(12) and C(8) are alpha- and beta-oriented.
The terpene ring A is locked into a boat conformation by the C(1)-C(4) lactone
bridge. The furan ring is attached equatorially at atom C(12). The hydroxyl
group is involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Talluri, M., S. R. Yathapu and D. K. Bharatraj (2018). "Evaluation of Rasna panchaka

(indigenous drug) as oxidative stress down-regulator using serum-free explant
culture system." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 50(6): 326-331.
CONTEXT: The importance of phytochemicals/natural products as potential
therapeutic agents in the present context is gaining a lot of importance. India
with a rich heritage of such preparations needs evaluation as potent drugs.
Explant culture system is a method, which is sensitive, reliable, reproducible
and is capable of mimicking the in situ conditions maintaining the tissue in
sufficiently high level of integration. AIM: The current study aimed to test the
antioxidant activity of test compounds, namely, traditional aqueous (4212) and
aqueous-methanolic (4308) extracts of Rasna panchaka using liver explant
cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dose-response optima of extracts (0.2-
10 μg/mL) were determined using mouse liver explant culture system up to 48
h. The antioxidant property of extracts was assessed by primary oxidative
defense parameters, namely, superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced
glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS: The results

480 
 
 

indicated that the cellular architecture of the cultured tissue was well
conserved in the first 6 h with a gradual display of specific changes in the next
24 h. There was a significant increase in MDA levels in experimental groups
indicating the oxidative stress induction in explants. A dose of 2.0 μg/mL
extracts have shown statistically significant (P < 0.05) protection against
Page | 481 
oxidative stress. MDA levels, a measure of lipid peroxidation, were significantly
(P < 0.01) reduced by 50% in extract treated explants compared to control.
This effect was accompanied by the increase in the first defense enzymes SOD
(50%) and catalase (18%) with no change in reduced GSH levels.
CONCLUSION: The study enforces the importance of 'explant culture system,'
as it not only reduces the use of nonclinical/animal model but also is rapid
and sensitive. Further, results of the current study also suggest that aqueous-
methanolic extract of Rasna panchaka is having superior antioxidant activity
compared to traditional water extract. © 2019 Indian Journal of Pharmacology
Published by Wolters Kluwer-Medknow.

Tambekar, D. H., B. S. Khante, B. R. Chandak, A. S. Titare, S. S. Boralkar and S. N.

Aghadte (2009). "Screening of antibacterial potentials of some medicinal plants from
Melghat forest in India." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and
Alternative Medicines 6(3): 228-232.
Cyperus rotundus, Caesalpinia bonducella, Tinospora cordifolia, Gardenia
gummifera, Ailanthus excelsa, Acacia arabica, Embelia ribes and Ventilago
maderspatana from Melghat forest were screened for their antibacterial
potential against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella
paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter
aerogenes by disc diffusion method. Out of these medicinal plants Caesalpinia
bonducella, Gardenia gummifera and Acacia arabica showed remarkable
antibacterial potential. The phytochemical analysis had showed the presence
of Cardiac glycosides in all extracts (aqueous, acetone, ethanol and methanol)
of Acacia arabica, Gardenia gummifera and ethanol, methanol extracts of
Caesalpinia bonducella. Flavonoids were present in Gardenia gummifera,
Ailanthus excelsa and acetone, methanol extracts of Acacia Arabica. Tannins
and phenolic were present in Cyperus rotundus, Embelia ribes, and organic
extracts of Ventilago maderspatana.

Tanwar, S., J. Jain, S. Verma and D. Solanki (2012). "Standardization and

phytochemical evaluation of tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) miers. (Menispermaceae)."
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(1): 219-223.
Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times as medicines for the
treatment of a range of diseases. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers commonly
known as Amrita or Guduchi is an important drug of Indian Systems of
Medicine (ISM) and used in medicines since times immemorial. The drug is

481 
 
 

used in the treatment of fever, diabetes, jaundice, urinary problems, skin

diseases and dysentery. The standardization parameter as per WHO guidelines
has been carried out in the present study. The stem of the plant was evaluated
for its pharmacognostical parameters including morphological and
microscopical parameters along with physico-chemical and toxicological
Page | 482 
parameters. Ash values, extractive values in different solvents, pH
determination, fluorescence analysis and phytochemical screening have been
carried out in the study. The study will be useful for the identification of stem
of Tinospora cordifolia and will prevent its adulteration.

Tariq, A., S. Mussarat, M. Adnan, N. M. Abdelsalam, R. Ullah and A. L. Khan (2014).

"Ethnoveterinary Study of Medicinal Plants in a Tribal Society of Sulaiman Range."
Scientific World Journal 2014.
The aims of the present study were (i) to document ethnoveterinary plants
and their formulation techniques in an unexplored region of Pakistan and (ii)
to select candidate medicinal plants with high consensus factor and fidelity
value for further in vitro investigation. A total of 60 informants were
interviewed using semistructured questionnaire. A total of 41 plants belonging
to 30 families were used to treat livestock ailments in study area. Mostly leaves
(47%) were used in recipes formulation mostly in the form of decoction.
Gastrointestinal infections were found more common and majority of the
plants were used against cow (31) and buffaloes (24) ailments. Recovery time
of majority of the recipes was three to four days. Informant consensus factor
(Fic) results have shown a high degree of consensus for gastrointestinal,
respiratory, and reproductive (0.95 each) ailments. Fidelity level (FL) results
showed that Asparagus gracilis ranked first with FL value 93% followed by
Rumex hastatus ranked second (91%) and Tinospora cordifolia ranked third
(90%). Aged farmers and nomads had more traditional knowledge as
compared to younger ones. Plants with high Fic and FL values could be further
investigated in vitro for the search of some novel bioactive compounds and
young generation should be educated regarding ethnoveterinary practices. ©
2014 Akash Tariq et al.

Tariq, N. P. M. M. and S. M. R. Ifham (2013). "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal

Plants in Yelagiri Hills of Tamil Nadu." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
6(6): 652-654.
An ethno botanical survey was conducted in Yelagiri hills, located in Vellore
district, Tamil Nadu (State), India. The purpose of this study is to collect data
about medicinal plants available in yelagiri hills in order to preserve its rich bio
resources through documentation since there is scarce information about the
existence of medicinal plants in this region. This survey was conducted based
on semi structured interviews, field visits and participatory observations. A
total of 28 medicinal plants were identified and confirmed in herbarium of

482 
 
 

university of madras, Chennai. Plant species belonging to diverse families like

Lilaceae, Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae followed by Lamiaceae, apocyanaceae
were found. These plants have medicinal properties including anticancer,
antidiabetic, antidote, antibacterial, anthelminthic, antispasmodic,
antianalgesic, cure for epilepsy, diarrhea, weaknesses etc. However, certain
Page | 483 
medicinal plants were found to be in vulnerable condition like Ocimum
sanctum and Leucas aspera. This could be due to growth of herbicide
parthenium species. The presence of this herbicide has led to the decline of
certain medicinal plants in this area. Further investigation is required to
preserve the bioresources that is slowly declining in this region. © RJPT All
right reserved.

Tasaduq, S. A., K. Singh, S. Sethi, S. C. Sharma, K. L. Bedi, J. Singh, B. S. Jaggi and R. K.

Johri (2003). "Hepatocurative and antioxidant profile of hp-1, a polyherbal
phytomedicine." Human and Experimental Toxicology 22(12): 639-645.
HP-1 a herbal formulation comprising of Phyllanthus niruri and extracts of
Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica and Tinospora
cordifolia has been evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity. Results show that HP-1 reversed the
leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase
(GPT) and prevented the depletion of glutathione (GSH) levels in a primary
monolayer culture of rat hepatocytes (in vitro). HP-1 attenuated the serum
toxicity as manifested in elevated levels of transaminases (glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and GPT) The anti-oxidative enzymes in liver
(catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were restored to normal values
after the oral administration of HP-1. HP-1 suppressed the formation of the
superoxide anion radical and reduced CCl4 mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO).
Silymarin and antioxidants (ascorbic acid, β-carotene and α(-tocopherol) were
used for comparison. The present study showed that HP-1 is a potential
hepatoprotective formulation with an additional attribute of being anti-
peroxidative. © Arnold 2003.

Telapolu, S., M. Kalachavedu, A. M. Punnoose and D. Bilikere (2018). "MD-1, a poly

herbal formulation indicated in diabetes mellitus ameliorates glucose uptake and
inhibits adipogenesis - An in vitro study." BMC Complementary and Alternative
Medicine 18(1).
Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic disease requiring a
multipronged therapeutic approach. In the current scenario, the use of
polyherbals is increasing among the diabetics. MD-1, a poly herbal
formulation is constituted as a mixture of six popular anti diabetic herbs, used
in the management of Diabetes mellitus (DM). The physicochemical,
biochemical and in vitro efficacy studies have been carried out to ascertain the
possible mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic action of MD-1. Methods:

483 
 
 

MD-1 was evaluated for residual toxins as per Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia of

India (API) procedures. The hydro alcoholic extract of the formulation (HAEF)
was evaluated for anti oxidant activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil
(DPPH) and nitric oxide radicals in vitro. The effect of HAEF on carbohydrate
digestive enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase was studied using
Page | 484 
biochemical assays. HAEF was studied for its glucose lowering potential in L6
myotubes and 3T3L1 preadipocytes, using 2-deoxy-D-[1- 3 H] glucose (2-DG)
uptake assay. Effect of MD-1 on adipogenesis was evaluated in 3T3L1
adipocytes using oil O red staining. The effect of HAEF on mRNA expression of
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and glucose
transporter 4 (GLUT4) in 3T3L1 adiocytes was investigated by reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Statistical analysis was
performed by student t-test, ANOVA. Results: Residual toxins present within
the API limits and HAEF demonstrated strong antioxidant potential and
significantly inhibited the α-glucosidase (IC 50 63.6±0.46 μg/mL) and α-
amylase (IC 50 242.81±1.26 μg/mL) activity. HAEF significantly (p&lt;0.05)
enhanced the insulin stimulated glucose uptake in both the cell lines studied.
Unlike standard pioglitazone (PGZ), HAEF modulated the mRNA expression of
PPARγ and GLUT4 (p&lt;0.0001) in 3T3L1 adipocytes, without inducing
adipogenesis. Conclusion: Physicochemical parameters established in the
study may serve as reference standards in regular quality control. Absence of
residual toxins underpins the safety. The enhanced glucose uptake and
favorable modulation of insulin sensitivity through a plausible weak PPARγ
agonism is similar to the distinct PPARγ activation pattern of several reported
natural compound agonists. The differential binding modes of such dynamic
combinatorial ligands within the formulation unlike synthetic ligands like
thiozolidinediones (TZD) can be linked to the safe mitigation of diabetic
complications by MD-1. © 2018 The Author(s).

Thabrew, M. I., M. G. Dharmasiri and L. Senaratne (2003). "Anti-inflammatory and

analgesic activity in the polyherbal formulation Maharasnadhi Quathar." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 85(2-3): 261-267.
Maharasnadhi Quathar (MRQ) is a polyherbal preparation recommended by
Ayurvedic medical practitioners for treatment of arthritic conditions. An
investigation has been carried out with rats and human rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) patients, to determine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of
MRQ. Results obtained demonstrate that MRQ can significantly and dose-
dependently inhibit carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema (the inhibition at
3h was greater than at 1h after induction of oedema). MRQ could also
increase the reaction time of rats in the hot-plate test (by 57% after the first
hour of treatment), although it had no effect on the reaction time in the tail-
flick test, indicating that MRQ possesses analgesic activity that is probably
mediated via a supra-spinal effect. MRQ also exerted a dose-dependent (a)

484 
 
 

protective effect on heat-induced erythrocyte lysis, and (b) inhibition of 5-

lipoxygenase activity. In RA patients, after 3 months of MRQ treatment, there
was a marked improvement in the pain and inflammation experienced by the
patients as well as in the mobility of the affected joints. From the overall
results obtained, it may be concluded that MRQ possesses significant anti-
Page | 485 
inflammatory and analgesic activities. Alteration in synthesis of prostaglandins
and leukotrienes, membrane stabilization and anti-oxidant activity are some of
the possible mechanisms through which MRQ mediates its anti-arthritic
effects. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thakur, A., S. Kaur, A. Kaur and V. Singh (2012). "Detrimental effects of endophytic
fungus Nigrospora sp. on survival and development of Spodoptera litura." Biocontrol
Science and Technology 22(2): 151-161.
Endophytes have been known to confer resistance to host plants against
insect herbivores mediated by fungal alkaloids. In this study we have isolated
an endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) from a
native plant Tinospora cordifolia. To assess anti-insect potential, we tested to
what extent the survival and development of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae), a polyphagous pest, was affected when fed on artificial diet
amended with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of Nigrospora
sp. In feeding assay, the insect suffered significantly higher mortality and
showed prolonged development period on amended diet as compared to
unamended diet. A significant reduction in relative growth and consumption
rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food and approximate
digestibility indicated deterrent as well as toxic effects of the fungal extract.
Significant adverse effects were also observed on adult emergence, longevity
and reproductive potential of S. litura. This preliminary information on
insecticidal properties of Nigrospora sp. may further be used for imparting
resistance in plants against insects. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Thakur, A., S. Kaur, A. Kaur and V. Singh (2013). "Enhanced Resistance to Spodoptera
litura in Endophyte Infected Cauliflower Plants." Environmental Entomology 42(2):
240-246.
Endophytic fungi, which live within host plant tissues without causing any
visible symptom of disease, are important mediators of plant-herbivore
interactions. These endophytes enhance resistance of host plant against insect
herbivores mainly by productions of various alkaloid based defensive
compounds in the plant tissue or through alterations of plant nutritional
quality. Two endophytic fungi, i.e., Nigrospora sp. and Cladosporium sp., were
isolated from Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, a traditional indian
medicinal plant. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) plants were inoculated with
these two endophytic fungi. The effect of endophyte infected and uninfected
cauliflower plants were measured on the survival and development of

485 
 
 

Spodoptera litura (Fab.), a polyphagous pest. Endophyte infected cauliflower

plants showed resistance to S. litura in the form of significant increase in larval
and pupal mortality in both the fungi. Inhibitory effects of endophytic fungi
also were observed on adult emergence, longevity, reproductive potential, as
well as hatchability of eggs. Thus, it is concluded that antibiosis to S. litura
Page | 486 
could be imparted by artificial inoculation of endophytes and this could be
used to develop alternative ecologically safe control strategies. © 2013
Entomological Society of America.

Thakur, A., V. Singh, A. Kaur and S. Kaur (2013). "Insecticidal potential of an

endophytic fungus, Cladosporium uredinicola, against Spodoptera litura."
Phytoparasitica 41(4): 373-382.
The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Fabricius),
is a polyphagous pest which has developed physiological resistance against a
number of known insecticides. In order to reduce the load of synthetic
insecticides, ecofriendly alternative strategies are needed. The present studies
were conducted to evaluate the insecticidal potential of the endophytic
fungus Cladosporium uredinicola isolated from Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.)
on S. litura. Development of S. litura was significantly prolonged when larvae
were fed on diet amended with ethyl acetate extract of C. uredinicola at
concentrations of 1.25-2.00 μl g-1. The negative effects of fungal toxin on
development of S. litura further resulted in a significant reduction in adult
emergence, longevity and reproductive potential at higher concentrations. A
significantly higher number of adults showed morphological deformities when
larvae were fed on diet amended with 2.00 μl g-1 concentration. The
inhibitory effects on growth and development of S. litura indicate toxicity of
ethyl acetate extract of C. uredinicola, which is further evidenced by reduced
food utilization by larvae. The antifeedant and toxic effects of ethyl acetate
extract of C. uredinicola observed in the present studies can be attributed to a
bioactive compound produced by the fungus, so this study provides evidence
that C. uredinicola isolated from T. cordifolia possesses anti-insect properties
and may play an important role in protecting plants against insect pests. ©
2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Thakur, K. R., S. R. Padmadeo, B. B. Mishra and K. Pranay (2016). "Study of

ameliorating properties of Tinospora cordifolia on diabetes and acute pancreatitis in
alloxan treated Rats." Der Pharmacia Lettre 8(18): 133-140.
Diabetes and acute pancreatitis are major health concern globally. India has
been growing as a diabetic capital of the world. Diabetes and acute
pancreatitis were induced by administration of Alloxan intraperitoneally
150mg/kg.b.wt in to Wistarnorvegicus. Diabetes induction was confirmed by
blood glucose concentration above 400mg/dl. The desired plant Tinospora
cordifolia (250mg/kg.b.wt) stem extract showed significant remedial action by

486 
 
 

lowering blood glucose to normal (87mg/dl) and restoring Pancreatic

enzymeslipase to (1.74IU/L) and amylase to (583.1IU/L). These results were
further authenticated by remodeling of pancreatic histoarchitecture which
showed increase in no. Islet of Langerhans, acinar cells, decreased vacuolar
space, sinusoidal space and atrophy.
Page | 487 

Thakur, S. and M. C. Sidhu (2014). "Phytochemical screening of some traditional

medicinal plants." Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical
Sciences 5(4): 1088-1097.
Plants contain various chemical compounds, which imparts medicinal
properties to them. This is likely the reason that plants have been used in
traditional medicine in different parts of the world. During present study, 20
plant species belonging to 17 families used in folklore medicines by the
natives of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh have been screened for
phytochemicals both in aqueous and ethanol extracts. The extracts have
shown the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, gums
& mucilages, phenolics, phlobatannins, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids,
tannins and terpenoids. The detailed chemical analysis of these
phytoconstituents may provide some valuable raw material for the
preparation of medicines.

Thambyayah, M. and A. Amuthan (2015). "Infantile seborrheic dermatitis: A pediatric

Siddha medicine treatise." Clinics in Dermatology 33(3): 355-361.
Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old) well-documented Indian
traditional medicines, compared with Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese
medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108
diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described
into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a
particular disease. The authors translate the elegant and detailed description
of one neonatal disorder, infantile seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap), called
kabaala kuttam (KK), described in 17 stanzas of four lines for each stanza from
Tamil language script into English. There are five different types of cradle cap,
including white type, dark black type, red type, weeping type, and toxic type.
Four polyherbal formulations are described for external and oral
administration, in which there is mention of 39 herbals and pure sulfur as
ingredients. The safety and efficacy of these herbal products varies and has
not been fully explored in infants, but may represent options for clinical
development. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.

Thapliyal, A., R. K. Khar and A. Chandra (2018). "Overview of cancer and medicinal
herbs used for cancer therapy." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 12(1): S1-S8.
Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells proliferate in the body. It is a
group of various diseases involving uncontrolled multiplication and division of

487 
 
 

abnormal cells in the body. These abnormal cells form malignant growths
which called neoplasm. Nowadays, cancer considered as one of the most
prevalent diseases in the world, and its mortality is increasing. It is necessary
to investigate new strategies to prevent and treat disease. Herbal medicines
block critical biochemical pathways converting normal cells to cancer cells for
Page | 488 
treatment. Herbal medicines block signal transduction in cancer which is a
primary channel, by such as controlling nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway,
protein tyrosine kinase pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinases signal
pathways. The various study reported that people with cancer commonly use
herbal products because of no side effects on healthy cells. Herbal medicine is
one of the most widely used alternative therapies by people with cancer.
Clinically proven herbal remedies help to prevent or relieve the symptoms of
cancer or treatment side effects by a conventional method. We have discussed
various medicinal herbs found in India which have the potential to be used in
cancer therapy. This present review will focus on the different medicinal plants
containing chemical constituents used in the treatment of cancer with their
possible mechanism of action. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights
reserved.

Tharakan, S. T., P. P. Binitha, R. Kuttan and G. Kuttan (2015). "Antiviral activity of

herbal immunomodulatory preparations NCV I and AC II - and their usefulness in HIV
infection." Indian Drugs 52(11): 50-55.
NCV I and AC II are the two herbal immunomodulatory preparations being
used in our centre for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) for the past 20 years. The objective of this study is to check whether
these drugs possess any antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro antiviral
activity was determined using Vero cells against Poliovirus. In vivo antiviral
activity was determined in chick and duck embryonated eggs using New
Castle Disease Virus (NDV), Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS) virus and also in NDV
vaccinated chicks. NCV I and AC II decreased growth of poliovirus in culture.
When the virus-inoculated Vero cells were treated with NCV I, the viral growth
was inhibited by 59.87% and with AC II it was inhibited by 70.06%. When the
chick embryos were treated with these viruses, there was no immediate
lethality for 5 days but the haemagglutination titre (HA) was found to be
significantly increased indicating an increase in viral load. The
haemagglutination titre for NDV alone was found to be 1024 against normal
untreated value of 128. In EDS treated duck eggs HA titre was found to be
4096. These titres were reduced to 4 in NCV I and 8 in AC II treated duck
embryos. NCV I and AC II were also found to decrease the HA titre in chicks
treated with NDV. These studies indicated the effectiveness of NCV I and AC II
in HIV could be partially due to its antiviral activity against human
immunodeficiency virus. Copyright © 2013 by Indian Drugs Online. All Rights
Reserved.

488 
 
 

Tharakan, S. T., G. Kuttan, R. Kuttan, M. Kesavan, Austin, Sr. and K. Rajagopalan

(2012). "Effect of immunomodulatory herbal medicinal preparations on CD4 +
lymphocyte count and total viral load in HIV-infected individuals." Indian Drugs
49(7): 42-48.
Page | 489 
This study was carried out to determine the effect of herbal medication on the
clinical status of HIV infected persons especially on their CD4 + T lymphocyte
count and viral load. The toxicity of the medication was also studied. 25 HIV
positive individuals were taken for the study. They were treated with a herbal
formulation developed in our centre, for one year. Patients were evaluated for
their clinical status every month and CD4 + T lymphocyte and viral load every
six months. Other parameters assessed were body weight, hematological
analysis and hepatic and renal function tests. Body weight was found to be
increased in 20 patients out of 25 who have undergone treatment. CD4 +T
lymphocyte count was increased in 15 patients and viral load was decreased in
20 patients. In six patients viral load was undetectable range. Administration
of these medications significantly reduced, elevated interferon-γ and tumor
necrosis factor in HIV patients. Medication did not produce any toxicity in HIV
patients, as it did not show any significant change in hepatic function, renal
function and haematology. Administration of herbal preparation was found to
reduce clinical symptoms produced by HIV infection. This herbal formulation
was found useful therapeutically for the management of HIV infection and did
not produce any toxicity.

Thas, J. J. (2006). "Siddha Medicine for skin diseases, Part 1." Kosmetische Medizin
27(4): 164-169.
Siddha medicine is one of the most ancient medical systems of India. Siddha is
the mother medicine of ancient Tamils/Dravidians of peninsular South India.
The word Siddha means established truth. The persons who were associated
with establishing such a Siddha school of thought were known as Siddhars.
They recorded their mystic findings in medicine, yoga and astrology in Tamil.
Fundamental Principles of Siddha include theories of Five Elements
[Aimpootham], and Three Forces/Faults [Mukkuttram]. Eight Methods of
Examination [Envakai Thervukal] is used to determine diagnosis, etiology,
treatment and prognosis. Siddha has safe herbal and herbo mineral treatment
for psoriasis, eczema, alopecia, diabetic ulcer, warts, vitiligo, pemphigus,
pompholyx, leprosy and many more very common and rare diseases. Life style
modifications including diet are important.

Thatte, U. M. and S. A. Dahanukar (1988). "Comparative study of immunomodulating

activity of Indian medicinal plants, lithium carbonate and glucan." Methods and
Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 10(10): 639-644.

489 
 
 

Thatte, U. M., M. R. Kulkarni and S. A. Dahanukar (1992). "Immunotherapeutic

modification of Escherichia coli peritonitis and bacteremia by Tinospora cordifolia."
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 38(1): 13-15.
We present here the protective effects of an Indian medicinal plant Tinospora
cordifolia as compared to gentamicin in E. Coli induced peritonitis.
Page | 490 
Pretreatment with tinospora cordifolia or gentamicin reduced mortality in
mice injected with 1 x 10(8) E. coli intraperitoneally from 100% in controls to
17.8% and 11.1% respectively. This was associated with significantly improved
bacterial clearance as well as improved phagocytic and intracellular
bactericidal capacities of neutrophils in the Tinospora cordifolia treated group.
In the gentamicin treated mice although bacterial clearance was rapid,
polymorph phagocytosis was depressed. Tinospora cordifolia did not possess
in vitro bactericidal activity. The results demonstrate that a "prohost
approach" may be beneficial in the therapy of peritonitis.

Thatte, U. M., S. G. Rao and S. A. Dahanukar (1994). "Tinospora cordifolia induces

colony stimulating activity in serum." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 40(4): 202-
203.
Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) is an Indian medicinal plant with proven
immunomodulatory activity. This study was performed to elucidate its possible
mechanism of action. We measured CFU-GM Cotony forming units of the
granulocyte-macrophage series in serum of mice treated with Tc. We found
that 10 days treatment with Tc (100 mg/ kg/d) induced a significant (p < 0.01)
increase in the number of CFU-GM (255 +/- 49.32 vs 38.51 +/- 9.98) This
suggests that activation of macrophages by Tc leads to increase in GM-CSF
which leads to leucocytosis and improved neutrophil function.

Thattet, U. M. and S. A. Dahanukar (1989). "Immunotherapeutic modification of

experimental infections by Indian medicinal plants." Phytotherapy Research 3(2): 43-
49.
Secondary infections are the most common cause of mortality in the
immunocompromised host. A recent therapeutic approach has aimed at
bolstering the host's defence mechanism to assist in eradication of infection,
using naturally occurring and synthetic substances like BCG, C. parvum,
muramyl dipeptide and glucans. Tinospora cordifolia (TC), Asparagus
racemosus (AR) and Withania somnifera (WS) are plants prescribed in
Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine, as agents to strengthen
host defence mechanisms. The present article reviews the effects of TC, AR
and WS in diverse experimental infections. TC, AR and WS protected rats
against caecal ligation induced abdominal sepsis and mice against Escherichia
coli peritonitis. This was associated with a faster bacteremia clearance.
Myelosuppression induced by single and multiple doses of cyclophosphamide
was reversed. Mortality due to Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in neutropenic

490 
 
 

and hemisplenectomized mice was reduced in treated animals. Candida

albicans sepsis induced mortality was also reduced by the plants. The plants
induced leucocytosis with predominant neutrophilia associated with
stimulation of phagocytic and bactericidal capacity of neutrophils and
macrophages. In view of their oral efficacy and relative lack of adverse effects,
Page | 491 
AR, TC and WS show promise as useful immunomodulators. Copyright © 1989
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thent, Z. C. and S. Das (2014). "Involvement of liver in diabetes mellitus: Herbal

remedies." Clinica Terapeutica 165(4): 223-230.
Liver disease is considered as one of the major complications in oxidative
stress disorders like diabetes mellitus (DM). DM presents with deterioration in
carbohydrate metabolism which is characterized with chronic hyperglycemia.
The organ which involves in glucose or carbohydrate metabolism and is most
likely to be affected is the liver. Deterioration in liver architecture and
metabolism in DM, are considered as common findings. In the present review
both biochemical and histological changes occurring in diabetic liver are
conferred in detail. To counteract the oxidative stress disorders and its
untoward complications, antioxidant or herbs have emerged as alternative
medicine. The present review focuses on several herbs with antioxidant
properties towards diabetic liver disease such as Liquorice, Pelargonium
gravenolens, Momordica charantia, Propolis from bee hives, Dihar, Curcuma
Longa, Tinospora cordifolia, Kangen-karyu, Parsley, Chard, Green tea Catechins
and Piper sarmentosum (P.s). The herbs or the compounds present in herbs
have potential to improve the liver metabolism and maintain the integrity of
liver tissue in DM. The review also opens the door for effective use of herbal
products for complications involved in the diabetic liver disease. © Società
Editrice Universo (SEU).

Thippeswamy, G. and B. P. Salimath (2007). "Induction of caspase-3 activated DNase

mediated apoptosis by hexane fraction of Tinospora cordifolia in EAT cells."
Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 23(2): 212-220.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) has been used for centuries for treating various
ailments including cancer in Ayurvedic system of medicine. In this study, we
report the mechanism of cell death exhibited by the hexane extract fraction of
T. cordifolia (TcHf) against Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) in mice. Treatment of
EAT bearing animals with TcHf resulted in growth inhibition and induction of
apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. TcHf induced the formation of
apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation, typical DNA ladder, activation of
caspase-3, decreased cell number and ascites volume. We examined TcHf for
its effect on proliferation and cell cycle progression in EAT cells. The results
showed that TcHf inhibited the proliferation of EAT cells by blocking cell cycle
progression in the G1 phase. In Western blot analysis, apoptosis in the EAT

491 
 
 

cells was associated with the constitutive expression of caspase activated

DNase (CAD) in both nucleus and cytoplasm after TcHf treatment. Further
more the expression of pro-apoptotic gene, Bax, was increased and the
expression of anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, was decreased in a time dependent
manner by TcHf treatment. All results indicate that the hexane fraction of T.
Page | 492 
cordifolia is capable of inducing apoptosis in EAT cells in vivo. © 2006 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.

Thippeswamy, G., M. L. Sheela and B. P. Salimath (2008). "Octacosanol isolated from

Tinospora cordifolia downregulates VEGF gene expression by inhibiting nuclear
translocation of NF-<kappa>B and its DNA binding activity." European Journal of
Pharmacology 588(2-3): 141-150.
Octacosanol is a long-chain aliphatic alcohol, which is the main component of
policosanol used as a normolipidemic agent. It is known that angiogenesis is
involved in tumor growth and metastasis. The present study identified
octacosanol isolated from the plant Tinospora cordifolia as a new
antiangiogenic compound with inhibitory effects on in vivo angiogenesis
assays. Our results showed that octacosanol (i) inhibits proliferation of
endothelial cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, (ii) inhibits neovascularization
induced by angiogenic factors in chick chorioallantoic membrane and rat
cornea in vivo angiogenesis assays, (iii) inhibits secretion of ascites fluid in the
growing tumor cells in vivo. Concerning the mechanism of action, octacosanol
inhibited secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor into ascites fluid by
the tumor cells. At the molecular level octacosanol markedly inhibits activity of
matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and translocation of transcription factor
nuclear factor-<kappa>B to nucleus. The mechanism of inhibition of
angiogenesis by octacosanol reflects on its effect on tumor angiogenesis and
metastasis. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thomas, A., E. K. Rajesh and D. S. Kumar (2016). "The Significance of Tinospora crispa
in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus." Phytotherapy Research 30(3): 357-366.
Tinospora crispa is a medicinal plant belonging to the botanical family
Menispermiaceae. The plant is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and the
northeastern region of India. A related species Tinospora cordifolia is used in
Ayurveda for treating a large spectrum of diseases. Traditional healers of
Thailand, Malaysia, Guyana, Bangladesh and the southern Indian province of
Kerala use this plant in the treatment of diabetes. Many diterpenes,
triterpenes, phytosteroids, alkaloids and their glycosides have been isolated
from T. crispa. Cell culture and animal studies suggest that the herb stimulates
secretion of insulin from β-cells. It also causes dose-dependent and time-
dependent enhancement of glucose uptake in muscles. However, in view of
the reported hepatotoxicity, this herb may be used with caution. This article
reviews the animal studies and human clinical trials carried out using this herb.

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Areas of future research are also identified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.

Tilton, F., D. Shanmughasundar, A. Nair, D. Bindu, C. Saikumar and W. M. S. Johnson

(2018). "Inhibition of acrb efflux pump in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria
Page | 493 
by herbal extracts." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 9(4):
1452-1456.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria has increased
drastically over the years contributing to therapeutic failures. Mechanisms
which modify the membrane permeation processes, such as increased efflux
pump activity or decreased influx of antibiotics, are the major contributors of
multidrug resistance in bacterial phenotype. Many approaches from different
perspectives are being developed and applied in clinical and research to
overcome this threat. Antibiotic resistance can be encountered by introducing
more powerful antibiotics that kill the bacterial cells more effectively, by using
new therapeutic compounds or by eliminating one or more of the
mechanisms of resistance by resistance modifying agents. Herbal plants
synthesise a wide variety of compounds that are antibacterial or inhibit the
activity of efflux pump (EPI) in nature. This study involves the analysis of efflux
pump inhibitory activities of herbal extracts and comparison of their syner-
getic effect with antibiotics which would have a new approach to counter
antibiotic resistance. © 2018 Pharmascope Publications. All rights reserved.

Tiwari, A., V. Soni, V. Londhe, A. Bhandarkar, D. Bandawane and S. Nipate (2012). "An
overview on potent indigenous herbs for urinary tract infirmity: Urolithiasis." Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 5(SUPPL.1): 7-12.
Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all
over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of
various ailments. Urolithiasis is the condition where urinary calculi are formed
in the urinary tract. It is a common disorder estimated to occur in
approximately 12% of the population, with a recurrence rate of 70-81% in
males, and 47-60% in females. It causes serious health problems such as
severe pain, urinary-tract obstruction and infection that adversely affect well-
being of individuals. Treatment option includes shock wave lithotripsy (SWL),
ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL), and open or
laproscopic stone removal which are costly and painful. Many synthetic drugs
like diuretics and narcotic analgesics are being used in treatment of kidney
stone but overuse of synthetic drugs, which results in higher incidence of
adverse drug reactions have motivated humans to return to nature for safe
remedies. As herbs and herbal drugs have clinically proven effects like
immunomodulation, adaptogenic and antimutagenic, they play a vital role in
treatment of kidney stone disease. Number of medicinal plants shows
antiurolithiatic activity such as Kanghi (Abuliton indicum), Chaya (Aerva lanta),

493 
 
 

Bishkapa or purnava (Boerhaavia diffusa), Ajuba (Bryophyllum pinnatum),

Gokhuru (Tribulus terrestis), Makka (Zea mays) etc.In the present article, an
attempt has been made to emphasize on potent indigenous herbs used in
treatment of urolithiasis.

Page | 494 
Tiwari, K. L., S. K. Jadhav and S. Gupta (2012). "Modified CTAB technique for isolation
of DNA from some medicinal plants." Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 6(1): 65-73.
Medicinal plants utilization and conservation has attracted global attention.
Optimization of DNA isolation protocol for genetic characterization of any
medicinal plants is the necessary and primary step. So, the standardization of
DNA isolation is basic requirement for any further research to be carried out.
We report here modified CTAB technique for isolation of genomic DNA from
five selected medicinal plants namely Catharanthus roseus, Tridax
procumbens, Tinospora cordifolia, Aloe barbadensis and Cissus quadrangular
is. The comparison of genomic DNA yield from all the five medicinal plants
and their different organs (leaves, nodal stem and meristematic region) was
performed. We got good yield of DNA from leaves, nodal stem and
meristematic region of these medicinal plants. Genomic DNA isolated by
modified CTAB method was pure, the highest level of purity was obtained
from Aloe barbadensis was 1.93 from leaves and concentration from
Tinospora cordifolia was 833.00 μg mL -1 from nodal stem. Other plants also
gave good yield of genomic DNA with purity range between 1.26 to 1.93 and
concentration range from 179.00 to 833.00 μg mL -1. All the five selected
medicinal plants for this research gave good yield of DNA from the
established modified CTAB protocol. From all the organs of these medicinal
plants DNA obtained was pure and quantity was also good in all five plants. ©
2012 Academic Journals Inc.

Tiwari, M., U. N. Dwivedi and P. Kakkar (2014). "Tinospora cordifolia extract

modulates COX-2, iNOS, ICAM-1, pro-inflammatory cytokines and redox status in
murine model of asthma." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 153(2): 326-337.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is an
important constituent of several ayurvedic medicinal preparations. In
Ayurveda it is mentioned as "rasayan" and traditionally used for the treatment
of asthma, chronic cough besides other ailments. This study was carried out to
study the mechanisms involved in protection accorded by extract of Tinospora
cordifolia (Tc) stem to asthmatic mice by regulation of oxidative stress, pro-
inflammatory mediator release and redox signaling involving NFκB. Materials
and methods BALB/c mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal (i.p.)
Ovalbumin (Ova) on days 0 and 14, followed by intranasal Ovalbumin (Ova)
challenge on days 24 and 27 to generate an in vivo asthma model. Tc extract
(hydroalcoholic, 100 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) were given orally
from day 15 to 23 to the Tc+Ova treated group and Dex+Ova treated group

494 
 
 

respectively. Oxidative stress parameters e.g. activity of superoxide dismutase

(SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase,
lipid peroxidation, GSH/GSSG ratio, protein carbonyl content, eosinophil
peroxidase, myeloperoxidase activity, and NO release were measured in tissue,
blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Estimation of cytokines was
Page | 495 
done in BALF. Western blot analysis was done for IκB α, iNOS, COX-2, iCAM-1
and pJNK MAPKs along with histopathology. Results Tc extract treated mice
showed decreased airway hyper-responsiveness, eosinophil count and IgE
content in blood as compared to Ova treated asthmatic mice. Increase in
activities of SOD, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase as
well as GSH/GSSG ratio was observed while a decrease in MDA formation,
protein carbonyl content, eosinophil peroxidase, myeloperoxidase activity and
NO release in BALF was seen in Tc treated mice. In BALF, levels of cytokines IL-
4 and TNF-α were reduced and IFN-γ levels increased in extract treated mice.
At the same time Tc treatment of Ova-challenged mice significantly increased
the level of IκB α, cytosolic inhibitor of redox sensitive transcription factor
NFκB. Immunoblot analysis revealed considerable decrease in the levels of
COX-2, ICAM-1, iNOS, and pJNK. Histopathology and PAS staining also
indicate a protective effect of Tc extract in inflammation and mucus hyper-
secretion due to goblet cell hyperplasia. Conclusion The results suggest a
protective effect of Tc extract against oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory
mediator release and redox signaling in the murine model of asthma. The Tc
extract shows therapeutic potential for management of asthmatic
inflammation and other lung inflammatory conditions. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland
Ltd.

Tiwari, P., B. Kumar, M. Kumar, M. Kaur, J. Debnath and P. Sharma (2011).

"Comparative anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic stem extract of
Iinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Drug Development and Research 3(1):
70-83.
The present study aimed at the in-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of
aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem of Tinospora cordifolia using Eisenia
foetida at four different concentrations (10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml)
respectively. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and
time of death (D) of the worms. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml both the
ethanolic and the aqueous extracts exhibited very significant activities as
compared to the standard drug piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml). The time of
paralysis and death was recorded as 9 ± 0.57 and 15.83 ± 0.60 in case of
aqueous extract, on the other hand it was recorded as 4.16 ± 0.30 and 10.83 ±
0.60 in case of ethanolic extracts. In conclusion, the use of stem of Tinospora
cordifolia as an anthelmintic have been confirmed and further studies are
suggested to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity. © 2010
IJDDR, Bimlesh Kumar et al.

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Tiwari, P., P. Nayak, S. K. Prusty and P. K. Sahu (2018). "Phytochemistry and

pharmacology of tinospora cordifolia: A review." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy
9(1): 70-78.
The use of indigenous drug industry in India has been widely expanded in
Page | 496 
recent years. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) belonging to family
Menispermaceae has a wide array of bioactive principles in exploring
nutraceuticals from plant materials. It is a versatile resource for all forms of life
and can be an alternative for synthetic drugs considering their adverse effects
and also for economic purposes. T. cordifolia is considered as an important
herbal drug of Indian System of Medicines (ISM).The herb is known for its
therapeutic efficacy and used in treatment of dyspepsia, diabetes, fever,
urinary problems, jaundice, chronic diarrhoea, cardiac disease, dysentry,
helmenthiasis, skin diseases, leprosy and many more diseases. Present review
highlights the classical anti-toxin, anti diabetic, anticancer,
immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepato-protective activity of
Guduchi and their validation through existing literature.The plant is reported
to contain alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. The current study is
undertaken to explore and establish the phytochemistry and pharmacological
activity of T. cordifolia.

Tiwari, R., S. K. Latheef, I. Ahmed, H. M. N. Iqbal, M. H. Bule, K. Dhama, H. A. Samad, K.

Karthik, M. Alagawany, M. E. Abd El-Hack, M. I. Yatoo and M. R. Farag (2018). "Herbal
immunomodulators - A remedial panacea for designing and developing effective
drugs and medicines: Current scenario and future prospects." Current Drug
Metabolism 19(3): 264-301.
Background: Constant exposure to various stressors, such as immune pressure,
rapidly increasing population, deleterious changes in the ecosystem, climate
change, infection with emerging and re-emerging pathogens, and fast-paced
lifestyle, is a critical factor in the globally increasing incidences of
immunocompromising health conditions, as well as stress. Synthetic
chemotherapeutic agents, which are widely available in the commercial
market, may be highly efficacious, but most are immunosuppressive and exert
many side effects. Methods: Herein, we comprehensively reviewed current
literature from various scientific databases such as Bentham Science, PubMed,
Scopus, Elsevier, Springer, etc. The inclusion/exclusion criteria based on
literature with high importance was adopted to analyze and compile salient
information from the authentic bibliographic sources. Results: Undoubtedly,
the pivotal characteristics of immunostimulants and immunomodulators in the
maintenance of the health and productivity of humans, as well as animals,
cannot be overlooked. Numerous herbs used in ethnoveterinary medicine can
be successfully employed as adjuvant rehabilitators to negate the deleterious
effects of chemotherapeutics. The sources of these medicinal remedies are

496 
 
 

part of long traditions in different regions of the world, such as Indian

Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, which have been developed
through empirical experience. Traditional medicine employs a holistic
approach to the prevention of disease, and traditional herbal medicines are a
source of many components with a high therapeutic value that are used in
Page | 497 
modern allopathic medicine. Globally, many studies have been conducted on
these herbs and have revealed unique active constituents that activate the
innate immune system through the stimulation of macrophages and
lymphocytes, and modulation of the cytokine profile, which leads to a state of
alertness with a subsequent reduction in the incidence of infection.
Immunomodulatory constituents with herbal origins are termed as
phytochemicals, including flavonoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids,
essential oils, various bitters, and alkaloids; all these compounds exert vital,
multidimensional effects. Efforts have focused on screening plant preparations
to identify adjuvant immune properties; furthermore, several potent phytol
adjuvants have been experimentally proven to downregulate inflammatory
reactions in addition to enhance specific adaptive responses to vaccines.
Conclusions: In summary, this review summarizes the current status and future
prospects regarding the immunomodulatory potential of various herbs and
plants and their promising utility for designing and developing effective drugs
and medicines in safeguarding the health of humans, animals, and poultry. ©
2018 Bentham Science Publishers.

Tiwari, V., D. Tiwari, V. Patel and M. Tiwari (2017). "Effect of secondary metabolite of
Actinidia deliciosa on the biofilm and extra-cellular matrix components of
Acinetobacter baumannii." Microbial Pathogenesis 110: 345-351.
Acinetobacter baumannii, opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, increases
gradually in the clinical setup. The high level of resistance mechanisms
acquired by these bacteria makes their eradication difficult and biofilm
formation is one of them. Biofilm comprises of closely packed bacterial
population crowded together by extra-cellular matrix (ECM). ECM contains
bacterial secreted polymers such as exopolysaccharides (EPS), proteins and
extracellular-DNA (e-DNA) and rarely amyloidogenic proteins. Biofilm offers
protection of underlying bacterial population against chemotherapeutic
agents and host immune system. Therefore, present efforts are focused to find
a novel therapeutic that targets biofilm-associated infections. Plants are used
as a natural therapeutic for numerous ailments. In order to find an alternative
of the available antibacterial drugs, we have focused on the natural herbal
active compounds. In this study, we have extracted active compounds from
various medicinal plants and screened its anti-biofilm activity against
carbapenem resistant strain of A. baumannii. Results showed that polar extract
of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) exhibit effective
anti-biofilm activity. These two plants were also used for their phytochemical

497 
 
 

screening and TLC profiling to find out the constituting secondary

metabolites. Actinidia deliciosa extract contains an alkaloid (sanquinarine) as
well as a flavonoid (hydroxyflavone). Anti-biofilm effect of this extract on the
ECM of A. baumannii showed that it reduces EPS, protein and eDNA contents
in the ECM. Proteins of ECM have also shown to form amyloid like structure,
Page | 498 
which was evident from its interaction with the Congo Red. CFU counting after
Actinidia deliciosa extract treatment also supported the results. Therefore, it
can be concluded that polar extract of A. deliciosa can be used to find suitable
alternative therapeutic to control biofilm formation by carbapenem resistant
strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

Trăistaru, R., D. O. Alexandru, D. Kamal, K. C. Kamal and O. Rogoveanu (2018). "The

role of herbal extracts in knee osteoarthritis females rehabilitation." Farmacia 66(3):
507-513.
In our observational study, we intend to set off the importance of an herbal
complex based on Boswellia serrata in the rehabilitation of the complete
status of females with knee osteoarthritis. An association between herbal
extracts and rehabilitation methods will give the ideal healthcare for these
patients. © 2018, Romanian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights
reserved.

Tran, Q. L., Y. Tezuka, J. Y. Ueda, N. T. Nguyen, Y. Maruyama, K. Begum, H. S. Kim, Y.

Wataya, Q. K. Tran and S. Kadota (2003). "In vitro antiplasmodial activity of
antimalarial medicinal plants used in Vietnamese traditional medicine." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 86(2-3): 249-252.
Among 42 extracts, prepared from 14 medicinal plants used in Vietnamese
traditional medicine to treat malaria, 24 were found to have antiplasmodial
activity by inhibiting the growth of the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium
falciparum strain FCR-3 with EC50 values less than 10μg/ml. Each medicinal
plant possessed at least one active extract. The methanol extract of Coscinium
fenestratum had the strongest antiplasmodial activity with EC50 value of
0.5μg/ml. Activity-guided fractionation led to identification of berberine as the
major active constituent. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights
reserved.

Tripathi, A., S. Akhtar, C. S. Senthil Kumar, S. Ravi, R. Singhal, R. Jain, S. Kumar, R.

Gothlwal and N. Ganesh (2014). "Determination of cellular protection and leukemic
cell inhibition by herbal extracts in cow urine." International Journal of Phytomedicine
6(2): 300-305.
Cow urine is used as a therapeutic agent and a most valuable secretion of
animal origin and herbs have been used as a antioxidant and
chemotherapeutic agents,therefore we evaluated the cell protective and cell
inhibitory activity of different herbs/spices which was prepared in cow urine(in

498 
 
 

order to enhance the activity) by MTT assay, and performed the above assay
in blood cancer cells viz. ALL, AML, CML type of cancers. The results suggest
that revealed that the drugs tested Ajwain, garlic, Dhania, Satavar, and
Guduchi prepared in cow urine showed significant antioxidant activity or cell
proliferative activity whereas, the extracts such as Dalchini, evaporated cow
Page | 499 
urine showed an excellent cell inhibition activity in all the three types of
cancers viz. ALL, AML and CML. Kalmegha is showing cell inhibitory property
for ALL cells but not for AML and CML cells, similarly Garlic showed cell
inhibition property for AML but not for ALL and CML cells. © 2014, Advanced
Research Journals. All rights reserved.

Tripathi, A. K., P. K. Bhoyar, J. R. Baheti, D. M. Biyani, M. Khalique, M. S. Kothmire, Y.

M. Amgaonkar and A. B. Bhanarkar (2011). "Herbal antidiabetics: A review."
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(1): 30-37.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the commonest endocrine disorder that affects more
than 100 million people worldwide (6% of the population)(WHO/Acadia,
1992). It is caused by the deficiency or ineffective production of insulin by
pancreas which results in increase or decrease in concentrations of glucose in
the blood. It is found to damage many of the body systems, particularly the
blood vessels and nerves. Many herbal plants with hypoglycemic prop-erties
are known from across the world. In India, diabetes has been known for a long
time, but its incidence is not of the same magnitude across the subcontinent.
The wide range of structures of the plant constituents, which appear to be the
active hypoglycemic principles, suggests different sites of action within the
body. Whether these plants truly possess hypoglycemic properties needs to
be investigated for those plants that are commonly used in the management
of diabetes. Researches conducted in the last few decades on plants,
mentioned in ancient lite-rature or used traditionally for diabetes, have shown
antidiabetic property. Among them, 30 plants and their products (active
natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned used in the
Indian traditional system of medicine have shown experimental or clinical
antidiabetic activity. Trigonella foenumgraecum, Momor-dica charantia,
Tinospora cordifolia, Enicostema littorae, Gymnema sylvestre, Azadirachta
indica, Syzigium cumini are some of the most effective and the most
commonly studied Indian plants in relation to diabetes. Based on possible
mechanism of action, antidiabetic plants have been classified and described in
this article. ©JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation.

Tyagi, S., L. Singh, M. M. Devi, H. C. Goel and M. A. Rizvi (2009). "Augmentation of

antioxidant defense system by tinospora cordifolia: Implications in radiation
protection." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 6(1).
Objective: In this study, the antioxidant and radioprotective efficacy of a semi-
purified aqua-alcoholic extract of T. cordifolia (RTp) was evaluated in the

499 
 
 

murine model system. Methods: Free radical scavenging ability was evaluated
in chemical system. Radioprotective efficacy of RTp was then evaluated at in
vivo level in terms of survival and dose reduction factor. The effect of RTp
administration on endogenous defense system in irradiated mice was
evaluated in small intestine. Results: RTp contained 47.5 ± 1.09 mg gallic acid
Page | 500 
equivalent polyphenols and 17.45 ± 1.89 g quercetin equivalent flavonoids per
gram of extract. RTp scavenged both Fenton reaction (IC50 0.48 mg/ml) and
radiation generated (IC50 0.50 mg/ml) hydroxyl radicals; superoxide anions
(IC50 0.49 mg/ml) and DPPH radicals (IC500.67 mg/ml). RTp (250 mg/kg body
weight, i.p., -1 h) rendered 83.3% survival in lethally irradiated mice (DRF =
1.43). It accelerated recovery of radiation-induced decrease in body weight of
mice. RTp administration on one hand improved the endogenous defense
system by augmenting levels of total thiols, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
catalase and concomitantly decreased lipid peroxidation in mouse small
intestine. Conclusion: These results imply that RTp treatment augmented
antioxidant defense system which afforded an important mechanism of
radioprotection. The bio-molecules present in RTp acting in this direction
need to be investigated further. Copyright © 2009 The Berkeley Electronic
Press.

Udaya Prakash, N. K., S. Bhuvaneswari, B. Jahnavi, K. Abhinaya, A. Gulbsy Rajalin, M.

Prathap Kumar, G. Sundraraman, K. Elumalai, S. Devipriya, V. Kannan, V. Sriraman and
G. Kathiravan (2012). "A study on antibacterial activity of common weeds in Northern
districts of Tamil Nadu, India." Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 6(4): 341-345.
The present study reports the antibacterial potency of the methanolic extract
of 25 common weeds, Abutilon indicum, Acalypha indica, Ageratum
conyzoides, Alangium platanifolium, Anisomeles sp., Boerhavia diffusa,
Cardiospermum helicacabum Cassia alata, Centella asiatica, Coccinia grandis,
Commelina benghalensis, Corchorus sp., Croton sparsiflorus, Dodonea viscosa,
Hyptis sauveolens, Lantana camara, Leonotis nepetifolia, Mimosa pudica,
Martinea annua, Occimum americanum, Oldenlandia umbellata, Parthenium
hysterophorus, Solanum nigrum, Tinospora cordifolia and Xanthium
stromarium belonging to 15 different families. The plants were collected from
the districts of Chengalpet, Chennai, Kancheepuram, Vellore and Tiruvellore
belonging to the Northern part of the State of Tamil Nadu. The antibacterial
property were determined using disc diffusion method on the following
species of bacteria, i.e., Bacillus subtilis (MTCC121), Escherichia coli (MTCC443),
Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96), Streptococcus mutans (MTCC890) and
Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC1320). The following weeds, Parthenium
hysterophorus, Leonotis nepetifolia, Martinea annua and Xanthium
stromarium have showed positive zone of inhibition to all the bacteria studied.
© 2012 Academic Journals Inc.

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Udayabhanu, P. C. Nethravathi, M. A. Pavan Kumar, D. Suresh, K. Lingaraju, H.

Rajanaika, H. Nagabhushana and S. C. Sharma (2015). "Tinospora cordifolia mediated
facile green synthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles and their photocatalytic,
antioxidant and antibacterial properties." Materials Science in Semiconductor
Processing 33: 81-88.
Page | 501 
The study reports a facile method for the green synthesis of copper oxide
nanoparticles (CuO Nps) by a solution combustion method using Tinospora
cordifolia water extract. The Nps were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and
UV-visible studies. XRD data indicates the formation of pure monoclinic
crystallite structures of CuO Nps. SEM images show that the particles have
sponge like structure with large surface area and the average crystallite sizes
were found to be ~6-8 nm. These observations were confirmed by TEM
analysis. Photocatalytic activity studies of CuO Nps reveal that they act as very
good catalyst for the effective degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the
presence of UV and Sun light. Also, the degradation of MB was found to be
pH dependent. The Nps found to inhibit the activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals effectively. CuO Nps exhibit significant
bactericidal activity against Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The study reveals a simple,
ecofriendly and robust method for the synthesis of multifunctional CuO
nanoparticle employing underutilized medicinal plants. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Ullah, N., A. Parveen, R. Bano, I. Zulfiqar, M. Maryam, S. Jabeen, A. Liaqat and S.

Ahmad (2016). "In vitro and in vivo protocols of antimicrobial bioassay of medicinal
herbal extracts: A review." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 6(8): 660-667.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against pathogenic microorganisms is the
most significant task of clinical microbiology laboratory. The present study
was therefore designed to review the in vitro and in vivo protocols of
antimicrobial bioassays of various medicinal herbal extracts against a diversity
of pathogenic microorganisms. Plants have a broad variety of antimicrobial
agents which are extensively used as herbal drugs against different microbes.
The review covers the antimicrobial techniques and antimicrobial bioassays of
medicinal herbal extracts against different bacterial and fungal strains from
2000 onward. Plants have diverse concentrations of bioactive constituents
such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids. These phytochemicals are used against an extensive range
of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium pervum,
Bordetella pertusis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi), viruses (simian-
virus, retrovirus) and fungi (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani). A variety of antibiotics (tetracycline,
terramycin, ampicillin) has also been isolated from different medicinal plants.
This review was therefore intended to explore the techniques used for

501 
 
 

antimicrobial activities of herbal medicinal extracts. © 2016 Asian Pacific

Tropical Medicine Press

Umamaheswari, S. and P. S. Mainzen Prince (2007). "Antihyperglycaemic effect of

'Ilogen-Excel', an ayurvedic herbal formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes
Page | 502 
mellitus." Acta poloniae pharmaceutica 64(1): 53-61.
'Ilogen-Excel', an Ayurvedic herbal formulation is composed of eight medicinal
plants (Curcuma longa, Strychnos potatorum, Salacia oblonga, Tinospora
cordifolia, Vetivelia zizanioides, Coscinium fenestratum, Andrographis
paniculata and Mimosa pudica). The present study evaluates the
antihyperglycemic effect of 'Ilogen-Excel' in streptozotocin induced diabetic
rats. Rats were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg/kg body
weight). Oral administration of 'Ilogen-Excel' (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) for 60
days resulted in significantly lowered levels of blood glucose and significantly
increased levels of plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen and total hemoglobin.
'Ilogen-Excel' administration also decreased the levels of glycosylated
hemoglobin, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides,
ceruloplasmin and vitamin E in diabetic rats. Plasma reduced glutathione and
vitamin C were significantly elevated by oral administration of 'Ilogen-Excel'.
Administration of insulin normalized all the biochemical parameters studied in
diabetic rats. The effect at a dose of 100 mg/kg was more pronounced than 50
mg/kg and brought back all the parameters to near normal levels. Thus, our
study shows the antihyperglycemic effects of 'Ilogen-Excel' in STZ-induced
diabetic rats. Our study also shows that combined therapy is better than
individual therapy.

Upadhyay, L., A. Mehrotra, A. K. Srivastava, N. P. Rai and K. Tripathi (2001). "An

experimental study of some indigenous drugs with special reference to hydraulic
permeability." Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 39(12): 1308-1310.
The effect of commonly used indigenous drugs for hepatic disorders i.e.
Tinospora cordifolia, (Guduchi/Amrita), Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegha),
Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki), Phyllantnus niruri (Bhoomyamalaki) and Berberis
aristata (Daruharidra) was tested on the hydraulic permeability of water in the
presence of bile salt through a transport cell model. The data on hydraulic
permeability were calculated as t (time). JV = Lp × ΔP, where Lp = hydraulic
conductivity and ΔP is the pressure difference. It was observed that the value
of controlled hydraulic permeability (0.49 × 10-8 M3 S-1 N-1) decreased in
the presence of indigenous drugs and bile salt. The results suggest that these
drugs might have the cell membrane stabilizing property which may lead to
prevention of the toxic effect of bile salts in various hepatic disorders.

Upadhyay, R. K. (2018). "Plant pigments as dietary anticancer agents." International

Journal of Green Pharmacy 12(1): S93-S107.

502 
 
 

Present review article explains the dietary use of plant pigments and
therapeutic effects against cancer. Important plant pigments such as
anthocyanins, lycopene, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and betalains are explained
for their anticancer effects. Plant pigments are secondary metabolites which
obstruct cancer cell proliferation; stop growth and cell division in cancer cells.
Page | 503 
These inhibit cellular processes in cancer cells such as signaling pathways, cell
cycle, induce apoptosis, and autophagy. Besides, anticancer activity these also
assist in controlling high blood pressure, obesity, hyperglycemia,
hypercholesterolemia, and restore cardiovascular problems. A full series of
pigments is available in various plants families which might show protective
effects against cancer. Plant pigments are edible, nutritionally rich and
therapeutically suitable. Due to their health-promoting effects there is a
growing public interest to consume green vegetables, fruits, sprouted seeds,
pigmented cereals, and processed low energy antioxidative functional food.
For widening their use, these could be harvested using recombinant gene
technology to add to processed foods as a coloring agent. Plant pigments as
natural plant products or its by-products are highly useful for the
development of a large variety of functional foods, digestive ingredients,
additives, as well as cosmetic products. These could be naturally added to
genetically suitable modified foods by applying genomic tools. No doubt
plant secondary metabolites will also fulfill needs of present-day medicine and
show great promise for the future. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights
reserved.

Uppuluri, S., S. L. Ali, T. Nirmala, M. Shanthi, B. Sipay and K. B. Uppuluri (2013).

"Nephroprotector activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots on
cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats." Drug Invention Today 5(4): 281-287.
Objective: To investigate the protective role of the Tinospora cordifolia root
extract against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Methods: In the
present study, the ethanol extract of roots of T. cordifolia (200mg &
400mg/kgbd.wt) was examined for its protective effect against cisplatin
induced renal injury in rats. Thirty healthy male and female albino rats (150-
200g weight) were chosen and divided into five groups. Vehicle, cisplatin and
ethanolic extract were given according to the experimental design. After 8
days of treatment, urinary functional parameters were analysed. Results:
Histopathological characters were examined after scarifying and dissecting the
rats. Cisplatin (6mg/kg) alone significantly elevated serum markers level,
increased urinary protein excretion, reduced urine to serum creatinine ratio
and creatinine clearance. In curative regimen, the extract significantly reduced
the elevated serum creatinine and urea levels. Renal antioxidant defense
systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxides
activities and reduced glutathione level, depleted by cisplatin therapy were
restored to normal by treatment with the extract. Conclusion: The present

503 
 
 

investigation suggests that the hydro alcoholic extract of roots of T.cordifolia

has protective effect against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. © 2013 JPR
Solutions.

Usha, P. R. and M. U. R. Naidu (2006). "Clinical evaluation of eazmov plus in patients

Page | 504 
of osteoarthritis." Phytomedica 7: 21-30.
The present study was a randomised comparative parallel, single centre study.
Forty patients of either sex in age group of 40-70 years having mild to
moderate osteoarthritis were included in the study after fulfilling the inclusion
and exclusion criteria. The patients were randomised to receive either 450 mg
EazMov Plus capsule twice daily or 400 mg tablet of ibuprofen thrice daily
orally for 6 weeks as per prior randomisation schedule. The radiological
staging Was also done taking into account the progressive narrowing of the
joint space, the increase in sub chondral sclerosis, the appearance of
osteophytes and subchondral cysts. Patients were evaluated before and after 2
and 6 weeks of drug administrations for evaluation of their efficacy and safety.
The results indicate that at the base line, the patients in both the groups were
homogenous without any difference in their characteristics. Significant
decrease in mean pain index was observed at the end of 6 weeks with EazMov
Plus and ibuprofen. Treatment with EazMov Plus and ibuprofen provided
good pain relief as recorded on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The analgesic
and anti-inflammatory activity of EazMov Plus was comparable with ibuprofen,
however, the improvement in degree of mobility particularly at the knee joint
was better in EazMov Plus treated group. Based on above observations
EazMov Plus may be used in the management of osteoarthritis as a safe and
effective alternative to NSAIDs, in both fresh cases of osteoarthritis and in
recurrent or old cases as the drug efficacy was not affected by the outcome of
previous treatments.

Usha, P. R., M. U. R. Naidu and Y. S. N. Raju (2003). "Evaluation of the antiretroviral

activity of a new polyherbal drug (Immu-25) in patients with HIV infection." Drugs in
R and D 4(2): 103-109.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a new polyherbal
preparation, Immu-25, in HIV-infected patients. Methods: 36 patients (10
female, 26 male) with a mean age of 35 ±10 years, with confirmed HIV
infection with a CD4 count <500 cells/μL, received two capsules of the test
drug twice daily for 18 months in this open-label pilot study. Patients were
evaluated at monthly intervals for general signs and symptoms, development
of opportunistic infections, and changes in weight and performance index.
Lymphocyte phenotyping and routine haematological, biochemical, hepatic
and renal parameters were recorded after every 6 months of drug therapy.
Viral load was evaluated before and after every 6 months of treatment.
Results: The polyherbal test preparation produced good symptomatic

504 
 
 

improvement within 6 months. There was an increase in mean (95% CI) weight
from 58 (53-64)kg to 63 (56-69)kg, 64 (58-72)kg and 68 (62-74)kg after 6, 12
and 18 months of treatment, respectively. The incidence and severity of
symptoms such as diarrhoea, fatigue, anorexia, cough and fever decreased
with drug treatment. There was a decrease in the mean (95% CI) viral load
Page | 505 
from 326 438 (428 600-186 420) copies/mL to 180 495 (258 300-124 000)
copies/mL and 22 069 (42 100-16 000) copies/mL after 6 and 12 months of
treatment, respectively. The decrease in viral load was associated with an
increase in mean (95% CI) CD4 count from a baseline of 243 (203-388) cells/μL
to 336 (263-486) cells/μL after 6 months of therapy, and this continued to rise
to 527 (285-767) cells/μL (p < 0.001) and 618 (362-1012) cells/μL (p < 0.001)
after 12 and 18 months of treatment, respectively. With the exception of mild
gastrointestinal adverse effects, the drug was well tolerated. Both patients and
investigators rated the treatment as good or very good. Conclusion: The
polyherbal drug Immu-25 showed a favourable effect in patients with HIV
infection. The test drug decreased the mean viral load, which was associated
with good symptomatic improvement and an increase in the mean CD4 cell
count. On the basis of these data, it can be concluded that this herbal drug
may have a good immunomodulatory effect and has potential as a co-
therapeutic agent in the management of HIV infection. Further studies are
warranted to confirm its therapeutic potential.

Usha Rani, P., M. U. R. Naidu and Y. S. N. Raju (2002). "Preliminary clinical evaluation
of efficacy and safety of a new polyherbal drug "Immu-25" in HIV infected patients -
An open study." Phytomedica 3: 1-8.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a
new polyherbal preparation "Immu-25" (Research name) in HIV infected
patients. Patients with confirmed HIV infection with CD4 count less than 500
cells received two capsules of the test drug twice daily for 6 to 18 months.
Patients were evaluated at monthly intervals for general signs and symptoms,
development of opportunistic infections, change in weight, performance index
of patients and any adverse drug reaction. Lymphocyte phenotyping, routine
hematological, biochemical, hepatic and renal parameters were recorded after
every 6 months of drug therapy. Compliance was assessed by pill count. The
test polyherbal preparation "Immu-25" produced good symptomatic
improvement within 6 months. There was an increase in mean weight by 2 kg
and 10 kg after 6 and 18 months' therapy, respectively. Incidence and severity
of symptoms like diarrhoea, fatigue, anorexia, cough, and fever decreased
significantly with drug treatment. There was increase in mean CD4 count from
255±118 (baseline) to 345±203 after 6 months therapy which continued to
rise to 554±462 (p<0.001) and 606±298 (p<0.001) after 12 and 18 months
treatment, respectively. Similar increasing trend was observed for CD8 count.
Except mild gastrointestinal side effects in some cases, the drug was well

505 
 
 

tolerated. Both, patients and investigators rated the treatment from good to
very good.

Uzma, F. and S. Chowdappa (2017). "Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of

endophytic fungi isolated from ethnomedicinal plants of Western Ghats, Karnataka."
Page | 506 
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 11(2): 1009-1025.
A total of 79 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from four wild
medicinal plants -Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f and Thomson
(Menispermaceae), Piper nigrum L., Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and Zingiber
officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) from Western Ghats of Karnataka and screen
them for antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. Among them, 16 isolates
depicting good antimicrobial activity by agar plug method (2.33mm-
20.66mm) and agar well diffusion method (2.66mm-21mm) against human
pathogens were identified by molecular techniques and subjected to
secondary metabolite extraction. The extracts were tested for their antioxidant
potential by DPPH assay, ABTS assay, reducing power assay and total phenolic
content. The isolate ABR4 (Fusarium solani) of Tinospora cordifolia showed
remarkable antimicrobial activity against the human pathogens at tested
concentrations of 20-100μg/ml. The isolate GKS (Aspergillus terreus) of
Zingiber officinale demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity (IC50 -3.34) as
compared to standard Gallic acid (IC50 -5.54) which has not been reported
previously. The findings of the study indicate that endophytic isolates serve as
a potential source of novel bioactive products.

Vadivu, R., S. Vidhya and N. Jayshree (2013). "Standardization and evaluation of

hepatoprotective activity of polyherbal capsule." International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 21(1): 93-99.
In traditional systems of medicine, many plants have been documented to be
useful for the treatment of liver disorders. Most of the traditional system of
medicine is effective but they lack of complete standardization which is one of
the important challenge faced by herbal formulations. The present study was
aimed to standardize the developed polyherbal capsule and evaluation of its
pharmacological activity, recommended as hepatoprotective agent. Selective
combination of herbs such as Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus,
Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia, Boerhaavia diffusa and Eclipta
alba for the treatment of hepatic disorder by exploiting the knowledge of
traditional system of medicine in which individually proven for their efficacy in
hepatoprotective activity were formulated as capsule. Formulation were
developed with standardised raw materials as per WHO guidelines, and
optimised the formulation with pre-formulation parameters such as bulk
density, tap density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio and angle of repose for
blended powder. The powder were capsulated and the designed formulation
were standardized with improved formulation parameters such as

506 
 
 

Organoleptic characters, physical, physicochemical parameters such as ash

values, extractive values, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening
were checked for finished capsules. Quantitative estimation of
Andrographolide content of the polyherbal formulation was done by HPTLC
method. The designed formulation was in conformity to the properties
Page | 507 
evaluated for capsules. Pharmacological studies of polyherbal capsule were
studied for its therapeutic efficacy, found safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight
by acute toxicity study as per OECD guidelines and showed significant
hepatoprotective activity at the doses of 200mg/kg and 100mg/kg which is
comparable with the standard drug silymarin 25mg/kg body weight by in vivo
method using CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity method in rats.

Vaidya, A. D. B. (2006). "Reverse pharmacological correlates of ayurvedic drug

actions." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 38(5): 311-315.

Vaidya, R. (2011). "Observational therapeutics: Scope, challenges, and organization."

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 2(4): 165-169.
The importance of Observational Therapeutics in the progress of medicine has
been neglected in the current era of the hierarchal position imparted to
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) for new drug discovery and practice of
evidence-based medicine. There is a need to reflect on the reason for many
new drugs being withdrawn during post marketing surveillance. There are
several examples in literature where drug-discovery has originated initially
from keen clinical and / or laboratory observations. The roots of these
discoveries have often been from observations made by practitioners of
traditional medicine including Ayurveda. The present article draws attention to
the scope and challenges for observational therapeutics. There is an urgent
need for the meticulous planning for a systematic organization of developing
observational therapeutics, with a full understanding of its strengths and
limitations.

Van Kiem, P., C. Van Minh, N. T. Dat, L. Van Kinh, D. T. Hang, N. H. Nam, N. X. Cuong,
H. T. Huong and T. Van Lau (2010). "Aporphine alkaloids, clerodane diterpenes, and
other constituents from Tinospora cordifolia." Fitoterapia 81(6): 485-489.
Phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia
aerial parts led to the isolation of four new and seven known compounds. The
structures of two new aporphine alkaloids, N-formylasimilobine 2-O-β-d-
glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (tinoscorside A, 1) and N-
acetylasimilobine 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside
(tinoscorside B, 2), a new clerodane diterpene, tinoscorside C (3), and a new
phenylpropanoid, sinapyl 4-O-β-d- apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-
glucopyranoside (tinoscorside D, 6) were determined by extensive

507 
 
 

spectroscopic methods including FTICR-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. © 2010

Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Varshney, A. C. and M. S. Kanwar (2004). "Clinical and radiological evaluation of ART -

400 in the treatment of traumatic arthritis in equines." Phytomedica 5: 9-12.
Page | 508 
Turpentine oil was injected intraarticularly in 12 adult donkeys to produce
aseptic traumatic arthritis. They were divided into three equal groups. Animals
of group I served as untreated control, whereas the animals of group II were
treated with a combination of 1.5 ml of fresh homogenous synovia and 1.5 ml
(37.5 mg) of diclofenac sodium on 3rd post induction day and the animals of
group III were treated with ART-400 powder 20 gm orally from 3rd post
induction day to 20th day. After induction of arthritis, there was lameness,
increase in pain, joint effusion and circumference, positive flexion response
and reduced joint mobility. Following treatment, maximum improvement in
extent of lameness, weight bearing, joint flexion and joint circumference was
seen in group II and Group III whereas all the animals of group I remained
mildly lame and only mild flexion of the affected joint was possible on 20th
day. The clinical parameters like cardiac and respiration rates and rectal
temperature were not significantly affected. Radiographic examination
revealed an increase in soft tissue density, which decreased markedly on 20th
day in both the treated groups as compared to 3rd post induction day
radiographs and control group radiographs. Herbal ART-400 was found
effective for treatment of acute traumatic arthritis in equines and its efficacy
was comparable to combination treatment with diclofenac sodium and fresh
homogenous synovial fluid.

Vasanth, M. P., K. G. Purushotham, T. S. Saravanan, K. Gomathi and J. Arun Kumar

(2018). "Study on antimicrobial activities of few medicinal plants-a review."
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 9(4): 1401-1408.
The primary purpose for the review articles tells about the present and past of
the work were the development of the studies were Invitro antimicrobial and
the technique of the research was developed into day to day life because the
microbes are easily multiplied certain period best example is E.coli. Plants are
most important all living nature. The medicinal plants are an essential source
of bio-compounds that may serve as novel chemotherapeutic agents for
certain diseases. Plants have root, leaf, steam and strength of the activity of
the product of the valuable medicinal plants as using the different chemical
mixture for solvent extraction like (Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetone,
methanol, diethyl ether, water extract)for different activity studies in
microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and
psedudomon asaeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus
mirabilis, Pseudomonas fluorescent). The present research and scientific aim of
goal medicinal plants are more potential to kill different microbes and

508 
 
 

different parts of the plant body. © 2018 Pharmascope Publications. All rights
reserved.

Vashist, N., S. Drabu, P. Nand and P. Arora (2011). "Treatment strategies for monkey
malaria: An overview." Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical
Page | 509 
Sciences 2(4): 478-487.
After Swine Flu, another disease that is making news these days is Monkey
Malaria.. Several questions on public health impact have arisen from the
discovery of a large focus of the simian malaria parasite, Plasmodium
knowlesi, in the human population. It is not newly emergent but was
overlooked until molecular tools to distinguish between P. knowlesi and the
morphologically similar Plasmodium malariae became available. Information
on knowlesi malaria should be included in medical and public health
guidelines to encourage the accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients, and
monitor the incidence and distribution of cases. Since the parasites reproduce
every 24 hours, even a short delay in accurate diagnosis and treatment could
lead to the rapid onset of complications, including liver and kidney failure, and
death.. Malaria case management remains a vital component of the malaria
control strategies. Malaria control requires an integrate approach, including
prevention (primarily vector control) and prompt treatment with effective
antimalarials. A complete emergence of P. knowlesi into the human
population could be overwhelming and, although exigent, the prevention of
this situation deserves serious concern.

Vasudevan, M. and M. Parle (2008). "Evidence of anti-demential potential of Abana®:

An Indian Ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation in rats." Pharmacologyonline 1: 439-
454.
The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of Abana, an
Ayurvedic herbomineral preparation on memory in rats. Drug Abana was
administered orally in three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for fifteen days to
different groups of young and aged rats. Elevated plus-maze and Hebb-
Williams maze served as the exteroceptive behavioral models for testing
memory. Diazepam-, scopolamine- and ageing-induced amnesia served as the
interoceptive behavioral models. Abana (50, 100 and 200 mg/ kg, p.o.)
produced a dose-dependent improvement in memory scores of young and
aged rats. Furthermore, it reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4
mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). It may prove to be a useful remedy
for the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Vedavathy, S. and D. N. Rao (1995). "Herbal folk medicine of Tirumala and Tirupati
region of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh." Fitoterapia 66(2): 167-171.
This paper presents data on the herbal folk medicine of Tirumala and Tirupati
region based on the results of a medico-botanical survey undertaken during

509 
 
 

seven years (1986-1992). Seven case-reports of herbal therapies for

conjunctivitis, diabetes, chronic fevers, malaria, typhoid fever, pneumonia,
menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, whooping cough and infective hepatitis, recorded
by the herbal folk practitioners, were discussed in this paper.

Page | 510 
Vedavathy, S. and K. N. Rao (1991). "Antipyretic activity of six indigenous medicinal
plants of Tirumala Hills, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33(1-
2): 193-196.

Veeraiah, S. and K. Jaganmohan Reddy (2012). "Current strategic approaches in

ethnomedicinal plants of Tinospora cordifolia and Gloriosa superba - A review."
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(2): 320-326.
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is an important drug of Ayurvedic system of
medicine.It is widely grown at Western ghatts. It is used in diseases like
jaundice, edema, gout, diabetes, swine flu (H1N1), hepatitis, hyper acidity,
dyspepsia, fever, urinary and skin diseases. This plant contains Shicmic acid,
which is isolated from plant parts and Tamiflu tablets are prepared at
industrial level. Today lot of work is undertaken on it in Pharma, Biochemical,
Tissue culture and Genetic engineering. Gloriosa superba L. is an important
medicinal plant of Asia and Africa. It is a source of colchicines and
colchicocides. It is used in diseases like gout, cancer, leprosy, swelling, piles,
chronic ulcers and act as antipyretic, antidote in snake bite, anti helmintic,
purgative and anti abortive. Due to excessive use of the plants for diverse
medicinal purposes the species is on the verge of extinction and included in
Red Data Book. The strenuous efforts of botanists, biotechnologists and
conservationists are required to conserve these plants; otherwise we will be
loosing it by 2020. The present review is focused on current status of those
Ethnomedicinal values, source of alkaloids, poisonous nature, conservation
and future perspectives of T. cordifolia and G.superba.

Velazquez, E. A., D. Kimura, D. Torbati, C. Ramachandran and B. R. Totapally (2009).

"Immunological response to (1,4)-α-d-glucan in the lung and spleen of endotoxin-
stimulated juvenile rats." Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 105(5):
301-306.
We investigated the effects of (1,4)-α-D-glucan (α-DG), a novel immune
stimulatory drug from Tinospora cordifolia, on the concentration of pro- and
anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α
[TNF-α], γ-interferon [IFN-γ] and IL-10) in the lung and spleen of endotoxin-
stimulated juvenile rats. Experimental groups (n = 16/group) included controls
with an intraperitoneal injection of saline, endotoxaemic rats with a non-lethal
dose of 10 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin, and endotoxaemic rats treated
with two doses of 10 mg/kg α-DG, intraperitoneally, 2 and 4 hr after
endotoxin injection. At 24 hr of treatment, rats were euthanized and lungs and

510 
 
 

spleen were removed for cytokines determination and lung injury.

Endotoxaemia increased IL-1β concentration by fivefold in both organs, while
creating a moderate pulmonary hypercellularity (demonstrated by about 11%
increase in the alveolar-septal thickening and 11% decrease in the alveolar-
interstitial space ratio). In the lung, α-DG treatment reduced concentrations of
Page | 511 
IL-1β by 30% (p > 0.05), IL-6 by 43% (p < 0.01), IFN-γ by 46% (p < 0.01) and
the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, by 31% (p > 0.05) compared to
endotoxaemia. In the spleen, α-DG treatment decreased the ratio of IL-1β to
IL-10 by 55% (p < 0.05), demonstrating an anti-inflammatory trend. These
data suggest that α-DG differentially modulates cytokine response in the lung
and spleen and modifies the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance during an
early period of endotoxaemia in juvenile rats. © 2009 Nordic Pharmacological
Society.

Venkanna, L. and M. Estari (2012). "In vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal
plants used by tribes in Warangal district (Andhra Pradesh), India." Biology and
Medicine 4(2): 85-88.
India has rich heritage of using medicinal plants in traditional medicines such
as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani besides folklore practices. The aim of the
present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different plant
extracts. The antimicrobial activities of some plant species (Phyllanthus
emblica, Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta alba, and Cassia occidentalis) extracts
were evaluated against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus,
Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) by the
disc diffusion method. Phyllanthus emblica and T. cordifolia had better activity
against all the tested organisms compared to other plant extract fractions.
Aqueous fraction of C. occidentalis and P. emblica showed high activity
against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria. n-Hexane fraction of T. cordifolia
showed high activity against E. coli (162 ml/g), P. aeruginosa (162 ml/g), and S.
aureus (162 ml/g) bacteria.

Venkata Rao, E. and C. V. Sai Prakash (1999). "Chemical and pharmacological studies
on Tinospora species - A review." Indian Drugs 36(2): 81-96.
A review of the chemistry of the constituents reported from all the Tinospora
species (family : Menispermaceae) has been presented under the chemical
groups (a) alkaloids (b) diterpenoids (c) steroids (d) flavonoids (e) lignans and
(f) miscellaneous. Pharmacological properties of the isolated components and
crude extracts are discussed.

Venkata Rao, E. and M. Venkateswara Rao (1981). "Studies on the polysaccharide

preparation (Guduchisatwa) derived from Tinospora cordifolia." Indian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 43(3): 103-106.

511 
 
 

Venkatalakshmi, P. and M. Ragadevi (2012). "Protective effect of tinospora cordifolia

linn., on paracetamol and alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats." Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 5(2): 281-284.
Hepato protective activity of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated against
paracetamol (acetaminophen) and alcohol induced hepatic damage in male
Page | 512 
albino rats. Hepatic damage was well manifested by significant increase in the
activities of Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate amino transferase. Alkaline
phosphatase, Lactate dehydrogenase in serum and enhanced lipid
peroxidation. On the other hand, the activities of Superoxide dismutase,
Catalase in Liver tissue were lowered. Consequent to paracetamol induced
hepatic injury, the serum Bilirubin level was increased. Paracetamol toxicity,
also resulted in significant reduction in total serum protein, Vitamin-E and
Vitamin-C. The oral administration of varying doses of ethanolic extract of
Tinospora cordifolia (10, 20, 30 mg/kg body weight) for the period of 7 days
reversed these altered parameters to normal levels indicating the hepato
protective efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia against paracetamol induced liver
injury. © RJPT All right reserved.

Verma, D. R. and A. Kakkar (2011). "Antibacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia."

Journal of Global Pharma Technology 3(11): 8-12.
Tinospora cordifolia family Menispermaceae known as Amrita (Guduchi).It is
widely used by tribal's for treatment for many diseases. Compounds extracted
by this plant by soxhlet extractor, separated by classical and machine
chromatographic techniques using mixed solvent system. This study
determines the antibacterial effect of Tinospora cordifolia stem methanol
extract on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus
bacteria. © 2009, JGPT.

Verma, J., K. Thakur and Kusum (2012). "Ethnobotanically important plants of mandi
and solan districts of Himachal Pradesh, Northwest Himalaya." Plant Archives 12(1):
185-190.
Information is provided on traditional knowledge of plants that are used by
inhabitants of Mandi and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh as household
remedies for alleviating diseases that are suffered by the local people and
their livestock. People from 2 tribes (Gaddis and Gujjers) as well as village
vaidyas were the main source of present information and 35 plant species (7
trees, 13 shrubs, 11 herbs and 4 climbers) belonging to 26 families were found
to be used in the local medicinal preparations. Of the various plant parts used,
leaves were the most commonly employed source of these herbal remedies
(18 species); however, crushed whole plants constitute integral part of such
preparations in case of 4 species (Cuscuta refle×a, Sida rhombifolia, Urtica
dioica, Verbascum thapsus). Field surveys revealed that some plant species
(Aloe vera, Centella asiatica, Dioscorea deltoidea, Tinospora cordifolia, Viola

512 
 
 

serpens) were unscrupulously e×ploited by locals that might be incompatible

with natural increment of their wild population.

Verma, K. S. and B. Rojan (2012). "In vitro antibacterial activity of leaf and stem
extracts of Tinospora cordifolia miers." Vegetos 25(1): 13-15.
Page | 513 
The medicinal plants are used in traditional cure of various diseases and an
impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from these natural
resources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. Plants used in
traditional medicines, contain a vast array of substances that can be used to
treat chronic and infectious diseases. The antibacterial activities of extracts of
stem and leaves of Tinospora cordifolia were investigated to evaluate its
medicinal potential. The extracts were screened against Escherichia coli,
Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stapylococcus aureus by disc
diffusion method. The results showed that methanol extracts of T. cordifolia
was active on all the strains of pathogens. The result of this study validates the
use of methanol extract of this species in ethnomedicine and could provide a
lead in the isolation of antibacterial agents from methanol extract of T.
cordifolia.

Verma, N., R. L. Khosa and A. K. Pathak (2010). "Evaluation of tissue protective activity
of Tinospora cordifolia stems in irradiated Swiss albino mice with 60Co radiation."
Journal of Natural Remedies 10(1): 32-35.
In the present study, wholesome tissue protective efficiency of the ethanolic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems in mice in terms of whole body survival,
genotoxicity, cell proliferation and hematological profile have been
investigated. The animals were divided into four groups having six animals in
each. Group I, (Control), received vehicle, Group II received orally ethanolic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia (500mg/kg), Group III was irradiated with 60Co
radiation (external gamma radiation of 4 GY for 24h), and animals of Group IV
were irradiated with 60Co radiation (external gamma radiation of 4 GY for 24
h) and given orally ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (500mg/kg), for
seven days. On the 8th day all the animals were sacrificed, the blood was
collected and hematological cell profile was analyzed. Intestine was removed
and its histopathology was done and their mitotic index and crypt of villi was
counted. The drug shows significant tissue protective activity (P&lt;0.05) and
shows normalization in hematological cell profile in irradiated animals.

Verma, N., S. Tyagi and A. Kumar (2016). "Antimicrobial potential of stem extracts of
Tinospora cordifolia." Biochemical and Cellular Archives 16(2): 243-244.
The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and organic solvents (ethanol,
diethyl ether and acetone) extracts from the stem of Tinospora cordifolia were
studied using agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Proteus
vulgaris, (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-

513 
 
 

positive) A. niger and A. flavus. Results suggest that some concentrations (

5%,15% and 20%) of stem extract showed moderate antimicrobial activity
against tested microbes. Whereas, 10% concentration of all the extract gives
maximum inhibitory effect against all the tested microorganism in which
diethyl ether extract has significant antimicrobial activity against P. vulgaris (
Page | 514 
2.6 mm) and A. niger (2.6 mm).

Verma, P. K., M. Bala, N. Kumar and B. Singh (2012). "Therapeutic potential of natural
products from terrestrial plants as TNF-α antagonist." Current Topics in Medicinal
Chemistry 12(13): 1422-1435.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T-cells, mast cells, epithelial cells,
osteoblasts and dendritic cells. It can regulate numerous cellular and
biological processes such as immune function, cell differentiation,
proliferation, apoptosis and energy metabolism. It is also involved in the
pathogenesis of multiple chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. The
biological activities of TNF-α mediated by two receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. Its
activity can be inhibited by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies or soluble TNF
receptors. The inhibition of its biological activities using anti TNF-α antibodies
represents an approved strategy for the treatment of various diseases like
cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammations etc. The involvement of TNF-α
cytokine in the various types of diseases provide the therapeutic rationale for
the development of TNF-α antagonist. A large number of natural and
synthetic compounds are currently being investigated for TNF-α inhibitory
activity. Since the synthetic molecules are always associated with their side
effects hence it is beneficial to develop the natural strategies as the alternative
sources. There are many medicinal plants which are traditionally used for the
treatment of the diseases associated with TNF-α inhibition. Hence, in this
review article we make an approach to provide a platform for the
development of TNF-α antagonist from natural resources. © 2012 Bentham
Science Publishers.

Verma, R., H. S. Chaudhary and R. C. Agrawal (2011). "Evaluation of Anticarcinogenic

and Antimutagenic effect of tinospora cordifolia in experimental Animals." Journal of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 3(6): 877-881.
Tinospora cordifolia is used to treat various diseases in the traditional
medicinal system in India. Its chemopreventive potential for cancer was the
subject of present study. In this study the anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic
activity of T. cordifolia extract was used, in C57 Bl mice and Swiss albino mice
respectively. In antimutagenic study, a single application of T. cordifolia extract
at a dose of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg dry weight, 24 hrs prior the i.p.
administration of cyclophosphamide (at the 50 mg/kg), significantly prevented
the micronucleus formation in bone marrow of mice, in a dose dependent

514 
 
 

manner. In melanoma assay, C57 Bl mice when received 50% methanolic

extract of T. cordifolia at a dose 750 mg/kg body weight for 30 days showed
increase in life span and tumor size was significantly reduced as compared to
control.

Page | 515 
Verma, R. K. and P. Parashar (2013). "Quantitative estimation of β sitosterol and
stigmasterol in Asparagus. Racemosus, and, Tinospora Cordifolia." International
Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4(4): P232-P235.
Ethanobotinacal & Phytopharmaceutical studies showed that the plants have
good medicinal value for the tribes of Rajasthan. The primary screening of
primary metabolites showed that the metabolite content were high in these
plants. The amount of Quantitative data revealed that in A. racemosus the
maximum amount of total sterols (β-sitosterol and Stigmasterol) in seeds
(12.90 mg/gdw) and minimum in roots (7.82 mg/gdw). In T. cordifolia the
maximum amount of total sterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol) was observed in
seeds (15.18 mg/gdw) and minimum was found in Stem (6.57 mg/gdw).

Verma, S., R. Tripathi, T. S. Easwari and V. K. Shukla (2013). "The medicinal plants used
in hepatic dysfunction." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 5(4): 1-12.
India is one of the richest floristic regions of the world and has been a source
of plants and their products since antiquity and man uses them in different
ways according to his needs, particularly as food or as medicine. Many
hepatoprotective herbal preparations have been recommended in alternative
system of medicine for the treatment of hepatic disorders. The Thar desert of
India is particularly important for its medicinal plant species. Generally whole
plant is not used for the medicinal preparation. The parts used in the
preparation are seeds, leaves, wood, rhizomes, fruits, bark, etc. Various Thar
plants used to treat liver diseases are such as Tinospora cordifolia, Lawsonia
intermis,Calotropis gigantia, Tecomella undulate, Curculigo orchiodes,
Peganum harmala, Phyllanthus niruri, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Aloe vera, Solanum
xanthocarpum, Boerhavia diffusa, Tehrosia purpurea, Capparis deciduas,
Eclipta alba, Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica, Cynodon dactylon,
Euphorbia neriifolia, Leucas aspera, Lagenaria siceraria, etc. All these plants
have some use in the liver diseases with fewer side effects in comparision to
synthetic drugs.

Vermani, A., Navneet and S. S. Gautam (2013). "Screening of antibacterial activity of

Tinospora cordifolia miers. Extracts against dental pathogens." Journal of
Pharmacology and Toxicology 8(1): 28-34.
Plants are considered potent candidate for safe and efficient therapeutic
agents. In present study, crude extracts of Tinospora cordifolia was
investigated for its ability to inhibit the growth of dental (bacterial) pathogens
i.e., Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1144), Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 890),

515 
 
 

Streptococcus salivarius (MTCC 1938), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC 447),

Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) and their isolates. Collected stems of T.
cordifolia were properly washed and shade dried at room temperature,
crushed and extracted in petroleum ether (PET), chloroform (CHCl3), methanol
(MeOH) and aqueous (H2O) by using Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial
Page | 516 
activity of extracts was examined by agar well diffusion method at 200 mg mL-
1 sample concentration. Phytochemical analysis was done for plant extract.
The result of antibacterial activity was found that MeOH extract of T. cordifolia
was most effective against all tested bacterial pathogens. Maximum
antibacterial activity was observed against S. sanguinis (23 mm) and lowest
activity against S. salivarius (17 mm). The phytochemical analysis revealed the
presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, glycosides,
amino acids and steroids which might be accountable for its antimicrobial
potential. The results validate the traditional uses of T. cordifolia in treatment
of dental diseases. © 2013 Academic Journals Inc.

Vidyasagar, G. M. and P. Prashantkumar (2007). "Traditional herbal remedies for

gynecological disorders in women of Bidar district, Karnataka, India." Fitoterapia
78(1): 48-51.
A survey of medicinal plants used by rural population in Bidar district,
Karnataka, India is reported. Eighteen plant species belonging to 13 families
and 18 genera were included. Their botanical and vernacular names, plant part
used, popular medicinal use, forms of preparation and application of the
herbal remedies are given. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vikas Sharma Sudhakar Rao, V., R. K. Diwan, R. C. Saxena and P. N. Shrivastava (2010).
"Screening of ethnomedicinal plants of Chhindwara district used by the tribal and
rural communities for antimalarial activity." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal
3(1): 129-133.
The present study carried out in remote areas of chhindwara district of M.P.
India. Tribal communities of Chhindwara use commonly available plants for
the treatment of malaria. The paper gives detail about 21 plants of 15 families.
Data on botanical name, family local name and dosage are given. Antimalarial
plants for chhindwara district are enlisted for the first time.

Vikhe, G. P., P. P. Vikhe, S. S. Naik, A. J. Gavhane and R. B. Gaikar (2013). "In vitro
effect of G. glabra and T. cordifolia plant extracts on phagocytosis by human
neutrophils." Pravara Medical Review 5(2): 12-15.
The immune system is one of the most complex biological systems in the
body. During infection, the immune system is under attack by a large number
of viruses, bacteria and fungi. Immune response firstly involves, recognition of
the pathogen or foreign material and secondly a reaction to eliminate it.
Immune responses are mediated by a variety of cells such as leucocytes and

516 
 
 

lymphocytes. Alcoholic extracts ofGlycyrrhiza glabra and Tinospora cordifolia

were used to study their immune modulator activity. These plants are widely
used in folk and ayurvedic medicine. Neutrophils when treated with plant
extract showed increase in phagocytic activity.

Page | 517 
Vinutha, B., D. Prashanth, K. Salma, S. L. Sreeja, D. Pratiti, R. Padmaja, S. Radhika, A.
Amit, K. Venkateshwarlu and M. Deepak (2007). "Screening of selected Indian
medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 109(2): 359-363.
Seventy-six plant extracts including methanolic and successive water extracts
from 37 Indian medicinal plants were investigated for acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) inhibitory activity (in vitro). Results indicated that methanolic extracts
to be more active than water extracts. The potent AChE inhibiting methanolic
plant extracts included Withania somnifera (root), Semecarpus anacardium
(stem bark), Embelia ribes (Root), Tinospora cordifolia (stem), Ficus religiosa
(stem bark) and Nardostachys jatamansi (rhizome). The IC50 values obtained
for these extracts were 33.38, 16.74, 23.04, 38.36, 73.69 and 47.21 μg/ml,
respectively. These results partly substantiate the traditional use of these herbs
for improvement of cognition. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vishwas, N. A. and K. K. Raj (2013). "An ayurvedic polyherbal formulation PDBT for
dyslipidemia and prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) in pre-diabetic
individuals." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 4(5): 701-
704.
Pre-diabetes is a 'grey area' between normal and diabetes. Various studies
have shown that pre-diabetic subjects who developed diabetes had higher
triglyceride and cholesterol values at baseline. At the time of diagnosis of
diabetes around half of the patients will show some evidence of coronary
artery disease. Treating dyslipidaemia in pre diabetes condition can not only
reduce the conversion rate to diabetes but also occurrence of coronary artery
disease (CAD). The Purpose of present study was to see whether an Ayurvedic
polyherbal formulation PDBT which contains water extracts of Guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia), Vijaysar (Pterocarpus marsupium), Gudmar (Gymnemma
sylvestre), Karvellak (Momordica charantia) and Shunthi (Zinziber officinale)
can reduce mild to moderate dyslipidaemia in Pre-diabetic state as compared
to placebo. A double blind placebo controlled (Randomized Controlled Trial)
RCT was conducted on 100 patients (50 in each group) having mean age 48.78
± 10.098; for 6 months to see the effect of polyherbal formulation as
compared to placebo in pre-diabetic individuals. A diagnostic criterion for
pre-diabetes was set according American Diabetic Association (ADA) 2000.
Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), was done with Wyebenga and
Pileggi's method / Bio-lab Kit. Triglycerides were estimated by enzymatic Kit
method. Blood sugar level (BSL) was calculated by Glucose oxidase-

517 
 
 

peroxidase (GOD-POD) method. Low Density lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low

Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) was calculated by formula. These investigations
were done before treatment (BT) and after treatment (AT). Unpaired T and
paired T test were applied by INSTAT 2 software as a test of significance. Mean
Cholesterol before treatment and after treatment 200.04 ± 41.6 and 172.09 ±
Page | 518 
42.29, Mean HDL before treatment and after treatment 44.544 ± 10.517 and
47.30 ± 8.35, Mean LDL 116.37 and 92.91. Triglycerides before treatment and
A. T. 160.16 ± 132.02 in PDBT treated group. While in placebo treated group
these values were increased from 170.53 ± 32.05 to 191.62 ± 36.75, for
Cholesterol before treatment and after treatment. LDL increased from 92.85 ±
31.19 to 99.139 for LDL. While for triglycerides values increased from 165.75 ±
44.33 to 211.18 ± 46.7.

Visvanathan, R., C. Jayathilake, R. Liyanage and R. Sivakanesan (2019). "Applicability

and reliability of the glucose oxidase method in assessing α-amylase activity." Food
Chemistry 275: 265-272.
Glucose oxidase (GOD) is an enzyme widely used in glucose monitoring
systems owing to its high specificity towards glucose. However, in our
previous work maltose was found to show significant interaction with GOD
and based on this observation, a novel microplate-based method was
developed to assess α-amylase inhibitory activity (GOD method). Concerns
regarding the interaction of GOD with maltose has limited the widespread use
of the GOD method in assessing α-amylase activity. The present paper
provides answers to concerns regarding the interaction of GOD with maltose
using HPLC studies and application of the GOD method in assessing α-
amylase activity. According to the results, the newly developed GOD method
can be considered as a well-suited method for the determination of α-amylase
activity and as an easy method to do kinetic studies compared to other
available methods. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Visweswara Rao, P., P. Sujana, T. Vijaykanth, N. S. Sankar, B. Vijaya Kumar, D. Naidu

and S. H. Gan (2013). "Analysis of the phytochemical content and the antibacterial,
antifungal and antioxidant activities of the roots, stems and leaves of Hemidesmus
indicus, Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of
Pharmacology 9(5): 277-287.
Hemidesmus indicus (H. indicus), Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) and
Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) are three important medicinal plants in
traditional Indian medicine. In this study, the methanolic and chloroform
extracts of different plant parts (roots, stems and leaves) of//, indicus, O.
sanctum and T. cordifolia were subjected to phytochemical, antibacterial,
antifungal and antioxidant tests. Phytochemical screening of both extracts of
each plant part revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids,
flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids and tannins. The methanolic

518 
 
 

extracts of all three plants exhibited greater antibacterial and antioxidant

effects than the chloroform extracts. These effects could be related to the high
content of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins,
flavonoids and phenols. When comparing the various plant parts, the roots
of//, indicus had the highest number of antimicrobial activities, showing
Page | 519 
antibacterial properties against all of the investigated organisms except for
one (A.ftavus). The H. indicus leaf extract had antibacterial activities against S.
aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae while the stem was effective against P.
vulgaris and A. niger. The root of T. cordifolia has the second highest
antimicrobial activity, acting against five different organisms (B. subtilis, S.
aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris and A. niger). O. sanctum leaf extract
exhibits antibacterial activity against B. subtilisandE. coli, while the stem is only
effective against B. subtilis. The methanolic root and stem extracts of//,
indicus, the methanolic leaf extract of O. sanctum and the stem extract of T.
cordifolia also have antioxidant potential. © 2013 Asian Network for Scientific
Information.

Vojdani, A. and J. Erde (2006). "Regulatory T cells, a potent immunoregulatory target

for CAM researchers: The ultimate antagonist (I)." Evidence-based Complementary
and Alternative Medicine 3(1): 25-30.
Over the past decade, great interest has been given to regulatory T (T reg)
cells. A vast body of evidence has shown the existence and highlighted the
importance of Treg cells in the active suppression of immune system
responses. This form of immunoregulation is the dominant means utilized by
the immune system to reach a harmony between reciprocal response
processes in order to ensure adequate host defense with minimal host
detriment. Therapeutically targeting Treg cells is a direct and powerful means
to manipulate the immune system to achieve beneficial effects on various
disease pathologies, including allergy, autoimmunity and cancer, as well as the
facilitation of organ transplantation. This powerful target for
immunoregulation is of much concern to practitioners and researchers of
complementary and alternative medicine because it allows a great deal of
control and certainty in dealing with the prevalence of debilitating immune
system-related disorders for which there has been little remedy outside of
Western Medicine. © The Author (2006). Published by Oxford University Press.
All rights reserved.

Vyas, P. and A. Kaur (2018). "Stress-tolerant antagonistic rhizobacteria isolated from

the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia." Biotechnologia 99(2): 129-136.
Medicinal plants harbor a large number of beneficial microorganisms. Stress
tolerance is an important attribute while screening bacteria for developing
microbial inoculants. In the present studies, salt-tolerant bacteria isolated from
the rhizosphere of the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia were screened for

519 
 
 

multiple plant growth promoting activities, antagonism against fungal

pathogens and stress tolerance. A total of 25 morphologically distinct salt-
tolerant bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar plates with 2.5% NaCl from
the rhizosphere of Tinospora cordifolia growing in Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
Twelve salt-tolerant bacterial isolates showing phosphate solubilization zones
Page | 520 
ranging from 3–12 mm on modified Pikovskaya agar were screened for the
production of auxins, 1-aminocuclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase,
ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. Of these 12 salt-tolerant and phosphate-
solubilizing isolates, auxin production was shown by all isolates, ACC-
deaminase activity by 7 isolates, ammonia production by 8 isolates and
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) by 5 isolates. Phosphate solubilization in liquid
medium ranged from 26 to 151 μg/ml, while auxin production ranged 10.7 to
31 μg/ml. Five bacterial isolates showing all plant growth-promoting activities
were screened for antagonism against the phytopathogens Fusarium
moniliforme, Fusarium verticillioides, Curvularia lunata and Alternaria alternata
and the abiotic stress conditions of salinity, temperature, pH and calcium salts.
The bacterial isolate T1B1, which shows multiple plant growth promoting
activities and stress tolerance, was identified as Bacillus sp. based on
phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacterial
isolate T1B1 was selected as a potential candidate for the development of
microbial inoculants for stressed environments. © 2018, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry. All rights reserved.

Vyas, P. and R. Kaur (2017). "Plant growth-promoting and antagonistic endophytic

bacteria from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia stem." International Journal of
Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(2): 189-193.
Endophytic bacteria residing within the planttissues are poorly investigated
microorganisms. Atotal of 35 endophytic bacteria isolated from Tinospora
cordifotia stem tissue samples collected from 3 different districts of Punjab,
India were screened for phosphate solubilization, lAA-likeauxin production,
ACC-deaminase activity, and production of siderophores, hydrogen cyanide
and ammonia. Out of these bacteria, 11 showing multiple plant growth-
promoting activities were screened for anatagonism against phytopathogens
Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata and Curvularia lunata. One isolate
TCA2 showed broad-spectrum activity with 38% growth inhibition in Alternaria
alternata, 35% inhibition in Fusarium moniliforme and 25% inhibition in
Curvularia lunata. On the basis of 16S rDNAgene sequencing, the isolate TCA2
has been identified as Pseudomonas sp. The maize plants inoculated with the
bacterial isolate TCA2 showed 33.1%, 31.6%, and 38.4% increased root length,
shoot length and dry weight, respectively, over the respective inoculated
controls in pots under natural conditions. In the present studies,
Pseudomonas sp. TCA2 with multiple plant growth-promoting activities has

520 
 
 

been selected as a suitable candidate for the development of microbial

inoculants. © JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation.

Wadood, N., A. Wadood and S. A. W. Shah (1992). "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on

blood glucose and total lipid levels of normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits." Planta
Page | 521 
Medica 58(2): 131-136.
The aqueous, alcoholic, and chloroform extracts of the leaves of Tinospora
cordifolia were administered in doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body
weight to normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. The blood glucose and total
lipid levels were estimated before and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after administration
of the extract. The extract exerted a significant (P < 0.5) hypoglycaemic effect
in normal as well as in alloxan-treated rabbits. The extracts, however, had no
significant (P > 0.05) effect on total lipid levels in normal as well as in alloxan-
treated diabetic rabbits. The doses used did not show acute toxicity or result
in behavioural changes. From this study, it may be concluded that extracts of
the leaves of Tinospora cordifolia have an insulin-like action and can
significantly reduce the blood glucose but not the total lipid levels in normal
rabbits and in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.

Wang, S., A. Müller, D. Hilfiker, S. Marquardt, M. Kreuzer, U. Braun and A. Schwarm

(2018). "Effect of individual Ayurveda plants and mixtures thereof on in vitro ruminal
fermentation, methane production and nutrient degradability." Animal Production
Science 58(12): 2258-2268.
In order to identify new ways to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants,
six medicinal plants, Achyranthes aspera, Azadirachta indica, Andrographis
paniculata, Helicteres isora, Tinospora cordifolia and Piper longum, were
evaluated in vitro with respect to ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis.
A three-stage approach with n = 6 per treatment was applied. Two 24-h
Hohenheim gas test experiments were performed by incubating the plants
first as sole substrate and then added to a basal diet (10 g/kg diet DM).
Finally, in a 10-day Rusitec experiment, A. paniculata, P. longum and T.
cordifolia were supplemented individually and in all binary combinations to a
basal diet (25 g/kg DM). Provided as sole substrate, all plants, except P.
longum, decreased methane and carbon dioxide production (P < 0.05), and
reduced the methane: short-chain fatty acid ratio (P < 0.05) in the Hohenheim
gas test. In Rusitec, none of the individual supplements decreased methane
production. The combination of A. paniculata with P. longum as a supplement
was effective in mitigating the methane: carbon dioxide ratio and
simultaneously maintaining feeding value. In conclusion, all medicinal plants
incubated as sole substrate, except P. longum, possess anti-methanogenic
properties, especially T. cordifolia, A. indica and H. isora. When supplemented
at the levels investigated, they were mostly neutral with respect to rumen
fermentation and nutrient digestion. Combining A. paniculata with P. longum

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mitigated methane without side effects on general ruminal fermentation.

Further investigations, carried out in vivo, will demonstrate how useful this
plant combination is in ruminant nutrition. © 2018 CSIRO.

Wang, Z., J. Wang and P. Chan (2013). "Treating type 2 diabetes mellitus with
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traditional chinese and indian medicinal herbs." Evidence-based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine 2013.
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a fast-growing epidemic affecting people
globally. Furthermore, multiple complications and comorbidities are
associated with T2DM. Lifestyle modifications along with pharmacotherapy
and patient education are the mainstay of therapy for patients afflicted with
T2DM. Western medications are frequently associated with severe adverse
drug reactions and high costs of treatment. Herbal medications have long
been used in the treatment and prevention of T2DM in both traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) and traditional Indian medicine (TIM). This review
examines in vivo, in vitro, and clinical evidence supporting the use of various
herbs used in TCM and TIM. The problems, challenges, and opportunities for
the incorporation of herbal frequently used in TCM and TIM into Western
therapy are presented and discussed. © 2013 Zhijun Wang et al.

Wani, J. A., R. N. Achur and R. K. Nema (2011). "Phytochemical screening and

aphrodisiac property of tinospora cordifolia." International Journal of Pharmaceutical
and Clinical Research 3(2): 21-26.
Tinospora cordifolia is an herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae. This
plant is indigenous to the tropical areas and distributed throughout India,
Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Traditionally, the plant is being used for the
treatment of various diseases but a systematic study is lacking. Further, there
are some preliminary reports about using the stems of this plant for treating
sexual disorders. To pursue this further, in this study, the total extracts were
tested for their constituents and tested for aphrodisiac activity in experimental
rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening of hydroalcoholic and aqueous
extracts of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia showed the presence of alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, proteins, saponins, gums and mucilages.
The hydroalcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem at higher
concentration (400 mg/kg body weight) showed significant aphrodisiac
activity on male wistar albino rats as evidenced by an increase in number of
mounts and mating performance. On the other hand, hydroalcoholic extract at
lower dose (200 mg/kg body weight) and aqueous extract (400 mg/kg body
weight) showed moderate aphrodisiac property. Thus, in experimental rats, the
results of the present study suggest that the extracts of Tinospora cordifolia
exert significant aphrodisiac activity. Further, detailed studies are needed to
know whether in vivo administration of the extracts is beneficial for patients
suffering from sexual disorders.

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Warrier, R. R., B. Gurudev Singh, R. Sivalingam, R. Anandalakshmi and V. Sivakumar

(2008). "Fruit chromaticity: A maturity index in Tinospora cordifolia." International
Journal of Integrative Biology 3(2): 118-122.
Germination response of seeds of Tinospora cordifolia as influenced by
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different stages of fruit ripening based on pericarp colour was studied under
nursery conditions at the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding,
Coimbatore. Maximum germination of 57.5% was observed in red fruits (ripe)
followed by yellow 27.5% (partially ripe) and green 17.5% (unripe) fruits.
Measurements on fruit and seed parameters also followed similar trend.
However, the moisture contents and the seed weight followed a reverse trend
relative to germination evincing these parameters as indicators of seed
development and maturation. © IJIB, All rights reserved.

Watawana, M. I., N. Jayawardena, C. Choo and V. Y. Waisundara (2016). "Application

of the Kombucha 'tea fungus' for the enhancement of antioxidant and starch
hydrolase inhibitory properties of ten herbal teas." Food Chemistry 194: 304-311.
Ten herbal teas (Acacia arabica, Aegle marmelos flower, A. marmelos root
bark, Aerva lanata, Asteracantha longifolia, Cassia auriculata, Hemidesmus
indicus, Hordeum vulgare, Phyllanthus emblica, Tinospora cordifolia) were
fermented with the Kombucha 'tea fungus'. The pH values of the fermented
beverages ranged from 4.0 to 6.0 by day 7, while the titratable acidity ranged
from 2.5 to 5.0 g/mL (P < 0.05). Gallic acid had statistically significantly
increased (P < 0.05) in almost all the samples by day 7. The Oxygen radical
absorbance capacity assay indicated 5 of the Kombucha beverages to have
statistically significant increases (P < 0.05) by day 7. The α-amylase inhibitory
activities ranged from 52.5 to 67.2 μg/mL in terms of IC<inf>50</inf> values
following fermentation, while the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities ranged
from 95.2 to 196.1 μg/mL. In conclusion, an enhancement of the antioxidant
and starch hydrolase inhibitory potential of the herbal teas was observed by
adding the tea fungus. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Wazir, V., R. Maurya and R. S. Kapil (1995). "Cordioside, a clerodane furano diterpene
glucoside from Tinospora cordifolia." Phytochemistry 38(2): 447-449.
The structure of cordioside isolated from the stem of Tinospora cordifolia was
characterized on the basis of NMR spectroscopy. © 1995.

Wiart, C. (2014). "A note on Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thomson
and its relevance to treat diabetes mellitus." Journal of Functional Foods 7(1): 753.

Widyarini, K. D., E. Y. Sukandar and I. Fidrianny (2015). "Xanthine oxidase inhibitory

and antihyperuricemic activities of anredera cordifolia (Ten) steenis, sonchus arvensis

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l, and its combination." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences 7(3): 86-90.
Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the xanthine oxidase
(XO) inhibitory activity and the ability to reduce serum uric acid levels of 70%
ethanol extracts of Anredera cordifolia (ACE) and Sonchus arvensis (SAE)
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leaves, and its combinations. Methods: Inhibitory activity of XO was
determined by measuring uric acid formation by UV spectrophotometry.
Moreover, the antihyperuricemic assay conducted in vivo in male Wistar rats
was induced by high-purine diet and potassium oxonate (PO). The reduction
of serum uric acid levels after extracts administration was observed and
compared to allopurinol. Results: The IC50 results of ACE, SAE, and the
combination of both with a ratio of 1:1 were obtained 635.25 ppm, 1345.93
ppm, and 846.32 ppm, respectively. The IC50of allopurinol as reference was
0.88 ppm. Hence, XO inhibitory activity of the combination extracts was
additive. Results of antihyperuricemic assay showed that uric acid levels of the
group of allopurinol, ACE, SAE, and the combination of both extracts were
significantly lower compared to the positive control group at 120 and 150
minutes after PO induction (p<0.05). Combination extracts provide an additive
effect in lowering serum uric acid levels. Conclusion: ACE and SAE had
xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antihyperuricemic activities, and its
combination provided an additive effect. The results were suggested that the
extracts may have a considerable potential for developing as
antihyperuricemia agent. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Science. All right reserved.

Wilkinson, F. and D. R. Cundell (2014). "From test tube to clinical trial; promising
herbs with NF-ĸB and COX-2 activity." Current Immunology Reviews 10(2): 82-98.
COX-2 inhibitors now constitute an important and central component in the
treatment of a number of chronic diseases ranging from arthritis and
autoimmunity to cancer. Their use is not without side effects, however, and
they are unsuitable for patients with a variety of conditions including heart or
kidney disease and those who are pregnant. In contrast, herbal medicines
have been used successfully for thousands of years to modulate immune
system function. Several have demonstrated COX-2 inhibitory activity and may
therefore have potential for development into classical pharmaceutical agents.
This paper will explain the importance of COX-2 activity and the related entity
NF-κB in inducing inflammation, review the scientific evidence for herbs with
COX-2 activity, and identify the active phytochemicals involved. Finally
potential paths to develop agents from these herbs will be discussed. © 2014
Bentham Science Publishers.

Witt, C. M., N. E. J. Berling, N. T. Rinpoche, M. Cuomo and S. N. Willich (2009).

"Evaluation of medicinal plants as part of Tibetan medicine prospective observational

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study in Sikkim and Nepal." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

15(1): 59-65.
Objective: Medicinal plants are the primary ingredients of Tibetan medicinal
formulae. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the spectrum of
medical complaints treated by a Tibetan doctor in Sikkim and Nepal, and to
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determine which plants the doctor used most frequently to treat these
complaints. Design: Two prospective observational studies were carried out at
two locations (Sikkim and Nepal). Patients who visited the participating
Tibetan doctor were included consecutively. Medical symptoms, Tibetan
syndrome diagnoses, and treatments were documented. The most frequently
used plants were identified retrospectively. Results: A total of 238 patients
were included (Sikkim: n = 135, 62.2% women, mean age 33.9 3.4 years; Nepal:
n = 103, 54.4% men, mean age 42.9 2.4 years). The most frequent medical
complaint was pain (Sikkim: 46% of patients; Nepal: 51% of patients). The
most frequent Tibetan syndrome diagnosis was Bad-kan in Sikkim (20.7% of
patients; a cold disorder affecting the lower body) and a combination of Bad-
kan and mKhris-pa in Nepal (28.2%; a mixed cold/hot disorder affecting the
lower and middle body). A total of 71 different Tibetan medicines were
prescribed, including 138 different plants. Of these 138 plants, 81 typically
grow at high and medium altitudes, and 57 grow in tropical and subtropical
areas. Nevertheless, most (93%) of the prescribed formulae contained high-
altitude plants. Conclusions: For the first time, information on medical
complaints and treatments has been evaluated systematically for patients
receiving treatment from a Tibetan doctor. These data provide a good
foundation for further research on Tibetan medicine. Further studies should
go a step farther and include follow-up data and information about the
effectiveness and safety of Tibetan medicines. © 2009 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Yamini, K. and V. Gopal (2010). "Natural radioprotective agents against ionizing

radiation - an overview." International Journal of PharmTech Research 2(2): 1421-
1426.
Ionizing radiations are one of the predominant exogenous factors that have
deleterious consequences to human life. The biological effects of the radiation
cause damages to DNAs, lipids and proteins. Exposure to high amounts of
ionizing radiation causes damages to the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal or
central nervous systems, depending on radiation dose. Hence, there is an
urgent need to prevent such effects due to ionizing radiations. The possible
prevention of the effects of ionizing radiations on biological systems by
phytochemicals, plants and herbal extracts are known as "Natural
Radioprotectants". This review mainly highlights the strategies relevant to the
development of radioprotectors. It also deals on areas of applications,
mechanism of action, sources and chemical classifications. Finally, some useful

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conclusions and future prospects in the area of natural radioprotectors are

briefly touched upon.

Yanez, M., J. Blanchette and E. Jabbarzadeh (2017). "Modulation of inflammatory

response to implanted biomaterials using natural compounds." Current
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Pharmaceutical Design 23(41): 6347-6357.
Tissue engineering offers a promising strategy to restore injuries resulting
from trauma, infection, tumor resection, or other diseases. In spite of
significant progress, the field faces a significant bottleneck; the critical need to
understand and exploit the interdependencies of tissue healing, angiogenesis,
and inflammation. Inherently, the balance of these interacting processes is
affected by a number of injury site conditions that represent a departure from
physiological environment, including reduced pH, increased concentration of
free radicals, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. Efforts to harness the potential of
immune response as a therapeutic strategy to promote tissue repair have led
to identification of natural compounds with significant anti-inflammatory
properties. This article provides a concise review of the body’s inflammatory
response to biomaterials and describes the role of oxygen as a physiological
cue in this process. We proceed to highlight the potential of natural
compounds to mediate inflammatory response and improve host-graft
integration. Herein, we discuss the use of natural compounds to map signaling
molecules and checkpoints that regulate the cross-linkage of immune
response and skeletal repair. © 2017 Bentham Science Publishers.

Yarnell, E. (2017). "Herbs for Rheumatoid Arthritis." Alternative and Complementary

Therapies 23(4): 149-156.
Numerous herbs have been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Here,
use of many of these, including Oenothera biennis (evening primrose), Ribes
nigra (blackcurrant), and Borago officinalis (borage) seed oils, Harpagophytum
procumbens, and to a lesser extent H. zeyheri (African devil's club), Tanacetum
parthenium (feverfew) herb, Populus tremula (European aspen), Solidago
virgaurea (goldenrod), Fraxinus excelsior (European ash), Salix spp. (willow),
Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh), Smilax spp. (sarsaparilla), and Guaiacum
officinale (lignum vitae), alone and in various formulations, are discussed.
Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Curcuma
longa (turmeric), Nigella sativa (black cumin), Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi),
Tribulus terrestris (caltrop vine, gokshura), San Miào Sǎn (Three Wonder
Powder), Capsicum frutescens (cayenne), Allium sativum (garlic), Paeonia
lactiflora (white peony), Clematis mandshurica (clematis, wshuricahura),
Trichosanthes kirilowii (trichosanthes, guowiia), San Miào Prunella vulgaris
(heal-all), and san huang wu ji formula are also discussed in depth. The article
ends with a discussion of the unusual immunosuppressive herb Tripterygium
wilfordii (thunder duke vine). © Copyright 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

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Yoganandam, G. P. and B. K. Jha (2010). "Effect of EFPTT/09, a herbal formulation, on

blood sugar of normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats." Research Journal of
Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 1(4): 987-997.
The herbal formulation, EFPTT/09, elicits hypoglycemic or anti-diabetic effects
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in both normal and experimentally induced hyperglycemic (alloxan induced)
rats. The EFPTT/09 also elicited a significant antioxidant effects in alloxan
diabetic rats as reflected by its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to
elevate the enzymatic antioxidants in pancreatic tissue. The histopathological
studies during the long term treatment have shown to ameliorate the alloxan
induced histological damage of islets of langerhans. The inhibitory effects on
biochemical and histological parameters induced by herbal formulation at a
dose of 500 mg kg were almost comparable (p<0.01) to that of standard drug,
Glibenclamide (5mg/Kg). It is possible that the herbal formulation may act
through both, pancreatic and extra-pancreatic mechanism(s).The present
study demonstrates that herbal formulation exhibits promising anti-diabetic
activity and helps to maintain good glycemic and metabolic control.

Zachariah, S. M., N. Aleykutty, V. Viswanad and O. A. Halima (2012). "An overview on

hepatoprotective activity of natural products." Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology 5(3): 317-321.
Medicinal practioners have prescribed Ayurveda and drugs from herbal origin
as a system of medicine in India over centuries. Many of the modern drug
mainly based on synthetic chemical compounds, however have been found to
have harmful side effects on the human system. This has triggered off
extensive research and development in the field of herbal medicine. In fact,
there is a growing demand for herbal medicines in most of the developed and
developing countries of the world today. Liver is a vital organ that plays a
major role in the metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body.
Liver disease is the major challenge faced by the world and is the leading
cause of death in western countries. Exposure too many chemicals such as
carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, alcohols and drugs can result in injury to
liver, therby impairing its normal function and resulting in biochemical
abnormalities. Herbal drugs are the potential source of therapeutic aid for
treating liver disease and a number of scientific investigations revealed the
importances and contributions of these natural products. Numerous medicinal
plants and their formulations are used for liver disorders in ethnomedical
practice as well as traditional system of medicine in India. More over them are
economical with fewer side effects and can be used independent of any age
groups. They are rich in chemical compounds like flavonoids that impart
antioxidant property and in turn possess hepatoprotective activity. Though a
wide variety of herbal drugs with hepatoprotective activity is known, many of
them are not proven clinically. The hepatoprotective activity of some herbal

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drugs clinically proven using hepatotoxicity models are explained in this

review. This review is aimed at enumerating some of the natural products that
possess hepatoprotective activity. © RJPT All right reserved.

Zalawadia, R., C. Gandhi, V. Patel and R. Balaraman (2009). "The protective effect of
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Tinospora cordifolia on various mast cell mediated allergic reactions." Pharmaceutical
Biology 47(11): 1096-1106.
This study investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) stem on mast cell mediated allergic reactions
in vivo and in vitro and studied its possible mechanism. T. cordifolia (125 to
1000mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited compound 48/80 induced lethality in
rats, histamine induced paw edema in mice and histamine induced bronchial
asthma in guinea pigs. T. cordifolia significantly (p<0.001) inhibited the
cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction activated by histamine in a rat model and
compound 48/80 induced ear swelling response in mice. T. cordifolia (2.5-
160μg/mL) also showed significant (p<0.001) inhibition of histamine induced
contraction of guinea-pig ileum in vitro implying the H1 antihistamine activity.
T. cordifolia (0.01 to 10mg/mL) significantly (p<0.001) inhibited the histamine
release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. In
addition, T. cordifolia (0.01 to 10mg/mL) significantly (p<0.001) inhibited the
secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in antidinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-
stimulated rat peritoneal mast cells. The level of cAMP in RPMC transiently
and significantly increased compared with that of control cells when T.
cordifolia was incubated with mast cells. T. cordifolia (0.01 to 10mg/mL)
showed concentration-dependent inhibition in compound 48/80 induced
reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, T. cordifolia decreased
intracellular calcium levels of activated mast cells. These results show that T.
cordifolia may be beneficial in the treatment of acute and chronic allergic
disorders. © 2009 Informa UK Ltd.

Zar, C. T., S. L. Teoh, S. Das, Z. Zaiton and H. S. Farihah (2012). "Use Piper
sarmentosum as an effective antidiabetic supplement in South East Asia: A review."
Clinica Terapeutica 163(6): 505-510.
Herbs with antidiabetic activity have a potential role to play. Herbal medicines
have been widely used in South East Asia because of lesser side effects and
cost effectiveness. The main aim of this review article was to disseminate
important information regarding the use of herbal products in oxidative stress
involved in diseases like diabetes mellitus. The article highlights some of the
traditional medicinal plants which have been widely used in South East Asia
with special emphasis on Piper sarmentosum. Piper sarmentosum have been
reported to possess varying degree of hypoglycemic, antidiabetic and other
additional properties. The antioxidant properties of the herbs may be effective
in controlling the oxidative damage produced during diabetes mellitus. The

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review article highlights the positive role of traditional herbs towards diabetes
mellitus and also describes its complications. © Società Editrice Universo
(SEU).

Zhang, A. L., B. H. May and C. C. L. Xue (2012). "Herbal medicines, probiotics and
Page | 529 
functional foods for allergic rhinitis." Medicine Today 13(10): 57-64.
Many of the studies that show herbal medicines, probiotics and functional
foods can improve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis are small, and the results
should be interpreted with caution. © Istockphoto/Igor Sokolov. (Butterbur).

529