EC2

Design of Members
Rui Simões
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Coimbra
Eurocodes ‐ Design of steel buildings with worked examples Brussels, 16 ‐ 17 October 2014
Contents
 Introduction
 Design of columns
 Design of beams
 Design of beam‐columns
INTRODUCTION
Main internal forces and
combinations
Bending+Shear
Compression+Bending+Shear
Tension/Compression
Torsion – less common

Building – master example (Cardington - UK)
INTRODUCTION
Member design:
i) resistance of cross sections;
ii) member buckling resistance.
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS

 Cross section classification - Class 1; Class 2; Class 3 and Class 4. Vz
 Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different My G
approaches, depending of cross section shape, cross section

class and type of internal forces (N, M+V, N+M+V,….):
– elastic criteria (clause 6.2.1(5)); NEd
My,Ed
2 2 2
            
 x , Ed   
z , Ed   
x , Ed  z , Ed   3   Ed   1
 fy  M 0   fy  M 0   fy  M 0  f y  M 0   fy  M 0 
        
INTRODUCTION
– linear summation of the utilization ratios – class 1/2/3 (clause 6.2.1(7));
N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
  1
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd
– nonlinear interaction formulas – class 1/2 (clause 6.2.1(6)).
 Section properties – gross section, net section

(deduction for holes) or effective section (class 4 or shear
lag effects) (clause 6.2.2 of EC3-1-1).
MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE

 Buckling resistance (clause 6.3 of Eurocode 3,
part 1.1) must be checked in all members
submitted to compressive stresses, which are:
– members under axial compression N;
– members under bending moment M;
– or under a combination of both (M+N).
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Column cross sections and applications
 Rolled open or closed sections, welded sections or built-up sections – The

objective is to maximize the second moment of area in the relevant buckling
plan in order to maximize the buckling resistance.
DESIGN OF COLUMNS NEd
Compression resistance (clause 6.2.4 of EC3-1-1)
fy
NEd is the design value of the axial compression;
NEd
 1.0 Nc,Rd is the design resistance to axial compression,
Nc , Rd
given by the minimum of: A
i) Plastic resistance N c , Rd  A f y  M 0 (class 1, 2 or 3)
N c , Rd  Aeff f y  M 0 (class 4)
Aeff - effective area
ii) Buckling resistance – Nb,Rd, in general the flexural buckling

resistance, which is analysed hereafter.
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Column Buckling
 Flexural buckling is in general the buckling mode, which govern the design of
a member in pure compression. For this mode in a pinned column, the elastic
critical load Ncr, defined as the maximum load supported by the column, free
from any type of imperfections, is given by the well known Euler’s formula:
N
d 2y
N
EI Ny 0
dx 2
Ncr
2 E I
L
x y(x) Ncr 
L2
y y(x)
E I – Bending stiffness
(z)
0
L – Buckling length
N Buckling in a bending mode (LE for other support conditions)
 In specific cases (e.g. members with cruciform cross sections) buckling may
occur in other modes: torsional buckling or flexural-torsional buckling.
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Column Buckling
2 E I 2 E I 2 E 
LE I
Ncr   cr   2 i 
LE
2
A LE
2
 i A
Critical stress Slenderness Radius of gyration
2 E E  Af y
 cr   f y  1     
12 fy 
1 Ncr
fy
N Non-dimensional

A slenderness
1.0
Euler’s curve
fy
 Euler´s curve
2 E

2 1.0 
E fy
Imperfections or real columns (geometrical

L
    E imperfections and material imperfections).
1
i
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
(clause 6.3.1 of EC3-1-1)
N b.Rd   A f y  M1 (Class 1, 2 or 3)
Theoretical behaviour
N b.Rd   Aeff f y  M1 (Class 4)
 is the reduction factor for the

relevant buckling mode
1
  but   1.0
2 2
  

  0.5 1     0.2   

2

 Neglect BUCKLING if:
  0.2 or NEd Ncr  0.04
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
Flexural buckling
Lcr 1
  A fy Ncr  (Class 1, 2 or 3)
i 1
Lcr Aeff A
  Aeff fy Ncr  (Class 4)
i 1
1   E f y  93 .9  ε  235 f y
Torsional or flexural-torsional buckling

T  A f y Ncr (Class 1, 2 or 3)
T  Aeff fy Ncr (Class 4)

 - buckling in flexural buckling mode about z
axis
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Safety verification of a column member of the building represented in the
figure.
A’ C’ E’
A B C D E F
6.00 m
3
4.50 m
2b
2.50 m
2a
2.00 m
2
6.00 m
1
4.00 m 4.50 m 4.50 m 4.00 m Building – master example
i) The inner column E-3 represented in the figure, at base level, is selected. This member has
a length of 4.335 m and is composed by a section HEB 340 in steel S 355.
In this column the bending moments (and the shear force) may be neglected; the design
axial force (compression) obtained from the previous analysis is given by NEd = 3326.0 kN.
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Cross section classification – section HEB 340 in pure compression.

Geometric characteristics: A = 170.9 cm2, b = 300 mm, h = 340 mm, tf = 21.5 mm,
tw = 12 mm, r = 27 mm, Iy = 36660 cm4, iy = 14.65 cm, Iz = 9690 cm4, iz = 7.53 cm.
Mechanical properties of the steel: fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa.
c
Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)
c (340  2  21.5  2  27)

  20.25  33 
t 12
 33  0.81  26.73 (class 1)
Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

c 300 2  12 2  27
  5.44  9   9  0.81  7.29 (class 1)
t 21.5
HEB 340 cross section, steel S 355, in pure compression is class 1.

DESIGN OF COLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
iii) Cross section verification - class 1 in pure compression.
A fy 170 . 9  10  4  355  10 3
N Ed  3326 . 0 kN  N c , Rd    6067 . 0 kN .
 M0 1 .0
iv) Buckling resistance.

Buckling lengths – Assuming that the design forces were obtained by a second order
structural analysis, the buckling lengths are considered (conservatively) equal to the real
lengths (mid-distance between floors), given by:
Buckling in the plan x-z (around y) - LEy  4.335 m
Buckling in the plan x-y (around z) - LEz  4.335 m
Determination of the slenderness LEy 4.335 y

y    29.59 y   0.39
coefficients iy 14.65  102 1
210  106 LEz 4.335 z

1   3
 76.41 z    57.57 z   0.75
355  10 iz 7.53  10  2 1
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Calculation of the reduction factor min z

h 340
  1.13  1.2 and tf  21.5 mm  100mm 340
b 300 y
flexural buckling around y  curve b (  0.34) 300 HEB 340

flexural buckling around z  curve c (  0.49).
As  z  0.75  y  0.39
and
 curve c  curve b
 min  z
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
 
 z  0.5 1   z  0.2   z  2


 z  0.5  1  0.49  0.75  0.2  0.752  0.92 
 z  0.69
1
z   0.69
2 2
0.92  0.92  0.75
 min   z  0.69
v) Safety verification
λz  0.75
Nb,Rd   z A fy  M1  0.69  170.9  104  355  103 1.0  4186.2 kN
As, NEd  3326.0 kN  Nb,Rd  4186.2 kN
safety is verified with the cross section HEB 340 in S 355 steel.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Beam cross sections and applications
 A beam may be defined as a member subjected
essentially to bending and shear force.
Castellated beams
Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,….)
Welded sections
Welded sections in non-uniform beams

DESIGN OF BEAMS
Cross section resistance
Uniaxial bending (clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
 1 .0
M c.Rd
 Class 1 or 2 Mc.Rd  Wpl fy  M 0
 Class 3 Mc.Rd  Wel. min fy  M0
 Class 4 Mc.Rd  Weff .min fy  M0
Bi-axial bending (clause 6.2.9 of EC3.1.1) I or H   2;   5 n but   1
  CHS   2
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed  1.66
      1 .0 RHS    2 but   6
 M pl , y.Rd   M pl , z.Rd  1  1.13 n
n  NEd N pl , Rd
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Cross section resistance
VEd
Shear (clause 6.2.6 of EC3-1-1)  1.0
Vc,Rd
PLASTIC RESISTANCE Vpl.Rd ELASTIC RESISTANCE
Vpl.Rd  Av fy  
3  M0 VEd fy
 Ed
 3  M0
 1.0  Ed 
VEd S
It
Vz
Av – Shear area Av 

(obtained from clause G
y
6.2.6 (3) of EC3-1-1 or My G
e. n. a.
from tables of profiles).
f 3 
f 
y
y 3 z
Shear stresses - 
 Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC3-1-5, if:
hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and  is in
hw 
 72   235 / fy accordance with EC3-1-5.
tw 
DESIGN OF BEAMS My,V.Rd
Cross section resistance z
Bending and Shear Interaction Vz

fy 
My y fyr
VEd  50% Vpl , Rd NO REDUCTION hm +
fyr
VEd  50 % Vpl , Rd REDUCED MOMENT tw

fy
 (M y) (Vz )
fyr  1    fy   2 VEd Vpl.Rd  12
For I and H cross sections of equal flanges, with bending about the major axis y, the
bending moment resistance My,V,Rd is given by (clause 6.2.8 of EC3-1-1):
  Aw 2  f
M y ,V .Rd 
 Wpl , y   y M AW  hw tw
 4 tw  y , c , Rd
M0
 
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
 Instability phenomenon characterized by the occurrence of large transversal
displacements and rotation about the member axis, under bending moment
about the major axis (y axis).
 This instability phenomenon involves lateral bending (about z axis) and torsion of
cross section.
z
My
y
DESIGN OF BEAMS
 In the study of lateral-torsional buckling of beams, the Elastic Critical Moment Mcr
plays a fundamental role; this quantity is defined as the maximum value of bending
moment supported by a beam, free from any type of imperfections.
 For a simple supported beam with a double symmetric section, with supports prevent
lateral displacements and rotation around member axis (twist rotations), but allowing
warping and rotations around cross section axis (y and z), submitted to a uniform
bending moment My (“standard case”), the elastic critical moment is given by:
   2 E IW 
E
Mcr  G IT E I z 1  2 
L
L  L G IT 
My
C
My  
x
A B Which depend mainly of:
Loading and support conditions;
x´ Length between lateral braced sections (L);
z z´
a) Elevation Lateral bending stiffness (E Iz);
Torsional stiffness (G IT);
Warping stiffness (E Iw).
DESIGN OF BEAMS z z
Lateral-Torsional Buckling CG y

G y
Elastic critical moment C
 0.5 
 E I z  k z  IW k z L2 G IT 
2 2
Mcr  C1 
2  k
  
 C2 z g  C3 z j  2
  
 C2 z g  C3 z j 
k z L  w  Iz  2 E Iz 
 
 
z g  z a  z s  Mcr,1>Mcr Mcr Mcr,2<Mcr
 
 
P
z j  z s   0 .5 y 2  z 2 z dA  I y
C
 
P C C
 A 
- applicable to member with symmetric and mono-symmetric cross sections,

- include the effects of the loading applied below or above the shear centre;
- several degrees of restriction to lateral bending (kz) and warping (kw);
- several shapes of bending moment diagram (C1, C2 and C3 in the next tables).
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Elastic critical moment
- Publication nº 119 do ECCS

(Boissonnade et al. 2006).
- LTBeam software
http://www.cticm.com
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Lateral-torsional buckling resistance (clause 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
 1 .0 Mb.Rd   LT Wy fy  M1
M b.Rd
Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

Wy = Wel.y Class 3;
Wy = Weff.y Class 4.
LT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling, which can be calculated
by one of two methods, depending of member cross section.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
i) General method
1
 LT   LT  1.0

 LT   LT   LT
2

2 0.5
 
 LT  0 .5 1   LT  LT  0 .2   LT  2

 LT  Wy fy Mcr 0.5 Table 6.4 -
Mcr - Elastic critical moment

DESIGN OF BEAMS
ii) Alternative method (rolled sections or equivalent welded sections)
1  LT  1.0  LT ,0  0.4
 LT 
 2
 LT   LT    LT 
2 0.5
 LT  1  LT 2   0.75
 
 LT  0 .5 1   LT  LT   LT ,0    LT  2
 (may be specified in National
Annexes of Eurocode 3)
 LT  Wy fy Mcr 0.5 Table 6.5 -
Mcr - Elastic critical moment

DESIGN OF BEAMS
 LT  LT ,mod  1.0
 LT ,mod 
f


f  1  0.5 1  k c  1  2.0  LT  0.8 
2


f  1.0
Neglect LTB if:
 LT   LT ,0
2
M Ed M cr   LT ,0
DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Safety check of a beam of the building illustrated in the figure (along line E). The beam is composed by a
IPE 600 with 9 m length at the central span; the lateral spans with 6 m length (the governing spans) are
composed by a section IPE 400 in steel S 355. For the lateral buckling check, two cases are considered:
a) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced only at the end support sections;
b) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced at the end support sections and at mid-span section.
A’ C’ E’
A B C D E F
The geometrical and mechanical properties of 4
6.00 m
the section IPE 400 in S 355 steel are:
3
A = 84.46 cm2, b = 180 mm, h = 400 mm, 4.50 m
tf = 13.5 mm, tw = 8.6 mm, Iy = 23130 cm4, 2b

2.50 m
2a
iy = 16.55 cm, Iz = 1318 cm4, iz = 3.95 cm, 2
2.00 m
IT = 51.08 cm4 ; Iw = 490x103 cm6; 6.00 m
fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa. 1

4.00 m 4.50 m 4.50 m 4.00 m
Building plan – master example

DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
139.1 kN
a) Beam laterally braced at supports
75.9 kN 75.2 kN
i) The internal forces (neglecting the
Vz,Ed
axial force) are represented in the figure.
70.7 kN 71.6 kN
The design values are MEd = 114.3 kNm
140.1 kN
and VEd = 75.9 kN. 255.7 kNm 246.3 kNm
93.7 kNm 111.4 kNm 99.2 kNm 109.7 kNm
ii) Cross section classification My,Ed
Web (an internal part) in bending: 114.3 kNm 113.6 kNm
c 331 163.0 kNm

  38 .49  72   72  0 .81  58 .32
t 8 .6
Flange (outstand part) in compression:
c (180  2  21  8 .6) 2
  4 .79  9   9  0 .81  7 .29
t 13 .5
The cross section is class 1

DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iii) Cross section verification

Bending resistance:
MEd  114.3 kNm  Wpl,y fy  M0  1307  106  355  103 1.0  464.0 kNm
Shear resistance:
Av fy 42.69  10 4  355  103
VEd  75.9 kN  Vpl , Rd    875.0 kN
 M0 3 1.0  3
hw 373 .0  0 .81
  43 .4  72  72   58 .3
tw 8 .6  1 .0
So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance.
Bending + Shear:
VEd  75.9 kN  0.50  Vpl,Rd  0.50  875.0  437.5 kN
So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force.
Cross section resistance is verified.

DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iv) Lateral buckling resistance
Assuming the support conditions of the “standard case” and the loading
zg=200 mm
applied at the upper flange level, the elastic critical moment can be CG
400
obtained from the following equation, with L = 6.00 m, kz = kw = 1.0, IPE 400
C1 ≈ 1.80 and C2 ≈ 1.60 (Boissonnade et al., 2006) and zg = 200 mm.
180
 0.5 
 E I z  k z k L G IT  C z  C z 2 
2 2 2
 IW
Mcr  C1    z2    
 C2 z g  C3 z j 
A C
k z L2  kw
2 g 3 j
 Iz  E Iz 
 
 
3m 3m
Mcr  164.7 kNm 6m
93.7 kNm 111.4 kNm
(Using LTBeam My,Ed

–> Mcr = 175.64 kNm)
114.3 kNm
  93.7 111.4  0.84

DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr  164.7 kNm ; Wy  Wpl ,y  1307 cm3   LT  1.68  LT  Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with

h/b=400/180=2.2>2 - Curve b
  LT  0.34
LT  2.16
 LT  0.28  
 LT  0 .5 1   LT  LT  0 .2   LT 2

355  10 3
M b, Rd  0 .28  1307  10  6   129 .9 kNm  114.3 kNm 1
 LT 
 
1 .0
2 2 0.5
 LT   LT   LT
So, the safety is verified (utilization ratio = 114.3/129.9=0.88).
DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
A B C
b) Beam laterally braced at supports and mid-span

i) Cross section verifications are not changed. 3m 3m
6m
ii) Lateral buckling check:

93.7 kNm 111.4 kN
As the beam is laterally braced at mid span cross   93.7 114.3  0.82
section, the critical moment can be evaluated
My,Ed
with L = 3.00 m and a conservative hypothesis of
kz = kw = 1.0. For the given bending moment 114.3 kNm
shape between lateral braced cross sections,
M M
C1 = 2.6 (Boissonnade et al., 2006) .  1.0 2.06 1.000 0.850
0.5 2.15 1.000 0.650

0
.
5
E Lz
I 2
kz
L
G Iz
IT
kzkw
IWIz
2
 
2 E
2 k
  
Mc
C1
C2
zg
C3
zj
C2
zg
C3
zj
   1.0 2.35 1.000 1.3  1.2 f
2
   

z
      
r
  0.5 2.42 0.950 0.77  f

    
 1.0 2.60 1.000 0.55   f
0.5 2.45 0.850 0.35   f

Mcr  1778.8 kNm
 1.0 2.60  f  f
(Using LTBeam – Mcr = 1967.7 kNm) 0.5 2.45  0.125  0.7  f  0.125  0.7 f
DESIGN OF BEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr  1778.8 kNm ; Wy  Wpl ,y  1307 cm3   LT  0.51  LT  Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with

h/b=400/180=2.2>2 - Curve b
  LT  0.34
LT  0.68
 LT  0.89
 
 LT  0 .5 1   LT  LT  0 .2   LT 2

6 355  10 3 1
M b, Rd  0 .89  1307  10   412 .9 kNm  114.3 kNm  LT 
1 .0
So, the safety is verified (utilization ratio = 114.3/412.9=0.28).
 2
 LT   LT   LT 
2 0.5
DESIGN OF BEAM‐COLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
 Class 1 or 2 – Uniaxial bending
MEd  MN,Rd
Double-symmetric I or H sections
1n N
M N , y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd but MN , y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd
1  0 .5  a N pl
Eixo de about
Bending menor inércia
minor axis -- zz
M N , z , Rd  M pl , z , Rd if n a
1.0
Eixo deabout
Bending maior inércia
major axis - -y y
 n  a 
2
M N , z , Rd  M pl , z , Rd 1    
  1  a   if n a
n  NEd N pl.Rd a  A  2 b t f  A  0.50

My
No reduction if HEA
, Mz
NEd  hw tw fy  M0 (z axis) M pl , y M pl , z
N Ed  0.25 N pl , Rd
(y axis) 0
NEd  0.5 hw tw fy  M 0 0 1.0
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
M
z,Ed
 Class 1 or 2 – Bi-axial bending
M y,Ed
NEd

I or H   2;   5 n but   1

 M y , Ed   M z , Ed 
      1 .0 Circular hollow sections   2
 M N , y.Rd   M N , z.Rd 
1.66
n
NE
Rectangular hollow sections    6

 1  1.13 n2
d
p
l
R
d
,
fy N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
 Class 3 or 4  x , Ed   x , Ed   z y
 M0 A Iy Iz
Bending, shear and axial force (clause 6.2.10 of EC3-1-1) – Similar to bending
and shear interaction.
Member stability
Members with high slenderness subjected to bending and compression, may fail
by flexural buckling or lateral-torsional buckling.
Flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling (doubly-symmetric
cross-section):
NEd My.Ed  My , Ed M z.Ed  M z , Ed
 k yy  k yz  1.0 (Eq. 6.61 of EC3-1-1)
 y NRk  M1  LT My , Rk  M1 M z , Rk  M1
eN,y NEd (class 4)
N Ed M y.Ed  M y , Ed M z.Ed  M z , Ed
 k zy  k zz  1.0 (Eq. 6.62 of EC3-1-1)
 z N Rk  M1  LT M y , Rk  M1 M z , Rk  M1
kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz - interaction factors, which are dependent of instability phenomena
and plasticity – Annex A of EC3-1-1 (Method 1) or Annex B (Method 2).
Member stability
i) Members with closed hollow sections or open sections restrained to torsion are
not susceptible to torsional deformation.
ii) Members with open sections (I or H sections) are susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Members not susceptible to torsional deformation – checking of flexural

buckling against y-axis and z-axis, considering eqs. (6.61) and (6.62) with
LT = 1.0 and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members not susceptible to
torsional deformation.
Members susceptible to torsional deformation – checking of lateral-torsional

buckling, considering eqs (6.61) and (6.62) with LT according to 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1
and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for members not
susceptible to torsional deformations
(Table B.1 of EC3-1-1).
Member stability
Method 2 (Annex B
of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for
members susceptible to
torsional deformations
(Table B.2 of EC3-1-1).
DESIGN OF
BEAM‐COLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Equivalent factors of
uniform moment Cmi
(Table B.3 of EC3-1-1)
EXAMPLE 3
Safety check of a beam-column of the first storey of the building illustrated in the figure. The
member, composed by a HEB 320 cross section in steel S 355, has a length of 4.335.
The relevant geometric characteristics of HEB 320 cross

section are: A = 161.3 cm2; Wpl,y = 2149 cm3,
Iy = 30820 cm4, iy = 13.82 cm; Iz = 9239 cm4,
iz = 7.57 cm; IT = 225.1 cm4 and IW = 2069 x 103 cm6.
The mechanical characteristics of the material are:
fy = 355 MPa, E = 210 GPa and G = 81 GPa.
EXAMPLE 3
The design internal forces obtained through the structure

z
analysis (second order) for the various load 65.5 kNm
y
combinations are illustrated in the figure. Two
201 kN 53.0 kN 72.3 kNm 29.8 kNm
simplification are assumed for the subsequent design
verifications: i) the shear force is sufficient small so can 417 kN 41.1 kN 58.6 kNm 32.0 kNm
be neglected; ii) the shape of the bending moment

diagram is linear.
630 kN 41.1 kN 57.1 kNm 29.3 kNm
Design values are: NEd = 1704 kN; My,Ed = 24.8 kNm 841 kN 40.2 kN 55.9 kNm 27.9 kNm
at the base cross section.

1053 kN 39.3 kN 53.8 kNm 29.0 kNm
i) Cross section classification 1262 kN 43.2 kN 68.6 kNm 54.5 kNm
As the compression force is high, the cross section is

1496 kN 50.5 kN 73.5 kNm 10.6 kNm
classified under compression only (conservative approach).
As the section HEB 320 is a stocky section, even under this 1704 kN 29.4 kN 24.8 kNm
load condition, is class 1. NEd Vz,Ed My,Ed

EXAMPLE 3
ii) Cross section resistance

The design internal forces: My,Ed = 24.6 kNm and NEd = 1704 kN (compression).
NEd
N pl ,Rd  A fy  M0  161.3  104  355  103 1.0  5726.2 kN
My,Ed
As, NEd  1704 kN  N pl ,Rd  5726.2 kN, the axial force resistance is verified.
Since, NEd  1704kN  0.25 Npl, Rd  1431.5 kN ,
in accordance with clause 6.2.9.1(4) of EC3-1-1, it is necessary to

reduce the plastic bending resistance (to MN,y,Rd):
Wpl ,y fy 2149  106  355  103
M pl ,y ,Rd    762.9 kNm A  2 b tf 161.3  2  30  2.05
 Mo 1.0 a   0.24
A 161.3
1n 1  0.30
MN,y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd  762.9   606.9 kNm NEd 1704
1  0.5 a 1  0.5  0.24 n   0.30
N pl ,Rd 5726.2
As, M y , Ed  24 .8 kNm  M N , y , Rd  606 .9 kNm , the bending resistance is verified.

EXAMPLE 3
iii) Verification of the stability of the member
In this example the Method 2 is applied. As the member is susceptible to torsional

deformations (thin-walled open cross section), it is assumed that lateral-torsional buckling
constitutes the relevant instability mode. Since Mz,Ed = 0, the following conditions must be
verified:
NEd My , Ed
 k yy  1.0
 y NRk  M1  LT My ,Rk  M1
N Ed M y , Ed
 k zy  1 .0
 z N Rk  M1  LT M y , Rk  M1
Step 1: characteristic resistance of the cross section
NRk  A fy  161.3  10 4  355  103  5726.2 kN
M y , Rk  Wpl , y f y  2149  10 6  355  10 3  762 .9 kNm

EXAMPLE 3
z
Step 2: reduction coefficients due to flexural buckling, y and z
y
h 320 tf  20.5 mm  100mm 320
  1.07  1.2 and
b 300 HEB 320
300
flexural buckling around y  curve b (  0.34)

flexural buckling around z  curve c (  0.49).
Plane xz - LE,y = 4.335 m.

LE,y 1 4.335 1
y     0.41
iy 1 13.82  102 93.9  0.81
 y  0.62   y  0.92
Plane xy - LE,z = 4.335 m

LE , z 1 4.335 1
z  
i z 1 7.57  10  2

93.9  0.81
 0.75

 
  0 .5 1     0 .2   
2

 
1
0.5
    2   
2
 z  0.92   z  0.69  
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
welded sections (clause 6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1)
5 kNm 10.6 kNm
The length between braced sections is L = 4.335 m. The critical
moment Mcr assuming a linear diagram, in this example obtained
just by LTBeam software, is given by:
 0.5
24.8 kNm
Mcr  5045.1 kNm  6 3
 LT  2149  10  355  10 5045.1  0.39
My,Ed
Rolled I or H sections with h b  320 300  1.07  2 
curve b, and  LT  0.34 Table 6.4 -
Taking LT ,0  0.4 and   0.75

 LT  0 .5  1  0 .34  0 .39  0 .4   0 .75  0 .39 2 
 0 .56
1
 LT   0.99
 2
0.56  0.56  0.75  0.39 
2 0.5
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
welded sections (clause 6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1)
The correction factor kc, according to Table 6.6 of EC3-1-1, with  = 10.6/(-24.8) = - 0.43, is
given by:
1 1
kc    0.68
1.33  0.33  1.33  0.33  (0.43)


f  1  0.5  1  kc   1  2.0   LT  0.8 
2



 1  0.5  1  0.68  1  2.0  0.39  0.8  0.89
2

The modified lateral-torsional buckling reduction factor is
given by:
 LT ,mod  0.99 0.89  1.11  1.00
So,  LT ,mod  1.00 must be adopted.

EXAMPLE 3
Step 4: interaction factors kyy and kzy.

The equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmy and CmLT are obtained based on the bending
moment diagram, between braced sections according to the z direction in case of Cmy and
laterally in case of CmLT. Assuming the member braced in z direction and laterally just at the
base and top cross sections, the factors Cmy and CmLT must be calculated based on the bending
moment diagram along the total length of the member.
Since the bending moment diagram

is assumed linear, defined by:
My,Ed,base= -24.8 kNm;
My,Ed,top = 10.4 kNm, from Table B.3
of EC3-1-1, is obtained: 5 kNm 10.6 kNm
  My,Ed,top My,Ed,base  10.6  24.8  0.43 
C my  C mLT  0.60  0.4   0.43  0.43 ( 0.40) 24.8 kNm

My,Ed
EXAMPLE 3
Because the member is susceptible to torsional deformations, the interaction factors kyy and kzy
are obtained from Table B.2 of EC3-1-1, through the following calculations:
 

k yy  C my 1  y  0.2
NEd
 
  0.43  1  0.41  0.2 
 y NRk  M1 
1704 
  0.46;
0.92  5726.2 1.0 
 
 NEd  k yy  0.46
As k yy  C my 1  0.8   0.54 , then
  y NRk  M1 

 0.1z NEd  Step 5: Finally, the verification of equations 6.61
k zy   1  
 CmLT  0.25  z NRk  M1  and 6.62 of EC3-1-1 yields:
 0.1  0.75 1704 
 1  0.82 1704 24.8
 0.43  0.25 0.69  5726.2 1.0   0.46   0.34  1.0
0.92  5726.2 1.0 1.00  762.9 1.0
 0.1 NEd 
As k zy  1   0.76
 C mLT  0.25  z NRk  M1  1704
 0.82 
24.8
 0.46  1.0
0.69  5726.2 1.0 1.00  762.1 1.0
then k zy  0.82
Section O.K.
 Free software for design of steel members in accordance

with EC3-1-1.
Beam-columns design
Design of cellular beams
http://www.constructalia.com
http://www.steelconstruct.com
Thank you for your attention

rads@dec.uc.pt

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Design of Members

Torsion – less common

RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS

 Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different My G

approaches, depending of cross section shape, cross section

 Section properties – gross section, net section

MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE

 Rolled open or closed sections, welded sections or built-up sections – The

i) Plastic resistance N c , Rd  A f y  M 0 (class 1, 2 or 3)

ii) Buckling resistance – Nb,Rd, in general the flexural buckling

Critical stress Slenderness Radius of gyration

Imperfections or real columns (geometrical

 is the reduction factor for the

Torsional or flexural-torsional buckling

T  Aeff fy Ncr (Class 4)

ii) Cross section classification – section HEB 340 in pure compression.

Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

c (340  2  21.5  2  27)

Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

HEB 340 cross section, steel S 355, in pure compression is class 1.

iii) Cross section verification - class 1 in pure compression.

iv) Buckling resistance.

Buckling in the plan x-z (around y) - LEy  4.335 m

Buckling in the plan x-y (around z) - LEz  4.335 m

Determination of the slenderness LEy 4.335 y

210  106 LEz 4.335 z

Calculation of the reduction factor min z

Nb,Rd   z A fy  M1  0.69  170.9  104  355  103 1.0  4186.2 kN

As, NEd  3326.0 kN  Nb,Rd  4186.2 kN

Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,….)

Welded sections in non-uniform beams

Uniaxial bending (clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1)

 Class 1 or 2 Mc.Rd  Wpl fy  M 0

 Class 3 Mc.Rd  Wel. min fy  M0

 Class 4 Mc.Rd  Weff .min fy  M0

Bi-axial bending (clause 6.2.9 of EC3.1.1) I or H   2;   5 n but   1

Bending and Shear Interaction Vz

VEd  50 % Vpl , Rd REDUCED MOMENT tw

fyr  1    fy   2 VEd Vpl.Rd  12

Lateral-Torsional Buckling CG y

z g  z a  z s  Mcr,1>Mcr Mcr Mcr,2<Mcr

- applicable to member with symmetric and mono-symmetric cross sections,

Elastic critical moment

- Publication nº 119 do ECCS

Lateral-torsional buckling resistance (clause 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1)

Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

Mcr - Elastic critical moment

 LT  Wy fy Mcr 0.5 Table 6.5 -

Mcr - Elastic critical moment

Neglect LTB if:

The geometrical and mechanical properties of 4

tf = 13.5 mm, tw = 8.6 mm, Iy = 23130 cm4, 2b

IT = 51.08 cm4 ; Iw = 490x103 cm6; 6.00 m

fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa. 1

Building plan – master example

ii) Cross section classification My,Ed

Web (an internal part) in bending: 114.3 kNm 113.6 kNm

c 331 163.0 kNm

Flange (outstand part) in compression:

The cross section is class 1

iii) Cross section verification

So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance.

Cross section resistance is verified.