Contents
[hide]
• 1 Mechanical advantage
• 2 Comparison with other drive mechanisms
• 3 Gear types
○ 3.1 External vs. internal gears
○ 3.2 Spur gears
○ 3.3 Helical gears
○ 3.4 Double helical gears
○ 3.5 Bevel gears
3.5.1 Crown gear
○ 3.6 Hypoid gears
○ 3.7 Worm gear
○ 3.8 Rack and pinion
○ 3.9 Sun and planet gear
○ 3.10 Non-circular gear
○ 3.11 Harmonic Drive gear
• 4 Epicyclic gearing
• 5 Nomenclature
○ 5.1 General nomenclature
○ 5.2 Tooth contact nomenclature
5.2.1 Point of contact
5.2.2 Line of contact
5.2.3 Path of action
5.2.4 Line of action
5.2.5 Surface of action
5.2.6 Plane of action
5.2.7 Zone of action (contact zone)
5.2.8 Path of contact
5.2.9 Length of action
5.2.10 Arc of action, Qt
5.2.11 Arc of approach, Qa
5.2.12 Arc of recess, Qr
5.2.13 Contact ratio, mc, ε
5.2.14 Transverse contact ratio, mp, εα
5.2.15 Face contact ratio, mF, εβ
5.2.16 Total contact ratio, mt, εγ
5.2.17 Modified contact ratio, mo
5.2.18 Limit diameter
5.2.19 Start of active profile (SAP)
5.2.20 Face advance
• 6 Backlash
• 7 Shifting of gears
• 8 Tooth profile
○ 8.1 Undercut
• 9 Pitch
○ 9.1 Circular pitch, p
○ 9.2 Transverse circular pitch, pt
○ 9.3 Normal circular pitch, pn, pe
○ 9.4 Axial pitch, px
○ 9.5 Normal base pitch, pN, pbn
○ 9.6 Transverse base pitch, pb, pbt
○ 9.7 Diametral pitch (transverse), Pd
○ 9.8 Normal diametral pitch, Pnd
○ 9.9 Angular pitch, θN, τ
• 10 Cage gear
• 11 Gear materials
• 12 Tooth thickness
○ 12.1 Circular thickness
○ 12.2 Transverse circular thickness
○ 12.3 Normal circular thickness
○ 12.4 Axial thickness
○ 12.5 Base circular thickness
○ 12.6 Normal chordal thickness
○ 12.7 Chordal addendum (chordal height)
○ 12.8 Profile shift
○ 12.9 Rack shift
○ 12.10 Measurement over pins
○ 12.11 Span measurement
○ 12.12 Modified addendum teeth
○ 12.13 Full-depth teeth
○ 12.14 Stub teeth
○ 12.15 Equal addendum teeth
○ 12.16 Long and short-addendum teeth
• 13 Gear Design Based upon Module System
• 14 See also
• 15 References
• 16 General sources
• 17 External links
A crown gear
A crown gear or contrate gear is a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at right
angles to the plane of the wheel; in their orientation the teeth resemble the points on a crown. A
crown gear can only mesh accurately with another bevel gear, although crown gears are
sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also sometimes meshed with an
escapement such as found in mechanical clocks.
[edit] Hypoid gears
Main article: Hypoid
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears, except that the shaft axes are offset, not intersecting.
The pitch surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in fact hyperboloids
of revolution.[5][6] Hypoid gears are almost always designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees.
Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact
between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear
teeth. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result
that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are "entirely feasible" using a single set of hypoid gears.[7]
[edit] Worm gear
A worm and gear from a Meccano construction set
Main article: Worm gear
A worm is a gear that resembles a screw. It is a species of helical gear, but its helix angle is
usually somewhat large(ie., somewhat close to 90 degrees) and its body is usually fairly long in
the axial direction; and it is these attributes which give it its screw like qualities. A worm is
usually meshed with an ordinary looking, disk-shaped gear, which is called the "gear", the
"wheel", the "worm gear", or the "worm wheel". The prime feature of a worm-and-gear set is
that it allows the attainment of a high gear ratio with few parts, in a small space. Helical gears
are, in practice, limited to gear ratios of 10:1 and under; worm gear sets commonly have gear
ratios between 10:1 and 100:1, and occasionally 500:1.[8] In worm-and-gear sets, where the
worm's helix angle is large, the sliding action between teeth can be considerable, and the
resulting frictional loss causes the efficiency of the drive to be usually less than 90 percent,
sometimes less than 50 percent, which is far less than other types of gears.[9]
The distinction between a worm and a helical gear is made when at least one tooth persists for a
full 360 degree turn around the helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is a 'helical gear'. A
worm may have as few as one tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around the helix, the
worm will appear, superficially, to have more than one tooth, but what one in fact sees is the
same tooth reappearing at intervals along the length of the worm. The usual screw nomenclature
applies: a one-toothed worm is called "single thread" or "single start"; a worm with more than
one tooth is called "multiple thread" or "multiple start".
We should note that the helix angle of a worm is not usually specified. Instead, the lead angle,
which is equal to 90 degrees minus the helix angle, is given.
In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive the gear. However, if the gear attempts to
drive the worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the lead angle is small, the gear's teeth
may simply lock against the worm's teeth, because the force component circumferential to the
worm is not sufficient to overcome friction. Whether this will happen depends on a function of
several parameters; however, an approximate rule is that if the tangent of the lead angle is greater
than the coefficient of friction, the gear will not lock.[10] Worm-and-gear sets that do lock in the
above manner are called "self locking". The self locking feature can be an advantage, as for
instance when it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by turning the worm and then have
the mechanism hold that position. An example of this is the tuning mechanism on some types of
stringed instruments.
Helical and Worm Hand, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary helical gear only point contact between teeth
will be achieved.[11] If medium to high power transmission is desired, the tooth shape of the gear
is modified to achieve more intimate contact with the worm thread. A noticeable feature of most
such gears is that the tooth tops are concave, so that the gear partly envelopes the worm. A
further development is to make the worm concave (viewed from the side, perpendicular to its
axis) so that it partly envelopes the gear as well; this is called a cone-drive or Hindley worm.[12]
A right hand helical gear or right hand worm is one in which the teeth twist clockwise as they
recede from an observer looking along the axis. The designations, right hand and left hand, are
the same as in the long established practice for screw threads, both external and internal. Two
external helical gears operating on parallel axes must be of opposite hand. An internal helical
gear and its pinion must be of the same hand.It is used to get high velocity ratio.
A left hand helical gear or left hand worm is one in which the teeth twist counterclockwise as
they recede from an observer looking along the axis.[2]
[edit] Rack and pinion
Epicyclic gearing
Main article: epicyclic gearing
In an ordinary gear train, the gears rotate but their axes are stationary. An epicyclic gear train is
one in which one or more of the axes also moves. Examples are the sun and planet gear system
invented by the company of James Watt, in which the axis of the planet gear revolves around the
central sun gear; and the differential gear system used to drive the wheels of automobiles, in
which the axis of the central bevel pinion is turned "end over end" by the ring gear, the drive to
the wheels being taken off by bevel gears meshing with the central bevel pinion. With the
differential gearing, the sum of the two wheel speeds is fixed, but how it is divided between the
two wheels is undetermined, so the outer wheel can run faster and the inner wheel slower on
corners.
[edit] Nomenclature
[edit] General nomenclature
Gear parts labelled
Common abbreviations:
• n. Rotational velocity. (Measured, for example, in r.p.m.)
• ω Angular velocity. (Radians per unit time.) (1 r.p.m. = π/30 radians per second.)
• N. Number of teeth.
Gear terminology:
• Gear or wheel. The larger of two interacting gears.
• Pinion. The smaller gear in a pair.
• Path of contact. The path followed by the point of contact between two meshing gear
teeth.
• Line of action, also called 'Pressure line'. The line along which the force between two
meshing gear teeth is directed. It has the same direction as the force vector. In general,
the line of action changes from moment to moment during the period of engagement of a
pair of teeth. For involute gears, however, the tooth-to-tooth force is always directed
along the same line -- that is, the line of action is constant. this implies that for involute
gears the path of contact is also a straight line, coincident with the line of action -- as is
indeed the case.
Further note on tooth force: If two rigid objects make contact, they always do so at a point (or points)
where the tangents to their surfaces coincide -- that is, where there is a common tangent. The perpendicular
to the common tangent at the point of contact is called the common normal. Ignoring friction, the force
exerted by the objects on each other is always directed along the common normal. Thus, for meshing gear
teeth, the line of action is the common normal to the tooth surfaces.
• Axis. The axis of revolution of the gear; center line of the shaft.
• Pitch point (p). The point where the line of action crosses a line joining the two gear
axes.
• Pitch circle. A circle, centered on and perpendicular to the axis, and passing through the
pitch point. Sometimes also called the 'pitch line', although it is a circle.
• Pitch diameter (D). Diameter of a pitch circle. Equal to twice the perpendicular distance
from the axis to the pitch point. The nominal gear size is usually the pitch diameter.
• Module (m). The module of a gear is equal to the pitch diameter divided by the number
of teeth. [13].
• Operating pitch diameters. The pitch diameters determined from the number of teeth
and the center distance at which gears operate.[2] Example for pinion:
• Pitch surface. For cylindrical gears, this is the cylinder formed by projecting a pitch
circle in the axial direction. More generally, it is the surface formed by the sum of all the
pitch circles as one moves along the axis. Eg., for bevel gears it is a cone.
• Angle of action. Angle with vertex at the gear center, one leg on the point where mating
teeth first make contact, the other leg on the point where they disengage.
• Arc of action. The segment of a pitch circle subtended by the angle of action.
• Pressure angle (ø). The complement of the angle between the direction that the teeth
exert force on each other, and the line joining the centers of the two gears. For involute
gears, the teeth always exert force along the line of action, which, for involute gears, is a
straight line; and thus, for involute gears, the pressure angle is constant.
• Outside diameter (Do). Diameter of the gear, measured from the tops of the teeth.
• Root diameter. Diameter of the gear, measured from the base of the tooth space.
• Addendum (a). The radial distance from the pitch surface to the outermost point of the
tooth. a = (Do - D) / 2.
• Dedendum (b). The radial distance from the depth of the tooth trough to the pitch
surface. b = (D - root diameter) / 2.
• Whole depth (ht). Whole depth (tooth depth) is the total depth of a tooth space, equal to
addendum plus dedendum, also equal to working depth plus clearance.[2]
• Clearance. Clearance is the distance between the root circle of a gear and the addendum
circle of its mate.[2]
• Working depth. Working depth is the depth of engagement of two gears, that is, the sum
of their operating addendums.[2]
• Circular pitch (p). The distance from one face of a tooth to the corresponding face of an
adjacent tooth on the same gear, measured along the pitch circle.
• Diametral pitch (Pd). The ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter. Eg., could
be measured in teeth per inch or teeth per centimeter.
• Base circle. Applies only to involute gears, where the tooth profile is the involute of the
base circle. The radius of the base circle is somewhat smaller than that of the pitch circle.
• Base pitch (pb). Applies only to involute gears. It is the distance from one face of a tooth
to the corresponding face of an adjacent tooth on the same gear, measured along the base
circle. Sometimes called the 'normal pitch'.
• Interference. Contact between teeth other than at the intended parts of their surfaces.
• Interchangeable set. A set of gears, any of which will mate properly with any other.
Helical gears:
• Helix angle (ψ). The angle between a tangent to the helix and the gear axis. Is zero in the
limiting case of a spur gear.
• Normal circular pitch (pn). Circular pitch in the plane normal to the teeth.
• Transverse circular pitch (p). Circular pitch in the plane of rotation of the gear.
Sometimes just called "circular pitch". pn = p cos(ψ).
• Several other helix parameters can be viewed either in the normal or transverse planes.
The subscript " n " usually indicates the normal.
Worm gears:
• Lead. The distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the next turn
of the same thread, measured parallel to the axis.
• Linear pitch (p). The distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on
the adjacent thread, measured parallel to the axis. For a single-thread worm, lead and
linear pitch are the same.
• Lead angle (λ). The angle between a tangent to the helix and a plane perpendicular to the
axis. Note that it is the complement of the helix angle which isusually given for helical
gears.
• Pitch diameter (Dw). Same as described earlier in this list. Note that for a worm it is still
measured in a plane perpendicular to the gear axis, not a tilted plane.
• Subscript " w " denotes the worm, " g " denotes the gear.
[edit] Tooth contact nomenclature
[edit] Point of contact
degrees or radians
[edit] Cage gear
The cage gear, also called lantern gear or lantern pinion, has been used for centuries. Its teeth
are cylindrical rods, parallel to the axle and arranged in a circle around it, much as the bars on a
round bird cage or lantern. The assembly is held together by disks at either end into which the
tooth rods and axle are set.
[edit] Gear materials
G
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s Spur gear systems • Worm gear • Rack and pinion • Epicyclic (planetary) gearing • Sun
y and planet gear • Harmonic drive • Cycloidal drive • Non-circular gear
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G Involute • Cycloid
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G
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e Transmission • Differential • Gear coupling • Gear train • Bicycle gearing • Continuously
c variable transmission • Offset (gears)
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m In Bicycles: Cogset • Derailleur gears • Hub gear • Shaft-driven bicycle • Sprocket
p In Horology: Wheel train
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Ball screw • Leadscrew • Jackscrew • Belt drive • Chain drive • Gear manufacturing •
a Odontograph • Odontometer • Freewheel
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Kinematic Pair
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Revolute joint, Prismatic joint, Cylindrical joint, Screw joint, Planar joint, Spherical joint
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Cam, Gears
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"
Category: Gears
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