Group II

15 777 007 Fitria Widyaningrum

15 777 015 Aminah

15 777 018 Vikhi Dwi Runi Putera

15 777 027 Moh. Sabir

15 777 030 Chairiahnissah

15 777 034 Hendra Firmansyah

15 777 041 Misrah

INTRODUCTION

Infection is one of the main contributors to cancer development.

Infeksi adalah salah satu kontribusi utama perkembangan kanker.

INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND ASSOCIATED CANCERS

EBV can cause several types of cancer, including naspharyngeal carcinoma, this disease
common in South – Easth Asia and Africa. Cronic infection of HBV and HCV to cause
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A HCV can be cause non-hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).

HPV can cause cervical carcinoma. H Pylory can cause B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoma
tissue. Shcistosoma haematobium can cause urinary bladder cancer.

Marker cell polymavirus, a rare skin cancer arising in the elderly and chronical
immunosuppressed individuals.

EBV dapat menyebabkan beberapa jenis kanker, termasuk kanker nasoparing, kejadian ini
sering ditemukan di asia tenggara dan afrika. Infeksi kronik HBV dan HCV diketahui sebagai
penyebab kanker hepar. HCV dapat menyebabkan limpoma non-hodgkin. HPV dan
menyebabkan kanker mulut Rahim. Helicobacter pylori dapat menyebabkan kanker lambung,
infeksi dari parasite dapat menyebabkan kanker buli-buli.

Ini semua dapat disebabkan karena faktor usia yang maskin tua dan juga faktor imunitas tubuh
seseorang.

GLOBAL BURDEN OF CANCERS ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFECTION

The number of cancer attributable to infection is dependent on the number of cancer case and
population attributable fraction. The majority of the global burden of cancer attributable to
infection accurs in less developed regions.

Jumlah kanker yang disebabkan oleh infeksi, bergantung pada jumlah kasus dan populasi.
Sebagaian besar infeksi terjadi di negara-negara yang kurang berkembang.

NPC is actually more prevalent in less developed regions like South-Eastern Asia. And HNL is
more prevalent in more developed regions, like Northem America and else.

Angka kejadian NCP terbanyak pada negara berkembang seperti Asia selatan sampai Asia
timur. Dan angka kejadian HNL terbanyak juga pada negara berkembang seperti Amerika
Utara dan lainnya.

And more cause, that high risk for lymphoma in less developed regions tend to die if infectious
disease before lymphoma can development.

Dan penyebab lain yang beresiko tingginya pada limpoma terbanyak pada negara yang
berkembang, yang dapat menyebabkan kematian

Liver cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide to be responsible for
nearly deaths in 2012.

Kanker hati adalah penyebab kematian kedua di tahun 2012.

Kaposi sarcoma is relativelt rare cancer

Kaposi sarcoma jarang ditemukan

Cervical carcinoma is fourth most common cancer in women, and that’s develop in less develop
regions.

Kanker serviks merupakan kanker ke empat yang paling umum pada wanita, dan itu dapat
berkembang di negara berkembang.

Gastrical carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer in the world. Urinary bladder cancer is
sixth most common cancer in men, the regions of high incident in men include Southerm Europe
and else.

Kanker lambung merupakan kanker ke lima di dunia dan kanker buli-buli adalah kanker ke
enam terbesar di dunia dan sering dijumpai pada laki-laki, dan berkembang pada negara
berkembang seperti Eropa selatan.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Epstein-Barr Virus

EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) infection is common has been detected in population around the world
and infection tend to children aged 3 or 4 years,

Infeksi EBV telah terdeksi di seluruh populasi di dunia. EBV cenderung terjadi pada anak-anak
usia 3-4 yahun.

NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) is a higly invasive malignancy, EBV can growth to and result
NPC.

NPC adalah keganasan yang sangat invasive yang jarang terjadi disebagian negara.

EBV infection is associated with several tumor of lymphoid tissue. And high prevalens in Papua
Nugini and Africa. And 95% of Burkitt lymphoma is attributable to EBV and cytogenetic
changes that are sufficient to develop this disease.
HEPATITIS B VIRUS

HBV is transmitted by percutaneous and permucosal exposure to infected blood and other body
fluid, includinsemen and vaginal fluid and also by blood transfusions and sexual contact. And the
most high prevalence in Northern America.

Chronic infection with HBV is associated with an increased risk for HCC, and the HBV is non-
cytophatic virus and the hepatic inflammation that’s so depend of host immune response.

HBV ditularkan melalui paparan perkutan dan permucosal terhadap darah yang terinfeksi dan
cairan tubuh lainnya, termasuk insemen dan cairan vagina dan juga melalui transfusi darah dan
kontak seksual. Dan prevalensi paling tinggi di Amerika Utara.

Infeksi kronis dengan HBV dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko HCC, dan HBV adalah virus
non-sitopatik dan peradangan hati yang sangat tergantung pada respons imun inang.

HEPATITIS C VIRUS

HCV is transmitted by transfusion of blood and blood products, transplantation of solid organs
from infected donors, injection drug abuse, unsafe therapeutic injections, and occupational
exposure to blood. And high prevalence are Asian and Africa.

Chronic infection with HCV is one of the major risk factors for hepatic cancer.

Mechanism of HCV infection for HCC is unknowing. HCV has an exclusive cytoplasm.

And to make chronic inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis and oxidative.

HCV ditularkan melalui transfusi darah dan produk darah, transplantasi organ padat dari donor
yang terinfeksi, penyalahgunaan narkoba suntikan, suntikan terapeutik yang tidak aman, dan
pajanan darah di tempat kerja. Dan prevalensi tinggi adalah Asia dan Afrika.

Infeksi kronis dengan HCV adalah salah satu faktor risiko utama untuk kanker hati.
Mekanisme infeksi HCV untuk HCC tidak diketahui. HCV memiliki sitoplasma eksklusif.

Dan untuk membuat peradangan kronis, steatosis, fibrosis dan oksidatif.

KAPOSI SARCOMA HERPES VIRUS

KSHV or HHV-8 is a causal factor for Kaposi sarcoma, and it can transmitted primary via saliva.
And the peak age of transmission is generally between 6 and 10 years. And that can be high risk
factor if there is a family member infection, especially mother. The other risk factors is
homosexual.

Primary effusion lyphoma is a very rare subgroup of B-cell NHL, which present as pleural,
peritoneal, and pericardial lyphomatous effusion.

KSHV is able to increase the life span of infected.

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1

HIV-1 is transmitted by 3 main routes, like sexual intercourse, blood contac, and from mother to
infant, the high prevalence in more developed regions.

The 3 most common cancer in HIV-1 infected in individual are KSHV, lymphomas, and
anogenital carcinomas. And the 3 essential properties are transmission, lytic replication and
latency.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS

HPV infection is a cause of cervical carcinoma. It can transmitted manly trought direct skin to
skin or skin to mucosal skin. And the highr prevalence in sub-sahara Africa.

HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE 1

HTLV-1 can be transmitted via sexual intercourse, from mother to child trought breastfeeding
and via transfusion of infected blood product or sharing of needles and syringes. HTLV-1 can be
ATLL infected.

The factors like viral genes, genetic and apigenetic alterations and the host immune system.

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

The prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori infection varies widely by geographic area, age, race, and
economic status. The most infections occur in early childhood. And the infected under developed
regions. The virulence factors like cytotoxinassociated gene pathogenicity island-endcoded
virulence factor.

HELMINTH INFECTION

C sinensis and O viverrini infections are caused primary by the ingestion of raw or undercooked
infected fish. The high prevalences in Asia like Cina, Kore, Thailand, laos, Vietnam, dan
Kamboja. But the high prevalence in Asia is Thailand. This infection can make bile ducts
undergo severe pathological inflammatory.

S haematobium is associated with the bladder cancer. And the egg of this parasite can induce
chronic inflammation and irritation in the urinary bladder,

BURDEN OF CANCERS ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFECTIONS

In the world, prevalence of cancer could be attributed to infection with EBV, HBV, HIV-1, HPV,
HTLV-1, H Pylori, liver flukes or Schistosomes.

There is 26,3% fewer cancer in less developed regions.

In women, cervical carcinoma accounted for about half of the infection.

In men, HCC and gastric carcinoma accounted for more the 80%. And can to infection occurred
in people younger the 50 years old.
ROLE OF TREATMENT OF INFECTION ON CANCER RISK

The primary treatment goals for patients with HBV and HCV infection are to prevent
progression of the infection expecially to cirrhosis and HCC. Combination of PEG IFN and
ribavirin has been widely used for the treatment.

A combination of various antibiotics has been used to eradicate H Pylori.

Praziquantel is the major chemotherapeutic agent to treat C sinensis.

PREVENTIVE METHODS

For the prevention methods of infection, like vaccnations of HBV and HPV, safer injection
practices, quality-assured screening of all donated blood and blood components, antimicrobial
treatment, eating habits that avoid raw and other

CONCLUSION

The global burden of cancer attributable to infection is substantial and less developed regions
shoulder the majority of the burder. Existing preventive methods other than vaccination can also
help to decrease the future burder of cancer worldwide