The fragrant odour of benzene and its derivatives led them to being classed as
“aromatic”. This classification now has a chemical meaning – “aromaticity” is associated
with a special stability resulting from structure.
Elucidation of the structure posed a problem – the molecular formula C6H6 indicated a
highly unsaturated compound (double and/or triple bonds) but benzene does not show
this behaviour.
but this would imply alternating single and double bonds (C-C = 1.47Å, C=C = 1.34Å).
Later spectroscopic evidence showed all bond lengths to be equal and intermediate
between single and double bond lengths (1.39 Å). It was also found that benzene was a
flat (planar) molecule.
We now look at benzene using two different possible approaches to try to describe its
stability.
-Try to represent both single and double bond character of each bond.
Remember with resonance structures, neither of the extremes actually exists – the
structure is somewhere in between.
Further, all bond angles in benzene are 120º (revise 12.5), π electrons are delocalised.
Resonance theory states that if more than one resonance form can be drawn for a
molecule, then the actual structure is somewhere in between them. Furthermore, the
actual energy of the molecule is lower than might be expected for any of the contributing
structures. If a molecule has equivalent resonance structures it is much more stable than
either canonical would be – hence the extra stability of benzene (called resonance
energy).
The bond angles of 120° in benzene suggests that C atoms are sp2 hybridised. An
alternative representation therefore starts with a planar framework and considers overlap
of the p orbitals (π electrons).
(Simple MO rules)
The exact calculation of their position (shown below) is beyond our discussion.
Each MO can accommodate 2 electrons, so for benzene we see all electrons are paired
and occupy low energy MO’s (bonding MO’s). All bonding MO’s are filled. Benzene is
therefore said to have a closed bonding shell of delocalised π electrons and this
accounts in part for the stability of benzene.
There is a simple “trick” for working out the orbital energies (625):
For monocyclic planar compounds in which each atom has a p orbital (as in benzene)
Hückel showed that compounds with (4n + 2) π electrons, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 etc,
would have closed shells of delocalised π electrons and should show exceptional
stability (high resonance energy º “aromatic”).
i.e. planar monocycles with 2, 6, 10, 14….delocalised π electrons should be “aromatic”.
i.e. π electrons are delocalised over the entire ring and the compound is thereby
stabilised by the delocalisation.
Monocyclic compounds with alternating single and double bonds are termed Annulenes.
Thus: benzene is [6] annulene and COT is [8] annulene.
What about [10] annulene? - predict it would be a stable aromatic compound. However,
H’s interfere preventing planarity therefore it is not aromatic.
(Note: naphthalene. Not really a test of Hückel’s rule since it is bicyclic but we can
regard it as a similar case if we look at periphery!)
The definitions:-
1. If, on ring closure, the π electron energy of an open chain polyene (alternating
single and double bonds) decreases the molecule is classified as aromatic.
e.g.
2. If, on ring closure, the π electron energy increases, the molecule is classified as
antiaromatic.
3. If, on ring closure, the π electron energy remains the same the molecule is
classified as non-aromatic e.g. COT (just a polyene).
Fact: Has a single unsplit signal for H at d 7.27 ppm. This tells us that all
H are equivalent.
Importantly the signal appears at a low field strength – so the nuclei are deshielded
compared to normal alkene protons.
This causes the H nuclei to be strongly deshielded – the protons sense the sum of the two
fields and therefore the applied field B0 does not have to be as high (strong).
Thus delocalised π electrons cause peripheral protons to absorb at very low magnetic
field strengths.
“Cyclic systems which exhibit diamagnetic ring current and in which all of the ring atoms
are involved in a single conjugated system.”
Aromatic Ions
Also
Difference (357 – 207 = 150 kJ/mol) is called the “Resonance Energy” of benzene.
So far we have only considered carbon skeleton compounds. However, many compounds
we find in nature are cyclic compounds with an element other than carbon in the ring.
These are called Heterocyclic compounds. Further, some are aromatic compounds - can
be termed heteroaromatic.
However, the degree of aromaticity (extra stability) may vary as the heteroatom changes.
In the Diels Alder reaction a double bond adds to a 1,3 conjugated diene (4+2
cycloaddition) to give a 6-membered ring.
Favoured by electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile and electron donating groups
on the diene e.g.
An indication of the stability of benzene over that indicated by is that it does not
undergo a Diels Alder reaction, despite the fact that we can ‘locate’ a diene fragment in
its structure.
But interestingly
We know
And that
Pyridine – contains electron withdrawing N in place of CH \less reactive towards
electrophiles (E+) - π deficient system.