THE EFFECTS OF LACK OF SLEEP TOWARDS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty

Of the Basic Education Department of

University of Cebu-LM

Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

English 9

by:

DAFFEL CHAL SABROSO KATE ROSAROSO

ANA MARIE SENO MARIA ANA SENO

CHARISSE WENCESLAO AL GABRIEL SALIGAN

CHRISTIAN DAVE RAMOS KELN GARRYLE YBANEZ

KYLE ASHLEY R TILAR

March 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement
List of Tables and Figures (Optional)
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Abstract
Table of Contents
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study 1
Theoretical Background
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Environment
Research Respondents
Research Instruments
Research Procedures
Data Gathering
Treatment of Data
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Appendix A- Transmittal Letter
Appendix B- Research Instrument
Appendix C- Location Map
CURRICULUM VITAE
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

This study will assess the effects of sleep deprivation towards academic

performances. Any prolonged sleep deprivation will affect your mood, energy level and

ability to focus, concentrate and learn which directly affects your academic

performances. The cause of consumption of caffeinated beverages, like coffee, tea or

energy drink, students might be at risk for developing insomnia, as well as, increased

risks for alcohol abuse and road accidents. The truth is, pulling all-nighters and

maintaining bad sleeping habits will be detrimental to your health. Students of different

education levels from school to university are chronically sleep deprived or suffer from

poor sleep quality and consequent daytime sleepiness. The sleep quality and quantity

are closely related to student learning capacity and academic performance. In addition,

the sleep loss is frequently associated with poor declarative and procedural learning in

students. This study also assess that bad sleeping patterns contributes to poor academic

performances.

This research will manifest the impact of lack of sleep to the students'

performances in school. In addition, lack of sleep can affect the ability to concentrate in

class and focus on what the lessons are. The students prefer to go to sleep than paying

attention to the discussions. In other words, low grades will be their opponent.
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In addition, sleep deprivation affects the ability of students to perform well in class in a

significant way. Also, students who slept for less than six hours showed signs of anxiety,

neurotic feelings, lack of creativity and more prone to hallucination that may cause the

students to receive a lower grade or even a failing grade. Their grades from the

performances like role plays can be lower than the lowest accepted grade which is 75.

Furthermore, students who experience this doesn't have a high self-esteem and

confidents in approaching in front of everyone, thus, they might have a fear of attention

in public which we called as scopophobia. Other than that, students who lacks on sleep

might experience memory loss. According to research the brain replays information

while you are awake, so if you had a time sleeping then your studied information is

stored in the long-term memory. But if you don’t have enough time to sleep then your

brain doesn't have enough time to run through the cycle, that affect the students,

unable to retain the information that he or she memorized. Furthermore, without proper

sleep, memory and the ability to concentrate as well as high cognitive functioning is

severely affected.

This proposal displays the realization of the importance of sleeping early. The

proposal will influence the young students to adopt what should be done and what

shouldn't. It will help you conduct learning from the proposal given. It is useful to

student who didn't sleep early so that they can realize the importance of sleeping in

advance. In addition, it also assists the student to realize in preventing tardiness, thus

help him or her to pay attention in the class. Furthermore, this research can possibly
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Wake up the student on realizing on how valuable this research proposal will be. In

addition, awareness in sleeping late at night causing improper habits and health

circumstances might be the possible outcomes that the student will be enhancing after

reading the research proposal. Furthermore, they will know the rapid effects of sleep

deprivation, thus it can apply to them the value of sleeping early and the good benefits

it had. Students who don’t put sleep high up in their priorities aren’t actually doing

themselves any favors. And as results day looms, they could very well find their sacrifice

has been for nothing. In conclusion, students who sleep early have good grades and

have a worthy effort than students who is a night owl.

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Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on the Restoration Theory of Sleep by Oswald (1966) and

supported by Brain Plasticity Theory by William James (1890) and Circadian Theory by

Franz Halberg (1959). For decades, scientists have been trying to figure out why,

exactly, humans need to sleep so much. And after all this time, no one knows for sure.

But there have been a variety of interesting hypotheses proposed. Some researchers

think that sleep helps restore our bodies. Others have suggested that it clears out toxins

from our brains. Still others have suggested we evolved to sleep so much in order to

hide from predators. These hypotheses aren't mutually exclusive. It's entirely possible

that many of them are true and that over time, sleep has come to provide many

functions. But why we sleep is a crucial question — figuring it out might someday help

us understand why it's so important to get enough (or, alternatively, help us develop

drugs that let us go without). There are numerous theories of sleep, but none of them

has been proven correct. However, there’s no clear cut answer to this challenging

question, one thing these experts all agree on is that sleep plays a very critical role in

our overall health and wellness. Also, there are some rather obvious clues that could

help explain our need to nap on a daily basis. One such clue is the fact that, for most of

us, a goodnight’s slumber leaves us feeling much better in the morning, whereas a lack

of a decent night’s rest leaves one feeling much worse.

According to Oswald (1966), sleep affords the body the much needed opportunity

it requires to repair and rejuvenate itself, which involves restoring and revitalizing the

physiological processes which keep your body and mind healthy and functioning
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properly. Hartman (1973) claimed that REM sleep is necessary for synthesizing

noradrenalin and dopamine to compensate for the amount used during the day, which

was supported by Stern and Morgan (1974) who stated that REM sleep allows the brain

to restore levels of neurotransmitters to ‘factory settings’. According to Oswald (1966),

the function of sleep is to restore the body during periods of inactivity so that adequate

biological functioning is ensured. Specifically, Oswald claims that NREM sleeps restores.

Biological processes that have deteriorate during the day and REM sleep replenishes and

renews brain processes through the process of protein synthesis. Horne (1988) extends

Oswald’s theory. He suggests that sleep is divided into core sleep (REM and SWS) and

optional sleep. He suggests that brain restoration and repair take place during core

sleep. Bodily restoration occurs during optional sleep, but can also occur at other times.

This theory have some evidences including:(1) The Changes in Sleep Patterns over the

Lifespan; (2) Sleep Patterns Following Brain Insult; (3) Sleep Patterns and Illness; (4)

Hormonal Fluctuations During Sleep ( Oswald 1966 ). Oswald (1966) also proposed the

different functions of SWS and REM sleep in Restoration Theory. SWS enables body

repair and REM enables brain recovery. Evidences for Oswald's restoration theory of

sleep are the studies of sleep patterns as a child grows older. Babies sleep far more than

older children and adults, and they spend much more of their sleep time in REM Babies

spend about 18 hours in every 24 asleep, and about half of this in REM. By the age of

five, this has fallen to about 8 hours in every 24, only a quarter in REM, which remains

basically the same for the rest of their life. Since the first five years are very important

for brain development, where a great deal of protein synthesis is necessary for cell
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growth and manufacture, it makes sense that a younger child would require far more

REM sleep than an adult. Another one is the illness due to the sleep pattern, if sleep is

required for immune functioning, then we might expect total sleep time to increase

during periods of illness. Support for the Restoration Theory comes from research into

total sleep deprivation, whereby individuals have experienced constant wakefulness over

a temporary period of time. This can be seen in the case of Randy Gardner, a 17 year

old student, who stayed awake for 11 days and experienced effects such as disorganised

speech, blurred vision, and a small degree of paranoia. Furthermore, Peter Tripp, a New

York DJ, volunteered to take part in a sleep deprivation study, and stayed awake for 8

days. He also experienced abnormal behaviours such as delusions and hallucinations.

This lends weight to the idea that the purpose of sleep is to restore the brain and body

so that it functions efficiently, as being deprived of this brings about adverse, and

potentially dangerous, side effects although these were only short-term for Randy

Gardner. Rechtschaffen also conducted a study of total sleep deprivation known as ‘the

rotating rats’ study in 1983, whereby two rats were placed on a disc above a container

of water. Only one was able to sleep, and the other began to rotate on the disc until it

fell into water. The results proved fatal as the sleep-deprived rats died within 33 days,

yet those who were not deprived of sleep appeared not to suffer from the experiment.

This reflects the importance of sleep and how necessary it is for survival. This study is

supported by Jouvet (1967) who conducted research into the effects of sleep deprivation

by partially depriving cats of sleep using the ‘flower pot technique’. The cats were placed

on a flowerpot in a tank of water and were able to sleep without falling off during
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NREM, but fell off during REM due to loss of muscle control. Again, depriving the cats of

REM sleep had fatal consequences. In addition, in 1960 Dement deprived human

participants of either NREM or REM sleep to test the differences in the effects between

the two. He found that the effects of REM deprivation were more severe, and included

increased aggression and poor concentration, and that the participants in this condition

had a greater need to catch up on this stage of sleep. When they were allowed to sleep

normally, they spent much longer than usual in REM sleep, which supports the

prediction of the Restoration Theory of the ‘rebound effect’ and Horne’s concept of core

sleep. The methodology used in this area of research (case studies on humans) also

leads to several problems of application. The majority of sleep deprivation research has

been conducted on males, making the sample androcentric and not generalisable to

females. It is not known whether the effects of sleep deprivation are the same for each

sex, as the brain may be ‘wired’ differently. The effects experienced by Peter Tripp and

Randy Gardner may be unique to them and not representative of others, showing how

population validity is limited, and how individual differences need to be taken into

account. Support for this theory is the Brain Plasticity Theory by William James (1890).

Brain Plasticity Theory Brain Plasticity Theory is probably one of the more recent, and

rather compelling, theories of sleep. It is based on research findings, which suggest that

sleep is correlated to changes in the organisation and structure of the brain. There he

noted that “Organic matter, especially nervous tissue, seems endowed with a very

extraordinary degree of plasticity.” The idea that sleep might be involved in brain

plasticity has been investigated for many years through a large number of animal and
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human studies, but evidence remains fragmentary. In earlier days, the brain was

perceived as a static organ, but many studies have since disproved this notion by

showing that, the brain has the ability to adapt and change over time. The term “brain

plasticity” was coined to refer to this extraordinary ability of the brain to change

throughout an individual’s life and proponents of this theory believe that sleep

contributes importantly to the processes of brain plasticity. This phenomenon, known as

brain plasticity, is not entirely understood, but its connection to sleep has several critical

implications. It is becoming clear, for example, that sleep plays a critical role in brain

development in infants and young children. Infants spend about 13 to 14 hours per day

sleeping, and about half of that time is spent in REM sleep, the stage in which most

dreams occur. A link between sleep and brain plasticity is becoming clear in adults as

well. To start with, the brain plasticity theory argues that, people sleep so as to process

the information they have acquired during the day and consolidate new memories. It

suggests that, when one is asleep, the brain does not rest idly, but rather, it utilises this

time to sort out and review the activities and information absorbed throughout the day,

and cements these things into long-term memory. Support for this hypothesis has been

drawn from several studies, which demonstrate that lack of sleep has a negative impact

on the ability to remember information. For instance, in one experiment a number of

volunteers were given aptitude tests such as remembering a sequence of patterns

presented to them on a computer. Half of the volunteers were shown these patterns

during the morning session, and the other half in the evening, after which, their

memories were tested by the team of researchers. For the morning volunteers, the test
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was done after a full day of being awake while the evening learners were tested after a

night's sleep; and sure enough, the individuals allowed to sleep had better recollection

of the test patterns. The argument presented above can also be used to explain why

sleep is vital in the brain development of young infants and children. That is, the same

reasoning can be used to argue that, the reason why infants spend a huge part of their

lives sleeping is because at this stage, babies are constantly learning about the world

around them and hence, they require more deep sleep for them to process all this

information. In addition, while plasticity occurs throughout the lifetime, certain types of

changes are more predominant during specific life ages. The brain tends to change a

great deal during the early years of life, for example, as the immature brain grows and

organizes itself. Generally, young brains tend to be more sensitive and responsive to

experiences than much older brains. Evidence for this also stated that plasticity can

occur as a result of learning, experience, and memory formation, or as a result of

damage to the brain. While people used to believe that the brain became fixed after a

certain age, newer research has revealed that the brain never stops changing in

response to learning. In instances of damage to the brain, such as during a stroke, the

areas of the brain associated with certain functions may be damaged. Eventually,

healthy parts of the brain may take over those functions and the abilities can be

restored. Furthermore, other supporting theory is what we called the Energy

Conservation Theory by Webb (1974). This theory explain why we need to sleep by

suggesting that sleep has something to do with saving an individual’s energy. In

general, it proposes that the primary function of sleep is to lower ones demand for
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energy as well as reducing the amount expended during part of the night or day;

especially during those periods when it’s least efficient to look for food. This would

make some sort of sense, if you thought about the evolutionary ancestors’ struggle to

find enough to eat, and them using sleep as a way of cutting down their energy

consumption, so as to be able to make the most of their limited food. In addition,

Webb's Energy Conservation Theory suggest that the purpose of sleep is to conserve

energy by ensuring an animal is inactive when it would be inefficient to be awake. The

second champion of the energy conservation theory is Empson. He stated that animals

are simply biding their time until their environment became more suitable, so the

function of sleep was to "Waste time." Sleep therefore serves the purpose of providing

periods of enforced inactivity or reducing energy levels similar to hibernation. Webb

called this as Hibernation Theory. In the evidences on this theory, Zeppelin and

Rechstchaffen provided the research evidence for the Energy conservation theory, their

research showed a relationship between metabolic rate and animal size with the amount

of time spent sleeping in many animal. Zeppelin and Rechtschaffen found that smaller

animals with high metabolic rates slept for longer than larger animals. Research has

shown that, when humans are asleep, their energy metabolism is significantly lowered

by about 10%. Generally, our body temperature and caloric demand tends to drop

during periods of sleep, and increases when we are awake. It is such evidence which

gives support to this intriguing hypothesis that, indeed, sleep does play a role in helping

organisms to conserve their energy resources. Some researchers actually consider this

idea to be part of and, correlated to, the evolutionary theory of sleep. However, there
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are those who doubt that this kind of reduction can make a significant change in survival

or even the overall energy consumption rates. Research has shown that energy

metabolism is significantly reduced during sleep (by as much as 10 percent in humans

and even more in other species). For example, both body temperature and caloric

demand decrease during sleep, as compared to wakefulness. Such evidence supports

the proposition that one of the primary functions of sleep is to help organisms conserve

their energy resources.

It not only has mental and physical effects on ourselves, but in many ways it

can negatively affect the lives of other people. Being aware of a healthy amount of sleep

and ways to control a person’s sleeping habits are necessary for living a long and

healthy life. Many people believe that they can function normal even if they sleep less

and the most common people suffering from sleep deprivation are college students and

elderly men and women. Being theories, none of the above-mentioned explanations as

to why organisms sleep are proven; yet science continues to advance as it seeks to

understand what is going on when organisms sleep and what mechanisms within a body

are at work to control the various known sleep cycles. We devote a very large portion

of time to sleep, and our brains have complex systems that control various aspects of

sleep. Several hormones important for physical growth and maturation are secreted

during sleep. While the reason we sleep remains something of a mystery, there is some

evidence to suggest that sleep is very important to learning and memory.

 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study entitled "The "Effects of Lack of Sleep Towards Academic Performances "

aims to investigate an after comes of sleep deprivation. Specifically the study must

answer the following questions.

1. How may the profile of respondents is described in terms of:

a. Age

b.Total Members of the Family

c.Parents Educational Attainment

D.Total Income per month

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being sleep deprived in the academic

performance of selected Junior High School Student in University of Cebu Lapu-lapu and

Mandaue?

3. What are the effects of sleep deprivation to the students and their academic

performance?

Significant of the Study

The researchers believe that this study will be significant to the following people:

• Teachers

 The study could help the teachers to understand the effects of sleep deprivation

in the academic performance of their students and may serve as an eye opener

on how they will handle them.

• School Administration

 This study could help the school to find out what is needed to improve the school

schedule.

• Students

 The study will help them open their minds that being sleep deprived affects

their academic performance and can motivate them to perform well in class.
• Researchers

 The findings of the study will help to develop their cognitive affective and

psychomotor domain in terms of conducting research.

• Future researchers

 The results of this study will be beneficial to them because it will serve as their

future reference in conducting a research which is related in this study

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY