PROCEEDINGS
JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
Tentrem Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019
Mapping of the tsunami inundation zone as the basis for determining
disaster safe zones in Sumur District, Pandeglang, Banten
Rahmat Adil Yusuf Harahap1, Reinof Razzaqi Yusya1, Muhammad Rizqy Septyandy1*, and
Tito Latif Indra2
1
Program Study Geology, Universitas Indonesia
2
Department of Geography, Universitas Indonesia
e-mail: m.rizqy@sci.ui.ac.id
Abstract
The tsunami that occurred on December 22, 2018 impact
two provinces, Banten and Lampung, resulted in large
casualties. According to BNPB data, at least 529 people
were victims of the tsunami disaster. The cause of the
tsunami is still being debated, but disaster experts believe
the landslide of Anak Krakatau Mountain’s body in the
southwest has become the probable cause. One of the areas
in Banten Province which suffered notable calamity was
Sumur District in Pandeglang Regency. The affected areas
are scattered throughout the villages, along the coastline of
the District of Sumur. To reduce future casualties in the
future, one of the steps that can be taken is to determine the
tsunami inundation zone. The tsunami inundation zone is
the maximum water run off zone that reaches land. This
study aims to determine the inundation zone along the coast
in Sumur Subdistrict after the December 22, 2018 tsunami
as a disaster safe zone. This zoning is obtained by
measuring the location of impact directly by observing the
remnants of tsunami events recorded on land both from the
water marks and also the damage that occurred of buildings
around the coast including materials that act as proof of
tsunami event. Result from field observation showed that
the tsunami had an inundation zone which was quite varied
at various data collection points with the closest distance
being 40 m and the longest distance reaching 260 m from
the shoreline. While the tsunami height around the coast
based on observations ranges from 0.4 m to 1.8 m. Based
on the direction of damage to buildings and plants, it can be
interpreted that the direction of the tsunami wave leads to
the southeast.
Keywords: Inundation zone, tsunami, disaster safe zone,
disaster mitigation, Sumur
Abstrak
Tsunami yang terjadi pada tanggal 22 Desember 2018
yang berdampak pada dua provinsi yaitu Banten dan
Lampung menimbulkan korban jiwa yang besar. Menurut
data BNPB, setidaknya 529 jiwa menjadi korban bencana
tsunami tersebut. Penyebab tsunami sampai saat ini masih
diperdebatkan, akan tetapi longsor tubuh Gunung Anak
Krakatau di bagian baratdaya menjadi opsi yang dominan
dipercayai oleh para ahli bencana. Salah satu daerah di
Provinsi Banten yang mengalami kerusakan terparah
adalah Kecamatan Sumur di Kabupaten Pandeglang.
Daerah terdampak tersebar di seluruh desa yang ada,
sepanjang garis pantai Kecamatan Sumur. Untuk
mengurangi korban jiwa yang semakin besar di kemudian
hari, maka salah satu langkah yang dapat dilakukan
adalah menentukan zona inundasi tsunami. Zona inundasi
tsunami merupakan zona limpasan air maksimum yang
sampai ke daratan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
menentukan zona inundasi di sepanjang pantai di
Kecamatan Sumur setelah tsunami tanggal 22 Desember
2018 sebagai zona aman bencana. Zonasi ini didapatkan
dengan metode pengukuran di lokasi secara langsung
dengan mengamati sisa-sisa kejadian tsunami yang
terekam di daratan baik dari jejak air pada bangunan di
sekitar pantai dan juga kerusakan-kerusakan yang terjadi
pada bangunan serta material-material penanda terjadinya
tsunami. Dari hasil observasi di lapangan menunjukkan
bahwa tsunami tersebut memiliki zona inundasi yang cukup
bervariatif di berbagai titik pengambilan data dengan
jarak yang paling dekat adalah 40 m dan jarak yang paling
jauh mencapai 260 m dari bibir pantai. Sementara
ketinggian tsunami di sekitar pantai berdasarkan hasil
observasi berkisar antara 0,4 m hingga 1,8 m. Berdasarkan
dari arah kelurusan kerusakan bangunan dan tanaman
dapat diinterpretasikan bahwa arah dari gelombang
tsunami mengarah ke sisi tenggara.
Kata kunci: Zona inundasi, tsunami, zona aman bencana,
mitigasi bencana, Sumur
Introduction
The tsunami has been recorded many times in the Sunda
Strait. Based on the tsunami catalog there are at least more
than ten tsunami events in the Sunda Strait with several
causes, both earthquakes, sub-marine landslides, and
volcanic eruptions[1]. The unstable geological conditions of
the Sunda Strait, the topography of the coast is steep, and
high rainfall have triggered a tsunami in the Sunda Strait[2].
One of the most likely causes of the tsunami in the Sunda
Strait was a landslide due to the flank collapse of the
mountain to the sea[3]. The tsunami that occurred on
December 22, 2018 in the Sunda Strait, according to the
Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency
(BMKG) and the Center for Volcanology and Geological
Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG), was caused by a flank
collapse on the southwest part of Mount Anak Krakatau
due to eruption.
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JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
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The Sunda Strait tsunami had begun with the eruption of variation in the tsunami waves attainment or inundation
Mount Anak Krakatau which occurred at 20.56 (UTC+7), zones measured from the shoreline with values ranging
which was then recorded by the BMKG earthquake sensor from 50-248 m (table 1).
at Cigeulis Station, Pandeglang with an indication of a Table 1: Measurement data of inundation zones in 20
shock effect at 21.03 (UTC+7). However, because there points along the west coast of Sumur District.
were no tectonic earthquakes recorded, there was no
tsunami early warning issued. At 21.30 (UTC+7), the tidal
sea was abnormal, based on observations of the
marinogram tide gauge in Serang, Ciwandan Port, Agung
City, and Panjang Port with wave heights between 0.28 -
0.9 m. On December 23, 2018 at 16.40 (UTC+7), BMKG
ensured that the shock center was on Mount Anak
Krakatau, with longitude 115.46 and latitude -6.10, a depth
of 1 km. The shock is equivalent to the earthquake Mw
3.4[4].

The Sunda Strait tsunami on December 22, 2018 occurred

in two provinces namely Banten Province and Lampung
Province. In this study the location focused on the west
coast of Banten Province, especially in one district that
suffered the most severe damage, namely the Sumur
District. Almost the coast in the Sumur District was
affected by the tsunami with varying damage effects. The
study was conducted to map the tsunami inundation zone in
Sumur District as an effort to determine the tsunami
disaster safe zone. The tsunami inundation zone is a
tsunami wave zone that is obtained from the maximum
distance of water reaching the coast / land due to the
propagation of tsunami waves[5]. The results of zoning are
expected to be a scientific foundation for determining the
area of tourism development on the west coast of Banten
Province.

Data and Method

This study used a field observation method in which data
was collected directly from the research location which was
an area affected by the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami along the
west coast of Sumur District, Banten. Data collected The 20 measurement points were then processed and
includes data on tsunami waves attainment to land / coast interpolated into a map of the inundation zone in Sumur
measured using a Global Positioning System (GPS). Other District. The inundation zone is included in the
data observed were traces of water / mud left on trees and
buildings caused by tsunami waves. There are several Table 2: Inundation zone in meters by category.
indicators that are used to determine tsunami affected
zones, damage to buildings, damage to plants or trees, mud
that contains seabed material carried by tsunami waves, and
corals found on land / coast. Determination of the direction Inundation Zone (m) Category
of the arrival of a tsunami wave is obtained from the
direction of the fall / buckle of the tree caused by the
< 100 Low
tsunami. 100 - 200 Moderate
Result and Discussion > 200 High
In this study measured at 20 points scattered along the
coastline Sumur District. The measurement area includes 7
villages including Sumberjaya, Kertajaya, Kertamukti, classification based on the distance the tsunami waves
Tunggaljaya Cigarondong, Tamanjaya, and Ujungjaya. reach on land / coast. The classification in this study was
From 20 data collection points, it was found a zone divided into three categories: low (<100 m), moderate (100

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JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
TBA Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019

- 200 m), and high (> 200 m) based on the measurement
data obtained (table 2).
shoreline, while the village with the least damage impact
was Cigarondong Village which had an inundation zone of
less than 100 meters. This difference in inundation zones
can be caused by differences in vegetation around the coast
and differences in elevation in each village. Based on the
measurement data, it is estimated that the height of the
tsunami wave that hit the Sumur District ranged from 30 to
180 cm with the highest wave found in Sumberjaya Village
which was positively correlated with the inundation zone in
the village.

Figure 2 (a, b, and d) showed damage to trees and buildings

due to the tsunami wave on December 22, 2018. The
tsunami wave that leads to the Sumur District is estimated
to originate from the northwest, this was also supported by
observational data that indicate a pattern damage that
occurs in grasses around the shoreline which has northwest
direction as well (figure 2.c). To find out the tsunami height
that arrives on land / coast can be estimated by measuring
traces of water and mud on the walls of the building (figure
2. e and f).

a b

c d
Figure 1: Map of tsunami inundation zones in Sumur
District.

Based on the categories that have been made, the zoning of

the area in Sumur District can be determined. The results of
the inundation zone map in Sumur District indicated that
the area has the dominant high category in the northern part
while the region with the dominant low category was in the e f
middle of the research area (figure 1).

In this study also measured the height of tsunami waves

that occurred in the Sunda Strait on December 22, 2018 by
measuring the height of the water footprint or mud
observed on the walls of buildings affected by the tsunami
as well as data on tree height measurements that fell due to
the tsunami waves. Height is measured from the base of the
tree to the broken part of the tree. Figure 2: Buildings collapsed due to tsunami waves (a &
d), Measurement of tsunami wave height based on
Damage caused from the tsunami wave in the Sumur damaged building height (b), determination of tsunami
District was quite severe. This was based on buildings that wave direction (c), measurement of tsunami wave height
were in the inundation zone that have been severely based on water footprint in buildings (e & f).
damaged and there were even a number of semi-permanent
buildings to the ground. The villages that damaged the most
severe impacts were in Sumberjaya Village with an average
inundation zone of more than 200 m measured from the

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PROCEEDINGS
JOINT CONVENTION YOGYAKARTA 2019, HAGI – IAGI – IAFMI- IATMI (JCY 2019)
TBA Hotel, Yogyakarta, November 25th – 28th, 2019

One of the objectives of this study was as a tsunami

disaster mitigation effort that will occur in the future in the
Sunda Strait, especially on the west coast of Sumur District
made zoning of disaster-prone areas based on the tsunami
inundation zone obtained in this study. Maps of inundation
zones that have been created were expected to serve as
recommendations for safe zones when society want to build
buildings around the coast. However, the zone still depends
on several aspects such as the type of vegetation that grows
around the coast, elevation, and topography of coast itself.

Conclusions

Sumur District is one of the worst affected areas of the

Sunda Strait tsunami. The zone of a tsunami wave
attainment or an inundation zone and the height of a
tsunami wave that has an impact in the Sumur District
varies. Based on the results of measurement data and
calculation of inundation zones, it was recommended that
society not build buildings around the coast with a
minimum distance of 300 m from the shoreline. To produce
a more comprehensive study in future research it can use
tide gauge data, Sunda Strait bathymetry, west coast Banten
topography, and rainfall to determine the tsunami wave
height in the future.

References
[1]
Soloviev, S. L. and Go, Ch. N., 1974, Terjemahan
dalam bahasa Inggris oleh Canada Institute for
Scientific and Technical Information, National
Research Council, Ottawa, Canada KIA OS2.
[2]
Yudhicara and K. Budiono, 2008, Jurnal Geologi
Indonesia, vol. 3, no. 4, 241-251.
[3]
T. Giachetti, R. Paris, K. Kelfoun and B. Ontowijo,
2012, Geological Society, London, Special
Publications, 361, 79-90.
[4]
BMKG, 2018, Press release Tsunami selat sunda 2018
[5]
N. I. Rahmawati, B. J. Santosa, W. Setyonegoro and B.
Sunardi, 2017, Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS, vol. 6, no.
2, 38-41.

Acknowledgements
This research was suported oleh two parties, Program UI
Peduli Selat Sunda has sponsored observation data
collection activities on the west coast of Sumur District,
Pandeglang, Banten and the Universitas Indonesia
international indexed grant (PIT) with No. NKB-
0035/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2019. We would like to
acknowledge program study geology and department of
geography Universitas Indonesia for cooperate in support
our events.