AUTOMATED WASTE CHAPTER 1

SEGREGATOR USING INTRODUCTION

ARDUINO BACKGROUND OF THE

STUDY
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CPS
Solid waste1 management remains a major challenge in
the Philippines especially in urban areas like Metro Manila.
Improper wastes disposal, inefficient wastes collection and
lack of disposal facilities are among the dominant concerns
in the country’s solid waste management. Unless, these are
addressed the wastes generated from various sources will
continually lead to health hazards and serious environmental
DECEMBER, 2019 impacts such as ground and surface water contamination,
flooding, air pollution and spread of diseases.

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Republic Act No. 9003 otherwise known as the “Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, enacted on January 26,
2001, aims to address the growing problem on solid wastes in
the country. It provides the legal framework for the country’s
systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste
management program that shall ensure protection of public
health and the environment. It also provides for the necessary
institutional mechanisms with the creation of the National
Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) which shall
oversee the implementation of solid waste management plans
and prescribe policies as well as incentives to achieve
objectives of the Act [1]
According to DENR in one day 2,000 truck with capacity
load of 20 tons were collect across the city. The 450 are here
in Metro Manila. Approximately 40,000 tons of waste are
collected in the country in one single day. [2]
“Of the 42,000 barangays nationwide, 70 percent do not
yet have a material recovery facility. That's why, in rivers and
streams, waste is dumped," Eligio Ildefonso, director of the
DENR Solid Waste Management unit, said in a statement. [2]
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According to Aguda, John Darell (2018) When the
waste is segregated into its respective streams such
as wet, dry, and metallic, the waste has a higher
prospective of recovery and therefore, recycled and
reused. [3]
Even though there are public and private sectors
that segregate waste, it is always better to have it
sorted from its source. This way, a higher quality of
the material is retained which means that more value
can be recovered from waste [4]. Another benefit is
occupational hazard for waste workers is minimized.
Time can also be saved since the segregated waste
can be directly sent to the recycling and processing
plant.
In Philippines every barangay has a schedule of
collecting wastes. Sometimes the said schedule was
not followed. It caused the waste to decomposed.
Some residents didn’t separate their garbage they
will just put in a sack or throw it while the rain is
falling. Sometimes they will just dump it in the river or
dump it anywhere.
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Statement of the Problem Objective of the Study

Waste disposal is a big factor for a clean environment. To develop a machine that can help to segregate the

People nowadays just put trash anywhere. That causes to waste. That helps to improve and maintain the cleanliness of the

contamination, flooding, air pollution, water pollution etc. They community. And also lessen the waste and minimize the work of

don’t separate biodegradable, non-biodegradable and recycle garbage collectors.

materials. Also garbage collectors didn’t separate bio-degradable Specific Objectives of the Study

and non-biodegradable but they separate the recycle materials.  To segregate the wastes accordingly and

Specific Problems automatically.

 Is waste segregated properly?  To discipline the residents in segregating wastes.

 Are segregating bins provided?  To minimize the wastes and prevent the pollution.

 Is wastes collect regularly?

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Hypothesis In this figure 1.0 shows the flow of an Automated Waste

There is no significant difference between the existing Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS. The develop program

development of Automated Waste Segregator on the Automated is stores in the microcontroller Arduino Uno board and ready to

Waste Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS. be executed when needed. The metal detector (capacitive

Conceptual Framework sensor), wet sensor (capacitive sensor), paper and plastic

detector (capacitive sensor), LED, buzzer and motor driver. The

program and hardware parts of the proposed project are

combined together to perform the functionality. For the input, if

the wet sensor detects wet wastes. The wet bin lid will open and

the waste material will dispose there. Just like the wet sensor, if

Fig. 1.0 Block Diagram metal sensor detects metal waste it will go to metal bin. If paper

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and plastic detects paper or plastic waste it will go to paper and To the Residence

plastic bin. If any of this sensor did not sense anything the waste To the residents they are disciplined in segregating wastes

will go directly to the last bin. Each bin has a LED and buzzer that and they will prevent the diseases.

will beep once if the waste falls. And if it is full the LED and buzzer To the proponent

on continuously. As Computer Engineering students this study will help us

Significance of the Study enhance our skills and knowledge in programming and technical.

This project is a big help to the environment and also To the future researchers

to our health. It will give ideas that will help them to improve the project

To Garbage Truck Collectors they will create.

To garbage truck collectors will just have to wait to full

the bin before they take it to the dumpsite or the recycling center.

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Scope and Delimitations collectors to easier their work, time can also be saved since the

This study is focused in the design and development of an waste is segregated.

Automated Waste Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS that

shall help in segregating wastes in recycle materials, non- The proposed project delimited the following:

biodegradable and biodegradable. After the wastes detected the  Glass bottles are not allowed.

lid will automatically open and the waste will fall and you will hear  If the waste is in bundle the first layer will be the

a beep sound indicates that your waste is inside the bin. And if one to be detected.

the bin is full the alarm will on. The bin will be color coded  You can just throw waste one at a time.

according to its category. Also the benefits of this project is to

prevent the increasing of waste materials. Also the residents will

discipline in segregating waste, and also it will help garbage

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Definition of Terms Servo motor is a linear or rotary actuator that provides

Capacitive proximity sensors can detect both metallic fast precision position control for closed-loop position control

and non-metallic targets in powder, granulate, liquid, and solid applications.

form. L293D is a motor driver circuit that is connected

Arduino Uno is a popularly used open-source micro-
controller board that runs on ATmega 328P micro-controller. This
board is developed by Arduino.cc which is an Italy based
hardware company. This board contains a set of digital and
analog I/O data pins that are used to interface this board with
other electronic components. Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital
pins and 6 analog pins.
with a motor when the required current for a motor is more than
what is specified. Hence, motor drivers act as a current amplifier.
L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control two DC motors
simultaneously.
Battery is a device consisting of one or more
electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power

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electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or

cars. switch electronic signals and electrical power.

Buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for originating from plant or animal sources, which may be degraded

short). by other living organisms. Biodegradable waste can be

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor light commonly found in municipal solid waste as green waste, food

source that emits light when current flows through it. waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics.

Light Dependent Resistor or Photoresistor which is a Non-Biodegradable material can be defined as a kind of

passive electronic component, basically a resistor which has a substance which cannot be broken down by natural organisms.

resistance that varies depending of the light intensity. Recycle materials waste that can recreate to a useful

one.

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CHAPTER 2
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials.

Solid waste refers to all discarded household, commercial

waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street

REVIEW OF RELATED
sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
non-hazardous/non-toxic waste (RA No. 9003).
Local Literature

In a year-end Solid Waste Management (SWM) report

conducted by the Senate Economic Planning Office (SEPO)

in 2017, solid waste management remains a main challenge

in the Philippines especially in the urban areas, majority in

Metropolitan Manila. Improper waste disposal, inefficient

waste collection and deficiency in facilities for waste disposal

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are among the leading matters in the country’s waste the past five years. With an estimated population of 12 million

management. It continues to rise as the population, living people, Metro Manila produced 9,212.92 tons per day of

standards, rapid economic growth and industrialization wastes in 2016. It is followed by Region 4A with waste

increases throughout the years. [5] This is supported by the generation of 4,440.15 tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3

records of the National Solid Waste Management with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70 %). At a global level, during

Commission (NSWMC). The Commission calculated that from 2016, the total amount of municipal solid waste (MSW)

37,427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s waste reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase

generation gradually increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report 2016).

an estimated average per capita waste generation of 0.40 It is also estimated that between 2011 and 2016, global

kilograms per day for both urban and rural. The National generation of municipal waste will rise by 37.3%, equivalent

Capital Region (NCR) generated the largest volume yield for to roughly 8% increase per year. [6] On the other hand, the

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government sought to provide a long term solution to this Foreign Literature

growing problem through a stricter implementation of the Around the world, waste generation rates are rising. In

Republic Act 9003 (RA9003) or the Ecological Solid Waste 2016, the worlds’ cities generated 2.01 billion tons of solid

Management Act of 2000. RA 9003 provides extensive waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person

measures of waste minimization including waste reduction at per day. With rapid population growth and urbanization,

sources, reuse, recycling, and composting while it requires annual waste generation is expected to increase by 70% from

collaborative efforts of all the relevant stakeholders, i.e. 2016 levels to 3.40 billion tones in 2050.

government, business, non-government organizations Compared to those in developed nations, residents in

(NGOs), and citizens under the leadership of local developing countries, especially the urban poor, are more

government unit (LGU), who holds the primary responsibility severely impacted by unsustainably managed waste. In low-

for SWM to achieve this common goal. [7] income countries, over 90% of waste is often disposed in

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unregulated dumps or openly burned. These practices create requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and

serious health, safety, and environmental consequences. socially supported. [8]

Poorly managed waste serves as a breeding ground for

disease vectors, contributes to global climate change through Local Studies

methane generation, and can even promote urban violence. According to Ang F., et al. (2018) recycling centers in

Managing waste properly is essential for building Philippines do manual labor to properly segregate wastes which

sustainable and livable cities, but it remains a challenge for may lead to sickness. The researchers of the said study created

many developing countries and cities. Effective waste an automatic waste segregating machine and a mobile garbage

management is expensive, often comprising 20%–50% of collector robot. The robot’s role is to collect the wastes from three

municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal service bins. The robot will only move when a button is pushed and the

robot will track down a line which will lead to the desired bin. After

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collecting, the robot will place the collected wastes in the The arm of MRWDS consists of a DC wiper machine and

Automated Waste Sorter (AWS). AWS’ design consists of the switches at the bottom and top. The switches act as limiters. Top

following: magnet motor, neodymium magnets attached onto the limit switch indicates for the arm to stop rising. Bottom limit switch

shaft of the rotating motor that will sort out steel wastes, a indicates that the trash bin is placed properly and indicates for the

TDA0161 detector circuit that will sort out aluminum wastes, and robot to reverse to go back to its original position. The result of

a tunable capacitive sensor to sort out glass, and plastic bottles their study shows that 15 out of 16 items were sorted. The said

would be dispensed to the end of the conveyor belt. The Mobile study recommends to use other sorting methods like image

Robot Waste Deliver System (MRWDS) activates through a radio processing, X-ray imaging, and infrared scanning. Multiple

frequency signal triggered by a button. MRWDS’ was designed conveyor belts and sensors is recommended to use for faster

according to the principle of line follower robots with certain sorting process. Modifying the process of dispensing can also be

modifications. an improvement for the sorting process. For the robot, adding

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sensors like a proximity sensor to avoid collisions and improving board. The Gizduino was used from determining the input and

the interaction between the robot and the sorter. [9] the outputs of the LCD display, to the crushing of the input, to

In relation to the study of A.M.Rubio and J.P.Lazaro, the dispensing of equivalent monetary value of the inputs, and

Solar Powered Reverse Trash Vendo Machine was up to the communication between the device and the owner

developed to help lessen the improper waste disposal through the GSM shield and the Android messaging

practices of Filipino citizens, to encourage recycling, and to application. The proponents successfully integrated the

apply the idea of green engineering. The project was capable concept of trash bin and reverse vending machines into a

of detecting the scanned materials either a plastic bottle or device that is economic and environmental friendly. [10].

aluminum can, with a respective monetary value of A study was conducted by Elfasakhany A. et al., about

compensation each. The Gizduino X ATMega 1281 controls automated waste segregation. The aim of the proponents was to

the entire process along with the Gizduino 644 microcontroller design, build and test an autonomous system capable of sorting

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common recyclable materials, namely ferrous and nonferrous microcontroller was used to control all the system actions by

metals, plastics and glass into distinct waste containers. The merging the interfaces of all the system components by means of

system was designed with an aluminum chassis, loading carrier programming. Diverse iterations were used for distinguishing

maneuvered by a geared motor and a rubber band, sensors different trash materials. The system has been successfully

(INEX-type metal sensor, DFRobot Ambient Light Sensor, and implemented and was able to sort trash materials of different

Ultasonic sensor), control board, air fan for blowing the plastic shape, size, weight and color without being affected by dust,

bottles, DC motor to drive the sorted material, and containers for coatings or other impurities covering the trash materials. The

the storage of sorted materials. Electromagnetic sensor was used project can be endorsed to household up to small and medium

to distinguish different metals because of its electrical and industries with the advantages of low power consumption and

magnetic properties. Air fan and light sensor were also used to inexpensive. [11]

distinguish between plastics and glass materials. Arduino

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Foreign Studies compared to other dry wastes that are segregated. By

On the Study of Amrutha Chandramohan et. al. states increasing accuracy and overall efficiency, we can eliminate

there is no such system for segregation of wastes into noise.

categories such as dry, wet and metallic wastes at the The limitations of this system are it can segregate only

household level. An Automated Waste Segregator (AWS) can one type of waste at a time with an assigned priority for metal,

be used at the household level so that the waste can be sent wet and dry waste. Thus, buffer spaces can be used to

directly for processing. The AWS employs inductive sensors segregate a mixed type of waste. Since the time for sensing

to identify metallic items, and capacitive sensors to distinguish metal objects is low the entire sensing module can be placed

between wet and dry waste depending upon the threshold along a single platform where the object is stable to ensure

values set. However, it cannot segregate ceramic into dry better results. [12]

waste because it has the higher relative dielectric constant as

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In the paper presented by M.K.Pushpa et al., the yields an almost perfect result but is only limited in metallic,

proposition of an automated waste segregating machine is wet and dry segregation. It also lacks identification if the dry

highly feasible. The 8051 microcontroller is the heart of the waste is plastic or paper. The segregation also takes an

system. It controls the working and timing of all the approximate of one minute to identify the object. In the design,

subsections including the sensors that will detect the the object sizes are only limited to the size of the open-close

properties of the materials. An open-close mechanism was mechanism [13].

used to regulate the flow of the waste. An inductive sensor Moreover, in the study conducted by Suwon Shin and

detects if the object is metallic or non-metallic. If it is, the Kaiyuan Fan, the trash bin lid is integrated to automatically

conveyor will transport the object to the bin assigned to open when a user is nearby. An indicator is also added to

metallic objects. If it’s not, the high speed blower will specify the content status of the trash bin. A capacitive

determine if it is wet or dry based on its weight. The prototype proximity sensor was used to identify the non-metallic objects.

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An Arduino microcontroller was used to operate all of the future to pick and place certain materials which can be re-used.

added procedures. The separation of metallic and non- The bins can be unloaded by placing limit sensors at the top of

metallic objects (i.e. paper, plastic, etc.) is more accurate but each bin.

consumes too much power. Each bin is connected to different Depending upon the above survey we will be

power supply thus considered as not economical for everyday implementing an AWS using Arduino UNO with a feedback

use. [14] system which will be implemented using an Ultrasonic Distance

On the study of Rashmi M. Kittali et. al. says that even Measure Sensor, and as the garbage reaches the sensor level

PLC can be used for AWS. It has an advantage of reduced which is attached in the bin an interrupt is sent to the

manpower, improved accuracy and speed of management of microcontroller and a message is displayed on LCD saying bin is

waste. It also avoids the risk of working in hazardous places. This full and the microcontroller enters low power mode till it is not

work can be implemented by making use of a robotic arm in the reset.

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We had proposed a standing model for the system to be and image processors were utilized. With these, the

implemented but to improve the accuracy and feasibility of the researchers were able to come up with a study that integrates

system and to make the system cost effective we chose to make all the various technology to be able to create a machine that

a system using a conveyer belt and mounting different sensors at is both efficient and effective. The proponents propose a

the sides of the belt so as to segregate waste. [15] device an Automated waste segregating machine equipped

with sensors. This will be implemented using an Arduino. The

Synthesis studies mentioned in local and foreign studies shows that four

Due to the rapid evolution of technology, different studies are somehow similar to the proposed project

researchers around the globe integrate diverse ways in Automated Waste Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS.

segregating waste. With the same aim, to minimize waste Also the studies mentioned above mostly used Arduino Uno

production, combinations of distinct sensors, microcontrollers, as their microcontroller.

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The differences between the studies from the above focused only on segregating the wastes. The propose project

similarities wherein most projects mentioned in is after the of Automated Waste Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS

wastes detected it will fall in to the respective bin. The is not only focusing on segregating wastes but also in the bins.

proposed project is when the waste is detected the bin will

automatically open and it will fall down. And if the waste is fall

you will hear a beep sound. Also you will hear a continuous

beep indicates that the bin is full and the LED will on. Also the

proponents use capacitive proximity sensor for detecting

metals, paper, plastic and wet wastes.

As a summary, based on the above-mentioned studies

and literatures, most of the related studies are somehow

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CHAPTER 3 In this figure 2.0 shows the flow of the proposed project

PROJECT DESIGN AND

Automated Waste Segregator. If the user drops waste material.

Is the waste detected as metal? If yes, the motor 1 and 2 will on

METHODOLOGY USED and motor 3 and 4 is off. If no it will ask if the waste detected as
Project Design
wet? If yes motor 1 and 3 is on while motor 2 and 4 is off. If it will

ask if the waste detected as plastic and paper? If yes motor 1 and

4 will on and motor 2 and 3 will off. If no motor 1 is on but motor

2, 3 and 4 is off.

Fig. 2.0 Automated Waste Segregator Flowchart

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In this fig. 2.1 shows the flow of the trash bin monitoring. If

the waste falls the buzzer will beep and the LED will on once. If

the buzzer beeps continuously and the LED continuously on that

means is full.

Fig. 2.1 Trash Bin Monitoring Flow Chart

Fig. 3.0 Schematic Diagram

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Methodology Used

The proponents used Engineering Design Method, that

identifies the flow of operation.

Engineering Design is the process of devising a system,

component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-

making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences,

mathematics, and the engineering sciences are applied to

convert optimally to meet these needs.

- Accreditation Board for

Fig. 4.0 Dust Bin Schematic Diagram
Engineering and

Technology (ABET)

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Phase 1: Idea Phase 4: Design

Identify the problem: The proponents use interviews, After canvassing the materials and finishing the plans. The

questionnaires and observations to identify the problems and the proponents design the output of the project (schematic diagram,

needs of the residents. layout, flowchart).

Phase 2: Concept Phase 5: Development

The proponents conceptualize the project. Also the The proponents build the project. Also the proponents run

proponents list all the possible materials and made sketches a test to identify the errors and fix it.

about the project.

Phase 3: Planning Project Instrument

The proponents plan how the device woks, the components The proponents construct and conduct an interview

to used, sketch the layout and schematic of the project. questionnaire, survey and observation to collect data for this

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study. The proponents gathered important information about - it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate

waste segregation. The questions relating to waste segregation sampling size

were asked to gather information to this study while conducting -It is computed as 𝒏 = 𝐍 / (𝟏 + 𝐍𝐞𝟐 ).

interview the problems were also mentioned. whereas:

n = no. of samples

Project Formulation N = total population

The proponents use this tools to solve the survey. e = error margin / margin of error

Slovin's formula ANOVA (Analysis of variance) – compares the means

- is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the of the comparison groups and conducted using 5 steps. H0: µ1 =

population size (N) and a margin of error (e). µ2 = µ3. ANOVA was developed by statistician and evolutionary

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biologist Ronald Fisher. It is s test that compares 3 or more N = represents the total number of sample of observations in

variables its’ conducted with 5 steps. the analysis.

2 Table 1.0 ANOVA Tool
∑𝑛𝑗 (𝑋̅𝑗 − 𝑋̅)
𝐹= 𝑘−1
2 Degre Mea
∑∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅𝑗 )
𝑁−𝑘 Source Sums of e of n
F
where:
of Variation Squares Freedom Squares
𝑛𝑗 = the sample size in the jth group
(df) (MS)
𝑥̅𝑗 = is the sample mean in the jth group 𝑀𝑆𝐵 𝐹
Between SSB
𝑥̅ = is the overall mean 𝐾−1 𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑀𝑆𝐵
Treatments ̅𝑗 – X
= ∑n𝑗 (X ̅) 2 = =
𝑘−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
x = individual observation

k = represents the number of independent groups

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SSE 𝑀𝑆𝐸 Units/ Cost Subtot Total

Error (or
Hrs./Qty. /Unit/Hr. als
𝑁−𝑘 𝑀𝑆𝐸 s
Residual) = ∑∑(X – X̅𝑗 )2 =
𝑁−𝑘
1. Project Manager ₱9,90
SST 0.00
Total 𝑁−1  Project ₱6,40
80 80
= ∑∑(X – ̅
X)2 Manager 0.00
 Project Team ₱3,50
50 70
Members 0.00
2. Hardware ₱
Project Cost Estimation 2,668.00
 Handheld
The following figures shows the approximately amount of Devices
Soldering Iron 1 ₱10
cost and benefit to the system. So the proponents show the 0.00
Capacitive 4 ₱ ₱1,32
approximately amount of the costs. Proximity Sensor 330.00 0.00
Arduino Uno 1 ₱
Table 1.0 Cost Estimation 495.00

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DC Motor 4 ₱ ₱1,00  Trainer cost ₱ ₱

2 Hrs.
250.00 0.00 50.00 100.00
L293D 1 ₱  Travel cost ₱ ₱90.0
2 Hrs.
60.00 45.00 0
Buzzer 1 ₱ ₱ 6. Total Project ₱
60.00 240.00 Cost Estimate
LED 4 ₱ ₱ 8.00 15,758
2.00
3. Software
Sketch Up 1 Ope Open
n Source Project Development/Construction
Source
Arduino IDE 1 Ope Open The proponents made a plan in order to achieve the
n Source
Source proposed project. First procedure is planning of the functionality,
4. Testing **** **** **** ₱3,00
and the purpose of the proposed project. Next is planning of
0.00
design. The proponents draw the project layout, schematic and
5. Training and support ₱
190.00 flowchart of the proposed project. After planning of design, is

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building the project. And last is execution, after building the 5. Buzzer- it will beep once if the waste is fall or continuous

device the proponents will start to execute or test the device and beep if the bin is full.

determine the flaws and error during trial. And after evaluating the

errors, the proponents will re-test it again to make sure it will be

ready to present.

1. Capacitive Proximity Sensor – it will detect the wastes that

fall or pass in sensor.

2. Motor – it will open and close the.

3. Dustbin – where the waste will fall after detection.

4. Led- the light will on if the waste is fall in the bin also if it is
Fig. 6.0 Project Design
full.

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Fig. 6.1 Project Design

Fig. 6.2 Project Design

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Fig. 6.3 Project Design

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