Lesson 4 Numerical

Lesson 4:
PILI* Numerical
Reasoning
SECTION BREAKDOWN, SAMPLE QUESTIONS, TIPS
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Numerical Reasoning Question Types on PILI
• Number series
• Number value
• Word problems
Note
• Explanations may give an impression that questions can’t be solved quickly. But
we’re in lesson mode: If you practice properly, everything will flow faster and in
auto mode.
• Calculators are not allowed!
Keep Calm ☺
Number Series Sample Question
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, ?
1. 15
2. 11
3. 20
4. 12
Number Series - Sample Question Explained
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, ?
+2 +2
or or
1. 15 ×2 ×2
2. 11 1 2 4 5 10 Rule: +1, ×2, +1, ×2…
3. 20
+1 +1
4. 12 or or
×2 ×2
Lowest Value
“Which of the following numbers has the lowest value?”
• 1/3 • 0.02
Only
fractions • 1/6 • 2 × 0.1 Mixed
• 2/8 • 1-0.2
• 2/7 • 2/10+0.5
Lowest Value
Tips:
• Master percentages, fractions, decimals
• Convert from one form to the other
• Memorize known fractions & percentage/decimal forms
• Simplify fractions
• Practice your estimation skill
Memorizing Values, Rules, and Formulas
Fraction Decimal Percent
• Bigger denominator → smaller fraction
½ 0.5 50%
• A/B = B × 1/A
1/3 0.33 33.33%
2/3 0.66 66.66% • Percent= per 100 = value/100
¼ 0.25 25% • Decimal to percentage: multiply by 100
1/5 0.2 20%
• Percentage to decimal: divide by 100
1/6 0.166 16.66%
1/7 0.142 14.2%
1/8 0.125 12.5%
1/9 0.111 11.11%
1/10 0.1 10%
Lowest Value – Sample Question
Which of the following numbers has the lowest value?
• 2/3
• 5/6
• 5/8
• 4/7
Lowest Value – Sample Question
• 2/3
• 5/6
• 5/8
• 4/7
Lowest Value – Sample Question Explained
• 2/3 = 2×1/3 = 66.66%

Using % • 5/6 5×1/6 ≈ 5×16% ≈ 80%
• 5/8 5×1/8 = 5×12.5% ≈ 60%
• 4/7 4×1/7 ≈ 4×14% ≈ 56%
Lowest Value - Sample Question Explained
2 4
2 2 5 𝟓 𝟒 Vs turns into:
• Vs Vs 3 7
Or 3 3 6 𝟖 𝟕
Multiply 5 5 2×7 Vs 3×4
• Divide by 2 5×7 Vs 4×8
6 6
14 Vs 12
5 2 2.5
35 Vs 32
• Vs 𝟒
8 3 3 4 is the smallest
is smaller. 𝟕
4 2 7
• is smaller
7 3
Word Problems - Types
• Basic arithmetic
• Work rate
• Distance, Speed, Time
• Ratios
• Percentages (increase/decrease, reverse)
• Averages
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Percent= per 100 = value/100
Word Problems – Percentages

A Bluetooth speaker costs £12. Its price rose by 20% and then by additional £2.4 the
day after. What is the total percentage increase in price of this speaker?
1. 25%
2. 35%
3. 40%
4. 45%
Word Problems – Percentages
A Bluetooth speaker costs £12. Its price rose by 20% and then by additional £2.4 the
day after. What is the total percentage increase in price of this speaker?
1. 25%
2. 35%
3. 40%
4. 45%
Percent= per 100 = value/100
Word Problems – Percentages Explained

A Bluetooth speaker costs £12. Its price rose by 20% and by additional £2.4 the day after. What is the total percentage
increase in price of this speaker?
10% building blocks – divide by 10
10% = £12/10 = £1.2
20%=2×10%
20% of £12 = 1.2×2 = £2.4
£2.4 + £2.4 = £4.8 Or:

£1.2 =10%
4.8 480
×100 = = 𝟒𝟎% £1.2×4=10%×4=40%!
12 12
Percentage Quick Tricks
• 1% and 10% building blocks – shift the decimal point to the left
• 20% of 30 is (2x3)=6, 25% of 40 is 2.5x4
• 35% of 20 = 20% of 35
new price
• Reverse % for price reduction: Original price =
what’s left
new price
• Reverse % for price increase: Original price =
what was added
Work Rate = Work / Time
Word Problems – Work Rate

3 machines with equal output build 1 car in 5 hours. If a fourth machine with
double the output of a single machine is added, how many hours will it take to
build the same car?
1. 1
2. 1.5
3. 3
4. 4.5
Word Problems – Work Rate
3 machines with equal output build 1 car in 5 hours. If a fourth machine with
double the output of a single machine is added, how many hours will it take to
build the same car?
1. 1
2. 1.5
3. 3
4. 4.5
Work Rate = Work / Time
Word Problems – Work Rate Explained

3 machines with equal output build 1 car in 5 hours. If a fourth machine with double the output of a single machine is
added, how many hours will it take to build the same car?
1 machine does one third of the work: 1/3
Each machine works 5 hours
(1/3)of car 1/3 1

Thus, work rate of one machine = = =
5h 5 15
1
Fourth machine’s work rate = 2 ×
15
1 1
New combined work rate = (3 × ) + (2 × )
15 15
3 2 5 1
= + = = which means 1 car in 3 hours!
15 15 15 3
Distance = Speed × Time
*Speed=velocity
Word Problems – Speed Distance Time

A spaceship is travelling at a speed that increases by two fold every hour.
In 3 hours the spaceship travelled 140 miles. What was the speed of the spaceship
during the third hour?
1. 60
2. 80
3. 50
4. 120
Word Problems – Speed Distance Time
In 3 hours the spaceship travelled 140 miles. What was the speed of the spaceship
during the third hour?
1. 60
2. 80
3. 50
4. 120
Distance = Speed × Time
*Speed=velocity
Word Problems – Speed Distance Time Explained

In 3 hours the spaceship travelled 140 miles. What was the speed of the spaceship during the third hour?
Original Speed = ? (S)
Distance covered in 1st hour: S×1h

Distance in 2nd hour: 2S×1h
Distance in 3rd hour: 4S×1h
140 = S+2S+4S
140 = 7S
S = 20
3rd hour Speed = 4S = 20×4 = 80mph
Avg =
(sum of numbers in set) / (# of items in set)
Word Problems – Averages

The average number of weekly working hours of Tom, Helen, and Boris is 34. Boris
works 40h on average every week. What is Helen and Tom's average number of
weekly working hours?
1. 27.5
2. 31
3. 34
4. 35
Word Problems – Averages
The average number of weekly working hours of Tom, Helen, and Boris is 34. Boris
works 40h on average every week. What is Helen and Tom's average number of
weekly working hours?
1. 27.5
2. 31
3. 34
4. 35
Avg =
(sum of terms in set) / (# of terms in set)
Word Problems – Averages Explained

The average number of weekly working hours of Tom, Helen, and Boris is 34. Boris works 40h on average every week.
What is Helen and Tom's average number of weekly working hours?
Using the persons' initials as variables, with Boris being substituted with 40, we can write:
(T+H+40)/3 = 34 → T+H+40 = 34×3
Simplifying 34×3 and subtracting 40:
T+H = (30+4)×3-40 → T+H = 102-40 = 62 This is Tom and Helen's sum of ages.
And back to finding Tom and Helen’s average age: (T+H)/2 = 62/2= 31 hours
Word Problems – Ratios
The number of keynote speakers at the conference constitutes 2/5 of the total
number of speakers in the conference. If there are 38 unique keynote talks during
the conference, how many speakers are not keynote speakers?
1. 95
2. 19
3. 57
4. 63
Word Problems – Ratios
The number of keynote speakers at the conference constitutes 2/5 of the total
number of speakers in the conference. If there are 38 unique keynote talks during
the conference, how many how many speakers are not keynote speakers?
1. 95
2. 19
3. 57
4. 63
Word Problems – Ratios Explained
The number of keynote speakers at a conference constitutes 2/5 of the total number of speakers in the conference. If
there are 38 unique keynote talks during the conference, how many speakers are not keynote speakers?
Let S stand for all speakers, K stand for keynote speakers, and R for regular speakers:
K = 2/5×S = 38
S = 38×5/2
R = 3/5×S = 3×38×5/(5×2) = 3×19 = 57
End of Lesson 4
• Note: Grab the PDF with a list of curated Numerical Reasoning practice
resources.
On to Lesson 5!
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Lesson 4 Numerical

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Lesson 4:

2. 11 1 2 4 5 10 Rule: +1, ×2, +1, ×2…

• 2/3 = 2×1/3 = 66.66%

Word Problems – Percentages

Word Problems – Percentages Explained

10% building blocks – divide by 10

10% = £12/10 = £1.2

20% of £12 = 1.2×2 = £2.4

£2.4 + £2.4 = £4.8 Or:

Word Problems – Work Rate

Word Problems – Work Rate Explained

1 machine does one third of the work: 1/3

Each machine works 5 hours

(1/3)of car 1/3 1

Word Problems – Speed Distance Time

Word Problems – Speed Distance Time Explained

Original Speed = ? (S)

Distance covered in 1st hour: S×1h

3rd hour Speed = 4S = 20×4 = 80mph

Word Problems – Averages

Word Problems – Averages Explained

(T+H+40)/3 = 34 → T+H+40 = 34×3

Simplifying 34×3 and subtracting 40:

R = 3/5×S = 3×38×5/(5×2) = 3×19 = 57

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