Dynamics

Force:
A force is a pull or push that one object exerts on another which produces or tends to
produce a motion, stops or tends to stop a motion.
Force = Mass * Acceleration
SI unit: Newton (N)
F =MA

Force Can Cause:

 A Stationary object to start moving.
 A moving object to increase speed.
 A moving object to decrease speed.
 A moving object to change its direction of motion.
 An object to accelerate or decelerate.
Balanced Forces:

Forces acting on an object are balanced if the resultant force is zero.

unbalanced
Unbalanced Forces:
Forces acting on an object are unbalanced if the resultant force is not zero.

Newton’s First Law Of Motion:

Every object will continue its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a
resultant force acts on it to change its state.

Newton’s Second Law Of Motion:

When a resultant force acts on an object of constant mass the object will accelerate and
move in the direction of the resultant force. The product of the mass and acceleration of
the object is equal to resultant force.

Force = Mass × Acceleration

Newton’s Third Law Of Motion:

For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction and these forces act on
mutually opposite bodies.

In simpler words: Action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

Friction:
The force which resists the motion of one surface on another surface is known as
friction.
Remember: In order to reduce friction add lubricants like : lubricating oil, graphite or
water.

Static friction is the friction between two surfaces that are not in relative motion with
each other, while Dynamic (aka Kinetic) friction is the friction between two surfaces that
are in relative motion with respect to each other
 Mass Weight and Density
Mass is the measure of amount of substance in a body. (Irrespective of its shape,
location and speed.
Mass depends on the number and composition of atoms and molecules.

SI unit: kilogram (kg)

Remember: mass is a scalar quantity.

Mass can’t be changed by location, shape and speed of the body.

Weight:
Weight is a force and has direction.

Weight = Mass × Gravity

W = mg
SI unit: Newton (N)

The direction of the weight acts downwards towards the center of the earth.
It is sometimes also called gravitational force / gravity.

Mass And Weight Relation:

Mass is directly proportional to weight.

Thus if mass increases weight increases and vice versa if mass decreases weight also
decreases.

How To Measure Mass And Weight:

In order to measure weight:
 Use electronic balance, spring balance and bathroom scales.
 These machines are calibrated to give readings in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
 Weighing scales calibrated for use on earth can’t be used on the moon.
In order to measure mass:
 Use beam balance or calibrated electronic balance.
 Difference Between Mass And Weight:

Gravitational Field:
The region around the earth where gravity is experienced is called the gravitational field.

Gravitational Field Strength:

It is defined as the gravitational force acting per unit mass on an object.

On earth gravitational field strength is about 10 Nkg-1

It means that 1 kg of mass experiences a force of 10 N kg-1

Gravitational Force:
 All masses attract one another with this force.
 The larger the mass, the stronger the force.
 The smaller the distance between the mass the stronger the force.

Inertia:
Inertia of an object refers to the reluctance of the object to change its state of rest or
motion.

Inertia of an object depends on its mass. An object with greater mass has greater inertia
and vice versa an object with lower mass would have lower inertia.

In other words the larger the mass of an object, the harder it is to start moving , slow
down, move faster or change direction.

Density:
Density is defined as mass per unit volume

SI unit: kgm-3 or g/cm3

Finding density of a regular shaped object:
Use a beam balance to measure mass
Use a ruler to measure the sides and calculate volume using formula of the volume of
shape.
Calculate density by using the formula: Density = mass / volume

Finding density of an irregular shaped object:

Use a beam balance to measure mass

Lower the object into a half filled measuring cylinder gently and measure the volume by
subtracting initial water level from final water level.
FORMULAE:

W= mg D= S/T F= ma F-f = ma g= 10N/kg p(Density)=m/v v= m/p

p=m/v Relative Density= Density of substance/ density of water a=v-u /t

Some examples of Centrifugal Force are given below.

 Weight of an object at the poles and on the equator

 A bike making a turn.
 Vehicle driving around a curve
 Equatorial railway
Centrifugal force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the centripetal force.
Some examples of Centripetal Force are given below.

 Spinning a ball on a string or twirling a lasso: Here the centripetal force is provided by
the force of tension on the rope pulls the object in toward the centre.
 Turning a car: Here the centripetal force is provided by the frictional force between the
ground and the wheels.
 Going through a loop on a roller coaster: The force is provided by the Normal Force as
the seat or wall pushes you toward the centre.
 Planets orbiting around the Sun: Centripetal Force is provided by Gravity.

PHYSICS NOTES DYNAMICS

AND MASS, WEIGHT, DENSITY