Unit I - Partial Differential Equations

Part - A
1. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
constants a and b from z = (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 .
Soln : Given z = (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 (1)
∂z p
p= = 2(x + a) ⇒ = (x + a) (2)
∂x 2
∂z q
q= = 2(y + b) ⇒ = (y + b) (3)
∂y 2
Substituting (2)and (3) in equation (1), we get
 p 2  q 2
(1) ⇒ z = + ⇒ 4z = p2 + q 2
2 2
2. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
constants a and b from (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + z 2 = 1.
Soln : Given (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + z 2 = 1 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
∂z ∂z
2(x − a) + 2z =0 ⇒(x − a) + z =0
∂x ∂x
⇒ (x − a) = −zp ⇒(x − a)2 = (zp)2 (2)
∂z ∂z
2(y − b) + 2z =0 ⇒(y − b) + z =0
∂y ∂y
⇒ (y − b) = −zq ⇒(y − b)2 = (zq)2 (3)
Substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1), we get
(zp)2 + (zq)2 + z 2 = 1
z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = 1
3. Form the partial differential equation of all the spheres whose centres
are on the line x = y = z
Soln : The equation of all the spheres having their centre on the line
x = y = z(=′ a′ ) and radius ′ r′ is given by
(x − a)2 + (y − a)2 + (z − a)2 = r2 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
∂z
2(x − a) + 2(z − a) =0 ⇒ (x − a) + (z − a)p = 0
∂x
(x + zp)
⇒ a(1 + p) = (x + zp) ∴a= (2)
(1 + p)
 ∂z
2(y − a) + 2(z − a) =0 ⇒ (y − a) + (z − a)q = 0
∂y
(y + zq)
⇒ a(1 + q) = (y + zq) ∴a= (3)
(1 + q)
Equating (2) & (3), we get
(x + zp) (y + zq)
a= =
(1 + p) (1 + q)
⇒ x(1 + q) − y(1 + p) + z(p − q) = 0

4. Find the partial differential equations of all planes cutting equal

intercepts with x and y-axes. (N/D ’07)
Soln : The equation of the plane making equal intercepts ′ a′ with x
and y-axes is given by
x y z
+ + =1 (1)
a a b
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
∂z
1 ∂x 1 p
+ =0⇒ =− (2)
a b a b
∂z
1 ∂y 1 q
+ =0⇒ =− (3)
a b a b
Equating (2) and (3) we get, p = q.
5. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
constants a and b from (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = z 2 cot2 α.
Soln : Given (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = z 2 cot2 α (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,

∂z
2(x − a) = 2z cot2 α ⇒ (x − a) = zp cot2 α (2)
∂x
∂z
2(y − b) = 2z cot2 α ⇒ (y − b) = zq cot2 α (3)
∂y
Substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1), we get,

2
2
zp cot2 α + zq cot2 α = z 2 cot2 α

Dividing by cot2 α on both sides,

z 2 p2 cot2 α + q 2 cot2 α = z 2

p2 + q 2 = tan2 α
6. Form the partial differential
equation by eliminating the arbitrary
2 2
function from z = f x + y
.
Soln : Given z = f x2 + y 2 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
p
p = f ′ x2 + y 2 · 2x ⇒ = f ′ x2 + y 2



(2)
2x
q
q = f ′ x2 + y 2 · 2y ⇒ = f ′ x2 + y 2



(3)
2y
Equating (2) and (3) ,we get,
p q
= ⇒ py − qx = 0
2x 2y
7. Form the partial differential
 xy  equation by eliminating the arbitrary
function from z = f .
zxy 
Soln : Given z = f (1)
z
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
 xy   zy − xyp 
p = f′ · (2)
z z2
   zx − xyq 
′ xy
q=f · (3)
z z2
From (2) and (3) ,we get,
zy−xyp


p z2

= zx−xyq ⇒ px − qy = 0
q z2

8. Find the complete integral of p + q = pq.

Soln : Given p + q = pq (1)
Let z = ax + by + c be a solution of the above equation.
Differentiate partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
p=a ; q=b
(1) ⇒ a + b = ab
a
ab − b = a ⇒ b(a − 1) = a ⇒ b =
a−1
a
The complete solution is given by z = ax + y + c.
a−1
√ √
9. Find the complete integral of p+ q = 1.
√ √
Soln : Given p + q = 1 (1)
 Let z = ax + by + c be a solution of the above equation.
Differentiate partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
p=a ; √q = b√ √
2
Equation (1) reduces to a + b = 1 ⇒ b = 1 − a
√
2
The complete solution is given by z = ax + 1 − a y + c.
10. Find the complete solution of the partial differential equation
p2 + q 2 − 4pq = 0.
Soln : Given p2 + q 2 − 4pq = 0 (1)
Let z = ax + by + c be a solution of the above equation.
Differentiate partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
p=a ; q=b p
Equation (1) reduces to a2 + b2 − 4ab = 0 ⇒b = 4ap± 16a −4a2
The complete solution is given by z = ax + 4a ± 16a − 4a2 y + c.
p
11. Write down the complete solution
p of px + qy = 1 + p2 + q 2 + z.
Soln : Given px + qy = 1 + p2 + q 2 +p z (1)
Rearranging the equation z = px + qy − 1 + p2 + q 2
The above equation is a Clairaut’s equation.
Put p = a ; q=b p
The complete solution is z = ax + by − 1 + a2 + b2 .
12. Write down the complete solution of z = px + qy + p2 − q 2 .
Soln : Given z = px + qy + p2 − q 2
The above equation is a Clairaut’s equation.
Put p = a ; q=b
The complete solution is given z = ax + by + a2 − b2 .
 ′ ′

3 2 3
13. Solve D − 3DD + 2D z = 0.
Soln : The auxiliary equation is given by
m3 − 3m + 2 = 0 (1)
Solve by synthetic division method

1 1 0 -3 2
0 1 1 -2
1 1 -2 0

m = 1 is a root of the auxiliary equation.

m2 + m − 2 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, −2 roots.
The roots of the auxiliary equation are 1, 1, −2.
The solution is z = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) + f3 (y − 2x).
  ′ ′

2 2
14. Solve D − 4DD + 3D z = 0.
Soln : The auxiliary equation is m2 − 4m + 3 = 0, ∴ m = 1, 3.
The solution is given by z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + 3x).
 ′

2 ′ 2
15. Solve D − 2DD + D z = 0.
Soln : The auxiliary equation is m2 − 2m + 1 = 0, ∴ m = 1, 1.
The solution is given by z = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x).
16. Find the particular Integral of D3 + 2D2 D′ z = sin(x + 2y).

Soln : Particular Integral is given by

1
P.I. = sin(x + 2y) {Here sin(ax + by) ⇒ a = 1; b = 2}
D3 + 2D2 D′
D
= 2 2 2 ′
sin(x + 2y) [D2 = −a2 = −1, DD′ = −ab = −2]
D D + 2D DD
D cos(x + 2y)
= sin(x + 2y) = .
(−1)(−1) + 2(−1)(−2) 5

17. Find the particular Integral of D3 − 2D2 D′ z = e(2x+3y) .

Soln : Particular Integral is given by

1 (2x+3y) e(2x+3y) e(2x+3y)

P.I. = e = =
D3 − 2D2 D′ 23 − 2(2)2 (3) −16

Unit II - Fourier Series

1. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to
f (x) = cos2 x expressed in the interval (−π, π).
1 + cos 2x
Soln : Givenf (x) = cos2 x =
2
f (−x) = cos (−x) = cos2 x = f (x)
2

Therefore the function is even. Z π π

2 π

2 1 + cos 2x 1 sin 2x
Z
i.e., a0 = cos2 xdx = dx = x+
π 0 π 0 2 π 2 0
  
1 sin 2π
= π+ − (0 + 0) = 1.
π 2
2. If f (x) = x2 + x is expanded as a Fourier series in the interval (−2, 2)
to which value this series converges at x = 2?
Soln : Here given x = 2 is a point of discontinuity in the extremum.
f (−2) + f (2) (4 − 2) + (4 + 2)
f (x = 2) = = = 4.
2 2
3. If the Fourier series of f (x) = x2 in − π < x < π is equal to
∞ ∞
π2 X (−1)n cos nx X 1 π2
f (x) = +4 2
, prove that 2
= .
3 n=1
n n=1
n 6
∞
2 π 2 X (−1)n cos nx
Soln : Given f (x) = x , f (x) = +4 2
,
3 n=1
n
put x = π, is a point of discontinuity in the extremum
∞
π 2 + (−π)2 π2 X (−1)n cos nπ
f (π) = = +4
2 3 n=1
n2
∞
π2
2
X (−1)n (−1)n
⇒π − =4
3 n=1
n2
∞
2π 2 X (−1)2n
⇒ =4
3 n=1
n2
∞
π2 X 1
⇒ = 2
.
6 n=1
n

4. If f (x) = |cos x| is expanded in a Fourier series in the interval of

−π < x < π, find a0 .
Soln : Given f (x) = |cos x|
f (−x) = |− cos x| = |cos x| = f (x)
Therefore the function is even.
π π
2 2
Z Z
a0 = f (x) dx = |cos x| dx
π π
(0 0 )
π/2 π
2
Z Z
= cos xdx + (− cos x) dx
π 0 π/2
2n π/2 π
o 4
= [sin x]0 + [− sin x]π/2 = .
π π
1
5. State Dirichlet’s condition in Fourier series and examine whether
1−x
can be expanded in a Fourier series in any interval including the point
x = 1.
Soln : The function f (x) can be expanded as a Fourier series if it
satisfies the following conditions in any interval.
(a) f (x) is well defined, single valued, bounded and periodic function.
(b) f (x) has finite number of discontinuous points (piecewise
continuous).
 (c) f (x) has only finite number of maxima and minima.
f (x) is not well defined
 at x = 1,

1
since f (x = 1) = lim = ∞.
x→1 1 − x
So f (x) can not be expanded in a Fourier series in any interval including
the point x = 1.
6. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to
f (x) = 2x − x2 expressed in the interval (−2, 2).
Soln : Given f (x) = 2x − x2

f (x)
f (−x) = 2 (−x) − (−x)2 = −2x − x2 6=
−f (x)
∴ The function is neither even nor odd.

π
1 1 π −2π 2
Z Z
2


a0 = f (x) dx = 2x − x dx = .
π −π π −π 3
(
−π , −π < x < 0
7. The function f (x) = is expanded as a Fourier series
x ,0 < x < π
π
of period 2π. What is the sum of the series at x = 0 and x = .
 2
−π, −π < x < 0
Soln : Given f (x) =
x, 0 < x < π
Sum of the series at x = 0 (point of discontinuity) is
f (0+) + f (0−) 0 + (−π) −π
f (0) = = =
2π 2 2
Sum of the series at x = 2 (point of continuity) is f ( π2 ) = π2 .
8. Obtain pthe constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to
f (x) = (1 − cos x) inpthe integral of (−π, π).
Soln : Given f (x) = (1 − cos x)
p √
f (−x) = [1 − cos (−x)] = 1 − cos x = f (x)
Therefore the function is even.

2 π 2 π√
Z Z
a0 = f (x) dx = 1 − cos xdx
π 0 π 0
2 π 2 π√
Z r
2 x
  Z x
= 2 sin dx = 2 sin dx
π 0 2 π 0 2
√ !" x

#π √
2 2 − cos 2 4 2
= 1 = .
π 2
π
0
 
0, 0 < x < π
9. If the Fourier series for the function f (x) = is
  sin x, π < x < 2π
−1 2 cos 2x cos 4x sin x
f (x) = + + + ... +
π π 1.3 3.5 2
1 1 π−2
Deduce that − + ... =
1.3 3.5 4
0, 0<x<π
Soln : Given f (x) =
sin x, π < x < 2π
π
Put x = is a point of continuity
2  
−1 2 1 1 1
0= + − + − ... +
π π 1.3 3.5 2
 
1 −1 2 1 1
− = + − + − ...
2 π π 1.3 3.5
 
1 1 2 1 1
− + =− − + ...
2 π π 1.3 3.5
   
−π + 2 π 1 1
− = − + ...
2π 2 1.3 3.5
     
1 1 −π + 2 π−2
⇒ − + ... = − = .
1.3 3.5 4 4
10. If the Fourier series corresponding to f (x ) = x in the interval (0, 2π)
∞
a0 X
is + (an cos nx + bn sin nx) without finding the values of a0 , an , bn
2 n=1
∞
a20 X 2
an + b2n .


find the value of +
2 n=1
Soln : By parseval’s theorem
∞
1 2π a20 X 2
Z
2
an + b2n


[f (x)] dx = +
π 0 2 n=1
2 ∞ 2π
a0 X 2
1
Z
+ an + b2n = [x]2 dx
2 n=1
π 0
∞
a20 X 2
8π 2
+ an + b2n =
2 n=1
3

11. The cosine series for f (x) = x sin x for 0 < x < π is given as the
∞
1 X (−1)n
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2 2−1
cos nx and deduce that
2 n
  n=2
1 1 π
1+2 − + ... = .
1.3 3.5 2
 ∞
1 X (−1)n
Soln : Given x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2 2−1
cos nx
2 n=2
n
π
Put x = (point of continuity)
2
∞
π π 1 π X (−1)n π
sin = 1 − cos − 2 cos n
2 2 2 2 n=2
n2 − 1 2
∞
π X (−1)n π
=1−2 cos n
2 n=2
n2 − 1 2
∞
π X (−1)n π
=1−2 cos n
2 n=2
(n + 1) (n − 1) 2
 
π 1 −1 1
= 1−2 (−1)+ (0)+ (1)+...
2 (3) (1) (4) (2) (5) (3)
 
1 1 π
∴ 1+2 − +... =
1.3 3.5 2
Hence deduced.
12. If f (x) = sin2 x, −π < x < π, then find b21 + b22 + b23 + · · ·
Soln : Given f (x) = sin2 x, −π < x < π
f (−x) = sin2 (−x) = (− sin x)2 = sin2 x = f (x)
∴ The function is even.
This implies bn = 0.
X∞ ∞
X
2
Therefore, bn = (0)2 = 0
n=1 n=1
This implies b21 + b22 + b23 + · · · = 0.
13. State whether true or false: Fourier series of period 2 for x sin x in (−1, 1)
contains only sine terms. Justify your answer.
Soln : False, the Fourier series doesn’t contain sine terms. Since,

f (−x) = (−x) sin (−x) = (−x) (− sin x) = x sin x = f (x)

Therefore the function is even. ∞

a0 X  nπx 
∴ Fourier series is f (x) = + an cos .
2 n=1
ℓ
So, it contains only cosine terms in the series.
14. If f (x) = x − x2 in (−1, 1), find the RMS value of f (x).
Soln : Given f (x) = x − x2 .
The RMS value in an integral (−1, 1).
 v v
u Z1 u Z1
u1 u1
u u
2
y=t [f (x)] dx = t [x − x2 ]2 dx
2 2
−1 −1
v
u Z1 s 
3 5 4 1

u1 1 x x x
u
=t [x2 + x4 − 2x3 ]dx = + −2
2 2 3 5 4 −1
−1
s    
1 1 1 1 −1 −1 1
= + − − + −
2 3 5 2 3 5 2
s   s  r
1 2 2 1 1 8
= + = + = .
2 3 5 3 5 15

15. Find the Half range Fourier sine series for unity in 0 < x < π.
Soln : Given f (x) = 1 in (0, π).
Zπ  π
2 2 − cos nx
bn = 1 sin nxdx =
π π n 0
0
Half range Fourier sine
0, n is even
(
−2
= {[(−1)n ] − [1]} = 4
nπ , n is odd
nπ
series is,
∞ ∞ ∞
X 4 X 1 4 X 1
f (x) = bn sin nx = sin nx = sin nx
n=1
π n π n=1,3,5,···
n
n=odd

16. State Parseval’s theorem on Fourier coefficient.

Soln : If the Fourier series corresponding to f (x) converges uniformly
to f (x) in an integral (−π, π) then,
Zπ ∞
1 2 a20 X 2
an + b2n


[f (x)] dx = +
π 2 n=1
−π

17. State Parseval’s identity for Half range Fourier cosine series and Half
range Fourier sine series
Soln : Parseval’s identity for Half range Fourier cosine series,
Zπ ∞
2 2 a20 X 2

[f (x)] dx = + an
π 2 n=1
0

Parseval’s identity for Half range Fourier sine series,

 Zπ ∞
2 2
X
b2n


[f (x)] dx =
π n=1
0

18. Define root mean square value(RMS) of f (x).

Soln : The root mean value of the function y = f (x) over the interval
(a, b) and it is defined as,
v
Zb
u
u 1
u
y=t [f (x)]2 dx
(b − a)
a

19. Define complex form of Fourier series.

Soln : The complex form of Fourier series in (0, 2π) is
∞ Z2π
X 1
f (x) = Cn einx where Cn = f (x) e−inx dx
n=−∞
2π
0

20. What is Harmonic analysis?

Soln : The process of finding Fourier series for a function f (x) given
by numerical values is known as “Harmonic Analysis”. Consider the
Fourier series in an interval of f (x) as,
a0
f (x) = +a1 cos x+a2 cos 2x+· · ·+b1 sin x+b2 sin 2x+· · ·
2
2 hX i
where, a0 = 2 [Mean value of f (x)] = f (x)
k
2 hX i
an = 2 [Mean value of f (x) cos nx] = f (x) cos nx
kh
2 X i
bn = 2 [Mean value of f (x) sin nx] = f (x) sin nx
k
where k is number of sub intervals
∞
2 π2 X (−1)n
21. If x = +4 2
cos nx , show that
3 n=1
n
π4 1 1 1
= 4 + 4 + 4 + · · · in −π < x < π .
90 1 2 3 ∞
2 π2 X (−1)n
Soln : Given f (x) = x = +4 2
cos nx
3 n=1
n
a0 π2 2π 2 4 (−1)n
Here = ⇒ a0 = , an =
2 3 3 n2
 By Parseval’s identity,
Zπ ∞
1 2 a2 X 2

[f (x)] dx = 0 + an
π 2 n=1
−π
 2 2
Zπ 2π ∞  2
1  2 2 3 X 4 (−1)n
⇒ x dx = +
π 2 n=1
n2
−π
 4
Zπ 4π ∞ 2n
!
2 9 X 16 (−1)
⇒ x4 dx = +
π 2 n=1
n4
0
 π ∞ 
2 x5 4π 4

X 1
⇒ = + 16
π 5 0 18 n=1
n4
4 ∞  
2 2π X 1
π5 =


⇒ + 16
5π 9 n=1
n4
∞ 
2 4
2π 4

X 1
⇒ π = + 16
5 9 n=1
n4
∞ 
2 4
2π 4

X 1
⇒ π − = 16
5 9 n=1
n4
∞ 
1 4
π4

X 1
⇒ π − =8
5 9 n=1
n4
  ∞  
1 1 X 1
⇒ π4 − =8
5 9 n=1
n4
  ∞  
4 4 X 1
⇒π =8
45 n=1
n4
∞ 
π4 X 1

⇒ =
90 n=1 n4
π4 1 1 1
= 4 + 4 + 4 + ···
90 1 2 3

22. Find the R.M.S. value of y = x2 in (−π, π) .

Soln : Given y = x2 (−π, π)
The RMS value in an interval (−π, π) is
 v v
Zb u Zπ
u
1 u1
u
2
y=t [f (x)] dx = t [x2 ]2 dx
u u
(b − a) 2π
a −π
v v
u Zπ u Zπ s  
π
u1
u2 1 x5
u
=t
u 4
x dx = t 4
x dx =
2π 2π π 5 0
−π 0
r r r
1 π5 π4 π2
= [(π 5 ) − (05 )] = = =√ .
5π 5π 5 5

Unit III - Applications of Partial Differential Equations

1. Classify the following partial differential equations.
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
  
∂u ∂u
(i) 2 = 2 (ii) = + xy.
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
Soln : (i)Here A = 1, B = 0, C = −1.

∴ B 2 − 4AC = −4(−1) = 4 > 0

The given partial differential equation is Hyperbolic.

(ii) Here A = 0, B = 1, C = 0.

∴ B 2 − 4AC = 1 > 0

The given partial differential equation is Hyperbolic.

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2. Classify the partial differential equation + x 2 = 0.
∂x2 ∂y
Soln : Here A = 1, B = 0, C = x.

∴ B 2 − 4AC = −4x

The equation is Elliptic if x > 0, Hyperbolic if x < 0 and Parabolic if

x = 0.
2 ∂ 2y 2
2∂ y
3. What is the constant a in the wave equation 2 = a ?
∂t ∂x2
T The tension in the string
Soln : Here a2 = = .
m Mass per unit length of the string

4. In one dimensional heat equation ut = α2 uxx , what does α2 stands for?

Soln :
k Thermal Conductivity
α2 = = = diffusivity of the material
ρc (Density of the rod)(Specific Heat)
5. Write the possible solutions of the one dimensional heat equation
2
∂u 2∂ u
=a .
∂t ∂x2
Soln :
2 2
u(x, t) = (A cos px + B sin px) e−α p t

22
u(x, t) = Aepx + Be−px eα p t
u(x, t) = (Ax + B)

∂ 2y ∂ 2y
6. Write the possible solutions of the one dimensional wave 2 = a2 2 .
∂t ∂x
Soln :
y(x, t) = (A cos px + B sin px) (C cos pat + D sin pat)
y(x, t) = Aepx + Be−px Cepat + De−pat

y(x, t) = (Ax + B) (Ct + D)

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
7. Write any two solutions of the Laplace equation + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2
Soln :
u(x, y) = (A cos px + B sin px) Cepy + De−py

u(x, y) = Aepx + Be−px (C cos py + D sin py)

u(x, y) = (Ax + B) (Cy + D)

8. A tightly stretched string of length 2ℓ is fastened at both ends. The mid
point of the string is displaced to a distance b and released from rest in
this position write the initial conditions.
Soln : The initial conditions are
 
∂y
(i) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ ℓ
∂t t=0

bx

 , 0≤x≤ℓ
(ii)y(x, 0) = ℓ
 b(2ℓ − x) , ℓ ≤ x ≤ 2ℓ

ℓ
y x bx
(Since equation of OA is = ⇒ y = )
b ℓ ℓ
y−b ℓ−x b
(Since equation of AB is = ⇒ y = (2ℓ − x))
b ℓ ℓ
9. Write the boundary conditions and initial conditions for solving the
vibration of string equation, if the string is subjected to initial
displacement f (x) and initial velocity g(x).
Soln : The boundary and initial conditions are
 (i) y(x = 0, t) = 0 for all t > 0
(ii) y(x = ℓ, t) = 0 for all t > 0
∂y
(iii) (x, t = 0) = g(x), 0 < x < ℓ
∂t
(iv) y(x, t = 0) = f (x), 0 < x < ℓ

10. State any two assumptions made in the derivation of one-dimensional

wave equation.
Soln :
(i) The motion takes entirely in one plane and in this plane each particle
moves in a direction perpendicular to the equilibrium position of the
string.
(ii) The tension in the string is constant.
(iii) The gravitational force may be neglected in comparison with the
tension t.
(iv) The effect of friction is negligible.
11. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat
equation.
Soln :
(1) Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature.
(2) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change
in a body is proportional to the mass of the body and to the temperature
change.
(3) The rate at which heat flows through an area is proportional to the
area and to the temperature gradient normal to the area.
12. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat
flow equation.
Soln : The temperature function u will be a function of x alone in the
∂u
steady state condition. i.e., = 0 , under steady state condition.
∂t
2
∂u 2∂ u ∂ 2u
∴ The heat flow equation =α reduces to =0
∂t ∂x2 ∂x2
Integrating we get, u(x) = ax + b.
13. State one dimensional heat equation with the initial and boundary
conditions.
∂u ∂ 2u
Soln : The one dimensional heat flow equation is = α2 2
∂t ∂x
The boundary conditions are
 (i)u(x = 0, t) = k1◦ C for all t > 0
(ii)u(x = ℓ, t) = k2◦ C for all t > 0
(iii)u(x, t = 0) = f (x) in (0, ℓ) −→ initial condition.

14. An insulated rod of length 60cm has its ends at A and B maintained at
20◦ C and 80◦ C respectively. Find the steady state solution of the heat
equation in one dimension along the rod.  
b−a
Soln : The steady state solution is u(x) = x+a
ℓ
Here, a = 20, b = 80, ℓ
= 60
u(x) = 80−20
60 x + 20 ⇒ u(x) = x + 20.
15. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional
wave equation and one dimensional heat equation.
Soln :
# one dimensional wave one dimensional heat
∂ 2y ∂ y
∂u ∂ 2
u
equation 2 = a2 2 equation = a2 2
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
1. It is a hyperbolic p.d.e. It is a parabolic p.d.e.
2. The suitable solution of one dim. The suitable solution of one dim.
wave eqn. is periodic w.r.t. heat eqn. is non-periodic w.r.t.
time ‘t’. time ‘t’.
16. Define temperature gradient.
Soln : The rate of change of temperature with respect to distance is
∂u
called temperature gradient and is denoted as .
∂x
17. Distinguish between steady and unsteady states in heat conduction
problems.
Soln : In unsteady state the temperature at any point of the body
depends on the position of the point and also the time t.
In steady state, the temperature at any point depends only on the
position of the point and is independent of time ′ t′ .
18. Write down the two dimensional heat equation both in transient and
steady states.  2 2

∂u 2 ∂ u ∂ u
Soln : Transient state : =α +
∂t ∂x2 ∂y 2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
 
∂u
Steady state : + = 0. ∵ = 0 in Steady state
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂t
 Unit IV - Fourier Transform
1. State Fourier integral theorem.
Soln : If f (x) is piecewise continuously differentiable and absolutely
integrable in (−∞, ∞), then
Z∞ Z∞
1
f (x) = f (t) eis(x−t) dtds
2π
−∞ −∞
Z∞ Z∞
1
(or) f (x) = f (t) cos λ (x − t)dtdλ
π
0 −∞

2. Write the Fourier transform pair.

Soln : The Fourier transform of f (x) is given by
Z∞
1
F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞

The Inverse Fourier transform of F (s) is given by

Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F [f (x)] e−isx ds
2π
−∞

The above two equations are jointly called as Fourier Transform pair.
3. Write the Fourier sine and cosine transform pair.
Soln :
Fourier Sine transform pair:
Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is
r Z∞
2
FS [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxdx = FS (s).
π
0

Inverse Fourier Sine transform of FS [f (x)] = FS [s] is

r Z∞
2
f (x) = FS [f (x)] sin sxds
π
0

Fourier Cosine transform pair:

Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is
 r Z∞
2
FC [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx = FC (s)
π
0

Inverse Fourier Cosine transform of FC [f (x)] = FC [s] is

r Z∞
2
f (x) = FC [f (x)] cos sxds
π
0

4. State and prove modulation theorem in Fourier transform.

Soln : Statement.
1
If F [f (x)] = F (s), thenF [f (x) cos ax] = [F (s + a) + F (s − a)].
2
Z∞
1
Proof. F [f (x) cos ax] = √ eisx f (x) cos axdx
2π
−∞

Z∞
eiax + e−iax
 
1
=√ eisx f (x) dx
2π 2
−∞
Z∞
1 h
i(s+a)x i(s−a)x
i
= √ e +e f (x) dx
2 2π
 −∞ ∞
Z∞

1 1 1
Z
= √ ei(s+a)x f (x) dx + √ ei(s−a)x f (x) dx
2 2π 2π
−∞ −∞
1
= [F (s + a) + F (s − a)]
2
5. State and prove shifting theorem in Fourier transform.
Soln : Statement: If F [f (x)] = F (s), then F [f (x − a) = eias F (s)].
Z∞
1
Proof. F [f (x − a)] = √ eisx f (x − a) dx,
2π
−∞
Set x − a = t. Then dx = dt.
When x = −∞, t = −∞ and when x = ∞, t = ∞.

Z∞
1
F [f (x − a)] = √ eis(a+t) f (t)dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
= eias √ eist f (t)dt = eias F (s)
2π
−∞
  r
1, |x| < a 2 sin as
6. If the Fourier transform of f (x) = is , evaluate
0, |x| > a π s
Z∞  2
sin t
dt.
t
0 r
2 sin as
Soln : Given F [f (x)] = F (s) = .
π s
By Parseval’s identity,
Z∞ Z∞
|f (x)|2 dx = |F (s)|2 ds
−∞ −∞
Za Z∞ r !2
2 sin as
(1)2 dx = ds
π s
−a −∞
Z∞ 
sin2 as

2
2a = ds
π s2
−∞

Set as = t. Then ds = dt/a.

When s = −∞, t = −∞ and when s = ∞, t = ∞.

Z∞ 
sin2 t

1
a= dt/a
π (t/a)2
−∞
Z∞
sin2 t
 
a
a= dt
π t2
−∞
Z∞ 2 Z∞ 
sin2 t
  
1 sin t 2
1= 2
dt ⇒ 1 = dt
π t π t2
−∞ 0
Z∞ 
sin2 t

π
dt =
t2 2
0
 
x, |x| < a
7. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = .
0, |x| > a
Z∞ Za
1 1
Soln : F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx = √ xeisx dx
2π 2π
−∞ −a
Za
1
=√ x(cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π
−a

Za Za
1 i
=√ x cos sxdx + √ x sin sxdx
2π 2π
−a −a
Za r  
2i 2 sin as − as cos as
=0+ √ x sin sxdx = i
2π π s2
0

8. If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), prove that the Fourier

1
transform of f (ax) is F (s/a) , a 6= 0. (Change of scale property)
a
Z∞
1
Soln : WKT F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
F [f (ax)] = √ f (ax) eisx dx
2π
−∞

Set t = ax. Then dt = adx.

When x = −∞, t = −∞ and when x = ∞, t = ∞.
Z∞ Z∞
1 dt 1
F [f (ax)] = √ f (t) eist/a = √ f (t) eist/a dt
2π a a 2π
−∞ −∞
Z∞
1
f (t) ei( a )t dt
s
= √
a 2π
−∞
Z∞
1
f (x) ei( a )x dx (x is a dummy variable)
s
= √
a 2π
−∞
1
= F (s/a) , a 6= 0
a
 x2 s2
9. If the Fourier transform of e− 2 is e− 2 , what is the Fourier transform of
x2
xe− 2 ?
Soln : If F (s) = F [f (x)], then
d
F [xf (x)] = −i F (s)
ds
h
− x2
2 i d  − x2  d h − s2 i s2
F xe = −i F e 2 = −i e 2 = −ise− 2
ds ds
10. If FS (s) is the Fourier sine transform of f (x), prove that the Fourier
1
sine transform of f (ax) is FS (s/a).
ar ∞
2
Z
Soln : WKT FS [f (ax)] = f (ax) sin sxdx
π
0
Set ax = t. Then dx = dt/a.
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x → ∞, t → ∞.
r Z∞  
2 st dt
FS [f (ax)] = f (t) sin
π a a
0
r Z∞
1 2 s 1 hsi
= f (t) sin tdt = FS
a π a a a
0

11. Obtain the Fourier cosine transform of e−ax , a > 0.

r Z∞
2
Soln : FC e−ax = e−ax cos sxdx


π
r 0 ∞
2 e−ax
= (−a cos sx + s sin sx)
π a2 + s2 0
r  
2 a
=
π a + s2
2

12. Obtain the Fourier sine transform of e−ax , a > 0.

r Z∞
2
Soln : FS e−ax = e−ax sin sxdx


π
r 0 ∞
2 e−ax
= (−a sin sx − s cos sx)
π a2 + s2 0
r  
2 s
=
π a2 + s2
13. Obtain the Fourier sine transform of 1/x.
r Z∞
2 1
Soln : FS (1/x) = sin sxdx
π x
0
Set sx = t. Then dx = dt/s.
When x = −∞, t = −∞ and when x = ∞, t = ∞.
r Z∞
2 1 dt
FS (1/x) = t sin t
π s
s
0
r Z∞ 
Z∞

2 1 sin t π
= sin tdt ∵ dt = 
π t t 2
r 0 r 0
2π π
= =
π2 2

14. Obtain the Fourier transform of the derivative of a function.

Soln : We have to prove F [f ′ (x)] = −isF (s),
if f (x) → 0 as x → ±∞
Z∞
1
WKT F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞

Z∞ Z∞
1 1
F [f ′ (x)] = √ f ′ (x) eisx dx = √ eisx d [f (x)]
2π 2π
−∞ −∞
 ∞

1  Z 
 isx ∞ isx
=√ e f (x) −∞ − f (x) e (is) dx
2π  
−∞
 ∞

1 
Z 
∞ isx
=√ [0 − 0]−∞ − is f (x) e dx
2π  
−∞
 ∞ 
−is 
Z 
isx
=√ f (x) e dx
2π  
−∞
′
F [f (x)] = −isF (s)

In general, F [f n (x)] = (−is)n F (s)

iff, f ′ , f ′′ , ...f n−1 → 0 as x → ±∞
15. Prove that F (eiax f (x)) = F (s + a), where F [f (x)] = F (s)
Z∞
1
Soln : WKT F [f (x)] = √ f (x) eisx dx
2π
−∞

Z∞
1
F eiax f (x) = √ f (x) eiax eisx dx
 
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
=√ f (x) ei(s+a)x dx = F (s + a)
2π
−∞

16. Find the Fourier transform of e−a|x| , a > 0.

Z∞
  1
Soln : F e−a|x| =√ e−a|x| eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
=√ e−a|x| (cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π
−∞
Z∞ Z∞
1 i
=√ e−a|x| cos sxdx + √ e−a|x| sin sxdx
2π 2π
−∞ −∞
Z∞
2
=√ e−a|x| cos sxdx
2π
0
Z∞ r  
2 −ax 2 a
=√ e cos sxdx =
2π π a2 + s2
0

 x, 0 < x < 1
17. Obtain the Fourier cosine transform of f (x) = 2 − x, 1 < x < 2 .
0, x > 2

r Z∞
2
Soln : F [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx
π
0
 r Z1 Z2 Z∞

2
= x cos sxdx + (2 − x) cos sxdx + (0) cos sxdx
π
r 0  
1
 1
2
2 sin sx − cos sx
= (x) − (1)
π s s2 0
r     2
2 sin sx − cos sx
+ (2 − x) − (−1)
π s s2 1
r  
2 2 cos s − 1 − cos 2s
= .
π s2
18. If F [f (x)] = F (s) then find FS [f (x) cos ax].
r Z∞
2
Soln : Fs [f (x) cos ax] = f (x) cos ax cos sxdx
π
0
r Z∞
2
= f (x) cos sx cos axdx
π
0
r 
Z∞
1  2 
= f (x) [cos (s − a) x + cos (s + a) x] dx
2 π 
0
r ∞ 
1 2
 Z 
= f (x) [cos (s − a) x] dx
2 π 
0
r ∞ 
1 2
 Z 
+ f (x) [cos (s + a) x] dx
2 π 
0
1
= [Fc (s + a) + Fc (s − a)].
2

cos x, 0 < x < a
19. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f (x), if f (x) =
0, x > a
r Z∞ r Za
2 2
Soln : FC [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx = cos x cos sxdx
π π
0 0
r Za  
2 cos (s + 1) x + cos (s − 1) x
= dx
π 2
0
 a  
1 sin (s + 1) x sin (s − 1) x 1 sin (s + 1) a sin (s − 1) a
=√ + =√ + .
2π (s + 1) (s − 1) 0 2π (s + 1) (s − 1)
 r  
2 1
20. If the Fourier cosine transform of e−x is , prove that
π s2 + 1
Z∞
dx π
2 = using Parseval’s identity.
(x2 + 1) 4
0 r  
−x

2 1
Soln : Given FC [f (x)] = FC e = FC (s) =
π s2 +1
By Parseval’s identity,

Z∞ Z∞
|f (x)|2 dx = |FC (s)|2 ds
0 0
Z∞ Z∞ r  2
e  dx =  2 1
 −x 2
 ds

 π s2 + 1 
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
2 1
e−2x dx = ds
π (s2 + 1)2
0 0
 −2x ∞
 Z∞
e 2 1
= dx (s is a dummy variable)
−2 0 π (x2 + 1)2
0
Z∞
1 π
dx =
(x2 + 1)2 4
0

sin x
21. The area covered by the curve between x = 0 and x = ∞ with x−
  x
π 1
axis is . Find FS .
2 x
Z∞
sin x π
Soln : Given dx =
x 2
0
  r Z∞
1 2 1
∴ FS = sin sxdx
x π x
0
Set sx = t. Then dx = dt/s.
When x = −∞, t = −∞ and when x = ∞, t = ∞.
r Z∞ r Z∞ r r
2 1 2 1 2π π
FS (1/x) = sin tdt/s = sin tdt = =
π t/s π t π2 2
0 0
 
x, 0 ≤ x < π
22. Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x) = .
0, x ≥ π
r Z∞
2
Soln : FS [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxdx
π
0
r Zπ
2
= x sin sxdx
π
r 0    π
2 − cos sx − sin sx
= (x) −(1)
π s s2 0
r     
2 − cos sπ sin sπ
= (π) +
π s s2
23. State the convolution theorem and Parseval’s Identity for Fourier
transforms.
Soln : Convolution theorem for Fourier transform:

F [f (x) ∗ g (x)] = F [f (x)] .F [g (x)] = F (s) .G (s)

Parseval’s Identity for Fourier transform:

Suppose F [f (x)] = F (s) &F [g(x)] = G (s) , then
Z∞ Z∞
1)If f (x) 6= g(x), F [f (x)] .F [g(x)] ds = f (x).g(x)dx
−∞ −∞
Z∞ Z∞
2) If f (x) = g(x), |F [f (x)]|2 ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞

Unit V - Z-Transform and difference equations

1. Find Z [an ].
Soln : ∞
X
We know that Z [x (n)] = x (n) z −n
n=0
∞ ∞  
n
X
n −n
X a n
∴ Z [a ] = a z =
n=0 n=0
z
 −1
a  a 2 h a i−1 z−a
=1+ + + ··· = 1 − =
z z z z
 
z
∴ Z [an ] =
z−a
 z
2. Prove Z [n] = .
(z − 1)2
Soln : ∞
X
We know that Z [x (n)] = x (n) z −n
n=0
∞ ∞ 
X
−n
X n 1 2 3
Z [n] = nz = n
= 0+ + 2+ 3+ . . .
n=0 n=0
z z z z
"    2 #  −2
1 1 1 1 z−1
= 1+2 +3 +... =
z z z z z
 2
1 z z
= =
z z−1 (z − 1)2
 
1
3. Find Z .
n (n + 1)
1 A B
Soln : Let = + (1)
n (n + 1) n n+1
1 = A (n + 1) + B (n)
Put n = 0, we get A = 1
Put n = −1, we get B = −1
1 1 1
(1) ⇒ = −
n (n + 1) n n + 1
       
1 1 1 1 1
∴Z =Z − =Z −Z
n (n + 1) n n+1 n n+1
z z z
= log − zlog = (1 − z) log
z−1 z−1 z−1
d
4. Prove that Z [nf (n)] = −z F (z) ..
dx
Soln : ∞
X
We know that Z [x (n)] = x (n) z −n
n=0
∞ ∞
d X
−n−1
X z −n
[F (z)] = (−n) f (n) z =− nf (n)
dz n=0 n=0
z
∞
d X
z [F (z)] = − nf (n) z −n = − Z [nf (n)]
dz n=0
d
Z [nf (n)] = −z [F (z)]
dz
 5. Find Z [1].
Soln : ∞
X
We know that Z [x (n)] = x (n) z −n
n=0
∞ ∞  n  2
X
−n
X 1 1 1
Z [1] = 1.z = = 1+ + + ···
n=0 n=0
z z z
 −1  −1  
1 z−1 z
= 1− = =
z z z−1
 
1
6. Show that Z = e1/z .
n!
X∞
Soln : We know that Z [x (n)] = x (n) z −n
n=0
  ∞   ∞    n
1 X 1 X 1 1
Z = z −n =
n! n=0
n! n=0
n! z
   2
1 1 1 1
=1+ + +···
1! z 2! z
1 1 2



= 1+ z
+ z
+ · · · = e1/z
1! 2!
 
1
7. Find Z .
3n
z
Soln : We know that Z [an ] =
  z− a n 
1 1 z 3z
Z n =Z = 1 =
3 3 z−3 3z − 1

8. Find Z e3t−5
 
 3t−5. 
= Z e3t e−5 =e−5 Z e3t
   
Soln : Z e
−5
 3nT  −5
h
i
3T n e−5 z
=e Z e =e Z e =
z − e3T
9. Find Z [4 (3)n + 2 (−1)n ].
z
Soln : We know that Z [an ] =
z−a
4z 2z
Z [4.3n + 2 (−1)n ] = 4Z [3n ] + 2Z [(−1)n ] = +
z−3 z+1
10. Find Z eat sin bt .
 

Soln :
 We know that Z e−at f (t) = Z [f (t)]z→zeaT
 
 
 −at  z sin bT
Z e sin bt = [Z (sin bt)]z→zeaT =
z 2 −2z cos bT +1 z→zeaT
aT
ze sin bT
=
z 2 e2aT −2zeaT cos bT +1
11. Find State and prove initial value theorem in Z-transform.
Soln : Statement : If Z [f (n)] = F (z) ,, then lim f (0) = lim F (z)
n→0 z→∞
∞
X
Proof : F [z] = f (n)z −n = f (0)z −0 + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + · · ·
n=0
f (1) f (2)
= f (0) + + 2 + ···
z z
By applying limits,
 
f (1) f (2)
lim F (z) = lim f (0) + + 2 + · · · = f (0)
n→0
 z→∞
 z z
1 1
∵ lim = lim 2 = 0
z→∞ z z→∞ z
We can write f (0) as lim f (0)
n→0

lim F (z) = lim f (0)

z→∞ n→0

12. State the Damping rule.

Soln : The geometric factor a−n when |a| < 1, damps the function un .
Hence we use the name damping rule.

If Z (un ) = U (z), then Z a−n un = U (az)

 
2z
13. If f (z) = . Find lim f (t) and f (0).
z − e−T t→∞
Soln : By initial value theorem
2z 2z
f (0) = lim F (z)= lim −T
= lim  =2
z→∞ z→∞ z − e z→∞ e−T
z 1− z

By final value theorem

2z
lim f (t) = lim (z − 1) F (z)= lim (z − 1) =0
t→∞ z→1 z→1 z − e−T
14. State final value theorem in Z-transform.
Soln : If Z [f (n)] = F (z), then lim f (0) = lim (z − 1) F (z)
n→∞ z→1
 5z
15. If f [z] = . Find find f (0).
(z − 2) (z − 3)
Soln : By initial value theorem :
5z ∞
f (0) = lim F (z)= lim =
z→∞ z→∞ (z − 2) (z − 3) ∞
5
= lim by L’H rule
z→∞ (z − 2) + (z − 3)
5
= lim =0
z→∞ 2z − 5
  
z
16. Find Z −1 log .
z+1    
z 1/y 1
Soln : Let F (z) = log = log by z =
z+1 (1/y) + 1 y
1
!  
y 1 h
−1
i
= log 1+y = log = log (1 + y)
y
1 + y
1 2 1 3 (−1)n −n
= − log (1 + y) = − y+ y − y + ... + z
( 2 3 n
0 for n = 0
f (n) = Z −1 [f (z)] = (−1)
n

n otherwise
 n
a
17. Find Z by Z-transform.
n! hz i
n
Soln : By of change of scale property Z [a fn ] = F
a
 
1
But, Z = e1/z
n!
 n
a a/z
h zi
∴Z =e Replacing z by
n! a

18. Find the Z-transform of (n + 1)(n + 2) .

Soln : Z[(n + 1)(n + 2)] = Z[n2 + 3n + 2] :

= Z[n2 ] + 3Z[n] + Z[2]

z (z + 1) 3z z z 3 + 2z 2 − z
= + + =
(z − 1)3 (z − 1)2 z − 1 (z − 1)3

19. Express Zf (n + 1) in terms of f (z).

Soln : Using the formula
 of Z-transform
 of fn+1 .
We get Zf (n + 1) = Z f − f0 .
20. Find the value of Zf (n) when f (n) = nan .
Soln :
d
We know that Z [nfn ] = −z [Z (fn )]
dz
d
= −z [Z [an ]] [Here fn = an ]
dz      
d z (z −a)−z −a
= −z = −z = −z
dz z −a (z −a)2 (z −a)2
az
∴ Z [nan ] = .
(z −a)2
21. Form yn = a2n + b (−2)n , derive a difference equation by eliminating the
constants .
Soln : Given yn = a2n + b (−2)n
yn+1 = a2n+1 + b (−2)n+1 = 2a2n − 2b (−2)n
yn+2 = a2n+2 + b (−2)n+2 = 4a2n + 4b (−2)n
Eliminating a and b, we get
 
 yn 1 1 
 
 yn+1 2 −2  = 0
 
 yn+2 4 4 
⇒ yn+2 − 4yn = 0.

22. State convolution theorem in Z−transform.

Soln : The Z−transform of convolution of two sequences f (n) and
g(n) is the product of their Z−transforms.
i.e. Z{f (n) ∗ g(n)} = Z{f (n)}Z{g(n)}.
n
X
−1
(or) Z [F (z) × G(z)] = f (n) ∗ g(n) = f (k)g(n − k).
k=0

Part B
Unit I-Partial Differential Equations
1. Solve z = px + qy + p2 − q 2 .
p
2. Solve z = px + qy + 1 + p2 + q 2 .
3. Solve z = px + qy + p2 q 2 .
4. Solve z 2 (p2 + q 2 ) = x2 + y 2 .
5. Solve (3z − 4y)p + (4x − 2z)q = ℓy − mx.
6. Solve (mz − ny)p + (nx − ℓz)q = 2y − 3x.
 7. Solve x(y 2 − z 2 )p + y(z 2 − x2 )q = z(x2 − y 2 ).
8. Solve (D3 − 7DD′2 − 6D′3 )z = sin(x + 2y) + e2x+y .
9. Solve (D2 + DD′ − 6D′2 )z = x2 y + e3x+y .
10. Solve r + s − 6t = ycosx or (D2 + DD′ − 6D′2 )z = ycosx.
Unit II-Fourier series
1. Express f (x) = (π − x)2 as a Fourier series with period 2π in the interval
0 < x < 2π.
2. Obtain the Fourier series for f (x) = |x| in (−π, π) and hence deduce
1 1 1 π2
that 2 + 2 + 2 + · · · ∞ = .
1 3 5 8
3. Find the Fourier series for f (x) = x2 in (−π, π). Hence prove that
∞
X 1 π4
4
= .
n=1
n 90

4. Obtain the half range cosine series for f (x) = x in (0, π). Hence prove
1 1 1 π4
that 4 + 4 + 4 + · · · ∞ = .
1 3 5 96
5. Obtain Fourier cosine series for f (x) = ℓ − x in 0 < x < ℓ.
6. Find the complex form of Fourier series of eax in (−π, π).
7. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the
function f (x) with period 6, given the following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
8. Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic for the following data:
x 0 π3 2π
3 π 4π 3
5π
3 2π
y 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1
Unit III-Partial Differential Equations
1. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x
= 0 and x = ℓ is
initially in a position given by y(x, 0) = k ℓx − x2 . It is released from
rest from this position. Find expression for the displacement at time t.
2. A tightly stretched string of length ℓ is fastened at both ends. The
midpoint of the string is displaced by a distance h transversely and the
string is released from rest in this position. Find the displacement of
any point of the string at any subsequent time.
 3. A string of length ℓ is tightly stretched and fixed at its ends at the point
(0, 0) and (ℓ, 0) of the xy plane. It is made to vibrate transversely in
the xy plane by giving to each of itspoints a transverse velocity v in the
kx, ℓ
0≤x≤ .

xy plane where v is given by v = 2 . Find the
ℓ
k(ℓ − x),
 ≤ x ≤ ℓ.
2
displacement at any time t.
4. A rod of length ℓ is kept at temperature 0◦ C and 60◦ C at the ends A
and B until steady state conditions prevail. Then the temperature at
the end B is suddenly reduced to 0◦ C while that at A is maintained so.
Find the temperature distribution along the rod.
5. A square plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 20, y = 20. Its
faces are insulated. The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is
given by u(x, 20) = x(20 − x), 0 < x < 20, while the other three edges
are kept at 0◦ C. Find the steady state temperature in the plate.
6. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide and so long
compared to its width that may be considered infinite in length
without introducing appreciable
( error. The temperature at the shortest
20x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
edge y = 0 is given by u = and the
20(10 − x), for 5 ≤ x ≤ 10
other three edges are kept at 0◦ C. Find the steady state temperature
at any point in the plate.
Unit IV-Fourier Transforms (
a2 − x2 , |x| ≤ a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) =
0, |x| > a > 0.
Hence show that
Z∞ Z∞
sin s − s cos s π sin s − s cos s s 3π
(i) ds = , (ii) cos ds =
s3 4 s3 2 16
0 0
Z∞
(x cos x − sin x)2 π
(iii) dx = .
x6 15
0
(
a − |x|, if |x| < a
2. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = . Hence
0, if |x| > a > 0
Z∞ Z∞
sin2 s sin4 t
evaluate ds. and dt.
s2 t4
0 0
 x2
3. Show that e− 2 is self reciprocal with respect to Fourier transform.
2
−a2 x2 − x2
4. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e , a > 0. Hence show that e
is self reciprocal.
Z∞
x2
5. Find Fourier sine transforms of e−ax and hence evaluate dx.
(x2 + a2 )2
0

6. Find Fourier cosine transforms of e−ax and hence

Z∞
1
evaluate dx.
(x2 + a2 )(x2 + b2 )
0

Unit V-Z Transforms

hnπ i h nπ i
1. Find Z[cos nθ], Z[sin nθ], Z cos and Z sin .
2 2
2. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z−transform of
8z 2
.
(2z − 1) (4z − 1)
z2
 
−1
3. Use convolution theorem to evaluate Z .
(z − a)(z − b)
"
#
2
z z −z+2
4. Find Z −1 .
(z + 1)(z − 1)2

5. Derive the difference equation from yn = (A + Bn)(−3)n .

6. Solve yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn = 2n given that y 0 = y1 = 0.
7. Solve the difference equation yn+3 − 3yn+1 + 2yn = 0, given that
y0 = 4, y1 = 0, y2 = 8.
8. Using Z−transform, solve the difference equation yn+2 + 2yn+1 + yn = n
given that y0 = 0 = y1 .

*****ALL THE BEST*****