Cell Description: Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.

The human body is

composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food,
convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Cells also contain the
body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves.

Organelles Description Biological Picture

Function
Cell A bilipid membrane The cell
membrane layer composed of membrane
proteins and separates the
carbohydrates. It is cell from its
fluid like. Proteins external
are found environment,
embedded within and is
the plasma selectively
membrane, with permeable
some extending all (controls what
the way through in gets in and
order to transport out). It
materials. protects the
cell and
provides
stability.

Cytoplasm The jelly-like Organelles are

substance found here and
composed of substances like
mainly water and salts may be
found between the dissolved in
cell membrane and the cytoplasm.
nucleus. The
cytoplasm makes
up most of the
"body" of a cell and
is constantly
streaming.
Nucleus The largest The nucleus is
organelle in the the "control
cell. It is dark and center" of the
round and is cell, for cell
surrounded by a metabolism
double membrane and
called the nuclear reproduction
envelope/membrane
. In spots the
nuclear envelope
fuses to form pores
which are
selectively
permeable. The
nucleus contains
genetic information
 (DNA) on special
strands called
chromosomes.
Smooth Smooth The
Endoplasmic endoplasmic Endoplasmic
Reticulum reticulum contains Reticulum is a
no ribosomes and is network of
smooth in membranous
appearance canals filled
with fluid.
They carry
materials
throughout the
cell. The ER
is the
"transport
system" of the
cell.
Rough Rough Endoplasmic The
Endoplasmic Reticulum is lined Endoplasmic
Reticulum with ribosomes and Reticulum is a
is rough in network of
appearance. membranous
canals filled
with fluid.
They carry
materials
throughout the
cell. The ER
is the
"transport
system" of the
cell.
Ribosomes Ribosomes are Ribosomes
small particles produce
which are found protein. They
individually in the could be
cytoplasm and also thought of as
line the membranes "factories" in
of the rough the cell.
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi Body/ Golgi bodies are The Golgi
Apparatus stacks of flattened Body
membranous stacks. temporarily
stores protein
which can
then leave the
cell via
vesicles
pinching off
from the
Golgi.
Lysosomes Lysosomes are Contains
small sac-like strong
structures digestive
surrounded by a enzymes
single membrane. which when
released can
break down
worn out
organelles or
food.
Mitochondri The mitochondria The
a are round "tube- mitochondria
like" organelles that are often
are surrounded by a referred to as
double membrane, the
with the inner "powerhouse"
membrane being of the cell. the
highly folded. mitochondria
releases food
energy from
food
molecules to
be used by the
cell. This
process is
called
respiration
Vacuoles Vacuoles are fluid They can store
filled organelles materials such
enclosed by a as food, water,
membrane. sugar,
minerals and
waste
products.
Cilia Hair-like organelles Locomotion
which extend from for one-celled
the surface of many organisms and
animal cells. The to move
Cilia is shorter. substances
over cell
surfaces in
multi-celled
organisms.
Cilia may
cover the
entire cell.
Flagella Hair-like organelles Locomotion
which extend from for one-celled
the surface of many organisms and
animal cells. The to move
flagella is longer substances
and whip-like. over cell
surfaces in
multi-celled
organisms.
There is
usually only
 few flagella in
the cell.
Cell Wall The cell wall is a The cell wall
rigid organelle gives the plant
composed of cell it's box-
cellulose and lying like shape. It
just outside the cell also protects
membrane. the cell. The
cell wall
contains pores
which allow
materials to
pass to and
from the cell
membrane.
Plastids Plastids are double It is in plastids
membrane bound that plants
organelles. make and
store food.
Plastids are
found in the
cytoplasm and
there are two
main types:
Leucoplasts
and
Chromoplasts.
Leucoplasts Colorless Store starch or
organelles. other plant
nutrients.
Chromoplast Contains different The most
colored pigments. important type
of chromoplast
is the
chloroplast,
which contains
the green
pigment
chlorophyll.
This is
important in
the process of
photosynthesis
.
Central The central vacuole They can store
vacuole is a large fluid- materials such
filled vacuole found as food, water,
in plants. sugar,
minerals and
waste
products.
Cross Section of Cell Membrane

Structure
The cell membrane is made up of two layers that are composed of phospholipids. The bilayer is
formed by the arrangement of phospholipids in a manner that their head regions (which are
hydrophilic) face external environment as well as the internal cytosolic environment. The
(hydrophobic) tails of these phospholipids face each other. Forces underlying the formation of
this bilayer are electrostatic, van der Waals, non-covalent interactions, and hydrogen bonds. This
peculiar arrangement of hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers doesn't allow nucleic acids, amino
acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and ions to pass through the bilayer. Following are the various
parts of the cell membrane.
Integral Membrane Proteins:
These are structures present on the inside, outside, and also throughout the cell membrane.
Fluorescence and electron microscopy can be used in viewing these proteins. These proteins are
present on the entire/whole surface of the cell membrane. Examples of these structures include
the cadherins, integrins, clathrin-coated pits, desmosomes, caveoles, etc.
Peripheral Membrane Proteins:
These proteins are attached/bound to the surface of the membrane by means of hydrogen bonds
and electrostatic interactions. The hydrogen bonds of these peripheral proteins are formed of
hydrophilic phospholipid heads which form the bilayer.
Skeleton of Cell Membrane:
Surface of the cell membrane on the side of cytoplasm is lined by the cytoskeleton. The
framework or cytoskeleton proves to be useful in the processes of organelles like cilia.
Cytoskeleton also helps in anchoring the membrane proteins to the cell membrane.
Composition of Cell Membrane:
Proteins and lipids are important components which form the cell membrane. Different
mechanisms carry out the function of incorporation and removal of materials into and out of the
membrane. The process of the fusion of cell membrane with intracellular vesicles results into
excretion of contents present in vesicles.
Function
Demarcating the boundaries of a cell is the primary function of plasma membrane. The contents
of a cell are supported by this membrane. Not just supporting the matter present in cells, but also
the function of maintaining contact with other cells is carried out by the cell membrane. The
plant cell membranes enjoy extra protection in the form of cell walls; however, in animals, cell
membrane is the only covering/encapsulation. Proteins which compose (or get embedded in) the
membrane carry out the diffusion of elements in a selective manner.
Cross Section of a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell

Difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Organelles Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Nucleus None Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum None Present
Mitochondria None Present
Cytoskeleton None Present
Ribosomes Smaller Larger
Golgi Apparatus None Present
Chloroplasts None Present (in plants)

Cellular or Biological Function of a Cell

1) Respiration- Respiration is more than just breathing. It represents the ability of a living
organism to convert energy to feed the cells, using oxygen to break down sugars and
produce carbon dioxide as a by-product expelled during exhalation. All living organisms
have some form of respiration, though the process may differ between them.
2) Reproduction- Living organisms grow and reproduce to make more living organisms
like themselves. This can occur through asexual reproduction or by producing other
living organisms through sexual reproduction. The new organism’s DNA is like that of
the cell it came from.
3) Metabolism- For something to live, it must consume food and convert that food into
energy for the body. All living entities employ interior chemical reactions to convert
eaten food into energy through a form of digestion, and then transmit the energy
 extracted to the cells of the body. Plants and trees convert energy from the sun into food
and absorb nutrients in the soil through their roots.
4) Growth- To grow, a living organism must have cells that divide in an orderly way to
create new cells. As cells grow, expand and divide, the creature becomes larger over
time. Scientists use growth and development as a measure of life.
5) Homeostasis- Organisms that are alive make changes to their internal environment.
Called homeostasis, this represents the actions a body takes to protect itself. For
instance, when the body gets cold, it shivers to generate heat. All living organisms share
this feature.
6) Adaptation- Plants, animals, people, and even microorganism that live can adapt to the
world around them. Adaptability involves the traits that help a living organism survive
in its environment. One such trait includes the way different animal’s coats change
through the seasons to make it hard for prey or predator to be seen.
7) Excretion -All living things excrete. As a result of the many chemical reactions
occurring in cells, they have to get rid of waste products which might poison the cells.
Excretion is defined as the removal of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism
and substances in excess from the body of an organism.
8) Response to Stimuli(Sensitivity)- All living organisms respond to stimuli in their
environment, like light, temperature, sound, heat, etc. The response can be in any form,
for example when unicellular organisms are exposed to chemicals, they contract. In
human beings, an accidental touch with any object exhibiting extreme temperatures can
cause a sudden jerk. Response is generally expressed by an organism by some kind of
motion.
9) Cellular Organization- All living creatures consist of cells. Organized into groups such
as organelles, molecules and other multi-cellular classifications, cells can also reproduce
themselves, showcase movement and display a response to certain stimuli for a scientist
to consider the organism as living. Each cell carries deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, the
material made up of chromosomes that passes down genetic information which includes
inherited traits of its lineages.
10) Heredity- All living organisms receive some hereditary traits from their parent
organisms. All organisms pass their genes to their off-springs. Genes which are
composed of DNA have all the information that are hereditary in nature. These genes are
what make an organism predisposed to exhibit certain characteristics or to behave in a
certain manner. The study of heredity is called genetics and it is heredity that causes a
species to evolve by accumulation of different characteristics from parent organisms
over a period of time.
11) Nutrition- Living things take in materials from their surroundings that they use for
growth or to provide energy. Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain energy
and raw materials from nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
12) Movement- All living things move in some way. This may be something obvious or less
obvious. For example, it is possible to observe how some animals are able to walk, swim
or fly. However, it is less possible to observe the plants moving since these organisms
have certain components not seen with the naked eye that move to follow the movement
of the sun.
13) Death- This is the end of all biological functions that keep an organism alive. Common
phenomena that causes death include biological aging, malnutrition, disease,
dehydration, accidents, and predation. The bodies of all living beings begin to
decompose very soon after death.
 Reference
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/cell
http://www.edu.pe.ca/gray/class_pages/rcfleming/cells/notes.htm
https://inneorgans.com/glycoproteins-in-the-cell-membrane/glycoproteins-in-the-cell-membrane-
cell-membrane-a-detailed-diagram-models-of-membrane-structure/
https://biologywise.com/cell-membrane-structure-function
http://geoface.info/ef8714/anatomy-of-a-model-cell
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell
https://sciencing.com/ten-characteristics-living-organisms-8119158.html
https://assets.cambridge.org/97805216/80547/excerpt/9780521680547_excerpt.pdf
https://biologywise.com/characteristics-of-life
https://www.lifepersona.com/15-common-characteristics-of-living-beings