DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ i

INTISARI................................................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. I-1
1.1 Latar Belakang........................................................................................ I-1
1.2 Perumusan Masalah ................................................................................ I-3
1.3 Tujuan Perancangan ............................................................................... I-3
1.4 Manfaat Perancangan ............................................................................. I-3
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... II-1
2.1 Rumput Laut ......................................................................................... II-1
2.2 Kandungan Rumput Laut ..................................................................... II-2
2.3 Karagenan............................................................................................. II-3
2.3.1 Kegunaan Karagenan .................................................................. II-4
2.3.2 Jenis-Jenis Karagenan ................................................................. II-4
2.4 Sifat-Sifat Bahan Baku Dan Produk .................................................... II-5
2.4.1 Sifat-Sifat Bahan Baku ................................................................ II-5
2.4.2 Sifat-Sifat Produk ........................................................................ II-7
2.5 Proses Pengolahan Kappa Karagenan .................................................. II-8
2.5.1 Karagenan Murni......................................................................... II-8
2.5.2 Karagenan Semi-Murni ............................................................... II-9
2.6 Deskripsi Produk .................................................................................. II-10
BAB III NERACA MASSA ................................................................................. III-1
3.1 Tangki Pencucian (TP-101) ................................................................ III-1
3.2 Rotary Cutter I (RC-101) ..................................................................... III-1
3.3 Tangki Ekstraktor (E-101) ................................................................... III-2
3.4 Plate and Frame Filter Press (FP-101) ............................................... III-2
3.5 Tangki Presipitasi (T-101) .................................................................. III-3

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 3.6 Tangki Penambahan Etanol (T-101) .................................................... III-3
3.7 Centrifuge (C-101) ............................................................................... III-3
3.8 Rotary Dryer (RD-101) ........................................................................ III-4
3.9 Ball Mill (BM-101) .............................................................................. III-4
3.10 Screen (SC-201) .................................................................................. III-4
BAB IV NERACA PANAS ............................................................................... IV-1
4.1 Tangki Pembuatan Larutan KOH (T-101) ........................................... IV-1
4.2 Tangki Ektraktor (E-101) .................................................................... IV-2
4.3 Tangki Presipitasi (T-102) ................................................................... IV-2
4.4 Tangki Penambahan Etanol (T-101) .................................................... IV-3
4.5 Rotary Dryer (RD-101) ........................................................................ IV-2
4.6 Blow Box (BB-101) .............................................................................. IV-2
BAB V SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN .............................................................. V-1
5.1 Gudang Penyimpanan Bahan Baku (G-101) ........................................ V-1
5.2 Tangki Penyimpanan Larutan .............................................................. V-1
5.2.1 Tangki Penyimpanan Etanol (T-101) ....................................... V-1
5.2.2 Tangki Penyimpanan KCl (T-102) ........................................... V-1
5.2.3 Tangki Penyimpanan KOH (T-103) ......................................... V-2
5.3 Elevator-1 (I-101) ................................................................................ V-2
5.4 Tangki Pencucian (T-104).................................................................... V-3
5.5 Conveyor-1 (I-102) ............................................................................... V-3
5.6 Rotery Cutter (RC-101)........................................................................ V-3
5.7 Tangki Ektraktor (E-101) ..................................................................... V-4
5.8 Fiter Press (FP-101)............................................................................. V-4
5.9 Tangki Presipitator (T-105).................................................................. V-5
5.10 Tangki Pengendapan (T-106) ............................................................... V-5
5.11 Centifuge (C-101)................................................................................. V-5
5.12 Rotary Dryer (RD-101) ........................................................................ V-6
5.13 Blow Box (BB-101) .............................................................................. V-6
5.14 Ball Mill (BM-101) .............................................................................. V-6
5.15 Screen (S-101) ...................................................................................... V-7
5.16 Hopper (H-101) .................................................................................... V-7

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 5.17 Pompa ................................................................................................... V-7
5.17.1 Pompa KOH (P-101) ................................................................ V-7
5.17.2 Pompa KCl (P-102) .................................................................. V-8
5.17.3 Pompa Etanol (P-103) .............................................................. V-8
5.17.4 Pompa Ektraktor (P-104).......................................................... V-8
5.17.5 Pompa Filter Press (P-105) ...................................................... V-9
5.17.6 Pompa Penambahan KCL (P-106) ........................................... V-9
5.17.7 Pompa Penambahan Etanol (P-107) ......................................... V-9
5.17.8 Gudang Tepung Karagenan (G-102) ........................................ V-9
BAB VI INSTRUMENTASI DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA ....................... VI-1
6.1 Instrumentasi ........................................................................................ VI-1
6.2 Keselamatan Kerja ............................................................................... VI-5
6.3 Keselamatan Kerja Pada Pabrik Pembuatan Kappa Karagenan........... VI-6
6.3.1 Pencegahan Terhadap Kebakaran Dan Peledakan ................... VI-6
6.3.2 Peralatan Perlindungan Diri ..................................................... VI-7
6.3.3 Keselamatan Kerja Terhadap Listrik ........................................ VI-8
6.3.4 Pencegahan Terhadap Gangguan Kesehatan ............................ VI-9
6.3.5 Pencegahan Terhadap Bahaya Mekanis ................................... VI-9
BAB VII UTILITAS ............................................................................................ VII-1
7.1 Kebutuhan Uap (Steam) ....................................................................... VII-1
7.2 Kebutuhan Air ...................................................................................... VII-2
7.2.1 Screening .................................................................................. VII-6
7.2.2 Sedimentasi .............................................................................. VII-7
7.2.3 Klarifikasi ................................................................................. VII-7
7.2.4 Filtrasi ....................................................................................... VII-8
7.2.5 Demineralisasi .......................................................................... VII-9
7.2.6 Deaerator .................................................................................. VII-12
7.3 Kebutuhan Bahan Kimia ...................................................................... VII-12
7.4 Kebutuhan Listrik ................................................................................. VII-13
7.5 Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar....................................................................... VII-14
7.6 Unit Pengolahan Limbah ..................................................................... VII-15
7.6.1 Bak Penampungan ................................................................... VII-17

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 7.6.2 Bak Pengendapan Awal .......................................................... VII-17
7.6.3 Bak Netralisasi ......................................................................... VII-18
7.6.4 Pengolahan Limbah dengan Sistem Activated Sludge
(Lumpur Aktif) ........................................................................ VII-19
7.7 Spesifikasi Peralatan Pengolahan Air .................................................. VII-22
7.7.1 Screening (SC) ........................................................................ VII-22
7.7.2 Pompa Screening (PU-01) ....................................................... VII-22
7.7.3 Bak Sedimentasi (BS) ............................................................. VII-23
7.7.4 Tangki Pelarutan Alum [Al2(SO4)3] (TP-01) .......................... VII-24
7.7.5 Clarifier (CL) .......................................................................... VII-24
7.7.6 Sand Filter (SF) ....................................................................... VII-25
7.7.7 Tangki Utilitas 1 (TU-01) ....................................................... VII-25
7.7.8 Cation Exchanger (CE) ........................................................... VII-26
7.7.9 Anion Exchanger (CE) ............................................................ VII-26
7.7.10 Menara Pendingin Air/Water Cooling Tower (CT) ................ VII-27
7.7.11 Deaerator (DE) ....................................................................... VII-28
7.7.12 Ketel Uap (KU) ....................................................................... VII-28
BAB VIII LOKASI DAN TATA LETAK PABRIK ............................................ VIII-1
8.1 Gambaran Umum ................................................................................. VIII-1
8.2 Pemilihan Lokasi Pabrik ...................................................................... VIII-1
8.2.1 Faktor Primer/Utama ................................................................ VIII-2
8.2.2 Faktor Sekunder ....................................................................... VIII-3
8.3 Tata Letak Pabrik ................................................................................. VIII-5
8.4 Perincian Luas Tanah ........................................................................... VIII-7
BAB IX ORGANISASI DAN MANAJEMEN PERUSAHAAN ...................... IX-1
9.1 Organisasi Perusahaan.......................................................................... IX-1
9.1.1 Bentuk Organisasi Garis........................................................... IX-2
9.1.2 Bentuk Organisasi Fungsionil .................................................. IX-2
9.1.3 Bentuk Organisasi Garis dan Staf ............................................ IX-3
9.1.4 Bentuk Organisasi Fungsionil dan Staf .................................... IX-4
9.1.5 Bentuk Organisasi Matrik ........................................................ IX-5
9.1.6 Bentuk Organisasi Komite ....................................................... IX-5

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 9.1.7 Bentuk Organisasi Pabrik Pembuatan Kappa Karagenan
dari Rumput Laut Eucheuma Cottoni....................................... IX-6
9.2 Manajemen Perusahaan ........................................................................ IX-6
9.3 Bentuk Hukum Badan Usaha ............................................................... IX-7
9.4 Uraian Tugas, Wewenang Dan Tanggung Jawab ................................ IX-9
9.4.1 Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS) ................................. IX-9
9.4.2 Dewan Komisaris ..................................................................... IX-9
9.4.3 Direktur .................................................................................... IX-9
9.4.4 Staf Ahli ................................................................................... IX-10
9.4.5 Sekretaris .................................................................................. IX-10
9.4.6 Manajer Produksi ..................................................................... IX-10
9.4.6.1 Kepala Seksi Proses ..................................................... IX-10
9.4.6.2 Kepala Seksi Laboratorium R&D ................................ IX-10
9.4.6.3 Kepala Seksi Utilitas .................................................... IX-11
9.4.7 Manajer Teknik ........................................................................ IX-11
9.4.7.1 Kepala Seksi Listrik ..................................................... IX-11
9.4.7.2 Kepala Seksi Instrumentasi .......................................... IX-11
9.4.7.3 Kepala Seksi Pemeliharaan Pabrik ............................... IX-12
9.4.7.4 Kepala Seksi Mesin ...................................................... IX-12
9.4.8 Manajer Umum dan Keuangan ................................................ IX-12
9.4.8.1 Kepala Seksi Keuangan ................................................ IX-12
9.4.8.2 Kepala Seksi Administrasi ........................................... IX-13
9.4.8.3 Kepala Seksi Personalia ............................................... IX-13
9.4.8.4 Kepala Seksi Humas..................................................... IX-13
9.4.8.5 Kepala Seksi Keamanan ............................................... IX-13
9.4.9 Manajer Pembelian dan Pemasaran.......................................... IX-13
9.4.9.1 Kepala Seksi Pembelian ............................................... IX-13
9.4.9.2 Kepala Seksi Penjualan ................................................ IX-14
9.4.9.3 Kepala Seksi Gudang/Logistik ..................................... IX-14
9.5 Sistem Kerja ......................................................................................... IX-14
9.6 Jumlah Karyawan Dan Tingkat Pendidikan ......................................... IX-16
9.7 Sistem Penggajian ................................................................................ IX-17

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 9.8 BPJS Ketenagakerjaan dan Fasilitas Tenaga Kerja.............................. IX-19
BAB X ANALISA EKONOMI ........................................................................ X-1
10.1 Modal Investasi .................................................................................... X-1
10.1.1 Modal Investasi Tetap / Fixed Capital Investment (FCI) ......... X-1
10.1.2 Modal Kerja / Working Capital (WC)...................................... X-3
10.2 Biaya Produksi Total (BPT) / Total Cost (TC) .................................... X-4
10.2.1 Biaya Tetap / Fixed Cost (FC) ................................................. X-4
10.2.2 Biaya Variabel / Variable Cost (VC) ....................................... X-4
10.3 Total Penjualan (Total Sales) ............................................................... X-5
10.4 Perkiraan rugi/Laba Usaha ................................................................... X-5
10.5 Analisa Aspek Ekonomi ....................................................................... X-5
10.5.1 Profit Margin (PM) .................................................................. X-5
10.5.2 Break Even Point (BEP) ........................................................... X-5
10.5.3 Return of Invesment (ROI) ....................................................... X-6
10.5.4 Pay Out Time (POT) ................................................................ X-6
10.5.5 Return on Network (RON) ....................................................... X-7
10.5.6 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) .................................................. X-7
BAB XI KESIMPULAN .................................................................................... XI-1
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................. DP-1

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Kappa Karagenan ............................................................................ II-4

Gambar 2.2 Iota Karagenan................................................................................. II-5
Gambar 2.3 Lamda Karagenan ............................................................................ II-5
Gambar 7.1 Lokasi Pabrik Pembuaatan karagenan ............................................. VII-5
Gambar 8.1 Tata Letak Pabrik Kappa Karaenan (skala 1:1000) ......................... VIII-9
Gambar 9.1 Struktur Organisasi Pabrik Pembuatan Kappa Karagenan .............. IX-23
Gambar A.1 Aliran pada Tangki Pencucian......................................................... LA-2
Gambar A.2 Aliran pada Rotary Cutter ............................................................... LA-3
Gambar A.3 Aliran pada Tangki Ektraksi ............................................................ LA-4
Gambar A.4 Aliran pada Plate and Frame Filter Press ...................................... LA-6
Gambar A.5 Aliran pada Tangki Presipitasi ........................................................ LA-8
Gambar A.6 Aliran pada Tangki Penambahan Etanol ......................................... LA-9
Gambar A.7 Aliran pada Centifuge ...................................................................... LA-10
Gambar A.8 Aliran pada Rotary Dryer ................................................................ LA-12
Gambar A.9 Aliran pada Ball Mill ....................................................................... LA-14
Gambar A.10 Aliran pada Screen .......................................................................... LA-15
Gambar D.1 Sketsa Sebagian Bar Screen Dilihat dari Atas (mm)....................... LD-2
Gambar E.1 Harga Peralatan untuk Tangki Penyimpanan atau Storage dan
Tangki Pelarutan .............................................................................. LE-5
Gambar E.2 Nilai break Event Ponit ................................................................... LA-25

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Kebutuhan Global Rumput Laut P1nghasil Karagenan dan Agar-
agar ....................................................................................................... I-2
Tabel 1.2 Harga Rumput Laut dan Olahannya DiIndonesia ................................ I-2
Tabel 2.1 Komposisi Nutrisi Eucheuma Cottoni, Caulerpa Lentillifera dan
Sargassum Polycystum ......................................................................... II-2
Tabel 2.2 Hasil Laut dan Olahannya .................................................................... II-4
Tabel 3.1 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Pencucian ................................................. III-1
Tabel 3.2 Neraca Massa pada Rotary Cutter ........................................................ III-1
Tabel 3.3 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Ektraktor .................................................. III-2
Tabel 3.4 Neraca Massa pada Plate and Frame Filter Press ............................... III-2
Tabel 3.5 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Presipitasi ................................................. III-3
Tabel 3.6 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Penambahan Etanol.................................. III-3
Tabel 3.7 Neraca Massa pada Centrifuge ............................................................. III-3
Tabel 3.8 Neraca Massa pada Rotary Dryer ........................................................ III-4
Tabel 3.9 Neraca Massa pada Ball Mill ............................................................... III-4
Tabel 4.1 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Pembuatan Larutan KOH ......................... IV-1
Tabel 4.2 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Ektraktor ................................................... IV-2
Tabel 4.3 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Presipitasi.................................................. IV-2
Tabel 4.4 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Penambahan Etanol .................................. IV-3
Tabel 4.5 Neraca Panas Rotary Dryer .................................................................. IV-3
Tabel 4.6 Neraca Panas Blow Box ........................................................................ IV-3
Tabel 5.1 Spesifikasi Elevator 2........................................................................... V-2
Tabel 5.2 Spesifikasi Conveyor 2, 3 dan 5 ........................................................... V-3
Tabel 6.1 Daftar Instrumentasi pada Pabrik Pembuatan Kappa Karagenan ........ VI-4
Tabel 7.1 Kebutuhan Steam Pabrik Kappa Karagenan ........................................ VII-1
Tabel 7.2 Kebutuhan Air Proses pada Alat .......................................................... VII-2
Tabel 7.3 Kebutuhan Air Pendingin 30oC pada Alat ........................................... VII-2
Tabel 7.4 Pemakaian Air Untuk Berbagai Kebutuhan ......................................... VII-4
Tabel 7.5 Kualitas Air Sungai Lariang ................................................................. VII-5
Tabel 7.6 Perincian Kebutuhan Listrik Untuk Utilitas ......................................... VII-13

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Tabel 7.7 Perhitungan Pompa Utilitas .................................................................. VII-23
Tabel 7.8 Perhitungan Tangki Pelarutan .............................................................. VII-24
Tabel 7.9 Perhitungan Tangki Utilitas 1 dan 2 ..................................................... VII-26
Tabel 8.1 Perincian Luas Tanah ........................................................................... VIII-7
Tabel 9.1 Jadwal Kerja Karyawan Shift ............................................................... IX-16
Tabel 9.2 Jumlah Karyawan dan Kualifikasinya.................................................. IX-16
Tabel 9.3 Perincian Gaji Karyawan ..................................................................... IX-17
Tabel A.1 Komposisi Rumput Laut Eucheuma Cottoni ....................................... LA-2
Tabel A.2 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Pencucian ................................................. LA-3
Tabel A.3 Neraca Massa pada Rotary Cutter ........................................................ LA-4
Tabel A.4 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Ektraksi .................................................... LA-6
Tabel A.5 Neraca Massa pada Plate And Frame Filter Press .............................. LA-7
Tabel A.6 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Presipitasi ................................................. LA-9
Tabel A.7 Neraca Massa pada Tangki Penambahan Etanol.................................. LA-10
Tabel A.8 Neraca Massa pada Centifuge .............................................................. LA-11
Tabel A.9 Neraca Massa pada Rotary Dryer ........................................................ LA-13
Tabel A.10 Neraca Massa pada Ball Mill ............................................................... LA-14
Tabel A.11 Neraca Massa pada Screen ................................................................... LA-16
Tabel B.1 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Pembuatan larutan KOH ........................... LB-3
Tabel B.2 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Ektraksi ..................................................... LB-8
Tabel B.3 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Presipitasi .................................................. LB-11
Tabel B.4 Neraca Panas pada Tangki Penambahan Etanol .................................. LB-13
Tabel B.5 Neraca Panas pada Rotary Dryer ......................................................... LB-18
Tabel B.6 Neraca Panas pada Blow Box ............................................................... LB-22
Tabel D.1 Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas ................................................................... LD-5
Tabel D.2 Perhitunan Tangki Pelarutan ................................................................ LD-10
Tabel D.3 Perhitungan Tangki Utilitas ................................................................. LD-15
Tabel E.1 Perincian Harga Bangunan dan Sarana Lainnya .................................. LE-1
Tabel E.2 Harga Indeks Marshall dan Swift ......................................................... LE-3
Tabel E.3 Estimasi Harga Peralatan Proses .......................................................... LE-5
Tabel E.4 Estimasi Harga Peralatan Utilitas dan Pengolahan Limbah ................. LE-6
Tabel E.5 Biaya Sarana Transportasi .................................................................... LE-10

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Tabel E.6 Perincian Gaji Pegawai ........................................................................ LE-13
Tabel E.7 Perincian Biaya Kas ............................................................................. LE-15
Tabel E.8 Perincian Modal Kerja ......................................................................... LE-16
Tabel E.9 Aturan Depresiasi sesuai UU Republik Indonesia No. 17 Tahun
2000 ...................................................................................................... LE-18
Tabel E.10 Perhitungan Biaya Depresiasi sesuai UURI No. 17 Tahun 2000 ......... LE-18
Tabel E.11 Data Perhitungan Break Event Point .................................................... LE-25
Tabel E.12 Data Perhitungan Nilai IRR ................................................................. LE-27

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