T AT A P E M E R I N T AH AN

G O O D G O V E R N AN C E

Disusun Oleh :

K E L O MP O K 9

P a n g l i m a D ef e r o ss i A b a s ( 1 9 B 5 0 5 0 4 1 0 52 )

A g r e l i a D wi S e p t i ya n t i ( 1 9 B 5 0 5 0 4 1 0 9 3)

Cori Cobha Cobhita (19B505041101)

Mu h a m a d S i g i t A d i W it a m a ( 1 9 B 5 0 5 0 4 11 0 9 )

R a i za R a m a d h a n ( 19 B 5 0 5 0 4 1 1 2 7 )

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 D AF T AR I S I

K A T A P E N G A NT A R .................................................................................................. 3
B A B I ................................................................................................................................ 4
P E N D A H U L U A N .......................................................................................................... 4
A. L a t a r B e l a k a ng ............................................................................................ 4
B A B I I ............................................................................................................................... 6
P E MB A H A S A N ............................................................................................................ 6
A. P e n g e r t i a n G O O D G O V E R N A N C E ................................................... 6
B. U r g e n s i G O O D G O VE R N A N C E .......................................................... 7
C. P i n s i p - P r i n s i p G O O D G O V E R N A N C E ............................................ 9
D. P i l a r - P i l a r G O O D G O V E R N A N C E ................................................... 12
E. H u b u n g a n A nt a r a G O O D G O V E R N A N C E D e n g a n
O T O NO MI D A E R A H ................................................................................ 13
F. P e r m a s a l a h a n P e n er a p a n G O O D G O V ER N A N C E ................. 15
G. G o o d G o ve r n a n c e di I n d o n e s i a ....................................................... 16
H. K a r ak t er i k st ik D a s ar G O O D G O V E R N A N C E ............................ 20
I. H u b u ng a n a nt a r a C l e a n a n d G o o d G ove r n a n c e d e n g a n . . .
G er ak a n A n t i K o r u p s i ........................................................................... 21
B A B I I I ........................................................................................................................... 21
P E N U T U P .................................................................................................................... 21
A. K E S I MP U L A N ............................................................................................ 21
B. S A R A N ........................................................................................................... 22
D A F T A R P U S T A K A ................................................................................................. 24

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 K AT A P E N AN T AR

A s s a l a m u ’a l a i k u m W R. W B

P u j i s yu k ur k am i p an j a t k a n k e h a d ir a t A l l a h SW T ya ng t e l a h
m e m b er ik a n r a h m at s e r t a k a r u n i a - N ya k e p a d a k a m i s e h i ng g a k a m i
dapat m e n ye l e s a i k a n m ak a l a h ya n g b er j u d u l “GOOD
G O V E R N A N C E ” i n i t e p a t p a d a wa k t u n ya d a l a m m em e n u h i t ug a s
m a t a k u l i a h K EW ARG A N E G A R A A N .

K a m i m e n ya d a r i ba h wa m a k a l a h i n i m a s i h j a u h d a r i
s e m p u r n a, k ar e n a k a m i m a s i h d a l a m t ah a p b e l a j a r . O l e h k a r e na
i t u , k r i t ik d a n s a r a n d a r i s em u a p i h ak ya n g b e r s if at m em ba n g u n
s e l a l u k am i h a r apk an d e m i k e s e m p ur n aa n m ak a l a h i n i .

U n t a i a n t e r im a k asi h k am i u c a pk a n k e p a d a s e m u a p i h ak
ya n g t e l a h b er p e r a n s e r t a d a l a m p e n yu s u n a n m ak a l a h i n i . Se m og a
A l l a h SW T s e n a n t i as a m er i d h a i s eg a l a u s a h a k i t a. Am i i n n . .

J A K A R T A 1 8 D e s em b e r , 2 0 1 9

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 B AB I

P E N D AH U L U AN

A. L a t a r B el a k a n g

Ma s a l a h p e m e r i n t ah a n s e b a g a i s u at u k e n ya t a a n ya n g t ak
d a p a t d i h i n d a r k a n d a l a m h i d u p s e t ia p wa r g a n eg a r a m e m i l i k i
b a n ya k a r t i b ag i m er e k a, s e c ar a p er o r a ng a n at a u s ec a r a b er s a m a -
s a m a . P e m er i n t a h ad a l a h h a r a p a n d a n pe l u a n g u n t uk m e wu j u d k a n
h i d u p ya n g s ej a ht e r a d a n b e r d a u l a t m e l a l u i p e ng el o l a a n
k e b e b a s a n d an p e r sa m a a n ya n g d i m i l i k i o l e h wa r g a n eg a r a. P a d a
s i s i l a i n p e m e r i n t a h a d a l a h t a nt a ng a n d a n k e n d a l a b ag i
wa r g a n e g ar a t er u t a m a k et ik a p e m e r i n t a h t e r j a u hk a n d a r i
p e n g a l a m a n et i k a pe m e r i n t a h. S u a t u m a s ya r a k at t a n p a p em e r i n t a h
a d a l a h s e b u a h k ek ac a u a n m a s s a l . D i da l a m m a s ya r ak a t m a n u s i a
b e r a d a b d i p e r l uk a n l e b i h b a n ya k p er a t ur a n , d i p e r l uk a n j ug a l e b i h
b a n ya k u p a ya d a n k ek u at a n u n t uk m en j a m i n b a h wa p e r at u r a n -
p e r a t ur a n i t u d i t a a t i .

H a r a p a n l a i n ya n g i n g n d i wu j u dk a n o l e h s e t i a p wa r g a n eg ar a
m e l a l u i p r o s e s p em e r i n t a h a n a d a l a h be r l a n g s u ng n ya k e h i d u p a n
s e c a r a wa j a r , d a l a m s e m u a b i d a ng d a n u k ur a n k e h i d u p a n m e r ek a .
Pemerintah p e r t am a - t a m a di h ar ap k a n d a p at m em b e n t uk
k e s e p ak a t a n wa r g a ne g ar a t e n t ang b i ng k a i k e p a t ut a n d a l a m p r o s es
k e h i d u p a n k o l e k t if wa r g a n eg a r a. D e n g a n d e m ik i a n , k eb u t u h an
a k a n k e h i d u p a n yan g wa j a r m e n s ya r a t k a n k e wa j i b a n p em e r i n t a h
u n t uk m em b e n t uk ho k um ya n g a d i l d an m e l ak uk a n p e n eg a k k an
h o k um d e m i r a s a k e a d i l a n t e r s e b ut pa d a s em u a wa r g a ne g ar a .
U n t uk m e wu j u dk a n t u j u a n d a n h ar a p a n t e r s e b u t , m ak a d i p er l u k a n
s u a t u s ys t em p em er i n t a h a n ya n g b a ik d a n ef ek t if ya n g s e s u a i
d e n g a n pr i n s i p - p r i ns i p b e r s if a t d em ok r a t i s . K o n s e p p em e r in t a h a n
ya n g b a ik i t u d i s e bu t d e ng a n g o o d g o ve r n a n c e .

T at a p em e r i n t a h a n ya n g b a ik m er u pa k a n l a n d a s a n ya n g
h a r u s d i am b i l d a l a m k e b i j ak a n p em u l i h a n ek o n om i , s o s i a l m a u p u n
p o l i t i k . D a l a m p e r k em b a ng a n g l o b a l i s a s i m a u p u n d em o k r a s i
m e n u n t ut p er a n p el a k u - p e l ak u p e n ye l e n g g ar a a n p em e r i nt a h a n .
P e m e r i n t a h, ya n g s e b e l u m n ya m e m eg a ng k u at k e n d a li
p e m e r i n t a h a n c e p at a t a u l a m b at m e ng a la m i p e r g es e r a n p e r a n d a r i
p o s i s i m e ng at u r s eg a l a k e b i j ak a n k e p o si s i s e b a g a i f as i l i t a t or . D a n

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s e b a l i k n ya m a s ya r a k at ya n g s e b e l um n ya s e b a g a i p en e r i m a
m a nf a at , h ar u s m u l a i m e n ya d a r i k e d u du k a n n ya s e b ag a i pe m i l ik
k e p e nt i n g a n ya n g j ug a h a r u s b e r f u ng s i s e b a g a i p e l ak u.

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 B AB I I

P E M B AH AS AN

A. P e n g e r t i a n G O O D G O V E R N AN C E

Me n u r u t b a h a s a G o o d G o ve r n a n c e be r a s a l d a r i d u a k a ta
ya n g d i a m b i l d ar i b ah a s a i ng g r i s ya i t u G o o d ya n g b e r ar t i b a ik , d a n
g o ve r n a n c e ya n g b e r a r t i t a t a p e m er i n t a h a n . D ar i p e ng er t i an
t e r s e b ut g o o d g o ve r n a n c e dapat d i a r t ik a n s e b ag a i tata
p e m e r i n t a h a n ya n g b a i k , at a u p e ng el o l a a n / p e n ye l e n g g a r a an
k e p em e r i nt a h a n ya n g b a i k .

G o o d g o ve r n a n c e di d e f i n i s i k a n s e b ag a i s u a t u k e s e p ak at a n
m e n ya n g k ut p e ng a t u r a n n eg a r a ya n g d i c i p t a k a n b er s a m a o l e h
p e m e r i n t a h, m a s ya r ak a t , dan s wa s t a u nt uk m e wu j u d k a n
k e p em e r i nt a h a n yan g b a ik s e c a r a um u m . A r t i g o o d d a l am g o o d
g o ve r n a n c e m e ng a nd u n g p e ng e r t i a n n i l a i ya n g m e nj u nj u ng t i ng g i
k e i ng i n a n r ak ya t , k em a n d i r i a n , aspek f u ng s i o n a l d an
p e m e r i n t a h a n ya n g ef ek t if d a n ef i s i e n . G o ve r n a n c e ( t at a
p e m e r i n t a h a n) m en c a k u p s e l u r u h m ek a n i s m e, p r o s es , d an
l e m b a g a - l e m b ag a d i m a n a wa r g a d an k e l om p ok m a s ya r ak a t
m e ng u t ar ak a n k e p en t i n g a n m e r ek a, m e n g g u n ak a n h ak hu k um ,
m e m e n u h i k e wa j i b a n d a n m e nj e m b at a ni p e r b e d a a n - p e r b e da a n d i
a n t a r a m er ek a .

D a l a m m e n c i p t ak a n t a t a p em e r i nt a h a n ya n g b a i k s a ng a t
t e r g a nt u ng d ar i k e t i g a l e m b ag a ya n g m e n yu s u n g o ve r n a n ce
t e r s e b ut ya i t u p em e r i n t a h ( g o ve r n m e nt ) , d u n i a u s a h a ( swa s t a ) ,
d a n m a s ya r ak a t . K e t i g a d o m a i n i t u h ar u s s a l i n g b e r i n t er ak s i a n t a r a
s a t u d e ng a n ya ng l a i n n ya . K e t ig a l e m b ag a i n i h a r u s m e n j ag a
k e s i n e r g i a n d a l a m r a n g k a m e n c a p a i t u j u a n , k a r e n a k et i g a d o m a in
i n i m e r u p ak a n s e bu a h s i s t e m ya n g sa l i n g k e t er g a n t u ng a n d an
t i d a k d a p a t d i p i s a hk a n .

A d a k a i t a n a nt a r a g o ve r n a n c e ( t a t a pe m e r i n t a h a n) d e ng an
g o ve r n m e nt ( p e m er i n t a h ) l e b i h b e r k a it a n d e n g a n l e m b ag a ya n g
m e ng e m b a n f u ng s i m e m er i n t a h d a n m en g em b a n f u ng s i m en g e l o l a
administrasi p em e r i n t a h a n . Kalau T at a P e m er i n t a h a n
( G o ve r n a n c e) l e b i h m e ng g am b a r k a n pa d a p o l a h u b u ng a n ya n g
s e b a i k - ba i k n ya a nt ar e l e m e n ya n g a d a. D e n g a n d em ik i a n c ak u p a n

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t a t a P e m er i n t a h a n ( G o ve r n a n c e ) l e b i h l u a s d i b a n d i n g k a n de n g a n
P e m e r i n t a h ( G o ve r nm e n t ) , k ar e n a u n s u r ya n g t er l i b a t d a l a m T a t a
P e m e r i n t a h a n m e n ca k u p s em u a k e l e m b a g a a n ya n g d i d a l a m n ya
a d a u n s u r P e m er i n t a h ( G o ve r n m e nt ) .

Me n u r u t d ok u m e n U n i t e d N a t i o n s D eve l o p m e n t P r og r a m
( U N D P ) , t at a p em e r i n t a h a n a d a l a h “ p e ng g u n a a n we w e n a n g
e k o n om i p o l i t i k d a n a d m i n i s t r a s i g u n a m e ng e l o l a u r u s a n - ur u s a n
n e g ar a p a d a s em u a t i n g k at . T at a p em er i n t a h a n m e n c ak u p se l u r u h
m ek a n i s m e, p r o s es d a n l e m b ag a - l e m b a g a d i m a n a wa r g a d a n
k e l o m p ok - k e l om p ok m a s ya r ak at m en g ut a r ak a n k e p e nt i n g a n
m e r ek a, m e ng g u n ak a n h ak h uk u m , m e m e n u h i k e wa j i b a n d a n
m e n j em b at a n i p e r b ed a a n - p e r b e d a a n d i a n t a r a m er ek a .

J e l a s b a h wa g o o d g o ve r n a n c e a d a l a h m a s a l a h p e r i m b a ng a n
a n t a r a n eg a r a , p a sa r d a n m a s ya r ak at . m e m a ng s am p a i s aa t i n i ,
s e j u m l a h k ar ak t er i s t i k k e b a i k a n d ar i s u at u g o ve r n a n c e l e b ih
b a n ya k b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n k i n er j a p em e r i n t a h. i n ve s t a s i u n t uk
m e m pr o m os i k a n tujuan ek o n om i jangka p a n j a ng seperti
p e n d i d i k a n d a n k es e h a t a n . T et a p i u nt u k m e n g im b a ng i ne g ar a ,
s u a t u m a s ya r ak at wa r g a ya n g k om p e t e n d i b ut u hk a n m e l a l u i
d i t e r a pk a n n ya s i s t em d e m ok r a s i , r u l e of l a w, h a k a s as i m an u s i a ,
d a n d i h a r g a i n ya p l u r a l i s m e . G o o d g ove r n a n c e s a ng a t t e r k a i t
d e n g a n d u a h a l ya i t u :

( 1 ) g o o d g o ve r n a n c e t i d a k d a p at d i b a t a s i h a n ya p a d a t u j u an
e k o n om i d a n
( 2 ) t u j u a n ek o n om i p un t i d ak d a p at d i c ap a i t a n p a p r as ya r at
p o l i t i k t e r t e n t u.

B . U r g e n s i G O O D G O V E R N AN C E

G o o d g a ve r n a n c e a d a l a h p e m e r i n t a h an ya n g b a i k d a l a m
s t a n d a r p r o s es da n m a u p u n h a s i l - h a s i l n ya , s e m u a u n s u r
p e m e r i n t a h a n b i s a b e r g er ak s e c ar a s i n e r g i s , t i d ak s a l i n g
b e r b e n t ur a n , m em pe r o l e h d uk u ng a n d ar i r ak ya t d a n t er l e p a s d a r i
g er ak a n - g er ak a n a n a r k i s ya ng d ap a t m e ng h am b a t p r os es
p e m b a ng u n a n . D ik a t eg o r ik a n p em e r in t a h a n ya n g b a ik , j ik a
p e m b a ng u n a n i t u d a p a t d i l ak uk a n de n g a n b i a ya y a n g s a ng at
m i n i m a l m e n u j u c i t a - c i t a k e s ej a h t er a a n d a n k em ak m u r a n,
m e m p er l i h a t k a n h as i l d e n g a n i n d ik a t o r k em a m p u a n ek o n o m i

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r ak ya t m e n i ng k at , k es e j a ht e r a a n sp r i t u a l i t a s n ya m e ni n g k a t
d e n g a n i n d ik a t or m a s ya r a k at r a s a a m a n , t e n a ng , b a h ag ia d a n
p e n u h d e ng a n k e d a m a i a n .

Me n u r u t l i n g k a r a n s u r vi e I n d o n e s i a ( LS I ) ya ng m e l ak uk an
s u r ve i p a d a s a a t p e r i n g at a n s at u t a h u n d i s e b u t k a n b a h wa
p e m e r i n t a h a n S B Y m e ng h a s i l k a n d u a r a p o r b ir u d a n e m p at r a p o r
m e r a h.

E m p a t a ng k a m e r ah i t u d i b e r ik a n u nt u k k i n e r j a h u b u ng an
i n t e r n a s i o n a l , k i n e r j a ek o n om i , k i n e r j a h u k um d a n k i n e r j a p o l i t i k .
K i n e r j a p em e r i n t a ha n S B Y d a l a m h u bu n g a n i n t e r n a s i o n a l d i n i l a i
s a n g at b ur uk k a r en a k o nf l ik a nt a r a I n d o n e s i a - Ma l a ys i a ya ng
p e n a n g a n a n ya ya n g s a ng at b u r uk . S e d a n g k a n d u a a ng k a b i r u
d i d a p a t d a l a m b i d a n g k e a m a n a n d a n s o s i a l , b i d a n g k e am a n an
c o n t o h n ya p e n ye l e s a i a n k o nf l i k d i A c e h, s e d a ng k a n d a l a m b i d a n g
s o s i a l t a ng g a p m e ng h a d a p i b e n c a na .

D e n g a n f ak t a s ur ve i t e r s e b u t g o o d g o ve r n a n c e s e yo g ya n ya
d i t e r a pk a n d i n eg a r a I n d o n e s i a i n i s u p a ya c i t a - c i t a b a n g s a
i n d o n e s i a m e n j a d i n e g ar a ya n g m ak m u r s eg e r a t er wu j u d . g o o d
g o ve r n a n c e i n i h ar u s d i d uk u ng o l e h s e m u a l e m b ag a ya n g
m e n yu s u n .

D a r i u r a i a n d i a t a s m ak a d a p at d i s i m p u lk a n ar t i p e nt i ng a t au
k e ur g e n s i a n d ar i G oo d g o ve r n a n c e d i I nd o n e s i a ya i t u :

a ) Me m b e r a n t a s k o r u ps i , k o l u s i d a n n e p ot i s m e ( K K N ) . Ma s i h
b a n ya k n ya k o r up s i dan p e n yi m p a n g a n dalam
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n ne g ar a d i I n d o n e s i a m e m i c u m u n c u l n ya
r ef or m a s i d e ng a n salahsatu i s s ue r ef o r m a s i ya n g
f u n d a m e nt a l ya i t u r ec o ve r y e c o n o m y d a r i u n s u r K K N d e ng a n
c a r a m e n j a l a n k a n G o o d g o ve r n a c e d i I n do n e s i a .
b ) Me m p e r b a i k i s i s t em p em e r i nt a h a n at a u t at a k e n eg a r a an
ya n g s e l am a i n i b o br ok d a n d i g e r og ot i u n s u r K K N , s e h i n g g a
t e r wu j u d s u at u p em e r i n t a h a n ya n g b e r s i h ya n g s e su ai
d e n g a n k e i n g i n a n w a r g a n eg a r a i n d o n e s i a .
c ) P e l a ya n a n p u b l i k s al a h s a t u t ug as p ok ok p em e r i n t a h a d a l a h
m e m b er ik a n p e l a ya n a n p u b l i k s e p er t i p e l a ya n a n j a s a k e p a da
m a s ya r ak a t . P e l a ya n a n p u b l i k i n i t i d ak h a n ya d i t ek a nk a n
k e p a d a p em e r i nt a h , t e t a p i j ug a p a d a s e k t o r s wa s t a g u n a
m e m e n u h i k e b u t u h an a t a u k e p e n t i ng a n m a s ya r ak a t .
d ) P e r wu j u d a n nilai pancasila s e b ag a i f a l s af a h h i du p
b e r n eg a r a. G o o d g o ve r n a n c e m am p u m e r ef l ek s i k a n n i l a i -
n i l a i d e m o k r a s i k a r en a d a l a m k o n s e p g oo d g o ve r n a n c e p a d a

8
 d a s a r n ya m e n ek a nk a n k e s et a r a a n a nt a r a l e m b ag a - l e m b ag a
n e g ar a , b a ik d i t i n g k at p u s a t m a u p u n da e r a h s ek t or s wa s t a
d a n m s ya r ak at m a da n i .
e ) T e r s e l e n g g ar a n ya G o o d G o ve r n a n c e m e r u p ak a n pr a s ya r a t
u t a m a m e wu j u d k a n a p r es i a s i m a s ya r a k at d a l a m m e n c a p ai
t u j u a n d a n c it a - c i t a b a n g s a n eg a r a.
f ) P e n g e l o l a a n p e m er i n t a h a n ya n g b er s i h d a n b e r wi b a wa ya n g
d i r u m r u sk a n b e r s am a o l e h p em e r i n t a h d a n k o m p o n en
m a s ya r ak a t .

C . P i n s i p - Pr i n si p G O O D G O V E R N AN C E

Kunci utama memahami good g o ve r n a n c e adalah

p e m a h a m a n at a s pr i n s i p - p r i n s i p d i d a l a m n ya . B e r t o l a k d ar i pr i n s i p -
p r i n s i p i n i ak a n d i d a p a t k a n t o l ak uk u r k in e r j a s u at u p em e r i nt a h a n .
B a i k - b ur uk n ya pemerintahan bisa dinilai bila ia telah
b e r s i n g g u ng a n d en g a n s em u a u nsu r pr i n s i p - p r i n s i p g o o d
g o ve r n a n c e . P r i n s i p - p r i n s i p i t u d i a n t a r an ya a d a l a h :

1) Partisipasi (Participation)

S ya r a t u t am a wa r g a n e g ar a d i s e b ut b e r p a r t i s i p a s i d a l a m
k eg i a t a n b e r b a ng s a , b e r n eg ar a , d a n b er p e m e r i n t a h a n, ya i t u:

1 ) A d a r a s a k e s uk ar e l a a n .
2 ) A d a k e t er l i b a t a n s ec a r a em o s i o n a l .
3 ) Me m p e r o l e h m a nf a a t s e c a r a l a n g su n g maupun t i d ak
l a n g s u ng d ar i k et e r li b a t a n n ya .

2 ) P e n e g ak a n h uk u m ( R u l e of L a w)

G o o d g o ve r n a n c e d il a k s a n ak a n d a l am r a n g k a de m ok r a t i s a si
k e h i d u p a n b e r b a ng sa d a n b e r n eg ar a . S al a h s a t u s ya r at k e h i d u p a n
d e m ok r a s i a d a l a h ad a n ya p e n e g ak a n hu k um ya n g a d i l d a n t i d ak
p a n d a n g b u l u. T a np a p e n e g ak a n h uk um ya n g t eg a s, t i d ak ak a n
t e r c i p t a k e h i d u p a n ya n g d em ok r at i s, t et a p i a n a r k i. T a n p a
p e n e g ak a n h uk u m , o r a ng s e c ar a b eb a s b e r u p a ya m en c a p a i
t u j u a n n ya se n d i r i t a n p a m e ng i n d a hk an k e p e nt i n g a n or an g l a i n
d e n g a n m e ng h a l a l k a n s e g a l a c ar a . O l eh k ar e n a i t u, l a n g k ah a wa l
p e n c i p t a a n g o o d g o ve r n a n c e a d a l a h m e m b a ng u n s i s t em h uk u m

9
ya n g s e h a t , b a ik p e r a n g k at l u n ak n ya , p er a ng k a t k e r a s n ya m a u p u n
s u m b e r d a ya m a n u si a ya n g m e n j a l a nk an s i s t em n ya .

3 ) T r an s p a r a n s i ( T r a nsp a r a n c y)

Salah satu k ar ak t e r i st i k good g o ve r n a n c e adalah

k et e r b uk a a n. K a r ak t e r i s t ik i n i s e s u a i d e n g a n s em a ng a t za m a n
ya n g s er b a t e r b uk a a d a n ya r e vo l u s i i nf o r m a s i . K e t er bu k a a n
t e r s e b ut m e n c ak u p s e m u a as p ek ak t i vi t a s ya n g m e n ya n g k ut
k e p e nt i n g a n publik, d ar i pr o s e s p e n g am b i l a n k e p ut u s a n ,
p e n g g u n a a n d a n a - da n a p u b l i k , s am p a i p a d a t a h a p a n e va l u a s i .

4 ) D a ya t a n g g a p ( r e s po n s i ve n e s s )

S e b a g a i k o n s ek u en s i l o g i s d ar i k e t e r b uk a a n, s e t i a p
k om p o n e n ya n g t e r l i b a t d a l am pr os e s p em b a ng u n a n g o od
g o ve r n a n c e h ar u s m e m i l i k i d a ya t a ng g ap t er h a d a p k e i ng i n an a t a u
k e l u h a n p ar a p e m eg a n g s a h am ( s t ak e ho l d e r ) . U p a ya p e n i n g k at an
d a ya t a n g g a p t e r s e bu t , t e r ut am a d i t uj uk a n p a d a s ek t or p u b l i k ya n g
s e l a m a i n i c e n d e r un g t e r t ut u p , ar og a n, s er t a b e r or i e n t a s i p a d a
k ek u as a a n . U n t uk m e ng e t a h u i k e p u a sa n m a s ya r ak at t e r h a d a p
p e l a ya n a n ya n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h s ek t or pu b l i k , s ec a r a p er i o d i k p er lu
d i l a k uk a n s ur ve i u n t uk m e ng e t a h u i t i n g k at k e p u a s a n k o ns u m en
( c u s t om e r s at i sf a ct i o n ) .

5 ) B e r o r i e n t a s i p a d a k o n s e n s u s ( c o n s e n s us o r i e n t at i o n )

K e g i a t a n b e r n eg a r a, b er p em e r i n t a h a n, d a n b e r m a s ya r ak at
p a d a d a s a r n ya m e r u p a k a n ak t i vi t a s p ol i t i k , ya n g b er i s i du a h a l
u t a m a, ya i t u k o nf l ik d a n k o n s e n s u s. D a l a m g o o d g o ve r n a n c e ,
p e n g am b i l a n k e p ut u s a n at a u p u n p em e c a h a n m a s a l a h be r s a m a
l e b i h d i u t a m a k a n b e r d a s a r k a n k o ns e n s u s , ya n g d i l an j u t k a n
d e n g a n k e s e d i a a n un t uk k o n s i s t e n m e l ak s a n ak a n k o n s e n s us ya n g
t e l a h d i p u t u sk a n be r s a m a. K o n s e ns u s b ag i b a ng s a i n d on e s i a
s e b e n a r n ya b u k a n l a h h a l ya n g b a r u , k a r e n a n i l a i d a s a r k i t a d a l a m
m e m e c a hk a n p e r s oa l a n b a n g s a a da l a h m e l a l u i m u s ya wa r a h u n t uk
m uf ak at .

6 ) K e a d i l a n ( e q u i t y)

Me l a l u i p r i n s i p g oo d g o ve r n a n c e , s et i a p wa r g a n eg ar a
m e m i l i k i k e s em p a t an ya n g s am a un t uk m e m p er o l e h k es e j ah t e r a a n.
A k a n t e t a p i , k a r e na k em am p u a n m a si n g - m a s i ng wa r g a n e g ar a
b e r b e d a - b e d a, s ek t o r p u b l ik h a r u s m e m a i n k an p er a n a n ag a r
k e s ej a ht e r a a n d a n k e a d i l a n d a p a t b e r j a la n s e i r i ng s ej a l a n .

7 ) E f ek t if d a n ef i s i e n ( ef e c t i ve n e s s a n d ef f i c i e n c y)

10
 A g a r m a m p u b er k om p e t i s i s e c a r a s e ha t d a l am p er c at u r an
dunia, k eg i a t an k et i g a d om a i n dan g o ve r n a n ce h a r us
m e ng u t am ak a n ef ek t i vi t a s d a n ef is i e n s i d a l a m s e t i a p k eg i a t a n.
T ek a n a n p e r l u n ya ef ek t i vi t a s d a n ef is i e n s i t e r ut a m a d i t u j uk a n
p a d a s ek t or p u b l i k k ar e n a s ek t o r i n i m e n j a l a nk a n ak t i vi t a s n ya
s e c a r a m o n o p o l i s t ik . T a n p a k o m p et i s i , t i d a k ak a n a d a ef i s i en s i .

8 ) A k u nt a b i l i t a s ( a cc o un t a b i l i t y)

S e t i a p ak t i vi t a s ya n g b er k a i t a n d e ng a n k e p e n t i ng a n p u b l ik
p e r l u m e m p er t ang g u n g j a wa b k a n k e p a da p u b l ik . T a ng g u ng g ug at
d a n t a ng g u ng j a wa b t i d ak h a n ya d i b e r i k a n k e p ad a at a s a n s a j a ,
t e t a p i j ug a p a d a pa r a p em eg a ng s a ha m ya i t u m a s ya r ak a t l u a s .
A k u nt a b i l i t a s d a p a t d i b e d a k a n m e nj a d i li m a m ac a m ya i t u :

 A k u nt a b i l i t a s o r g a n is a s i
 A k u nt a b i l i t a s legal
 A k u nt a b i l i t a s politik
 A k u nt a b i l i t a s p r of e si o n a l
 A k u nt a b i l i t a s m or a l

9 ) V i s i s t r at eg i s ( s t r a t e g i c vi s i o n )

D a l a m e r a ya n g be r u b a h s e c a r a d i na m i s , s et i a p d om a i n
d a l a m g o o d g o ve r n an c e h a r u s m em i l i k i vi s i ya n g s t r a t eg i s . T a n p a
vi s i s e m a c a m i t u, s u a t u b a ng s a d a n n e g ar a ak a n m eng a l a m i
k et e r t i n g g a l a n. V i si i t u , d a p at d i b e d a k a n a n t ar a vi s i j a n g k a
p a n j a ng m ( l o ng t im e vi s i o n ) a n t a r a 2 0 s a m p a i 2 5 t a h u n s er t a vi s i
j a ng k a p e n d ek ( s h o r t t i m e vi s i o n ) s ek it ar 5 t a h u n.

Prinsip-prinsip good g o ve r n a n c e pada d a s a r n ya

m e ng a n d u ng n i l a i ya n g b e r s if a t o b j ek t if d a n u n i ve r s a l ya ng
m e n j a d i ac u a n d a l am m e n e n t uk a n t o l ak uk u r a t a u i n d i k at o r d a n
c i r i - c i r i / k a r ak t er i t ik p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n p e m r i n t a h a n n eg ar a ya n g
baik. Pr i n s i p - p r i ns i p good g o ve r n a n c e da lam pr ak t ik
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n ne g ar a d i t u a ng k a n d a l a m t uj u h a s a s u m u m
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n ne g ar a s e b ag a i m a n a d i m ak s u d d a l a m Un d a n g -
U n d a n g N o m or 2 8 t a h u n 1 9 9 9 t e nt a ng P e n ye l e n g g a r a a n Ne g ar a
ya n g B e r i h d a n B e ba s K o r u ps i , K o l u s i da n N e p o t i sm e . Pr i n s i p a t a u
a s a s um u m d a l am pe n ye l e n g g a r a a n n eg a r a ya n g t e r c a nt um d a l am
U n d a n g - U n d a ng N om o r 2 8 t a h u n 1 9 9 9 m e l i p u t i s e b ag a i b er i k u t :

 A s a s k e p a st i a n h uk u m a d a l a h a s as d al a m n eg a r a h uk u m
ya n g m e ng ut a m aka n l a n d a s a n p er a t ur a n p e r u n d a ng -

11
 u n d a n g a n, k e p a t ut an , d a n k e a d i l a n d a la m s e t i a p k e b i j ak a n
e n ye l e n g g a r a a n n eg a r a .
 A s a s k e p e nt i ng a n u m u m a d a l a h a s a s ya n g m e n d a h u l uk an
k e s ej a ht e r a a n um um d e ng a n c ar a a s p i r a t if , ak om o d a t if , d an
s e l e k t if .
 A s a s k e t er b uk a a n ad a l a h a s a s ya n g m em b uk a d i r i t er h a d a p
h a k m a s ya r ak at u nt uk m e m p er o l e h i nf o r m a s i ya ng b e n a r ,
j u j ur , d a n t i d ak di s k r im i n a t if , t e nt a ng p e n ye l e n g g ar a a n
n e g ar a d e ng a n t et ap m e m p er h a t ik a n pe r l i n d u n g a n a t a s h ak
a s a s i p r i b a d i , g o l o ng a n d a n r a h a s i a n eg ar a .
 A s a s p r o p or s i o n a l i t a s a d a l a h a s a s ya n g m e ng ut a m ak a n
k e s e im b a ng a n a n t ar a h ak d a n k e wa j i b a n p e n ye l e n g g ar a an
n e g ar a .
 A s a s p r of e r s i o n a l i t a s a d a l a h a s a s ya n g m e ng ut a m ak a n
k e a h l i a n ya n g b er l a n d a s k a n k o d e et i k d a n k et e n t u a n
p e r a t ur a n p er u n d a ng - u n d a ng a n ya n g b er l a k u.
 A s a s ak u nt a b i l i t a s a d a l a h a s a s ya ng m e n e n t uk a n b a h wa
setiap k eg i a t a n dan hasil ak h i r dari k eg i a t a n
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n n eg ar a h ar u s d a p at
d i p e r t a ng g u ng j a wa b k a n k e p a d a m a s ya r ak a t a t a u r ak ya t
s e b a g a i p em eg a ng k e d a u l a t a n t e r t i n g g i n eg ar a s e s u a i
d e n g a n k et e nt u a n p e r a t ur a n p er u n da n g - u n d a ng a n ya n g
b e r l a k u.

D . P i l a r - P i l a r G O O D G O V E R N AN C E

1 ) N e g a r a a t a u p em e r in t a h a n ( s t at e ) , b e r f u n g s i d a l am h a l :

a. Me n c i p t a k a n k o n d i s i, ek o n o m i , p o l i t ik da n s o s i a l ya ng s t a b i l
b. Me m b u a t p e r a t ur a n ya n g ef ek t if d a n b er k e a d i l a n
c. Me n ye d i a k a n p u b l i c s e r vi c e ya n g ef ek t if d a n a c c o u nt a b l e
d. Me n e g a k a n H A M
e. Me l i n d u n g i l i n g k u ng a n h i d u p
2) S e k t o r s wa s t a at a u d u n i a u s a h a ( p r i va t e s e c t or ) , b e r f u ng s i
dalam hal:

a. Me n j a l a n k a n i n d u s t r i
b. Me n c i p t a k a n l a p a n g a n k e r j a
c. Me n ye d i a k a n i n s e nt i f b ag i k ar ya wa n
d. Me n i n g k a t k a n s t a n da r h i d u p m a s ya r ak a t

12
 e . Me m e l i h a r a l i n g k u ng a n h i d u p
f . Me n a a t i p e r a t u r a n
g . T r an sf er ilmu pe n g et a h u a n dan t ek n o l og i k e p ad a
m a s ya r ak a t
h . Me n ye d i a k a n k r e d i t b a g i p e ng em b a ng a n U K M

3 ) Ma s ya r a k a t ( s oc i e t y) , b e r f u ng s i d a l a m ha l :

a. Me n j a g a ag a r h ak - ha k m as ya r a k at t e r l i nd u n g i
b. Me m p e n g a r u h i k e b i j a k a n p u b l i c
c. S e b a g a i s ar a n a c hek s a n d b a l a n c e s p em e r i n t a h
d. Me n g a wa s i p e n ya l a h g u n a a n k e we n a n g an s o s i a l p e m er i n t a h
e. Me n g e m b a n g k a n S DM
f. S a r a n a b e r k o m u n ik a s i a n t a r a ng g ot a m a s ya r a k at

P a d a n eg a r a ya ng b e r k e m b a ng ya ng s ek t o r s wa s t a d an
s e k t o r m a s ya r ak a t r e l a t if be l o m m aj u , d a n s ek t o r p em e r i n t ah
m e m eg a ng p e r a n an ya n g s a ng at m e n e n t uk a n . T a r ik - m e n a r ik
p e r a n a n a n t ar a s ek t o r p em e r i nt a h d a n s e k t o r s wa s t a d a n s e k t o r
m a s ya r ak a t a p a b i l a t i d ak d ik e l o l a s e c a r a b i j ak ak a n d a p at
m e n i m b u lk a n b e r b ag a i k et eg a ng a n s o s ia l . D a l a m h a l i n i d i p e r l u k a n
p i m p i n a n n a s i o n a l ya n g m em i l i k i d uk u ng a n l e g i t im a s i p o l i t i k ya ng
k u at , m em i l i k i k ha r i s m a , s e r t a k e m a m p u a n m n aj e r i a l u nt uk
m e ng e n d a l i k a n p e r ub a h a n .

E . H u b u n g a n An t a r a G O O D G O V E R N AN C E D e n g a n O TO N O M I
D AE R AH

P e m e r i n t a h a n D a e r a h m e r u p ak a n s a l a h s a l u i n st r um e n ya n g
m e r ef l ek s i k a n k e i ng i n a n p em e r i n t a h u n t uk m e l ak s a n ak an t at a
p e m e r i n t a h a n ya n g b a ik d a l am p e n yel e n g g a r a a n p em e r in t a h a n
d a e r a h . D a l a m h a l pe n e g ak a n h uk um , U U N o . 3 2 T a h u n 2 0 04 t e l ah
m e ng a t ur s e c ar a t eg a s u p a ya h uk um b a g i p a r a p e n ye l e n g g ar a
p e m e r i n t a h a n d a e r ah .

D a r i s i s t em p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n p e m er i n t a h a n s ek u r a ng -
k ur a ng n ya t e r d a p at 7 e l e m e n ya i t u :

1 . U r u s a n P em e r i n t a h an
2. Kelembagaan

13
 3. Personil
4. Keuangan
5. P e r wa k i l a n
6. P e l a ya n a n P u b l i k
7. P e n g a wa s a n .

K e t u j u h e l e m e n d i a t a s m er u p ak a n e l em e n d a s a r ya n g ak a n
d i t a t a d a n d ik e m b a ng k a n s er t a d i r e vi t a l i s a s i d a l a m k or i d o r U U N o.
3 2 T a hu n 2 0 0 4. Na m u n d i s am p i n g pe n a t a a n t e r h a d a p t u j u a n
e l e m e n d a s a r d i a t a s , t e r d a p a t j ug a h a l - h a l ya n g be r s if a t
k o n d i s i o n a l ya n g ak a n m e nj a d i b ag i a n ya n g t i d ak t e r p i s a hk an d a r i
g r a n d st r at eg i ya n g m er u p ak a n k e b u t u h a n n ya t a d a l a m r a ng k a
p e n a t a a n o t o n om i da e r a h d i I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n ya i t u
p e n a t a a n O t o n om i K h u s u s N A D , d a r i P a p u a p e n a t a a n d a e r a h d a r i
w i l a ya h p e r b a t a s an s e r t a p e m b er d aya a n m a s ya r a k at . S e t i a p
e l e m e n t e r s e b ut d i s u s u n p e n at a a n n ya d e ng a n l a n g k a h - l an g k a h
m e n yu s u n t a r g et id e a l ya n g h a r u s di c a p a i , m em o t r e t ko n d i s i
s e n ya t a n ya d a r i m e n g i d e n t if ik a s i g a p ya n g a d a a nt a r a t ar g e t ya n g
i n g i n d i c a p a i d i b a n di n g k a n k o n d i s i r i l l ya n g a d a s a at i n i .

Me s k i p u n d a l a m p e n c a p a i a n G o o d G o ve r n a n c e r ak ya t
s a n g at b e r p er a n , d al a m p em b e n t uk a n p er a t ur a n r ak ya t m em pu n ya i
h a k u n t uk m e n ya m pa i k a n a s p i r a s i , n a m u n p e r a n n eg a r a s eb a g ai
o r g a n i s a s i ya n g b er t u j u a n m e n s ej a h t er a k a n r ak ya t t e t a p m e n j a d i
p r i o r i t a s . U n t uk m e n g h i n d a r i k e s e n j an g a n d i d a l a m m a sya r a k a t
p e m e r i n a h m em p u nya i p e r a n ya n g s an g at p e nt i ng . K e b i j ak an
p u b l i k b a n ya k d i b u at d e ng a n m e n af ik a n f ak t or r ak ya t ya n g m e n j a d i
d a s a r a bs a h n ya se b u a h n e g ar a . U U n o 3 2 t a h u n 2 0 0 4 ya n g
m e m b er ik a n h ak o t o n a m i k e p a d a d a er a h j ug a m e nj a d i s a l a h s at u
b e n t uk b a h wa r ak ya t d i b e r i k e we n a n g a n u n t uk m e ng a t u r d a n
m e n e n t uk a n ar a h p e r k em b a ng a n d a e r a h n ya sendiri. D ar i
p e m i l i h a n k e p a l a d a e r a h , p e r im b a ng a n k e u a ng a n p u s at d a n
d a e r a h ( U U n o 2 5 t ah u n 1 9 9 9 ) . P e r at u r an d a e r a h p u n t e l a h m a s uk
d a l a m T at a ur u t a n pe r a t ur a n p e r u n d a ng - u n d a ng a n n a s i o na l ( U U
n o 1 0 t a h u n 2 0 0 4) , P e n g a wa s a n o l e h m a s ya r a k at .

S e m e n t ar a i t u d a l a m u p a ya m e wu j u dk an t r a n s p ar a n s i da l am
p e n ye l e n g g a r a n p em e r i n t a h a n d i a t u r d a l a m P a s a 1 2 7 a ya t ( 2) ,
ya n g m e n eg a sk a n b a h wa s i s t e m a k u nt a b i l i t a s d i l a k sa n a k an
d e n g a n k e wa j i b a n K e p a l a D a e r a h un t uk m e m b er ik a n la p o r a n
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n p em e r i n t a h a n d a e r a h k e p a d a P e m e r i nt a h an , d a n
m e m b er ik a n l a p o r an k et e r a ng a n p er t a n g g u ng j a wa b a n k e p a d a
DPRD, serta m e n g i nf or m as i k a n laporan p e n ye l e n g g ar a a n
p e m e r i n t a h a n d a e r ah k e p a d a m a s ya r ak a t .

14
 S i s t e m ak u nt a b i l i t a s s e m a c am i n i m ak a t e r d a p a t k e u nt u ng a n
ya n g d a p a t d i p e r o l e h ya k n i , ak u nt a b i l i t a s l e b i h d a p a t t e r uk ur t i d ak
h a n ya d i l i h a t d a r i s u d u t p a n d a ng p o l i t i s s e m a t a. H a l i n i m e r up a k a n
a n t i t e s i s s i st e m ak un t a b i l i t a s d a l a m U U N o . 2 2 T a h u n 1 9 9 9 di m a n a
p e n i l a i a n t e r h a d a p l a p o r a n p e r t a ng g un g j a wa b a n k ep a l a d a e r a h
o l e h D P R D s e r i n g k a l i t i d a k b er d a s a r k an p a d a i n d i k at o r - i nd i k a t or
ya n g t i d ak j e l a s . Ka r e n a ak u nt a b i l i t a s d i d a s a r k a n p a d a i nd i k a t or
k i n e r j a ya n g t er uk ur , m ak a l a p o r a n k e t e r a ng a n p e n ye l e n g g ar a an
p e m e r i n t a h a n d a er ah t i d ak m em p u n ya i d a m p ak p o l i t i s d i t o l ak a t a u
diterima. D e ng a n d e m ik i a n m ak a st a b i l i t a s
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n p em e r i n t a h a n d a e r a h d a p a t l e b i h t e r j ag a .

Ma s ya r a k a t m em i l i k i h ak u nt uk m e l a k uk a n p e ng a wa s a n
t e r h a d a p p e n ye l e n g g ar a a n p em e r i n t ah a n d a e r a h. P e l ak s a n a a n
p e n g a wa s a n o l e h m a s ya r ak a t d a p a t d i l a k uk a n o l e h m a sya r a k a t
s e b a g a i p er o r a ng a n, k e l o m p ok m a u p u n o r g a n i s a s i d e ng a n c a r a :
P e m b e r i a n i nf o r m as i a d a n ya i n d i k a s i t e r j a d i n ya k or u p s i , k o l u s i
a t a u n e p ot i s m e d i l i n g k u ng a n p em e r i n t a h d a e r a h m a u p u n D P R D .
P e n ya m p a i a n pendapat dan s ar a n m e ng e n a i p e r ba i k a n ,
p e n ye m p u r n a a n b a ik p r e ve n t if m a u p u n r e p r e s if a t as m a s a la h .

I nf or m a s i d a n p en d a p a t t er s e b ut di s a m p a i k a n k e p a da
p e j a b a t ya n g b e r we n a n g d a n a t a u i n s t a n s i ya n g t er k a i t . Me n u r u t
P a s a l 1 6 K e p pr e s N o . 7 4 T a h u n 20 0 1 , m a s ya r ak at b e r h ak
m e m p er o l e h i nf o r m as i p e r k e m b a ng a n p en ye l e s a i a n m a s a l a h ya n g
d i a d u k a n k e p a da p e j a b a t ya n g b er we n a n g . P a s a l t er s e b u t
b e r u s a h a u nt uk m em b e r ik a n k ek u a t a n k e p a d a m a s ya r ak at d a l a m
m e n j a l a nk a n p e ng awa s a n . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , j e l a s b a h wa U n d a n g -
u n d a n g N o m or 3 2 t a h u n 2 0 0 4 d i p er s i a p k a n u nt uk m e n j a d i
i n s t r u m e n ya n g d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e nj a d i u j u ng t om b ak
p e l a k s a n a a n k o n s ep g o o d g o ve r n a n c e d a l a m p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n
p e m e r i n t a h a n d i i n do n e s i a .

F . P e r m a s a l a h a n P e ne r a p a n G O O D G O VE R N AN C E

T e r d a p a t b eb e r a p a m a s a l a h ya n g s e r i ng d it e m uk a n d a l a m
p e n e r a p a n G o o d G ove r n m e n t ya i t u :

a ) R e f or m as i b i r ok r as i b e l u m b er j a l a n s e su a i d e n g a n t u nt u t a n
m a s ya r ak a t

15
 b ) T i ng g i n ya k o m p l ek s it a s p e r m a s a l a h a n da l a m m e n c ar i s o l u s i
perbaikan
c ) Ma s i h t i ng g i n ya t i ng k at p e n ya l a h g u n a a n we we n a n g ,
b a n ya k n ya p r a k t ek K K N , d a n m a s i h l em a h n ya p e n g a wa s a n
t e r h a d a p k i n e r j a a pa r a t ur .
d ) Ma k i n m e n i ng k a t n ya t u nt u t a n ak a n p ar t i s i p a s i m a s ya r ak at
d a l a m k e b i j ak an p ub l i k .
e ) Me n i n g k a t n ya t u n t u t a n p e n e r a p a n p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p t at a
k e p em e r i nt a h a n ya n g b a ik a n at a r a l a i n t r a n s p a r a n s i,
a k u nt a b i l i t a s , d a n k u a l i t a s p u b l i k s e r t a t a a t p a d a h uk um .

G . G o o d G o ve r n a n c e d i I n d o n e s i a

P a d a a wa l 2 0 0 7 , K o m i t e N a s i o n a l K e b i j a k a n G o ve r n a n c e
t e l a h m e n ye m p u r na k a n P e d om a n Um u m G o o d C o o r p o r a t e
G o ve r n a n c e ( G CG ) d a n m er i n t i s p em b ua t a n P e d om a n G o o d P u b l i c
G o ve r n a n c e ( C o m b in e d C o d e ) ya n g pe r t am a d i I n d o n e s ia , d a n
m u ng k i n b a hk a n d i d u n i a . I n i m e r u p aka n s e b u a h t e r o b o s an d a n
b u k t i k e p ed u l i a n t er h a d a p p en c i p t a a n k o n d i s i u s a h a ya n g l e b i h
b a i k d a n m e nj a n j ik a n d i I n d o n e s i a j ik a d i t er a pk a n d e n g a n
k o n s i st e n . P e m er in t a h m e l a l u i p e r a n g k at n ya j ug a t e r l i h a t
m e l a k uk a n b a n yak pembenahan u nt uk m em p e r b a ik i citra
p e m e r i n t a h d a n k ese r i u s a n n ya d a l a m m e n i n g k a t k a n pr ak t ik g o o d
p u b l i c g o ve r n a n c e , m e l a l u i p e m b e r da ya a n B a d a n P e m e r i k sa
K e u a n g a n , K om i s i P e m b e r a nt a s a n K or u p s i , Ma h k am a h Ag u ng ,
Ma h k a m a h K o n s t it us i , K e j ak s a a n Ag un g , d a n K e p o l i s i a n t e l a h
c u k u p b a n yak t em u a n d a n k as u s ya n g d ia n g k at k e p er m uk a an d a n
d i t e r a pk a n e nf o r c em e n t ya n g t eg a s.

I n d o n e s i a d i t e ng a h d i n a m i k a p e r k em b an g a n g l o b a l m a u p u n
n a s i o n a l , s a a t i n i m e n g h a d a p i b er b ag a i t a n t a ng a n ya ng
m e m b ut u hk a n p e r ha t i a n s er i u s s e m u a p i h ak . G o o d g o ve r n a n ce
a t a u t at a p em e r i nt a h a n ya n g b a ik , m e r u p ak a n b ag i a n d a r i
p a r a d i g m a b ar u , ya n g b e r k em b a ng d a n , m em b e r ik a n n u a n sa ya ng
c u k u p m e wa r n a i t er u t am a p a s c a k r i s i s m u l t i d im e n s i , se i r i ng
d e n g a n t u n t ut a n e r a r ef o r m a s i . S i t u a s i d a n k o n d i s i i n i m en u n t u t
a d a n ya k e p e m im p i n a n n a s i o n a l m a s a d e p a n , ya n g d i h a r a pk an
m a m p u m e nj a wa b t a n t a ng a n b a ng sa I n d o n e s i a m e nd a t a ng .
P e r k e m b a ng a n s i t u as i n a s i o n a l d e wa s a i n i , d i c i r i r k a n d e ng an t ig a
f e n o m e n a ya n g d i h a d a p i , ya i t u :

a ) P e r m a s a l a h a n ya ng s e m ak i n k om p l ek s ( m u l t i d i m e n s i )

16
 b ) P e r u b a h a n ya n g s ed e m i k i a n c e p a t ( r eg u l a s i k e b i j ak a n d a n
a k s i - r e ak s i m a s ya r ak at
c ) K e t i d a k p a st i a n ya n g r e l a t if t i n g g i ( b e nc a n a a l a m ya n g s i l i h
b e r g a n t i , s it u a s i eko n o m i ya n g t i d ak m u d a h d i p r e d ik s i , d an
p e r k e m b a ng a n p o l i t i k ya n g u p a n d d o wn ) .
d ) K e s e n j a ng a n p r o s es k o m u n ik a s i p o l i t i k ya n g t e r j a d i d i
I n d o n e s i a a n t ar a p em e r i n t a h d a n r ak ya t n ya , m a u p u n p ar t a i
ya n g m e wa k i l i r ak ya t d e n g a n k o n st i t u e n n ya m e n j a d ik a n
b e r b ag a i f e n om e n a p e r m a sa l a h a n s u l i t u n t uk d i p a h am i
d e n g a n l o g ik a a wa m m a s ya r ak at , s e p er t i :

1 . I n d o n e s i a k a ya r aya p o t e n s i S u m b er D a ya A l a m ( S D A ) ,
m e ng a p a b a n yak ya n g m i sk i n ?
2 . A n g g a r a n u nt uk p en a n g g u l a ng a n k e m is k i n a n n a ik dr a st i s
d a l a m t i g a t a h u n t er a k h i r i n i , d a r i 2 3 t r i l yu n ( 2 0 0 3 ) m e n j a d i
5 1 t r i l yu n l e b i h ( 2 0 0 7 ) , m e ng a p a j um l a h p e n d u d uk m i sk in
j u s t r u m e n i n g k at d ar i 3 5 , 1 0 j u t a ( 2 0 0 5 ) m e n j a d i 3 9, 0 5 j ut a
( 2 0 0 6 ) ? B uk a nk a h b i l a a ng g ar a n n ya d i t am b a h d e ng an
t u j u a n u nt uk m e n a ng g u l a ng i k e m i sk i n an , j um l a h p e n d u d uk
m i sk i n s e h a r us n ya d a p a t b er k u r a ng .
3 . B e r i k ut n ya , pr o d uk si p e r t a n i a n k o n o n s u r p l u s ( m e n i ng k at )
1 , 1 j ut a d a n b a hk an k i t a o e r n a h b er swa s e m b a d a p a ng a n.
Me n g a p a h a r g a b er a s m e m bu m b u ng t i n g g i ? Me n g a p a h ar u s
i m p o r t t er u s ? S e m ua i n i m em b u a t m asya r a k a t p u s i ng t u j uh
k e l i l i n g k ar e n a t i d ak m em a h a m i k e b i j ak an n a s i o n a l .

K o m u n i k as i p o l i t i k k e b a wa h , s e c ar a ef ek t if b e l u m t e r j a d i ,
s e h i n g g a h a n ya m e n g a n d a lk a n i nf or m a s i d a r i b e r b ag a i m e d i a
m a s s a d e ng a n va r i a t if d a n t er k a d a ng b i s a b e r b a u pr o vo k at if .
D a l a m s i t u a s i m a sya r a k a t s e p er t i i t u ( k e b i ng u ng a n i nf or m a s i ),
m a s ya r ak a t t ak t ah u a p a i t u g o o d g o ve r n a n c e .

Sekalipun p em e r i n t a h berusaha g e n c ar
m e m a s ya r ak at k a n n ya , n a m u n p r o s e s d an c a r a ya n g s a l a h d a l am
b e r k o m u n ik a s i j u st r u ak a n di s am b u t d e ng a n a pa t i s m e
m a s ya r ak a t . D a l a m s i t u a s i m as ya r a k a t ya ng s e d a ng b e l a j ar
b e r d e m ok r a s i , k om un i k a s i p o l i t i k ya n g t r a n s p a r a n , p ar t i s i p a si , d a n
a k u nt a b i l i t a s k e b i j ak a n p u b l ik m e n j a d i s a n g at p e n t i ng . I n i a r t i n ya ,
g o o d g o ve r n a n c e m e n e m uk a n r e l e va n s i n ya .

L a p o r a n G l o b a l C o m p e t i t i ve n e s s R e p o r t ya n g d i p u b l i k a s ik an
o l e h W or l d E c o n om ic F or u m (W FF) ya n g m e ng a n a l i s i s d a ya s a i ng
e k o n om i d e ng a n pe n d e k at a n , ya k n i p e n d e k at a n p er t um b u h a n
e k o n om i n ( O CI ) dan p e n d ek a t an m ik r o ek o n om i ( MC I )
m e n u n j uk k a n b a hwa p e r i n g k at a da ya s a i n g p e r eko n o m i a n

17
I n d o n e s i a ( G r o wt h C o m p et i t i ve n e s s I n d e x) m e r o s ot l a g i da r i
u r u t a n k e 6 4 d i t a h un 2 0 0 1 k e ur u t a n 6 7 ( d a r i 8 0 n eg a r a) d i t a h u n
2 0 0 2 , d a n d a ya s a i n g m ik r o ek on o m i ( MC I ) t u r u n s em b i l a n t in g k at ,
d a r i ur u t a n k e 5 5 m en j a d i ur u t a n k e 6 3. Se b e l u m n ya s e b u a h su r ve y
ya n g d i l a p o r k a n p a da b u l a n J u n i t a h u n 20 0 1 , ya ng d i l ak uk an o l e h
P o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n om i c R i sk c o n s u l t a nc y ( P E R C ) , m e n em p a t k a n
I n d o n e s i a d a l a m ke l o m p o k d e ng a n r es i k o p o l i t ik d a n ek o n o m i
t e r b ur uk d i a n t ar a 12 n e g ar a A s i a b e r sa m a C i n a d a n V i e t na m . D i
l i h a t d a r i k e b ut u h a n d u n i a a k a n u s a h a, k e p er c a ya a n i n ve s t o r ya n g
m e n u n t ut a d a n ya c o r p o r at e g o ve r n an c e b e r d a s ar k a n p r i n s i p -
p r i n s i p d a n pr ak t e k ya n g d i t e r im a s e c a r a I nt e r n a s i o n a l
( I nt e r n a s i o n a l B e st P r ac t i c e ) , m ak a t er b e n t uk n ya k om i t e
i n t e r n a s i o n a l m e ng en a i k e b i j ak a n c o r p or a t e g o ve r n a n c e, N a t i o n a l
C o m i t t e e o n C o r p or a t e G o ve r n a n c e ( N C C G ) d i b u l a n Ag u st us
t a h u n 1 9 9 9 m e r u pa k a n su a t u t o ng g ak p e nt i ng d a l a m se j a r a h
p e r k e m b a ng a n G o od G o ve r n a n c e d i I n do n e s i a .

S e c a r a r i i l , m e l i h a t d a t a i n ve s t a s i k e I n do n e s i a s e l a m a 2 0 0 7,
a d a p e r k em b a ng a n l u a r b i a s a , k ar e n a r ea l i s a s i P MA n a i k l e bi h d a r i
1 0 0 % , d e ng a n n i l a i r e a l i s a s i i n ve s t a si ya n g m e n em b u s U S $ 9
m i l i a r . N a m u n, p en i l a i a n d a r i l e m b a g a - l e m b ag a i n t er n as i o n a l
s e p e r t i n ya t i d ak a da p e r u b a h an ya ng si g n if ik a n d a l a m p e ne r a p a n
g o o d g o ve r n a n c e se c a r a k o n s i st e n . Be r d a s a r k a n s u r ve i W or ld
B a n k 2 0 0 7, a d a pe r b a i k a n d a l a m s it u a s i b i s n i s d i I n do n e s i a .
M i s a l n ya p a d a pe m b e n t uk a n u s a h a b a r u, I n d o n e s i a t e l ah
m e n u n j uk k a n r ef or m a s i p o s i t if d e ng an p e r c e p at a n p em b e r i a n
p e r s e t uj u a n l i s e n s i u s a h a d a r i D e pa r t em e n K e h ak im an d a n
s i m p l i f ik a s i p er s ya r a t a n u s a h a.

S e l a i n i t u , I n d o n e si a t e l a h m e l ak uk a n p e n c a t at a n s em u a
k r e d i t u r d a l am “ cr ed i t r eg i s t r i e s ” , d a n m e m p er b e s a r p a g u k r e d i t
h a m p i r l i m a k a l i l i p a t . I n i t e n t u a k a n m em u d a hk a n p a r a
e n t r e pr e n e u r u n t uk m e n am b a h m o d a l u s a h a , s e l a i n m e n j ag a
t e r h a d a p r i s ik o p em b e r i a n k r e d i t b e r m as a l a h . J ug a a d a p er b a i k a n
d a l a m p e ng - ek s ek us i - a n k o nt r ak d i I n do n e s i a .

W al a u p u n d e m ik i an , d a l a m u r ut a n p e r i n g k at I n d o n e s ia
m a l a h m e n u r u n. D ar i t o t a l 1 7 5 neg a r a, I n d o n e s i a b e r a d a d i p o s i s i
1 3 5 , t u r u n e m p at p er i n g k at d i b a n d i ng k an d e ng a n t a h u n 2 0 06 . D a r i
s i n i b i s a d i s i m p u lk an b a h wa p e n e r a p a n g o ve r n a n c e ya ng ba i k d i
I n d o n e s i a s u d a h m en g a l a m i k em a j u a n. N a m u n , n eg ar a - n eg a r a l a i n
t a m p ak n ya b e r l a r i l e b i h c e p a t d i b a n d in g k a n d e ng a n I n d on e s i a ,
k ar e n a m er ek a ya k in d e ng a n u p a ya d em i k i a n m er ek a u ng g u l d a l a m
m e n a r ik i n ve s t a s i .

18
 S u r ve i A C G A ( A s i an C o r p o r at e G o ve r n a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n)
t e n t a ng p r ak t ik c o r p o r a t e g o ve r n a n c e d i A s i a j ug a m e n ye b u t k an
p e n e r a p a n i n d ik a t or C G G d i I n d o n e s i a se m u a n ya b e r a d a d i b a wa h
r a t a- r at a . I n d i k at o r i n i m e l i p u t i pr i n s i p d a n p r ak t ik g o ve r n a n ce
ya n g b a ik , p e n eg ak k a n p er a t ur a n , k on d i s i p o l i t i k d a n hu k um ,
p r i n s i p ak u n t a n s i ya n g b e r l ak u um um , da n k u l t u r .

D a l a m l a p o r a n i t u d is e b u t k a n b e b er a p a h a l ya n g b a ik d i I n do n e s i a .

1 ) P e r t am a , wa l a u p u n k o n d i s i p e l a p o r a n k e u a n g a n d i I n d o n e s ia
b e l u m m e m a d a i , k u a l i t a s p e l a p o r a n k e u a ng a n k u ar t a l an
t e r n ya t a c uk u p b ag us .
2 ) K e d u a , I n d o n es i a t e r n ya t a j ug a m em i l i k i k e r a ng k a h u k um
ya n g p a l i n g . s t r i c t d a l a m m em b e r ik a n p e r l i n d u n g a n u nt uk
p e m eg a ng s a h am m i n o r i t a s , k h us u s n ya d a l a m p e l ak s a n a a n
p r e e m pt i ve r i g ht s ( ha k m em e s a n ef ek l er l e b i h d a h u l u ) .
3 ) K e t i g a, g e r ak a n a nt i k or u p s i ya ng d i l a k uk a n p em e r i n t a h t e l ah
m e n u n j uk k a n h a s il cukup p o s i t if . Ditambah l ag i ,
p e n ye m p u r n a a n P ed o m a n U n i u m C G G , d a n P e d o m an C GG
s e k t o r p er b a nk a n ya n g d i l a k uk a n d i I n d o n es i a . N a m u n,
m a s i h m e n ur ut l a po r a n t a d i, b e l u m ba n ya k ya n g p er c a ya
b a h wa p e m e r i n t a h cu k u p s e r i u s m e n d or o n g p e n e r a p a n n ya .

S e l a n j u t n ya , s e or a n g p e ng a m a t m e n c o b a m e ng k aj i k a d ar
p e n ye l e n g g a r a a n pe m e r i n t a h a n ya n g b a i k d i I n d o n e s i a , b e l i au
m e n yi m p u l k a n b a hwa a d a b e b e r a p a p e r t a n ya a n ya n g p e r l u
d i p e r h a t ik a n , a p a b i l a I n do n e s i a ak a n m e n c i p t ak a n p em e r in t a h an
ya n g b a ik , a n t ar a l ai n :

1) Bagaimana r e l a s i an t a r a p e m e r i n t a h d an r ak ya t
2) Bagaimana k u l t ur pe l a ya n a n p u b l i k
3) Bagaimana p r ak t ek K K N
4) Bagaimana k u a nt i t a s d a n k u a l i t a s k o nf l i k a n t ar a l e ve l
pemerintah
5) Bagaimana k o n d i s i t e r s e b u t d i p r o vi n s i d a n k a b u p a t e n/ k ot a

D a r i k a j i a n ya n g d i l a k s a n ak a n , m ak a d i t e m uk a n c i r i p em e r in t a h an
ya n g b u r uk , t i d ak ef is i e n d a n t i d a k ef ek t i f , d e ng a n c i r i - c i r i s eb a g ai
b e r i k ut :

1) R e l a s i a n t a r a p em er i n t a h d a n r ak ya t b er p o l a s e r b a n eg ar a
2) K u l t u r p em e r i n t a h se b a g a i t u a n d a n b uk a n p e l a ya n
3) P a t o l o g i p em e r i nt a h d a n k e c e n de r u ng a n K K N
4) K e c e n d e r u ng a n l a h i r n ya e t n o p o l i t ik yan g k u a t
5) K o n f l ik k e p e n t i ng a n a n t ar p em e r i n t a h.

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 H . K a r a k t e ri k s t i k D a sa r G O O D G O V E R N AN C E

A d a t ig a k ar ak t e r i s t ik d a s a r g o o d g o ve r n a n c e :

1 ) D i a k u i n ya s e m a ng at p l u r a l i s m e. A r t i nya , p l u r a l i t a s t e l a h
m e n j a d i s e - b u a h k e n i s c a ya a n ya n g t id a k d a p a t d i e l a k k an
s e h i n g g a m a u t i d ak m a u, p l u r a l i t a s t e l a h m e nj a d i s u at u
k a i d a h ya n g a b a d i . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n , p l u - r a l i t a s m er u p ak a n
s e s u a t u ya n g k o d r at i ( g i ve n ) d a l am k eh i d u p a n . P l u r a l - i s m e
b e r t uj u a n m e n c e r d as k a n u m at m e l a l u i p e r b e d a a n k o n st r uk t if
d a n d i n a m i s , d a n m er u p ak a n s u m b e r d a n m ot i va t or
t e r wu j u d n ya k r e at i vi t a s ya n g t er a n c am k e b er a d a a n n ya j i k a
t i d a k t er d a p a t p er be d a a n . S at u h a l ya n g m e nj a d i c at a t a n
p e n t i n g b ag i k it a a da l a h s e b u a h pe r a d ab a n ya n g k o sm o p o l i t
a k a n t er c i p t a a p a b i l a m a n u s i a m em i l i k i s i k a p i nk l u s if d a n
k em a m p ua n ( a b i l i t y) m e n ye s u a i k a n d i r i t e r h a d a p l i n g k u ng a n
s e k it a r . N am u n , de n g a n c a t at a n , i de n t i t a s s e j at i at a s
p a r a m et e r - p a r am e t er ot e n t ik ag am a t et ap t er j ag a.
2 ) T i ng g i n ya s i k a p l o l c r a n s i , b a i k t e r h a da p s a u d a r a s e s am a
a g am a m a u p u n t e r h a d a p u m at ag a m a l a i n . S e c a r a
s e d e r h a n a , T o l er a ns i d a p a t d i a r t ik a n s e b a g a i s ik a p s uk a
m e n d e ng a r d a n m en g h ar g a i p e n d a p at d a n p e n d i r i a n or a ng
l a i n . S e n a d a d e n g an h a l i t u , Q u r a i s h S h i h a b m e n ya t a k an
b a h wa agama tidak s em a t a - m a t a m e m pe r t a h a nk a n
k e l e st a r i a n n ya s eb a g a i s e b u a h ag a m a , n am u n j ug a
m e ng ak u i ek s i s t e n si ag a m a l a i n d e ng a n m e m b er i n ya h ak
h i d u p , b e r d am p i ng an , d a n s a l i n g m e ng ho r m at i .
3 ) T eg ak n ya p r i n s i p d e m ok r a s i. D em ok r a s i b u k a n s ek a d ar
k e b e b a s a n d a n p er s a i n g a n, d em ok r as i j ug a m er u p ak a n
s u a t u p i l i h a n u n t u k b er s a m a - s am a m e m b a ng u n d an
m e m p er j u a ng k a n pe r i k e h i d u p a n wa r g a d a n m a - s ya r ak at
ya n g s em ak i n s ej a ht e r a.

Ma s ya r a k a t m a d an i m e m p u n ya i ciri -ciri k e t ak wa a n
ya n g t i n g g i k e pa d a T u h a n , h i d u p b e r d a sa r k a n s a i n s d a n t ek n o l o g i,
b e r p e n d i d i k a n t i ng g i , m e ng a - m a lk a n n i l a i h i d u p m o d e r n d an
p r og r e s if , m e ng am a l k a n n i l a i k e wa r g a n e g a - r a a n, ak h l ak , d a n
m o r a l ya n g b a ik , m e m p u n ya i p e n g ar u h ya n g l u a s d a l a m p r o s e s
m e m b u at k e p ut u s a n, s e r t a m e n e nt uk a n n a s i b m a s a d e p a n ya n g
b a i k m e l a l u i k eg i a t an s o s i a l , p o l i t ik , d a n l e m b ag a m a s ya r ak a t .

20
 I . H u b u n g a n a nt a r a C l e a n a n d G o o d G o ve r n a n c e d e n g a n
G e r a k a n An t i K o r up s i

Clean and g o o d g o ve r n a n c e m en i s c a ya k a n a d a n ya
t r a n s p ar a n s i d i s e g a l a b i d a n g . H a l i ni u n t uk m e ng ik i s b u d a ya
k or u p s i ya n g m en g ak i b a t k a n k e boc o r a n a ng g ar a n dalam
p e n g g u n a a n u a ng n e g ar a u nt uk k e p e n t i n g a n i n d i vi d u a t a u
g o l o ng a n b uk a n u nt u k k e s e j a ht e r a a n r ak ya t . D a l a m m e n c i p t ak an
s i t u a s i p e r a ng t e r ha d a p k or u p s i D i d i n S D a m a n h u r i m e nyu s u n
g r a n d d e s ig n :

P e r t am a , a p a p u n k e b ij ak a n a n t ik or u p s i ya n g d i a m bi l ,
h a r u s l a h d i s a d a r i ba h wa k e b i j ak a n d a n l a n g k a h - l a ng k a h t e r s e b u t
h e n d a k n ya d it e m p at k a n s e b ag a i ' ' t ot ok n a d i ' ' ya n g st r at eg i s,
b e r k e l a n j ut a n , d a n p a l i n g b e r t a ng g u ng j a wa b d i a n t a r a s e m ua
l a n g k a h t o t a l f o o t ba l l , e s t af et d ar i s e m u a p i h ak ya n g p e d u l i
t e r h a d a p p em b e r a nt a s a n k o r u p s i, b a i k d ar i k a um ag a m a wa n ,
a k a d em i s i , p ar l e m e n , L S M, p e r s, d u n i a i n t e r n a s i o n al , d a n
s e t e r u s n ya

K e d u a , m e ng h i n d a r i p o l i t i k b e l a h b a m b u ya n g m e ng g u n ak a n
K P T P K , K ej ak s a a n, d a n P o l r i u nt uk m e m b u r u p i h a k - p i h ak ya n g
s e c a r a p o l i t i s h ar u s d ik a l a hk a n d a n m em b i a r k a n p i h ak - p i h ak ya n g
d i a n g g a p k a wa n p o l i t i k .

K e t i g a, k e s er i u s a n u n t uk m e n c a r i so l u s i t e r b e b a s n ya T N I
d a n P o l r i d a r i d u n i a p o l i t i k d a n b i s n i s se c a r a t u n t a s.

K e e m p a t , e uf o r i a el i t e p o l i t i k d i p u s at d a n d a e r a h d a l a m
m e n i k m at i k e b e b as a n p o l i t i k , k e b eb a s a n b e r p e n d a p at , d a n
k e b e b a s a n p e r s ya n g m am p u m e m b a ng k i t k a n k em b a l i k e hi d u p a n
e k o n om i d e ng a n uk u r a n r ak ya t ya n g s em ak i n s ej a h t er a .

B AB I I I

P E N U TU P

A. K E S I M P U L AN

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 G o o d g o ve r n a n c e di d e f i n i s i k a n s e b ag a i s u a t u k e s e p ak at a n
m e n ya n g k ut p e ng a t u r a n n eg a r a ya n g d i c i p t a k a n b er s am a o l e h
p e m e r i n t a h, m a s ya r a k a t , dan s wa s t a u nt uk m e wu j u d k a n
k e p em e r i nt a h a n ya ng b a ik s e c a r a um u m . D a l a m m e n c i p t ak an t at a
p e m e r i n t a h a n ya n g b a i k s a ng at t er g an t u ng d ar i k et i g a le m b ag a
ya n g m e n yu s u n g o ve r n a n c e t er s e b u t ya i t u pemerintah
( g o ve r n m e n t ) , d u n ia u s a h a ( s wa s t a ) , d a n m a s ya r ak a t . K e t i g a
d o m a i n i t u h ar u s sa l i n g b e r i n t er ak s i a n t a r a s a t u d e ng an ya ng
l a i n n ya . K e t ig a l em b ag a i n i h a r u s m e n j ag a k e s i n e r g i a n d a l a m
r a ng k a m e nc a p a i t u j u a n , k ar e n a k et i g a d om a i n i n i m e r u p a k a n
s e b u a h s i s t em ya n g s a l i ng k et e r g an t u n g a n d a n t i d a k d a p at
dipisahkan.

D i k a t eg or i k a n p em er i n t a h a n ya n g b a ik , j i k a p em b a ng u n a n
i t u d a p a t d i l ak uk a n d e n g a n b i a ya ya n g sa n g at m i n i m a l m e n uj u c i t a -
c i t a k es e j a ht e r a a n da n k em ak m u r a n, m em p e r l i h a t k a n h a s i l de n g a n
i n d i k a t o r k em am p ua n ek o n om i r ak ya t m e n i ng k at , k e s ej ah t e r a a n
s p r i t u a l i t a s n ya m en i n g k a t d e ng a n i n d i k a t or m a s ya r ak a t r a sa
a m a n , t e n a ng , b a h a g i a d a n p e n u h d e ng a n k e d a m a i a n.

P r i n s i p - p r i n s i p D a s ar G o o d G o ve r n a n c e , ya i t u :

 A k u nt a b i l i t a s
 P e n g a wa s a n
 D a ya T a ng g a p
 P r of e s i o n a l i s m e
 E f i s i e n s i d a n Ef ek t i vi t
 T r an s p a r a s i
 Kesetaraan
 W a wa s a n k e d e p a n
 Partisipasi
 P e n e g ak k a n H uk u m

B . S AR AN

P e n e r a p a n G oo d G o ve r n a n c e d i I nd o n e s i a m a u p u n d i
b e b e r a p a n eg a r a m a s i h p e r l u a d a n ya e va l u a s i d a n p e r b a i k a n d e m i
t e r s e l e ng g a r a n ya k eh i d u p a n b e r n eg a r a ya n g l e b i h b a i k l ag i .

P e m b u a t a n m ak a l a h G o o d G o ve r n a n c e m e m er l uk a n b a n ya k
s u m b e r ya n g m e n du k u ng . B a n ya k s um b e r ya n g m e n c a nt u m k a n
p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p at , n am u n m a s i h d a l am p ok ok ya n g s am a , m ak a
d i p e r l u k a n k e c e r m at a n d a l a m m em i l a h m a t er i b ag i p e n u l i s .

22
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 D AF T AR P U S T AK A

 w i ya n t o , A g u s. Me wu j u d k a n G o o d G o ve r n a n c e Me l a l u i
P e l a ya n a n P u b l i k . Y o g ya k ar t a : G a j a h Ma d a U n i ve r c i t y
Press. 2009

 F a r a zm a n d , Ali. Sound G o ve r na n c e , Piliticy and

A d m i n i s t r a t i ve I n n ova t i o n . W ast p o r t : Pr a eg e r . 2 0 0 4

 A e p d a n T a r s o n o, P e n d i d ik a n Ke wa r g a n e g ar a a n di
P e r g ur u a n T i ng g i I s la m , B a n d u ng : B at i c P r e s s , 2 0 1 2 .

 S o f h i a n S u b h a n da n S a h i d G at a r a A s e p , Pendidikan
K e wa r g a n e g ar a a n ( C i v i c E d u c a t i o n ) , Ba n d u n g : F ok u sm e d i a,
2012.

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