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UNIVERSITY Of J01IDAN

Faculty OF Medicine

Lecture no: 6

DATE: 15-7-2008

DONE BY: Bayan AI-Khdoor

'------l DR.: Faraj Al-Bustami


By The Name Of Allah
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Ossification =bone formation
How the bone is formed by (replacement) of preexisting connective tissue
NOT by conversion

This connective tissue could be :


*primitive mesenchymal connective tissue occurs by process called
intramembranous ossification

*cartilage ( removal of cartilage by process called Endochondral ossification )

In these 2 process the essential process is the same ,and the very essential
process is the presence of osteoblast(bone forming cell)

Any connective tissue is rich in mesenchyme which rich with mesenchymal


cell or from the cells that derived from it such as osteoprogenitor cell

Minimal bones in our body are develop by intramembranous ossification


examples (clavicle& most of the mandible &bone of the skull) , the majority
developed by endochondral ossification examples ( bone of the extremities
"bone of the lower limp "& vertebral column & base of the skull & face )

Very important note


Osteoplast doesn’t form calcified bone directly, first it forms uncalcified bone
matrix (osteoid)which rich with collagen type I
& proteoglycan
If you are a nerd and remember that we find the osteoblast on the surface of
existing bone tissue & on calcified cartilage during endochondral ossification

If we want to remove the cartilage that be able by calcification the matrix of


cartilage no more diffusion & arrival of nutrients
Then the cartilage will suicide ♫♫
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All newly formed bone is
spongy bone whether it form
by intramembranous or
endochondral ossification then
it may converted into compact
bone

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Primary center ossification appears in the embryo at the end of 8 week ( the
end of the second month of intrauterine life )

These changes appears in the middle of hyaline cartilaginous model (the future
shaft)

By the way:
Calcified matrix of cartilage is basophilic ( blue )

*After calcification of cartilage the lacunae open ( large spaces ) and between
it there are (divisions )which are the remnants of the calcified cartilage
*in the middle of cartilage there are cavities & dead cell that make it more
weak soooooooo we need compensatory mechanism periosteal
collar

The cartilage are covered by perichondrium& in its inner


layer has chondrogenic cell which differentiate into
osteoprogenitor cell
((NOW the perichondrium become known as periosteum))
then the osteoprogenator cell differentiate into osteoblast
All these steps occur outside the cartilage
Then form bone ( periosteal collar ) by intramembranous
ossification
We can say that the endochondral ossification consist of 3 step :
*death of catliage ( calcified matrix =blue ).
* formation bone outside = periosteal collar by intramembranous ossification
that will be resist and form the shaft of long bone .

*formation bone inside ( indochondral ) that will be removed by


osteoclast to leave the medullary cavity ( will fill with bone marrow )

We define this process as endochondral ossification because the % of bone that


form by this process is more than bone form by intramembranous ossification

How the shaft of femur was formed ? from primary center ossification
……………………………………..from periosteal collar .

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*At birth the shaft is bony and the ends are still cartilage
*Each end have 1 or more secondary center ossification
* in the secondary ossification center (no periosteal collar )
* the shaft of long bone is diaphysis
( developed from primary center ossification )
* end of bone is epiphysis ( developed from secondary center ossification )

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Some hormones like ( testerone ) will affect on proliferation ( stop) then stop
the growth in length
.

* when we study endochondral ossification We use fetal finger


Such as (metacarpal , phalanges) = long bone

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Growing end : in which the ossification appears earlier than other end and the
fusion between diaphysis & epiphysis take long time

* ossification = appearance of secondary center ossification


* fusion is more important

* growing end in upper limp ( distal end of radius & ulna , proximal end of
hummers ) the growing toward the elbow joint

* growing end in lower limp( knee , lower end of femur , upper end of tibia &
fibula ) the growth of femur from down to above ,but in tibia from above to
down )

Exception!!!!!!!
The fibula in the upper end the ossification is late and the fusion also
BUT in the lower end the ossification is earlier and the fusion also
Because the fusion is more important so the growing end is still the upper end

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All the long bone are endochondral except the clavicle

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* fibrous joint = bones articulate by dense connective tissue
Example –inferior tibio fibula joint during standing it doesn’t move to
five more stability than movement

Shoulder joint = freely mobile & easy dislocation


*is synovial bone & socket joint
* have 6-movements
Tri –axis
(Add, abd,ext,flex, medial & lateral rotation )
* Elbow
2-movement (flx , ext )
Uniaxial
Hinge parietal joint

* wrist
4-movements ( add, abd , ext ,flex)
Biaxial
Illbsoid(check the spelling )
Hinge parietal joint

Intraparticular structure
Examples :
1-shoulder joint ( long head of bicep pass through the capsule but it
intracaspsular & extrasynovial )
2- knee joint ( cruciate ligaments ……….the same )

Additional notes
* if the spongy bone have small cavities that is mean it convert to
compact bone

*the spongy bone in mesenchymal tissue = intramembranous


ossification
‫‪Special thancks to Brilliant DR . Faraj Bostamee‬‬

‫‪As usual I want to dedicate this sheet to all my‬‬


‫‪colleagues in our faculty‬‬
‫‪With my best wishes‬‬
‫‪Bayan Alkhdoure‬‬

‫أﺧﻲ وأﺧﻴﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫وددت أن ﻋﻨﺪي وﺻﻔﺔ ﲮﺮﻳﺔ أﻟﻘﳱﺎ ﻋﲆ ﳘﻮﻣﻚ وﲽﻮﻣﻚ و أﺣﺰاﻧﻚ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺈذا ﱔ ﰷﻟﻨﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪.......‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ ﱄ ﺑﺬكل ؟؟؟‬
‫ﻓﺄﻧﱲ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻄﺐ واﻟﻌﲅ‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ أﺧﱪك ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﺎدة ﻋﻠﲈء اﳌةل وﻋﺸﺎاااااق اﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫وﱔ اﻋﺒﺪ اﳋﺎﻟﻖ وارض ابﻟﺮزق وﺳﲅ ابﻟﻘﻀﺎء وازﻫﺪ ﰲ ادلﻧﻴﺎ وﺗﻮاﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻖ وارﺗﻖ ابﻟﻌﲅ‬

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