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    Metric Spaces Notes UWI Mona

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    Metric Spaces Notes UWI Mona

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    18 tayangan20 halaman

    Notes 1

    Diunggah oleh

    kesna
    Metric Spaces Notes UWI Mona

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 20
    MATH 3402 vw} — 1 ann 21 Motivation We want fo tofivate the defiatiou of matric space by gemnalieiue, step by step the concept of cortinurty for fumctious defined ou the Plame (RY, ox a three -driutusiouar Euclidean space IR? amd ou IR” @ R (wal ire) : ERR coutinuows at a if He destamce betwees fix) and fra), ie, [40y - Fla] tom, be wade arbitrary swale by choosing x so Hat te distance between X amd a, ie. [x~ a] = fi-ay® is suffiwently sual, ® R (plane) {RR continuous ab (a,b)€ IR” “Ewe cam wake the dustance between He teal numbers f(xy) amd f(a), Ze. [foy)~ f(a,6)| arbitrary suake by choosing (X4) So teat te dustomee between Cig) amd (a,b) is sufficr ently. small, Siuce (%4) amd (a,b) ' are poiuts on the plane He destame between tram is simply Va}? + (y~b)* Def: (: IRR continuous at (ab): if Vero Td 0 such Heat J5>0 sue [4ou5z)~ F@,be)/ ey Reworix : ix General Relatinky one drops te couds tion ding)r0 if xey oad allows for ragative vohuto, (Ww) GD) the distowce shoul be the sat wher we meanure frau x toy ar from y to x. Foruabby, A(x) = dlyx) Vege A Remark; iw Noucomvunta,tive Geowetry (ou pomible camda'date Hatoluy, for He unm ficatow of Eiuateie's thtony of gravitation aud, Quomtum Meckonnes) we wooly leave A (x,4) # dl (4, x) () fhe triangle maguolity, for the Euclidban plane ot IR itsays that Ha sum of the lengths of two sides of avy triangle is hot len Hom He length of te thard side, Foruolly (x14) +d (y,2)2 d (x2) Vangee a fo see Haat (M3) is te forusal vewoion of Hee triamgle inequabty-, faue poiuts x,42 ao tee vention of He triangle below ¥ al yl See = Roemer co) Remark + iu Genrral Ribativity fae triamgle imquodihy, property. dove wat Wold iu qpmonal, : @ Why do we require oul He propertito (MI), (M2), (M3) aad wot some oddatiousd our! Beoune expournce han shown that iy mame proofs about cou.tinus tye for waps between Eucliceam spacer, it is really. ouly tne three propertita whi ane uned, amd wot the explicct formulae for Eweltolvan dustomeo, (v) We forwabice Hee previous causidetatiou, ute te fallowg ngorows dofimtion of matric space Vef2: A wate spa M={A,dy counints of o non aupty xt A endo wed with a wateic or distance function d:AxA—> IQ satifying, (Hi), (12), (H3), Elemnats of A ore called, poiwl of M Vef32 Let Me {Ad} ond My={Ay,d,} be two metric Spacer, The Map {2A A, i wntinuow at a€A if Vero IS>0 Si. d.(Fon, fla) <€ whtnever ob (K,a)< 6 LA. Exoupl of metric spowo i ta eo (Zen) 7 (8), Ye Oy eRe Leis eaoy to check Moat (Mi) omd (Mt) are satis fred. Coucmuring, Hee Hrromgle waguals ty we hue to vo fg Heat diny)+ dlge)r diz) | Yegee RC) that is he 7a 4 A 4 ( big?) «(Ety-20) 2 (Lea) oe) Sue (a-b) = la-bl VabeR we au Kewrte (1) ao follows (vi) (Etervet)*s (Sm ats oft ut) Let Fee Bie Gel, Seely Beh Thur the above turquabate- cou be Hewnr tte ao Cita Sta both side are nou - wegative we com square Hebus Eea(Enlzey Es 2t besa) = Eben teg-an we une fee, property abl» flattery = [-§)-@- “sal ele YL [W-el- rae-well ie} =i (Hil Peet) fei = © (leita -au)” = E(n- si} = zy Mores 22 ns: ( (0) Thug, we obtarived i n n ‘s7-2 Ens; a aleny| VE) eh ge “Fs - wv) 7 (ee) Leys. Ens a The above imequolitr isaluays satufred rue Hee Loft based Side is alwogs %O whew He tight lama tole sf ahuaigs £0 Ruanbor teat Gre Wi gill -ael 20 Wisd,.un gq Ramotac: notice Walt ou proof of tat traugle mequabity. (5 bared ow. teduction of (©) to a trial neque ty, eccordling ho tae Sceome (6) <> => (4) <=> (BI <=> (1) D) discrete matric space / A Quy Rou Curly set 1 ib xeye dy) = | 0 ifxey Cleanber (Mi) omd (M2) holed. Conuamaing (M3), we have fo cheux dinyrtd(y aye diz) Yhyze A (vin) We have to destigucsk, aunoug 2 cores @ x=2 5 Ham dlxz)=0 amd dleg)+dey,2)20 always true @ xt‘ tem 1) X44, G42 D> dl, q)+dy2)=2>1 5 diva) B) 44, $28 D ad yy) tdey ads [= dtx2) Di) x=y ye dln ge d(qe)=1 = d(x2) a the next exauples show Hat given the same umderlying set A we can conotract different metric Spaceo by, anigning distinct matrics. T) Ac Ro aud Vx= (6,1), 4 (4,4 ER” couordn 4,04) = Mim 1 + b= dh 4 (sit) = VOrw Fe On = (Euclidean wrth ) Gis) = max [4 betel A) we alleadiye knew that sah filo te terre axious. Hone MfiR'd,} is @ wetre Space 1) Couwenring J, we med to cheer He. trom rug eal be d (x2). I-14 1X thw, {H, dy} is again a welric spam smu diog)= da) Vage H In words He metre spare arrows hold fora, su tug bold for a ! dy is called Hee wettic on H inducool by d, VI) Product wmateves Courter two metric spareo MafAyd,b and M={4 di Ou Ax we cam define several metrics, For wotame fF Ws (Wy us), 52 (5, RIE AX A, We Way Cowal oltr (4,5) = (4,5) + (a, Sa) O49) = Veg) + aaa hd (4,5) = ma fA), ley e)} (xu (exerie!) This nol de(hiautt to hack teat oft of Hama ore metrics. Ang of faxA dit, LAxA, dat, {AxA, dot is called product metric Sue He uaxt exaupl, we fae on umdurlying. at a ollechou of function, we cakk each fumetion a pout amd provide tie wt with a surtable wate function vil) A= @(Lae1) = Lf: lab]cR—-+R | f bouncled ¢ (Fa) = sup [fea-geo] (sup matric or uniform watrre) xe [a,b] Before. we check te matric axioms, we notice Heat te duifanee behueer fwo arbitrary pots iv A com mur be tufcute, Duceedl, boundediwn V£.q € Glles]) IK LER SH Mftcilel [gailek Kee lab] tualplita ‘ [fa)- gtx] ¢ Hoa] + lee} «Lek Hence; Lek is om upper bound for fae set 5 = {1fx)- 90] [xe Ca, b]} amd. therefore supS =< d(6%) < Lek xn} (mi): sma d is defined oo the supremum of a vt of non uegative runnboo we have LUDO WEge @ ((a,6J) Moreover , Th feds go) Vee lab] Hum £6)-¢0)=0 amd sup |fx)-gto] 20 > 4(f9)20 if feq x€(a,b] 1 d(hq)20, Hon Sup | ked- G0] 0 => Ifxl- Glo] so Vre Lab] xeCa,b) D> fas goo vee [a,b] (Md): stua [kx goo T= 1g) ~ foe] Vee [a,b], “£4 B(la,b]) if we fake fe sup ove x€Ca,67 on both sreleo we obtain ALG = 44,6) Whee B(la,r}) (ma) Let f,g,h € B(C%6]) ond celeb] arbitrary . The [ftc)-hcer] = [feer~ gees + gcey~ hee] & I fee)~ geer] + 1qcer-hcer| < S$ sup [ftel-gox)] + [g@)- how |= d(6.g)+d(G,h) fab] x6 [46] xe (xu) Hume, 464) +(G,h) is am uppir bound for He set 4: flfccr- hol [ce Ca.b]} Sup T= d(tsb) < (6, ge dq, vit) A= © (Ca,t]) ={fsle6]—-R | Fcontinuowo ov [a, b]} b (68) = (Ifea-geolde — (U'~ nate) u (M1) (M2) ane buvial . Cou wvnaieay He tramgle imquality. uote that Vig We €(La,b3) b b a .k.4) = (140 = geatalx = fiteo-husehea guards bac a & { (ts helt Ihe geal Jae a b b = fled becrldx + fthesin guide = EK) + ab (h, 4) 1€¢ca,o3) 4,3 (5 oLbed the LU spaw. (xiv) Remark: we coukd. also cowstruct a new metric space felon, 4} With da an i Kauuple Vil, Notice Heat there is no need Yo check again Fae axioms of a metric Space since @ theorem iw analysis fells wo that tuely coutinuous function on a dosed interval is bounded! ix) A= @(Ca,61) k uy 4 (fia) ([(foo-gerfde)” (2 metre) (HI), (HL) ore trivial. (M3) cou be checkeot by procerduing, a0 we dil im tle fist exauple whe we proved the trong le vata uath ty for Ye Euchdeam spac RR” Chock: f,g,h € © (L0,b]) debt dtha)> d(fq) d'ith) + 2d (fh) a (hg) ob th, a> dif) = ey / hear geo eb fihin graf > {ite)-gerifele 4 ue * b = | {fo ) : = [ltr hie) thtei- 963] ab i a [fl he0s) -(goe-hcay Jae ‘ i Ie heerlde +2 bac J a Z » Jin hoa] ~ Igo) - hulled «fi hell [gee) hwo - fi heel ele + fh go lolx ~2 sie bea hel—g ej (xv) Yow, Hoe oracgpiunl waquality 16 equsvalent fo the waquests ey, b b b {14ea-heatds ner gude >» - fta- heat gonl ee a a a eerste aboago 20 vluile is aleays sahsfieot 20 X) teal Hilbert Sequimer space £* aa 2 os Az Lon | x61 Whe IN, £ % convergen, i 0. 2x,

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