BIO MCQS by Ilmi

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6. PHYSICS 12
8. BIOLOGY 11
9. BIOLOGY 11
10. CHEMISTRY 11
11. CHEMISTRY 12
12. PHYSICS 11
13. PHYSICS 12
14. 1000 PROVERBS

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17. ANOTNYMS
18. PAIR OF WORDS
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20. 125 PHRASE
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T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I
S.No Name Page
1 Cell structure and function 2
2 Biological molecules 7
3 Enzymes 11
4 Bioenergetics 13
5 Acellular life 17
6 Prokaryotes 20
7 Protists and fungi 25
8 Diversity among plants 30
9 Diversity among animals 35
10 Forms and functions and plants 49
11 Digestion 57
12 Circulation 64
13 Immunity 72
Part II
14 Respiration 79
15 Homeostasis 84
16 Support and movements 90
17 Nervous coordination 96
18 Chemical coordination 105
19 Behavior 110

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20 Reproduction 114
21 Development and aging 122
22 Inheritance 130
23 Chromosomes and DNA 138
24 Evolution 153
25 Man and his environment 157
26 Biotechnology 163
27 Biology and human welfare 175

CHAPTER NO# 1st

CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
S.No QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Plasma membrane are 7nm wide and its structure is Dynamic
2. The soluble part of cytoplasm which forms ground substances are called Cytosol
3. Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum Protein synthesis
4. Nucleus was discovered by Robert brown in 1838
5. The attachment of two sub-units of ribosome’s along mRNA is controlled by Magnesium ions
6. Secondary wall, primary wall and middle lamella Layers in plant cell
from inside to outside
7. The ability of an instrument to reveal the minor details of an object is its Resolving power
8. Growth movement of pollen tube towards the egg is Chemotropism
9. Size of ribosome in prokaryotic cell is 70S
10. Size of ribosome in eukaryotic cell is 80S
11.
Ribosome Smaller unit Larger unit Total size
Prokaryotic 30 S 50 S 70 S

Eukaryotic 40 S 60 S 80 S
12. In paper chromatography we use Water absorbed on papers
13. For separation of compounds from mixture use a technique called Chromatography
14. The growth and reproduction of eukaryotic cell is dependent upon its Nucleus
15.
Objective lens Eye piece lens Magnification
x 10 x6 x 60
x 40 x6 x 240
x 10 x 10 x 100
X 40 x 10 x 400
16. Cell wall of cells are held together by Middle lamella
17. The membrane is like sea of lipids in which proteins are floating Fluid mosaic model
18. The cisternae together with vesicles are called Golgi-complex
19. Lysosomes contain variety of enzymes called Hydrolases
20. Protein extending from in double layer of lipids completely are called Intrinsic protein
21.
Wall Thickness
Middle lamella 1µm
Primary wall 1–3µm
Secondary wall 5 – 10 µ m
22. Some protein are on one side of membrane called Extrinsic protein
23. Carbohydrates attached to lipids are called Glycolipid
24. Carbohydrates attached to proteins are called Glycoprotein
25. Chronological developments towards fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
1 Gorter & Grendel 1925 Two layers of lipids molecule only
2 J f Danielle & Davon 1935 Lipid bilayer is covered with protein and protein pores
3 Robertson 1959 Unit membrane model


4 S J Singer & G L Nicholson 1972 Fluid mosaic model
26. Channels of endoplasmic reticulum are separated from one another by Cisternae
spherical or tubular membranes one above another called
27. Circulation, syntheses, detoxification, mechanical support and ER functions

communication
28. In cytoplasm, small ions and molecules form True solution
29. In cytoplasm, some large molecules form Colloidal solution
30. Active mass movement of cytoplasm is called Cyclosis
31.
Plastids Found in
Chloroplast Green parts
Chromoplast Other than green parts
Leucoplast Colorless parts
32. Primary lysosomes are synthesized in RER and processed in Golgi apparatus
33. Ribosome are synthesized in Nucleolus of the nucleus
34. The two sub units are attached by Mg + +

35. The unit of Golgi apparatus Dictysomes
36. Stacks of flattened, membrane bounded sacs called Cisternae
37. Cisternae associated vesicles are called Golgi-complex
38. Storage of secretory products and packaging and modification of the Functions of Golgi
secretory products apparatus
39. The food digestive enzyme of lysosoe are called Hydrolases
40. Enzymes are budded off as Golgi vesicles and are called Primary lysosomes
41. Metamorphosis in animals are example of Lysosomal activity
42. In animals peroxisomes are present in Liver and kidney
43.
Organisms No of flagella
Mammalian spermatozoon 1


Chlamydomonas 2
Paramecium Few thousands
44. In leaves of plants, photorespiration occurs in Peroxisomes
45. Glyoxisomes (only in plants) contains glycolic acid, oxidase and Catalase
46. Conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrates are done by Glyoxisomes
47. Length and diameter of centriole 0.3-0.5 µm and 0.2 µm
48. Each centriole consist of 9 microtubules (27 tubules)
49. In cells two centrioles are present at Right angle to each other
50.
Cytoskeleton Subunit
Microtubules Tubulin protein
Microfilament Actin protein
Intermediate filaments Fibrous
51. Small knob structures on inner surface mitochondria is called Elementary / F1 particles
52. The presence of ribosome and DNA indicate that Protein is synthesize here
53. The average number of thylakoids to form one granum is 50 or more
54. Chloroplast and mitochondria are Self-replicating organelle
55. Glyoxisomes and plastids are unique organelle found in Plants only
56. Mitochondria is absent in Mature RBCs
57.
Organelle Diameter
Chloroplasts 4 -6 µ m
Nucleus 10 µ m
Ribosome 20 n m
58. The central bindle of microtubules in cilia is called Axoneme
59. Mitosis is missing in Prokaryotes
60. Prokaryotic Cell wall is made of Murein
61.


Species No of chromosomes Species No of chromosomes
Drosophila 8 Man 46
Garden pea 14 Chimpanzee 48
Onion 16 Potato 48
Frog 26 pigeon 80
62. Eukaryotic Cell wall is made of Cellulose
63. In cell one organelle are involved in function of other except endoplasmic And peroxisome
reticulum
64. Glyoxisome is only found in Plant cell
65. Cell fail to detoxify the waste substances produced in it because it does not Enough Smooth
posses Endoplasmic
Reticulum
66.
Discoveries Scientist Year
Bacteria Leuwenhoek 1618
Cell wall 1665
Mitochondria 1850
Golgi apparatus Camillo Golgi 1898
Transformation Fred rich Griffah 1928
Cytoskeleton Koltzoff 1928
Plant split water to release oxygen Van Neil 1930
Nucleus Robert Brown 1938
identified the transforming substance as DNA Avery 1944
Conduction in Escherichia coli Lederberg and Tatum 1946
Lysosomes De Duve 1949
determined sequence of amino acids in insulin Sanger 1951
Fluid Mosaic Model Singer & Nicholson 1972
Confirmation of cytoskeleton Cohen 1977
Ribosome Palade 1995


67. Mitosis occur in nucleus with nuclear membrane intact in Fungi
68. Ascomycota reproduce asexually by means of Conidia
69.
Drugs used for Obtain from
Ergotamine Baby delivery Claviceps purpurea
Penicillin Antibiotics Pencillium chrysogenum
Cephalosporin Antibiotics Cephalosporin acremonium
Griseofulvin Antibiotics Pencillium
70. Braking down of glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide is done by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
71. Yeast contain 6000 genes
72. Peroxisomes are most common in Liver and kidney cells
73. Photorespiration may occur in Peroxisomes
74. Peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide to Hydrogen and oxygen
75. Converting of fatty acids to carbohydrates are the primary activity of Glyoxisomes
76. Cyclosis and amoeboid movements are because of Microfilaments
77. Microtubules (25nm) are made of Tubulin protein
78. Microfilaments (7nm) are made of Actin protein
79. Intermediate filaments (8-12nm) are made of Fibrous protein
80. Cilia and flagella contain 20 Microtubules
81. The bundles of microtubules comprising the axoneme are surrounded by Plasma membrane
82. Mitochondria are also called Power house of the cell
83. The shapes of mitochondria may be Vesicles, Rods or Filaments
84. The presence of ribosome and DNA in mitochondria shows that it is Self Replicating organelle
85. Small knob present in inside of mitochondrial wall is known as Elementary Or F1 particles
particles
86. Two subunits of ribosome are attached by Mg + +
87. Chlorophyll contain Mg ++
88. Hemoglobin contains Fe + +

89. Chromoplast helps in pollination and dispersal of Seeds


90. The place where spindle fibers are attached is Centromere


CHAP# 2 Biological Molecules
S.No Questions Answers

91. The only living prokaryotic organism is Cyan bacteria
92. Most abundant component of protoplasm are H2O→protein→carbohydrat

es
93. In aldehydes the double bond is present at 1st carbon atom
94. In ketones the double bond is present at 2nd carbon atom
95. In sickle cell hemoglobin glutamic acid is replaced by Valine
96. Carotenoids are of two types Carotene and xanthophylls
97. In DNA spiral stair case wound around a Central axis


98. Diameter of DNA 2nm
99. Avery, McLeod and McCarty to their experiment in 1944
100.
Monosaccharide Aldehydes Ketones
Triose Glyceraldehydes Dehydroxyacetone
Tetrose Erythrose Erythrolose
Pentose Robise Ribulose
Hexose Glucose Fructose
Heptose glucoheptose sceloheptose
101. Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lipid synthesis
102. Maltose ,lactose and sucrose are Disaccharides
103. Monosaccharide are named which end with - ose
104. Fats composed of fatty acid and glycerol are converted for storage by Lipogenesis
process
105. If glucose energy levels are low, stored are converted to glycerol and fatty Lipolysis
acid by a process called
106. Surplus amino acid in the body are broken down to form urea in Liver
107. Monosaccharide have carbon that may contain 3-7 carbon atoms
108. Some oligosaccharide hydrolyzation:
Produce Source Components
Maltose Fruits Glucose + Glucose
Lactose Milk Glucose + Galactose
sucrose Sugarcane Glucose + Fructose
109. Cellulose and Chitin are Not digestible
110. The amount of glucose present in per 100 ml of blood is 100 mg
111. Types of amino acids 20
112. Grapes contain 27% glucose
113. Hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptide chain


114. Insulin consists of 2 polypeptide chain
115. In DNA the bond between Adenine(A) and Thiamine(T) is Double hydrogen bond
116. In DNA the bond between Cytosine(C) and Guanine(G) is Triple hydrogen bond
117. In RNA the bond between Adenine(A) and Uracil(U) is Double hydrogen bond
118. Anticodon of UAG will be AUC
119. The enormous diversity of protein in mostly due to the diversity of R group
120. The gametophyte of Ulva is Haploid
121.
Types of proteins
(1) Fibrous proteins (2) Globular proteins

Keratin (hair,nails and outer skin) Hemoglobin
Myosin (in muscle cells) Enzymes and cell membrane proteins
Collagen (skin, ligaments, tendons and bones) Antibodies and egg albumen
122. The structure of hemoglobin is Quaternary structure
123. The number of carbon atoms present in fatty acids in per molecule 16-18 or 4-36
124.
Polysaccharide Found in Branching
Starch Plants Branched + Unbranched
Glycogen Animals Branched
Cellulose Plants Unbranched
Chitin Animals Amino group (containing)
125. Acylglycerol with saturated fatty acids such as Palmatic Acids are fats Animals
present in
126. Unsaturated fatty acids such as Oleic Acids are oils stored in Plants
127. The cell wall of bacteria is one exception, they contain Right handed sugar
128. Each steroid is formed of four fused carbon rings containing 17 Carbon atoms
129. The unit of Terpenoids are Isoprenoid Units
130. The human body break beta-carotene to form two molecules of Vitamin A


131.
Nitrogenous Bases
Pyrimidines(single ring compound) Purines(double ring compound)
Thyamine Cytosine Uracil Adenine Guanine
132. Adenine are linked with pentose sugar forming a structure called Adenosine
133. ATP+H2O→ ADP + P + 7.0 K Cal
134. When two nucleotide are joint together, they form structure called Dinucleotide
135. If dinucleotide contains adenine as nitrogenous base, then it is called Adenine dinucleotide
136. Adenine dinucleotide in combination with vitamins form Co-enzymes
137. Nicotinamide is vitamin called Nicotinic acid (niacin)
138. Flavin is vitamin called Riboflavin (Vitamin B12)
139. A code is a sequence of three nitrogenous bases along with Sugar phosphate strand
140. Molecule formed from two different molecules belonging to different Conjugated molecules
categories
141. If the co-factor has non-protein like a metallic ion, it’s termed as Prosthetic group
142. Some co-factors are small organic molecules called Coenzymes
143. Lack of vitamin B produce Beriberi
144.
Conjugated molecules Combinations of
Lipoproteins Lipids & proteins
Nucleoproteins Nucleic acids & proteins
Glycoprotein Carbohydrates & proteins
glycolipid Carbohydrates & lipids



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CHAP#14 Respiration

145. Of all blood cells, Macrophages are Biggest

146. Diffusion is only effective over distance of 1mm or less
147. The only externally visible part of respiratory system is Nose
148. The structure of human nose is composed of bone, cartilage and Fibro fatty tissues
149. The external features of bones depends upon the ethmoid bone and Cartilage
150. Hairs are present inside Nostrils
151. The mucus membrane secretes a sticky substance called Mucus
152. For their removal the cilia move the trapped substance to the Pharynx
153. Blood capillaries helps to warm the blood to a temperature of 30o C

154. Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles Alveoli
and
155. The shape of pharynx is Cone shaped
156. Pharynx leads from oral and nasal cavities to the Esophagus and larynx
157. The part of both respiratory and digestive system is Pharynx
158. Food is allowed to pass to the esophagus through the Nasal cavity in pipe
159. Function of larynx is air canal and Organ of voice
160. Two fibrous bands called vocal cords are present in the Larynx
161. Vocal cords are composed of mucus membrane stretched Across the larynx
horizontally
162. The length of trachea is 10 – 12 cm
163. The width of trachea is 2cm
164. The wall of trachea is composed of horse shoe shaped rings, their 16 – 20
no is
165. Trachea protects the respiratory system from an accumulation of Foreign particles
166. Adults male have larger vocal cords and have Low pitched voice
167. Adults woman have smaller vocal cords and have High pitched voice
168. the right bronchus has a larger diameter and shorter than the Left bronchus
169. The diameter of bronchiole is 1 mm or less
170. The walls of bronchiole consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a Layer of smooth muscles
171. The first airway branch which do not contain cartilage is Bronchioles


172. The air distribution in lungs is controlled by Bronchioles
173. The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in Alveoli
174. The thickness of wall of alveolus is 0.1 µ m
175. Alveoli contain collagen and Elastic fibers
176. The volume of right lung by percentage is 56%
177. The volume of left lung in total lung volume is 44%
178. The right lung is composed of three lobes Superior, middle and
inferior
179. The left lung has only Two lobes (sup-inf)
180. The two lung rest their bases with diaphragm and their apexes Above the first rib
extends
181. Special cells in alveolus secrete a detergent like chemical on inside Surfactant
lining of alveolus called
182. Each lung is encased in a thin membranous sac called Pleura
183. Volume of lungs:
Normal volume 5L
Tidal volume 0.5 L
Residual volume 1.5 L
184. The average adult human has a lung capacity of approximately 5 liters
185. The volume of air exchanged during one breath in and out in quite Tidal volume
breathing and this is about
186. The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible Residual volume
expiration and this is about
187. Involuntary control of breathing is carried out by a breathing center In medulla oblongata
188. The ventral portion of breathing center act to increase the rate and Inspiratory centre
depth of inspiration and is called
189. The dorsal and lateral portion inhibits inspiration and stimulate Expiratory centre
expiration and form the
The breathing center communicates with intercostals muscles

190. by Intercostals nerves


191. The breathing center communicates with diaphragm muscles by Phrenic nerves
192. Inspiration is in Active process
193. Expiration is an Passive process
194. The lungs are made to expand and contract by movements of the Ribs and Diaphragm
195. The shape of diaphragm in inspiration is Flattened
196. The shape of diaphragm in expiration is Dome
197. During voluntary control impulses originate from the cerebral Breathing center
hemispheres and pass to the
198. 20% decrease in oxygen concentration in the air produce Doubling in breathing
rate
199. Transport of oxygen in blood:
As oxyhaemoglobin 97 %
As plasma 3%
200. Oxygen binds with hemoglobin in presence of enzyme called Carbonic anhydrase
201. To form oxyhaemoglobin, each hemoglobin binds with Four oxygen of molecules
202. Respiratory pigment in invertebrates
Pigment Invertebrates Oxygenated pigment Deoxygenated

colour pigment colour
Hemoglobin Human Bright red Dark red
Haemocyanin Mulluskus Blue Colorless
Haemoerythrinein Some marine animals Violet to pink Colorless
Chlorocruorin Annelids Green colourless
203. Amount of hemoglobin in blood is 15 gms / 100 ml
204. 1 gm hemoglobin combines with 1.34 ml of oxygen
205.
0xygen in Capacity Pressure of PO2 Saturation

Arterial blood (maximum) 20 ml /100 ml 100 mm Hg 100 %


Arterial blood (normal) 19.4 ml/100 ml 95 mm Hg 97 %
Venous blood (normal) 14.4 ml/100 ml 40 mm Hg 75 %
206. The amount of oxygen released to tissues by each 100ml blood is 5ml of oxygen
207. During exercise venous blood that leave an active tissues has 4.4 ml At 18 mm Hg (20% sat)
208. In dissolved form 100 ml of artery blood contain 0.29 ml O2 (95 0.3ml/100ml at 100
mmHg) and increase to mmHg
209. In plasma in dissolved form 100 ml of venous blood contain 0.12 ml 40 mmHg
of dissolved oxygen at
210. The oxygen transported to tissues per cycle in dissolved state is 0.17 ml of oxygen
211. Hemoglobin is bright red when Oxygenated
212. Hemoglobin is dark red when Deoxygenated
213. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
As %age
Bicarbonate ions 70 %
Carboxyhaemoglobin 23 %
Plasma 7%
214. Otistis media is of two types otitis externa and Otitis media
215. CO2 combines with H2 O to form carbonic acid(H2CO3) in presence of Enzyme Carbonic
anhydrase
216. From inside erythrocytes diffuses H2CO3- into plasma to form Sodium bicarbonate
217. Diffusion of H2CO3- and Cl- is balanced by Bicarbonate-chloride

carrier
218. The opposite movement of H 2CO3- and Cl- is called chloride-shifts or Hamburger’s
phenomenon
219. CO2 combines with globin part of Hemoglobin

220. Oxygen carrying capacity is increases by Hemoglobin
221. Oxygen is stores in muscles in Myoglobin
222. Sinusitis is an inflammation of Nasal Sinusitis


223. Otitis media is an inflammation of Middle ear
224. Pneumonia is serious disorder of Lower respiratory track
225. Acute symptoms of Sinusitis appear in 2 - 8 weeks
226. 80% of otitis media clear up within 3 – 4 days
227. Sinusitis and Otitis media are caused by Bacteria, allergy &
infection
228. Treatment of Sinusitis is Antibiotics, antiallergic and Decongestants
229. Treatment of otitis media is Antibiotic and pain killer
230. There are four large sinuses 2 maxillary sinuses and 2 frontal sinuses
231. The pressure between the middle air cavity and outside mucus to Eustachian tube
drain out of the middle air cavity is equalized by
232. Fluid leaking of ear is called Nausea
233. Device which is used to look into the ear is called Otoscope or auriscope
234. Otoscope consist of light and Low-power magnifying

lens
235. There are about 30 different kinds of Pneumonia
236. Usually pneumonia is caused by Bacteria and virus
237. Streptococcus pneumonia, hemophilus influenza, legionella Pneumonia

pneumophilia, ataphylococcus aureus and mycoplasma causes
238. Some complications may arise if pneumonia is not treated on time:
Complications Name
Fluid around the lungs Pleural effusion
pus in the pleural cavity Emphysema
low blood sodium Hyponatremia
Accumulation of fluid Abscess in the lung (rare)
239. In pneumonia body is unable to get proper amount of oxygen due to Fluid in the air sacs
240. Tuberculosis is highly contagious chronic bacterial infection of Lungs
TB infection begins when mycobacterium reach the alveoli, where

241. they Macrophages


invade and replicate within the Phagosomes of alveolar
242. TB is caused by Mycobacterium

tuberculosis
243. TB is transferred from person to person by Airborne droplets
244. Most common drugs used for treatment of TB are Isoniazid and rifampin
245. In a person with emphysema, the Alveoli are damaged
246. 15% of TB of patient may develop the disease other than lungs, such Lymph nodes,GI
as track,bones and joints
247. 10% of people having M.Tuberculosis ever develop Pneumonia
248. Tubes which are inserted to ear are called Grommets /

tympanostomy
249. The surgery in which hole is made in the ear drum is called Myringotomy
250. Rapid breathing and rapid pulse rate are symptoms of Bacterial pneumonia
251. Breathlessness and slow heart beat are symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia


Chap# 15 Homeostasis

252. The internal environment is formed by circulating organic liquid Lymph or Plasma
called
253. The tendency to regulate internal conditions are Homeostasis
254. Hypothalamus in for brain is a body Thermostat
255. Hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary lobe to release Antidiuretic hormone

(ADH)
256. Maintenance of water in body by ADH is an example of Negative feedback
257. The part of nephrons which become permeable by secretion of ADH Collecting tubules and
distal convoluted tubule
258. The negative feedback mechanism results in a reversal of the Direction of change
259. Positive feedback brings childbirth to Completions
260. If a person breath high concentration of CO2 the breathing rate of increases
him
261. Electrolysis is used for both water and Ions
262. The percentage of water in animals is 70%


263. Osmoregulators are animals which use energy in controlling Water gain or loss
264. All land animals and some marine vertebrates are Osmoregulators
265. Osmoconfermers live in sea and have same amount of solutes equal External environment
to
266. The animal body fluids of osmoconfermers are kept Isotonic
267. Almost all of the fresh water animals are Osmoregulators
268. The animals of osmoregulator to external environment are hypertonic
269. In fresh water animals there is continual loss of Body salts to surrounding
270. All fresh water has no need of Drinking water
271. All fresh water animals produce large amount of urine and absorbs Salts
272. Salt is obtained from food they eat in Fresh water animals
273. Fresh water animals actively transport salts from external dilute Ionocytes
environment through special salt cells called
274. Ionocytes are present in amphibian’s skin and Gills of fishes
275. Osmolarity of sea water is 1000 moss m/L
276. Osmolarity of blood of marine animals is 200-300 m/L
277. Marine animals excrete divalent ions like Mg ++ and Ca++ through kidney
278. Na+, Cl+ and K+ are removed in marine animals by Gill’s epithelium
279. Some fishes have special salt secreting glands in the wall of rectum Called rectal glands
280. The characteristic of special metabolic and behavioral adaptation of Anhydrobiosis

desert mammals is called
281. In anhydrobiosis animals 90% of water came from Cellular oxidation
282. Most troublesome nitrogen containing wastes come from Nucleic acid
metabolism of protein and
283. The primary nitrogenous wastes product is Ammonia ( NH3 )
284. In ammonia, urea and uric acid the more toxic is Ammonia ( NH3 )
285. Into nontoxic form, amount of water requires to dissolve 1g of:
Substance Water amount
NH3 500 ml


Urea 50 ml
Uric acid 1 ml
286. Urea is 1 lac time less toxic than Ammonia ( NH3 )

287.
Secretion Called Example

Ammonia Ammonotelic fishes, protozoa, sponges
Urea Ureotelic some marine and all terrestrial
Uric acid Uricotelics terrestrial invertebrates and
egg lying vertebrates
288. The vertebrates that lay shelled eggs excrete Uric acid
289. Skin. Lungs, Liver and kidney are organs of Excretory system
290. The length, width and thickness of kidney is 12cm 6cm 4cm
291. The weight of stomach is about 150 gms
292. Kidney is placed between last thoracic vertebra and Third lumbar vertebra
293. The upper part of kidney is protected by Eleventh and twelfth rib
294. The right kidney if ….. from left kidney Lower
295. The deep notch of inner surface of kidney is called Hilus
296. The tough double membrane around the kidney is called Renal peritoneum
297. The blood received by kidney from heart is 20%
298. The rate of blood flow through kidney is 1.2 liter per minute
299. Cortex contain renal corpuscles and Convoluted tubules
300. The medulla contain conical structures called Pyramids
301.
Organ Length
Kidney 12 cm


Ureter 28 cm
Urethra (female ) 2-3 cm
Urethra (Male) 20 cm
302. The storage of urinary bladder is 0.5 to 1 liter
303. Lower part of urinary bladder is guarded by 2 sphincters
304. The act of emptying the bladder is called Micturition
305. Urethra in females carry Only urine
306. Urethra in male carry Urine and spermatic fluid
307. Urethra in female open externally by Urethral orifice
308. Urethra in male open externally by Urinogenital aperture
309. Each human kidney contain 1 million nephrons
310. Glomerulus receives blood from Afferent arteriole
311. Glomerulus sent blood to Efferent arteriole
312. Cells of bowman capsule wrap around glomerulus capillary is called Podocytes
313. The membrane which stops getting protein is Basement membrane
314. Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule Renal tubules
and collecting duct are
315. The longest part of nephron is Proximal convoluted

tubule
316. The loop of Henle is more prominent in Juxtamedullary nephrons
317. Loop of Henle descends down to the tips of Pyramids in medulla
318. Two general classes of nephron are:
• Cortical → 70% - 80%

• Juxtamedullary →20% -30%
319. Cortical nephron have short Loop of Henle
320. Under normal condition the cortical nephron deals with control of Blood volume
321. Juxtamedullary nephron have long loop of Henle which go deep into Medulla
322. In kidney more amount of work is done by Juxtamedullary


323. The capillaries of vasa recta runs antiparallel to the loops of Henle Collecting duct in
and medulla
324. Ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion are Process for urine
formation
325. The diameter of efferent to afferent arteriole is Half
326. About 20% of plasma is filtered into Bowman’s capsule
327. The filtered fluid into bowman’s capsule is called Glomerular filtrate
328. The amount of glomerular filtrate per minute is 125ml
329. The amount of glomerular filtrate per day is 180 liters
330. The amount of reabsorption from nephron out of 125ml is 124 ml
331. Over 80% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in Proximal convoluted

tubule
332. The function of loop of Henle is to Conserve water
333. The ascending limb is impermeable to Water
334. The descending limb is highly permeable to Water
335. The system which result in reabsorption of a lot of water is Counter current
multiplier
336. The distal convoluted tubules control blood PH by secreting Hydrogen ions
337. ADH open water channels in collecting duct to allow water to Move out of the filtrate
338. Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular To renal tubular lumen
capillaries
339. Tubular secretion is mainly caused by Active transport
340. Most important substances secreted by the tubules are H ions, K ions & organic
ions
341. Many drugs are eliminated by Tubular secretion
342. Water is loss by body in many ways such as evaporation, sweating, Egestion and urine
343. The solute potential is primarily achieved by the effect of Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
344. ADH is secreted by the posterior lobe of Pituitary gland
345. The hormone which increases the permeability of distal convoluted Antidiuretic hormone
tubules and collecting duct is (ADH)


346. When more water is absorbed from urine it make urine Concentrated
347. When less water is absorbed from urine it make urine Dilute
348. The maintenance of sodium level at a steady state is controlled by Steroid hormone
the aldosterone
349. Steroid hormone aldosterone is secreted by Adrenal cortex
350. Aldosterone activates sodium potassium pumps in the Distal convoluted tubule
351. All parts of urinary track is infected except Ureters
352. Infection in digestive tube and their names:
Organ Infection
Kidney Pyelonephritis
Bladder Cystitis
Urethra Urethritis
353. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saphrophyticus, Klebisella, Bacteria which causes

Entrococci bacteria, and proteus merabilis.Candida albicans (fungus) urinary tract
infections(UTIs)
354. Candida albicans (fungus) cause infection in mouth,digestive tract Vagine and UTIs
and
355. Urinary stones causes pain when enter from kidney to the Bladder
356. Symptoms of urinary stones are pain in side belly/groin and colour of Urine is penkish/reddish
357. Kidney stone forms when there is decrease in Urine volume
358. Kidney stone forms when there is excess of stone forming substance In urine
359. Percentage of types of stones of stone formation:
Stone type % age
Calcium with oxalate/phosphate 70 %
Struvite or infection stone 20 %
uric acid stones 5-10 %
amino acid cysteine stones 1-3 %


360. Kidney stones also results from Infection is urinary tract; known as Struvite / infection stone
361. Hypercalcemia, Hyperoxaluria and Hyperuricemia are risk factors for Developing kidney stones
362. The over secretion of parathormone from parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism
363.
Disease Increase level of Place or target

Hypercalcemia Calcium Blood
Hypercalceuria Calcium Urine
Hyperoxaluria Oxalate Urine
Hyperuricemia Uric Acid Blood
364. Oxalates are present in tomato and other Green leafy vegetables
365. The level of uric acid may arise from gout(genetic disorder) or due to High protein intake
(meat)
366. The stone which can passes from kidney is under 0.5 cm
367. The stone which cannot pass from kidney have greater than 1 cm
368. Extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy(ECWL) is used for Small stones
369. Percutaneous nephrolithotrypsy(PCNL) is used for Large stones
370. The type of waves of Extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy(ECWL) Electromagnetic

are Sound waves while that of PCNL is
371. Surgery is used for branched stones which are commonly known as staghorn
372. Acute kidney failure can be reversible
373. Chronic renal failure cannot be Reversible
374. Blood clot or cholesterol deposition of kidney artery , drugs , Acute kidney failure
antibiotics, toxin such as alcohol ,heavy metals and cocaine can lead
to
375. Mostly diabetes and hypertension and anti-inflammatory drugs and Chronic renal failure
analgesic medications (pain relievers) can leads to
376. Chronic renal failure can progress to end stage renal disease(ESRD) Uremia
and
377. Diabetes modification such as reduced sodium, protein & fluid Chronic renal failure


intake allow people to live for years with
378. Procedure to filter toxins from blood when kidney is unable to Renal dialysis
perform its function Is called
379. In theory renal dialysis can sustain life Indefinitely
380. The two stages of peritoneal dialyses are the exchange and The Dwell(time)
381. The primary advantage of peritoneal dialyses are mobility
382. Replacement of diseased, damaged or missing kidney by donor Renal transplant

kidney Is called
383. First successful kidney transplantation took place between two twins 1954
in
384. The recipient of transplant kidney can expect to live for 5-20 years
385. The 1983 the risk of kidney rejection was high before the discovery Immunosuppressive drug
of cyclosporine
386. Transplant surgeon like to see HLAs matching of 3 or more HLAs
387. Donor-Recipient match of kidney must have same blood group and Same HLAs
388. The number of Human Leucocyte Antigens(HLAs) in humans are 6
389. The antibody response of donor blood with recipient is called Negative cross match
390. The risk of transplantation kidney include bleeding and Postoperative infection
391. The maintenance of body temperature by living organism is termed Thermoregulation

as
392. Temperature affect the geographical distribution of Animals
393. On basis of maintaining the body temperature types of animals are 2(poikilotherm+homeoth
erm)
394. Animals which unable to maintain internal body temperature are Poikilotherms
(Ectotherms)
395. Animals which are able to maintain internal body temperature are Homeotherms
(Endotherms)
396. Invertebrates, fishes, amphibians and reptiles are Poikilotherms
397. Birds, white shark, flying insects, polar bear and mammals are Homeotherms
398. Animals gain heat from two sources the chemical reactions and Radiant energy from sun
399. The animals which depends on external source for heat are Poikilotherms


400. Animals which rely on heat derived from environment than Ectotherms
metabolic heat to raise their temperature are called
401. The temperature of structures below the skin and subcutaneous 36.4 – 37.3 0 C
tissue
402. The process of heat projection in animals are called Thermogenesis
403. Thermogenesis is regulated by nervous system and Hormone
404. Shivering and non-shivering are two types of Thermogenesis
405. Shivering response in muscles can increase heat production by up to 5 times the basal level
406. The short term metabolic activity is increased by Adrenaline
407. The long term metabolic activity is increased by Thyroxin
408. Heat is lost from body in process like conduction, convection and Radiation (50%),
409. Heat loss occurs by evaporation from skin and from Lungs
410. The erected hairs in human produces Goose-pimples/ goose

bumps
411. Smooth muscle which erect human hair present at base of hair is Follicle
called
412. An increase in core temperature is known is Fever or pyrexia
413. Antipyretic drug such as aspirin and paracetamol lower the set point Defence mechanism
and give relief but they slow down the normal
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Chap No.3 THEORIES OF COVALENT BON AND SHAPES OF

MOLECULES
1. Vapor pressure of mercury is less than Restified spirit, kerosene oil and Water
2. A concentrated solution has got High solute potential
3. Molecular formula of an acid C H2 O is C2 H4 O2
4. The best known fuel cell is the hydrogen/ oxygen fuel cell. This is known as Bacon cell
5. CO2 is non-polar but contained Polar bonds
6. The emf from galvanic cell can be calculated from The E0 value of the half cell
7. A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapors at its boiling point. On the average the molecules in
the two phase have equal Total energy
8. Reason for alkali metals to be soft is that, they have Not closed packed structure
9. If the pressure and temperature of 2 litres of CO2 are doubled, the volume will
become 2 litres
10. Atoms present in one mole of Ca(OH)2 are 5 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms
11. Aluminum is resistant to Corrosion
12. CH4 &SiH4 have same Structure
13. A mixture of 50g H2 and 50 He has a total pressure of 1.5atm. partial pressure of H2 gas is
1.1 atm
14. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.8g of nitrogen gas at STP is 22.4dm3
15. A piece of wood and iron seen to lose the same weight when completely submerged in
liquid. The two pieces must have the same Volume
16. A solution of 2,0g NaOH dissolved in 1000 g of water has concentration 0.05M
17. Bohr’s theory explains He+, Li++, Be+++
18. The oxidation number of hydrogen in metal hydrides -1
19. In discharge tube Neon gas will produce Pink colour
20. The value of principle quantum number l=1,the value of magnetic quantum
number(m) are -1,0,+1
21. The study of heat changes accompanying a chemical reaction is known as Thermo-
chemistry
22. On complete oxidation , one mole of an organic compound gave four moles of water which
is Propane
23. Water is not used as thermometric liquid because it does not Expand linearly
24. Number of moles of NaCl in 75,0g of table salt 1.28
25. Oxygen atom has two unpaired electrons it is there fore Paramagnetic
26. The sample of compound contain 0.100g of hydrogen and 4.20g of nitrogen , the compound
is NH3
27. Hybrid orbitals used by carbon atoms in C H4 is Sp3
28. Hybrid orbitals used by carbon atoms in C2 H4 is Sp2
29. Hybrid orbitals used by carbon atoms in C2 H2 is Sp
30. Esters are represented by general formula RCOOR
31. Ag2 S is a Not common occurring sulphur compound


32. Theoretical yield is always less than actual yield because of Reversibility, Side reaction,
Mechanical loss, Human error
33. The name “electron” was given to cathode rays by G.J Stoney(1874)
34. The charge to mass ratio of an electron was determined by J.J Thomson(1897)
35. e/m ratio of electron 1.7588 x 1011 C/Kg
36. Charge of electron -1.6022 x 10-19 C
37. Charge of proton +1.6022 x 10-19 C
38. Proton was discovered by E. Goldstein(1886)
39. Mass of electron 9.11 x 10-31 kg
40. Mass of proton 1.6726 x 10-27 kg
41. Mass of neutron 1,6749 x 10-27 kg
42. To Bunsen flame Ba (barium) imparts Green colour
43. To Bunsen flame Na (sodium) imparts Yellow colour
44. To Bunsen flame Sr (strontium) imparts Red colour
45. To Bunsen flame K (potassium) imparts Violet colour
46. BeCl2 Linear structure
47. BF3 Triangular planer structure
48. SnCl2 Angular structure
49. CH4 Tetrahedral structure
50. NH3 Triogonal structure
51. HO3 Angular structure
52. All single covalent bonds are Sigma bonds
53. s-s overlap H2
54. s-p overlap HCl
55. p-p overlap Cl2
56. Pi(π) bond is weaker than Sigma bond(σ)
57. Bond order of H2 is 1
58. Bond order of He2 is 0
59. Bond order of O2 is 2
60. Bond order of N2 is 3σ
61. Molecule is stable if nb > na
62. Greater the bond order, greater the Bond dissociation energy
63. The energy required to break a bond and form neutral atoms Bond energy
64. Bond energy is measure of strength of a bond which depends upon Electronegativity,
size of atom and bond length
65. The bond energy for H (Hydrogen) atom is 36.21 x 10-23 KJ per mole
66. The bond energy for Cl (Chlorine) atom is 19.73 x 10-23 KJ per mole
67. The bond energy for HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is 72.39 x 10-23 KJ per mole
68. Bond energy for HCl is more than calculated value it shows that HCl is Polar
69. Greater the charge difference between bonded atoms, Greater will be the Additional
bond energy
70. Bond length are measured in A0, nm and Pm
71. C-C length is 154 Pm
72. Cl-Cl bond length is 198 Pm
73. The calculated value of bond length is higher than experimental for Heteronuclear
molecule
74. A molecule composed of two identical atoms, is always Non polar
75. If difference between two atom is less than 0.9, Bond will be Non polar


76. If difference between two atom is between 0.9 and 1.7 , Bond will be Polar with
some ionic character
77. If difference between two atom is greater than 1.7, Bond will be Ionic character
78. The dipole moment of water is 1.84D
79. The angle between BF3 is 1200
80. The angle between SnCl2 is Less than 1200
81. The angle between CH4 is 109.50
82. The angle between NH3 is 107.50
83. The angle between H2 O is 104.50
84. Kinetic molecular theory of gases are proposed by Bernoulli
85. Apparatus used for measuring gas pressure is called Manometer
86. Manometer used for measuring atmospheric pressure is called Barometer
87. A common type of Barometer is Torricellian barometer
88. 1atm=760mm Hg=760 torr=101325Pa=1Nm-2 14.7psi
89. Graphical representation of Boyle’s law Hyperbola
90. New volume at 500 C = Original volume at 00 C+(1/273 x Original volume at 00C ) x 50

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Chap No. 13 S AND P BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Group-I → alkali metals
2. Group-II → alkaline earth metals
3. S → only metals
4. P → metals + non-metals
3rd Period (Na to Ar)

Physical and atomic properties
5. Na – Mg – Al – Si – P – S – Cl – Ar
6. Metallic radii for sodium, magnesium and aluminium.
7. Covalent radii for silicon, phosphorus , sulphur and chlorine
8. Van der wall radii for Argon.
9. Ionization energy increase from left to right, exception→ Al and S.
10. Electronegativity increases from left to right, exception → Ar

11. Sodium , magnesium and aluminium are best conductors.
12. Silicon is semiconductor.
13. Phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and argon are non-conductors.
14. Melting point and boiling point values increase up to Al and then decreases.


3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Reaction of 3rd period elements with water, oxygen and chlorine

15. Magnesium and aluminium form layers when reacting with water.
16. Sodium undergoes exothermically reaction with cold water.
17. Magnesium reacts slowly with cold water and burn in steam producing Mg(OH) 2 and MgO.
18. Magnesium burnt in steam with its typical white flame.
19. Chlorine dissolves in water and produces green solution.
20. Reaction with
Metal Water Oxygen Chlorine

Na NaOH Na2 O NaCl
Na2 O2
Mg Mg (OH)2 MgO MgCl2
MgO
Al Al2 O3 Al2 O3 AlCl3
Si Si O2 Si O2 SiCl4
P P4 O6 PCl3
P4 O10 PCl5
S SO2 S2Cl2
Cl HCl + HOCl Cl2O , Cl2O7
21. Sodium burns in oxygen with yellow flame.

22. Sodium forms normal oxide and also per oxides.
23. MgO and Al2O3 are of white colour.
24. Aluminium burns in oxygen when it is powdered.
25. Silicon will burn in oxygen if heated strongly well and SiO2 is produced.
26. White phosphorus catch fire spontaneously in air with white flame and forms
phosphorus (lll) oxide and phosphorus (lV) oxide.
27. Sulphur burns in oxygen with pale blue flame.
28. SO2 is colourless.
29. PCl3→ colourless fuming liquid
30. PCl5→ straw colour solid
31. S2Cl2→ orange, foul smelling liquid


Physical properties of oxides
Formula of Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

oxide
P4O6 SO2 Cl2O
State S S S S S L L
G G
Conductivity G G G v.poor Nill Nill Nill
Strucuture Giant Giant Giant Giant Simple Simple Simple

molecular molecular molecular
Nature Basic Basic Amphoteric Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic
Metal oxides
Physical properties of chlorides
Formula of NaCl MgCl Al2Cl6 SiCl4 PCl3 S2Cl2

oxide
State S S S L L L
Conductivity G G v.poor NILL Nill Nill
Strucuture Giant Giant Simple Simple Simple Simple

molecular molecular molecular molecular
Effect on Solid dissolves readily Chlorides react and produces fumes of

adding HCl
water
Physical properties of hydroxides
Formula Na2OH Mg(OH)2 Al2(OH)3 Si(OH)4 H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4

of oxide
Ca(OH2
Nature Basic Basic Amphoteric Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic
Acid, Base Behavior of oxides;

32. Al2O3 does not react with but react with dilute acids and dilute alkali.
33. Al2O3 + 6H+→ 2Al3+ +3H2O
34. Al2O3 + 2OH- +3H2O → 2 [Al (OH)4] → aluminate ion
35. SiO2 does not react with water, but it does react with concentrated alkalies forming
silicates SiO3-2.
36. NO2 react with water forming HNO2 and HNO3.


37. The oxides of P, S and Cl except ClO2 react readily to form strongly acidic solution
38. 2HClO4→ Perchloric acid
Reaction of oxides with water, acid and bases;

39. Metal oxides → Basic →Ionic
40. Non-Metal oxides → Acidic → Covalent
41. Normal oxides of most metal combine with acids to form salts. these are
called basic oxides.
42. Basic oxides alts dissolve in water to give soluble hydroxides.
43. Acidic oxides are oxides of non-metals such as CO2 and SO2.
44. Acidic oxides react with bases to form salts and combine with water to form acids.
45. BeO and Al2O3 are amphoteric.
Sodium and magnesium hydroxides;

46. NaOH → soap, peteroleum and rubber industry
47. These are white solids having soapy touch.
48. Sodium hydroxides is only slightly soluble in water,
49. Sodium hydroxides is the most soluble substances in water evolving a considerable
amount of heat due to the
50. formation of a number of hydrates such as NaOH.2H2O
51. Magnesium hydroxide is obtained as white ppt when caustic potash us added to a soluble
magnesium salt.
MgCl2 + 2KOH → Mg(OH)2 +2KCl
52. Solubility of Mg(OH)2 is enhanced tremendously by the addition of NH4Cl and
NH4OH is formed.
53. 2NH4Cl → 2NH4+ + 2Cl-
54. Mg(OH)2→ 2OH- + Mg2+
55. 2NH4+ +2OH-→ NH4OH
Aluminium hydroxide
56. When an alkali is added to aquaseous solution of aluminium salts, alumiunium
hydroxides get precipitated.
57. Al(SO4)3 +6NH4OH →2 Al (OH)3 + 3[ (NH4)2 SO4]
58. The hydroxides is soluble in acids and caustic alkalies forming aluminates in the later.
59. 2 Al (OH)3+ 2NaOH → 2Na[Al(OH)4]
60. The Al (OH)3 can also be obtained by hydrolysis of AlCl4 in excess water.
61. AlCl3 + 3H2O →Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
62. The Al (OH)3 has the ability to absorb various dyes forming colouring matter
known as lakes.
Other hydroxides
63. Silicon hydroxide is a molecule with formula Si(OH)4.


64. Si(OH)4 is produced as; SiO2 + 2H2O → Si(OH)4 at 800 degree C.
65. Si(OH)4 is unstable and form polymerizes.
Group–I A
66. Li-Na-K-Rb-Cs-Fr
67. Group first members are called alkali metals since they form oxides and
hydroxides which combine with water to produce alkaline solution.
68. Li-Na and K are safe to save in school lab and rest are violently reactive.
69. They are softer than other metals and can cut with knife.
70. These metals are lighter than other elements and having low melting point,
boiling point and density.
Atomic and physical properties

71. Down the group;
• Atomic radius → Increases
• Density → Decreases
• Ionization energy → Decreases
• Electronegativity → Decreases
• M.P and B.P → Decreases
72. Potassium is lighter than sodium.
Trend in reactivity with water

73. Excluding Lithium, which reacts slower than al the other elements of group-I.
74. The reactivity of group-I follow the values of electrode potential.
Reaction with oxygen

75. Li, Na and K are stored in oil.
76. Cs and Rb are normally stored in a sealed glass tube to prevent air contact.
Reaction with air or oxygen

77. Alkali metals react with air or oxygen to form various oxides such as
• Li2 O and Li3 N
• Na2 O and Na2O2
• K2 O2 and KO2
• Rb and Cs form superoxide
78. Oxides;
• Li → normal oxide
• Na → normal and peroxide
• K → peroxide and superoxide


• Rb →superoxide
• Cs → superoxide
Reaction of oxides with water and dilute acids;

79. Normal oxide; X2O + H2O → 2XOH
80. Peroxide; X2O2 + 2H2O → 2XOH + H2O2
81. Superoxide; 2XO2 + 2H2O →2XOH + H2O2 + O2
Reaction with dilute acids

82. Normal oxide; X2O +2HCl → 2XCl +H2O
83. Peroxide; X2O2+2HCl → 2XCl +H2O2
84. Superoxide; 2XO2+ 2HCl →2XCl +H2O2 + O2
Reaction with chlorine

85. Sodium burns with intense orange flame in chlorine in exactly the same way as it
does in pure oxygen,
86. 2X + C2→ 2 XCl
87. 2Na + Cl2→ 2 NaCl
88. Compounds of Group-I A elements are more stable to heat than the corresponding
compounds of Group-II elements with the exception of lithium compounds.
Effect of heat on nitrates;

89. Colour of nitrogen dioxide is brown fumes.
90. Lithium nitrate produces lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
4 LiNO3→ 2 Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
91. Nitrates of the other alkali metals decompose to corresponding nitrites.
2XNO3→ 2 XNO2 + O2
Effect of heat on Carbonates;

92. Lithium carbonate decomposes on heating to give lithium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Li2CO3→ Li2O + CO2
93. The rest of group-I carbonates do not decompose even at higher temperature.
Effect of heat on Hydrogen Carbonates;

94. Carbonates of alkali metals are stable enough to be isolated as solids.
95. Hydrogen carbonates decompose on heating forming carbonates.
96. Thermal stability of hydrogen carbonates of group I and Group II increases down the
group. The reason is increasing size and decreasing charge density of the metal ions.
97. The polarizing power of a cation increases with increasing charge on the ion and
decreasing the radius of the ion.


98. Catoin of greater polarizing power distorts the HCO3 ion more and facilitates
its decomposition than a cation of larger size and lesser polarizing power.
99. Bicarbonates of group-I are more stable than those of group II and stability
decreases down the group.
Flame Tests;
100. Li → Red
101. Na → Yellow
102. K → Lilac
103. Rb → Red
104. Cs → Blue/violet
105. Polarizing power is directly proportional to decomposition.
106. Polarizing power is directly proportional to charge and inversely to radius.
Group–II A
107. Alkaline earth metals do not exists free in nature.
108. Magnesium and calcium are very abundant in the rocks of earth’s crust.
Magnesium Sources;
109. Sea water
110. Underground brines
111. Mineral dolomite
112. Magnesite (MgCO3)
Calcium Sources;
113. Sea shell (CaCO3)
114. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
Atomic and physical properties;

115. All alkaline earth metal except Be are white in colour.
116. Alkaline earth metals are quite reactive and tarnish in air.
117. The value of their densities, melting point and boiling point are higher than
those of alkali metals.
118. Down the group;
• Atomic radius → Increases
• Ionization energy → Decreases (exc; Ra > Ba)
• Electronegativity → Decreases (Ca=Mg and Ba=Ra)
• Melting point and Boiling point → no regular term but greater than group first
• Reactivity with water → Increases
119. Be does not react with water or steam at red heat.


Reaction with oxygen and Nitrogen;

120.
Simple oxide Per oxide
Be → -
Mg → -
Ca → -
Sr → →
Ba → →
Ra → -
121. The nitrides of alkaline earth metals are ionic in nature except that of Ba
which is covalent and unpredictable.
122. The reaction of alkaline earth metals with air rather than oxygen us
complicated by the fact that they all react with nitrogen to produce nitrides.
123. Mg + N2→ Mg3N2
124. Be + N2→ Be3 N2
125. If alkaline earth metals react with air, they form metal nitrides and metal oxides.
Trends in solubility of hydroxides, sulphates and carbonates

126. Solubility of hydroxides increases in water from top to bottom.
127. Solubility of sulphates decreases down the group.
128. Stability of carbonates increases down the group.
129. All carbonates of alkaline earth metals are insoluble in neutral medium
while all dissolves in solids and decomposes at red heat.
130. CaSO4 is sufficiently soluble in water.
131. Strontium and barium sulphates are almost insoluble.
132. Both carbonates and nitrates become more thermally stable as we go
down the group of alkaline earth metals.
133. The one at lower position have to be heated more strongly than those at
the top before they decompose.
Group–IV A
134. C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb.
135. M.P and B.P decreases down the group.
136. Melting point decreases because weaker bonds decreases with increase in atomic
size.


137. Tin and Lid do not use all the four electrons for metallic bond.
138. C and Si are non-metals.
139. Ge is mettaloid.
140. Sn and Pb is metallic character.
141. Carbon and silicon show +4 oxidation state in carbonates and silicates.
142. Ge, Sn and Pb can show +2 and +4 oxidation states.
143. Oxidation state is defined as the apparent charge positive or negative on an
atom of an element in a molecular ion.
144. Down the group, there is tendency for the sp2 pair not to be used in bonding.
This is called inert pair effect which dominates in lead.
145. Fajan’s rule; Sn+4is smaller than Sn+2so the compounds of Sn+4are
covalent, while those of Sn+2 are ionic.
146. All these elements give tetrachlorides (MCl4) which are covalent and tetra-
hedral due to sp3 hybrid orbitals.
147. The stability decreases from CCl4 to PbCl4.
148. PbCl4 decreases to give PbCl2 and Cl2 gas.
149. At the top of the group, most stable oxidation state is +4 as shown as shown by
carbon and silicon in CCl4 and SiCL4, they have no tendency to form dichlorides.
Reaction with water

150. CCl4 does not react with water due to bulky nature of chlorine atoms
around small carbon atom.
151. SiCl4 and PbCl4 react violently with water to reduce their respective
oxides and fumes of HCl.
152. SiCL4 + 2H2O → SiO2 +4HCl
153. SiO2→ White
154. PbO2→ Brown
155. PbCl4→ covalent
156. PbCl2→ ionic
157. PbCl2 is sparingly soluble in cold water but more soluble in hot water.
Oxides
158. The elements of group-IV form two types of oxides i.e. monoxide and dioxide.
159. Monoxide include;
• CO
• Sn O
• Pb O
160. Dioxide include;
• C O2
• Sn O2
• Pb O2
161. Non-metal oxidizes covalent in nature, such as oxidize of carbon and silicon.


162. Metal oxidize are ionic and nature such as oxidize of tin and lead.
163. CO2→ Gas
164. Si O2→ Solid
165. The SiO2 is a giant covalent structure in which each silicon atom is bonded
to four oxygen atoms through single covalent bonds whereas each oxygen atoms
is bonded to two silicon atoms.
166. The geometry of the SiO2 is tetrahedral (diamond like).
Acid Base Behavior of Group IV oxidizes

The acidity if group-IV oxides decreases as we go down the
group. 167. C O2→ acidic
168. Si O2→ acidic
169. Ge O2→ amphoteric
170. Sn O2→ amphoteric
171. Pb O2→ amphoteric
172. C O → neutral
173. Sn O → amphoteric
174. Pb O → amphoteric
Group VII A
175. F-Cl-Br-I
176. Also called halogens due to salt forming capacity.
177. All are non-metals
178. Exists as diatomic covalent molecule
179. Poisonous in nature
180. Down the group;
• Radius → Increases(F<Cl<Br<I)
• E.N → Decreases (F>Cl>Br>I)
• E.A → Decreases (Cl>Br>F>I)
• M.P and B.P → Increases (F>Cl>Br>I)
181. Bond enthalpy; (Cl>Br>F>I)
182. Bond enthalpy for hydrogen halides; (HF>HCl>HBr>HI)
183. Oxidizing agent; F2> Cl2> Br2> I2
184. Reducing agent; I > Br > Cl > F
185. HF is weaker acid than HCL, HBR and HI.
186. Bond enthalpy is the amount of heat needed to break one mole of covalent
bonds to form individual atoms.
187. Bond enthalpy is the energy required to break a bond.
188. H – I is easily decomposed.
189. H – Br may or may not decomposed.


190. H – F and H – CL are so stable that they do not decomposes at any temperature.
191. When halogen comobines with metal or non-metal, they normally act as oxidizing
agent.
192. F and Cl are so such powerful oxidizing agents that they can oxidize coloured
dyes to colourless substances acting as oxidizing agent for the bleaching.
193. HBr and HI dissolves in water in same way as HCL. By contrast althrough HF
dissolves freely in water yet it is weak acid.
194. Larger the size of halide ion, greater is it reducing agent.
195. Br reduces sulphur in sulphuric acid from +6 oxidation state to +4.
196. I reduce sulphur in suphuric acid from +6 to -2 oxidation state.
197. Poor nutrition enhances the toxicity of fluorides

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CHAPTER NO.2
VECTOR & EQUILIBRIUM
S.NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Anticlockwise
1. θ is the angle made with +X direction in Sense
2. Two vectors of same magnitude result vector of same magnitude by Angle of 1200
3. If both Rx and Ryare positive the θ lies in I Quadrant
4. If Rx is positive and Ryis negative the θ lies in II Quadrant
5. If both Rx and Ryare negative the θ lies in III Quadrant
6. If Rx is negative and Ry is positive the θ lies in IV Quadrant

7. A . B = AB Cosθ
8. A x B = AB Sinθ
9. Scalar product (work and power) is also called Dot product
10. Vector product (torque) is also called Cross product
11. ABCosθ, here A is magnitude of 1stvector while B is that component of B Parallel to A

which is
12. ABSinθ, here A is magnitude of 1 stvector while B is that component of B Perpendicular to A

which is
13. The point of rotation in torque is called Fulcrum or Pivot
14. Torque is rotational analogue of Force
15. For concurrent forces, the line of action of are Common
16. If 1st condition is satisfied the body will be in translational equilibrium and Linear acceleration
there will be no
Rotational
17. If 2nd condition is satisfied the body will be in translational equilibrium Acceleration
and there will be no
18. If both condition are satisfied the body has Zero acceleration
19. Difference of two vectors divided by scalar must also be Vector
20. Deceleration is also called Retardation
21. If x-component of vector is 3x and y-component is -3y the angle of its 3150
resultant is
22. Mass Scalar

23. Acceleration, momentum, electric intensity Vector
24. The magnitude of resultant of two forces is 2F. if the magnitude of each 00
force is F than the angle between these forces is
25. Three vectors of equal magnitude are acting on three sides of an zero
equilateral triangle .the magnitude of their resultant is
26. Two concurrent forces have maximum resultant of 45N and minimum of These are 20N and 25N
5N
27. Two vectors are such that a+b =b+a the angle between them is 900
28. A unit vector is obtained by dividing the vector with its magnitude not the direction
29. Impulse is Vector quantity
30. When vector is multiplied by negative number its direction Change by 1800
31. The resultant of two forces, each of magnitude 5N has resultant of 5N, 1200
the angle between the forces are
32. A force of 10N is acting along y-axis, its component along x-axis is Zero
33. In the self cross product, the angle is Zero degree
34. Two equal forces make an angle 180 0 with each other. The magnitude of Zero
their resultant is
35. the scalar product of two vectors A and B making an angle θ with each lAl lBl cosθ
other is given by
36. The scalar product of two vector is zero, when they are Perpendicular to each
other
37. If two vectors are parallel to each other, their resultant is Zero
38. 5N is Vector quantity
39. Area of parallelogram in which the two adjacent sides are A and B is given ABsinθ
by
40. The vector product is also called Cross product
CHAP# 3 Motion and force

S.NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS
41. When force is applied on body its mass remains Constant
42. Displacement-time graph is called Velocity


43. Displacement-time graph may be Negative
44. Distance-time graph can never be Negative
45. Slope or gradient of v-t graph is called Acceleration
46. Area under v-t graph is called Distance traveled
47. Free fall motion is 9.8 ms-2 or 32 ft s-2

48. Newton’s first law of motion is also known as Law of inertia
49. Newton’s second law of motion F=ma
50. Newton’s third law of motion FAB = -FBA

51. Linear momentum was called quantity of motion by Newton
52. The rate of change of momentum is equal to Force acting on body
53. The product of F and t is called impulse of force, represented by J
54. In an elastic collision both kinetic energy and momentum is Conserved
55. In an inelastic collision momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not Conserved
56. The type of collision in which before and after collision appear on singe Head-on collision
line
57. The relative speed of approach is equal to relative speed of separating for Bodies colliding
two elastically
58. Projectile motion is two dimensional under an action of Gravity
59. The vertical component of velocity in projectile in highest is Zero
60. The horizontal component of velocity of projectile remains Constant
61. In projectile motile motion the upward quantities are taken Positive
62. In projectile motile motion the downward quantities are taken Negative
63. Height of projectile Vi2 sin2θ/2g
64. Range of projectile Vi2sin2θ/g
65. Time of projectile 2Visin θ/g

66. If kinetic energy of body is increased by 300%, the increase in momentum 100%
is
67. The vertical velocity of projectile at its maximum height is zero
68. The velocity of projectile at its maximum height is minimum


69. Two equal, anti parallel and non concurrent forces that produce only Couple
angular acceleration are
70. The minimum number of equal forces that keep the body in equilibrium 2
are
71. The minimum number of unequal forces that keep the body in 2
equilibrium are
72. A ball of mass 5 kg is dropped from a height of 78.4m the time taken by 4 sec
the ball to hit the ground is
73. A ball is thrown from window of moving train, It hit the ground by Parabolic path
74. A man throws a ball vertically in accelerated train, he ball will fall in His hand
75. A jet drops a bomb when it is above the target but it miss it due to Horizontal component
of the velocity of
bomber
76. To jump long, a jumper should jump at 450

77. The range of projectile is the same for two angles which are mutually Complementary
78. The path of projectile is parabolic in shape and is called Trajectory
79. Everything in the vastness of space is in state of Rotatory motion
80. The change in position of body is called Displacement
81. Inertia of body is measured in terms of Mass
82. If velocity is increasing, the acceleration is Positive
83. When bullet is fired by the gun, the gun moves backward with velocity Less than bullet
84. The three equations of motion are useful for Linear motion
85. Newton’s laws are applicable in Inertial frames only
86. If two objects are moving with the same velocity, it’s difficult to stop the Massive of the two
87. Acceleration of bodies of different masses are The same
88. Rate of change of momentum is called Impulse
89. The product of force and duration of impact is called Impulse
90. A system in which no external agency exerts any force is called Isolated system
91. A collision in which both K.E and momentum is conserved is called Elastic collision
92. a collision in which momentum is conserved but K.E is not, is called Inelastic collision


93. The laws of motion show the relation between a and F
94. Inertial mass and gravitational mass are Identical
95. A frame of reference stationed on earth is called Inertial frame
96. The relation between range and maximum range R=R0sin2θ

97. Newtonian physics does not hold true in case of Atomic particles
98. The conservation of linear momentum holds true in case of Atomic physics
99. The ballistics missiles are used only for Short range
100. The collisions between atomic particles, nuclear particles and Truly elastic collision
fundamental particles are
101. A 5kg mass is falling freely, the force acting on, it will be Zero
102. Dimension of momentum is similar to that of Impulse
103. The vertical height and horizontal range will be equal, if angle of 760
projection is
104. If the line of action of force F passes through the origin. The torque is Zero
105. In rotational motion the analogue of force is Torque

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Chap No.11 ELECTROSTATICS

1. 1 e = 1.602 x 10-11 C
2. Charge is quantized → q=ne
3. Coulomb measure force between electric charges using an apparatusCalled torsion balance
4. The constant k depends upon units used andMedium between charges
5. For like charges the product q1q2 will be positive and force of repulsion will be F21
6. For unlike charges the product q1q2 will be negative and force of repulsion will be F12
7. F21 =-F12
8. The permittivity of material medium compared with vacuum permittivity is called
Relative permittivity or Dielectric constant
9. Fmed < Fvac

10. SI units of electric field intensity are NC-1 or Vm-1
11. The strength of electric field is proportional to the magnitude of Source charge
12. The direction of resultant intensity is Tangent to the field
13. At some points resultant intensity is zero which is called Neutral points
14. The fields such as ends of plates are called Fringing field
15. Field lines starting from charge are always Perpendicular to the surface
16. The electric field lines cannot pass through a Conductor
17. In inside a conductor, electic field is Zero
18. The concept of field theory was introduced by Michal Faraday
19. The existence of electric field can be proved by bringing a Test charge (qo)
20. A single vector quantity that contains information about field strength and direction is
Electric field intensity
21. Intensity of an electric field at any point is the force per unit Charge
22. Electric field strength is a Vector quantity
23. The SI unit of electric field intensity is N C-1 or V m1
24. Heart of photocopier is drum, made of aluminum and coated with Selenium
25. The strength of the electric field is proportional to the Magnitude of the source charge


26. The electric field in vicinity of charge is represented by imaginary lines called
Electric lines of force
27. The direction of electric field lines for positive charge is radially Outward
28. The direction of electric field lines for negative charge is radially inward
29. The resultant intensity is the sum of intensities due to positive and negative charge and their
direction is along the Tangent to the field
30. The points where resultant intensity are zero these points are called Neutral points
31. The field ate the end of plates which bulging out are Fringing field
32. Electric field lines of forces on metal are always Perpendicular to the metal surface
33. The electric field lines of force cannot pass through the Conductor
34. A photocopier is a machine that makes quickly and easily Copies of documents
35. In photocopier the aluminum cylinder coated with a layer of Selenium
36. Last, the paper and adhering toner pass through Heated pressure rollers
37. The dry copying process is based on electrostatics
38. Aluminum is an excellent electrical conductor while selenium is Photoconductor
39. Electrode of photocopier is called Corotron
40. Dark areas in the photocopier retain their Positive charge
41. Dry black colour powder in the photocopier is called Toner
42. To transfer the toner into, the paper is given the Positive charge
43. Laser printer works due the process called Xerography
44. In laser printer the drum is charged by Corona wire
45. The area which are not exposed to light make up the Printed image
46. In its operation the inkjet paper uses Electric charges
47. In inkjet printers, not to be inked area ,the charging control is Turned on
48. The electric field due to a charge sphere has Spherical symmetry
49. Number of lines of force that pass through area placed in electric field Electric flux (φ= EA
cos θ )
50. The unit of electric flux is N m2 C-1
51. If area is placed perpendicular to electric field, then electric flex is Maximum (cos θ
=1)
52. If area is placed parallel to electric field, then electric flex is Zero (cos 90=0)
53. Source of field lines is in the closed surface, so the electric flux is Positive
54. There is sink of field lines in the closed surface, so the electric flux is Negative
55. There is no field lines intercepting the surface, so the electric flux is Zero
56. The electric flux is positive if net numbers of electric field lines are Leaving the surface
57. The electric flux is negative if net numbers of electric field lines are Entering the closed
surface
58. If more field lines are entering than leaving the surface, then flux is Negative
59. If the numbers of field lines entering = number of field lines leaving The flux is zero
60. Net electric efflux through closed surface is equal to total charge (q) divided by permittivity
of free space ( ε0 ) Guass’s law statement
61. ( q/ε0 )


62. Over sphere the electric field intensity is Constant
63. q/ε0 , this equation does not depends upon the Shape or geometry of closed surface
64. The electric flux through any closed surface is 1/ε0 times of the Total charge enclosed in it
65. ΦE = q/ε0 , equation shows that electric flux does not depends upon
Shape/geometry ofclosed surface
66. Electric flux depends upon the medium and Charge enclosed by surface
67. ΦE = Q/ε0 or total electric flux=1/ε0 x (charge enclosed by closed surface) Gauss’s law
68. In conductor the electric field is zero due to Electrostatic equilibrium in conductor
69. On a conductor , flat or curved, all the charges are Repelled to the outer surface
70. If there is charge (q) inside hollow conductor, a charge appear on surface which is equal to
Charge(q) inside conductor
71. Airplane fly in storm but no one is injured because there is No electric field and no potential
difference inside a metal shell
72. The formula of surface charge density is σ = Q/A
73. Electric field intensity due to infinite sheet of charge E = σ/2 ε0
74. We assume infinite length of two oppositely charge plates to find electric field To avoid
fringing field at end
75. Electric field intensity between two oppositely charged parallel plates are E = σ/ ε0
76. The magnitude of electric field between two parallel plates are independent to Position
between plates
77. The work done by force in carrying the charge from one point to another against
electric field is called Potential energy (ΔU)
78. ΔU = W
79. V=W/q →V= ΔU /q (ΔU = W) ΔU =Vq
80. Potential difference is joule per coulomb which is termed as volt
81. If one joule of work is done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another is
called One volt potential
82. The formula for electric potential energy at distance r from Q is U = k Q q /r
83. The formula for electric potential at distance r from Q is V=W/q → V = k Q /r (for point
charge)
84. Every charge has electric field which theoretically expands up to Infinity
85. The closer the test charge to the charge +Q the higher will be the Electric potential
energy
86. The equation for electric field intensity is E= k Q/r2
87. The work done to move a test charge q from infinity to distant r from Q is W = k Q q/r
88. An equipotential line connects points in space where the potential of an Electric field
is same
89. Potential can be positive and negative and it is Scalar quantity
90. In an electric field, the force acting is equal to Charge times the field strength (F=qoE)
91. The strength of the field is equal to the Potential gradient
92. The rate of change of electric potential ( ΔV) with respect to displacement (Δr) is
known as V = -ΔV / Δr


93. The relationship between field strength and potential gradient is analogus to
Gravitational field
94. The electron volt is unit of Energy 1eV=1.602 x 10-19 J
95. Δ(K.E) = 1eV= qΔV
96. A device which is used for storing electrical charges is called Capacitor
97. The medium of capacitor is called Dielectric constant
98. The capacitors area commonly charged by connecting its plates for a while to Opposite
terminals of battery
99. In capacitor charging the battery transferred electrons from Positive to negative plate
100. Charge in capacitors remains after removing battery due to Mutual attraction of
plate
101. The capability of capacitor to store charge is called Capacitance
102. Q=CV →C=Q/V, here C is Capacitance of capacitor, the value of Capacitance of
capacitor depends upon the Plates area, distance between plates and
medium of capacitor
103. Ratio of magnitude of charge to potential difference produced between
plates Capacitance of capacitor
104. The SI unit of Capacitance is Farad (F)
105. Cvac = ε0 A/d and Cmed = ε0 εrA/d εr = Cmed /Cvac
106. εr is a dimensionless quantity which is always greater than Unity for dielectric
107. εr is independent of the Size and shape of dielectric
108. Ratio of capacitance of capacitor of given material ( Cmed ) to same capacitance of
capacitor ( Cvac ) when space is evacuated Relative permittivity ( εr )
109. Combination of capacitors
110. Series combination Parallel combination
111. V = V1 + V2 + V3 V = V1 = V2 = V3
112. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
113. 1/Ce = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 Ce = C1 + C2 + C3
114. The equivalent capacitance of a series combination is always Less than individual
capacitance
115. The equivalent capacitance of a parallel combination is always Larger than
individual capacitance
116. Insulating material with relative permittivity when inserted in charged
capacitor Electric polarization occur
117. When dielectric is polarized in capacitor conditions, the charges on dielectric faces
are called Induced charges
118. The electric field of free charge and induced charge are Opposite in direction
119. As electric field due to induced charges is opposite to the external electric
field so it Reduces the intensity of external field


120. When a non polar dielectric material is placed is an external field,
it gets Polarized
121. The system in which two charges of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
separated by the distance are present is termed as Dipole
122. Electric dipole (vector quantity) moment us represented by P ●P = |qd|
123. When capacitor is uncharged, the potential difference between the

plates is Zero
124. The average voltage on the capacitor during the charging process is V/2
125. Energy is being stored in the electric field between the plates rather
than the Potential energy of charge on plates
126. Energy stored in the capacitor U = ½ εr εo E2 x (Ad)
127. Energy density of charged capacitor is µ=U/Ad or U=1/2 εr εo E2
128. Charging of capacitor will stops the P.D between the capacitor plates Is
equal to emf of the battery
129. Maximum charge on capacitor = Capacitance x e.m.f of battery
130. Charging process of capacitor q=qo (1-e-t/RC ) ●e=2.182
131. The factor RC is called Time constant
132. The time taken to charge capacitor in a given circuit is determined by
the Time constant of the circuit
133. The bigger the capacitance, the longer it takes to charge
134. The larger the resistance, the smaller the current, which also Increase the charging
time
135. The time constant is the duration of time for the capacitor in which 63.2%
of its maximum value charge is deposited on plates
136. Charge left on either plate on capacitor is called q=qo e –t/RC
137. Smaller value of RC constant lead to a More rapid discharge an discharge
138. The magnitude of charge remaining on each plate is 36.7% if T=RC
●q=qo (0.367)
Electrostatics formulas
139. 1 e = 1.602 x 10-19 C
140. Q = ne
141. Coulomb’s Law; F = k
142. K=
143. K = 9.0 x 109 N m2 C-2
144. εo= 8.85 x 10-12C2N-1m-2
145. εr=
146. Fmed =


147. E= = =K
148. Ф = E A cosθ = Nm2C-1
149. Ф=
150. E due to sheet of charge; E =
151. E due to charge palates; E=
152. V= = Volt = Joule / Coulomb
153. Electric potential energy; U =

154. Electric potential; V = = =
155. Potential Gradient = E = -
156. 1 eV =1.602 x 10-19C x 1V → (1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19J)
157. C = = C V-1 = farad
158. Charge density; σ =
159. Cvac = = =
160. εr= Cmed/ Vvac

162. Capacitors In Series;
163. Q = Q1 = Q2 =Q3
164. V =V1 + V2 + V3
165. 1/Ce = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
166. Capacitors In Parallel;
167. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
168. V = V1 + V2 +V3,
169. Ce = C1 + C2 + C3
170. Electric dipole; P = q d
171. Energy = U = = (Ed)2
172. Energy density; E2

173. Maximum charge on capacitor = C x e.m.f
174. q/q0= 63.2 % →for charging
175. q/q0= 36.7 % →for discharging
-t/RC
176. q = q0 (1-e ) →for charging
177. q = q0 e-t/RC →for discharging

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1 Cell structure and function 2

7 Protists and fungi 25

8 Diversity among plants 30

9 Diversity among animals 35

10 Forms and functions and plants 49

16 Support and movements 90

18 Chemical coordination 105

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CHAPTER NO# 1st

S.No QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. Plasma membrane are 7nm wide and its structure is Dynamic

3. Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum Protein synthesis

4. Nucleus was discovered by Robert brown in 1838

from inside to outside

8. Growth movement of pollen tube towards the egg is Chemotropism

9. Size of ribosome in prokaryotic cell is 70S

10. Size of ribosome in eukaryotic cell is 80S

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12. In paper chromatography we use Water absorbed on papers

16. Cell wall of cells are held together by Middle lamella

18. The cisternae together with vesicles are called Golgi-complex

19. Lysosomes contain variety of enzymes called Hydrolases

Middle lamella 1µm

Primary wall 1–3µm

23. Carbohydrates attached to lipids are called Glycolipid

24. Carbohydrates attached to proteins are called Glycoprotein

25. Chronological developments towards fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane

1 Gorter & Grendel 1925 Two layers of lipids molecule only

3 Robertson 1959 Unit membrane model

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27. Circulation, syntheses, detoxification, mechanical support and ER functions

28. In cytoplasm, small ions and molecules form True solution

29. In cytoplasm, some large molecules form Colloidal solution

30. Active mass movement of cytoplasm is called Cyclosis

Chloroplast Green parts

Chromoplast Other than green parts

Leucoplast Colorless parts

33. Ribosome are synthesized in Nucleolus of the nucleus

34. The two sub units are attached by Mg + +

36. Stacks of flattened, membrane bounded sacs called Cisternae

37. Cisternae associated vesicles are called Golgi-complex

39. The food digestive enzyme of lysosoe are called Hydrolases

41. Metamorphosis in animals are example of Lysosomal activity

42. In animals peroxisomes are present in Liver and kidney

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Paramecium Few thousands

44. In leaves of plants, photorespiration occurs in Peroxisomes