CH# 12 Composed by Bilal Saeed

Formulas used in Ex# 12.2: Lecturer in Superior College Pasrur

α + β + γ = 1800
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
Pythagoras theorem: c2 = b2 + a2 Also sin α = cos α = tan α =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
Formulas used in Ex # 12.4:
When measure of one side and tow angles are given
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Law of sines: = =
sin α sinβ sinγ
Formulas used in Ex:12.5 :
When measure of two sides and their including angle is given
Law of cosines:
a  b  c2  2bccosb2  c2  a2  2ca cos c2  a2  b2  2abcos
2 2
b2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 2+ 𝑎2 −b2 2 +b2 −𝑐 2
cos
2bc
 cos  = 𝑐 2𝑐𝑎
cos =𝑎 2𝑎𝑏
Law of tangents:
𝛼−𝛽 𝛽−𝛾 𝛾−𝛼
𝑎−𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏−𝑐
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑐−𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 2
=
𝑎+𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼+β 𝑏+𝑐
= 𝛽+𝛾 𝑐+𝑎
== 𝛾+𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 2
Formulas used in Ex# 12.6
When measure of three sides are given
Half angle fomulas:
𝛼 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐) 𝛽 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑎) 𝛾 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)
Sine of the half angle sin =√ sin =√ sin =√
2 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑐𝑎 2 𝑎𝑏

𝛼 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝛽 √𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) 𝛾 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)

Cosine of Half angle cos 2 = √ 𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
= cos 2 = √
𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝛼 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐) 𝛽 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑎) 𝛾 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)
Tangent of Half angle tan = √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =√ tan2 = √
2 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 2 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
Formulas used in Ex#12.7:
1
when two sides and there included angle is given:  bc sin α 
2
=12ac sin 𝛽 1
 = ab sin 𝛾
2

𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 𝑐 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

when one side and two angles are given:    
2𝑠𝑖𝑛α 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾
when only three sides are given:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Hero’s formula  √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) where s =
2
Formulas used in 12.8:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
For Circum-Circle: R= = = also R = where R is circum-radius
2sin α 2sinβ 2sinγ 4Δ
Δ
For In-Circle: r= where r is in-radius
s
Δ Δ Δ
For Escribed-Circle: r 1= r2 = r3 =
s−a s−b s−c