Anda di halaman 1dari 21

!

# + + """ + = + # + + """ + $ "

% &

= = =

) ( = ) ( × ) (− = '" − = Ω *+
) ( = ) ( × ) (− = "' − = *,

. ! / 0 *
12 3 4"

∀ ∈[ 5 ] = "+ = = "
= =

+ = = =
= =
. - 1 ! 4 / 3
"

∀ ∈[ 5 ] = " 1 - = =
= =

+ = = =
= =

6 $

=
=* +

=
+

7 $

=
=* +

=
+

% 0

% 0 = " 1 0 0 $ "

[ ] = [ ][ ] = 9" = 8 *8 2"
[]
% 0 = + *
. 0 0 "
$ * + * !
+ "
* + − *
* + = * + × ⇔ * + = * + × ⇔ = = :
$ "
&
= = ⇔ = *
. "
[ ] = [ ][ ] = 9 − = ; *; "
[]

<

= × =* × =
= × = ×* =

= 1
- ! $
"> 1 ? * "
δ = * <

@ 0 0

*
% 0 = × = = " * =

+ = " = ⇔ = =δ "
1 @ 0 0 1
"A ># <# "

6
6 @

*
= × = × = "

+ = " = ⇔ = =δ "
1 @
1 "A ># <# "

,
,

1 40 "

* "

1 $ 1
"
B * "

% ,

7
& > $

= −

& D

= − = − $ = =

"

= =#
1 $ # = + #
"

- > $

= ε − :ε = / B "
=

= *ε − "
= =

"

C
-

& - D

= = =

. 3
= − + *− − + """ + − = *ε − "
= =
-
B B
"

* =# <#
* = ≥#
&

<# " =#
≥# " =

* =# <#
* = ≥#

E
&

<# $ " =#
≥# " =

6 ; 8 $2

* =# <#
* = ≥#
* = × * * = × *

8 - * 0

G+ =# : ∈ H
1 *∀ ∈

G* + × * =# ⇔∃ ∈ ∀ ∈ * = *1 0
$

$ 0

G+ = # ∈ H : # ∈ #
*! "
1 ! ∀ ∈!
G* + × * = #* " + 1 I -
#" 1 ! ∀ ∈!
G* − # G* + × * − × #* = # * − # * =# !

* G− # G * + × * − # * =# ⇔∃ ∈ ∀ ∈ * = # * +
* − # G+ = #

6 , 0

# 4 *J J"
, ] # [ # * = * = + −
"

, ] [ # * = * = + −
"

F
+ 1
"
− −
* = −
* = +
−>

+ −
* = +
* = +
−>

− + − −
= ⇔ * = * ⇔ + = +

+ $ "

% -

G G+ G+" = # :* " ∈ H× × "


+ 0 $ "
1 4 α α
=α +α * : 4 -
#* =
# 1 ∀ ∈ $ + +" =#
⇔ + + " = #" 1 "

∆ > #"

− ± ∆
= "

→ → 1 "
* "
1
∃α α ∈ ∀ ∈ * =α * +α * =α +α "

∆ = #"


0 = "

→ 1 "
→ 1 " *' L
4 " 1
∃α α ∈ =α +α

∃α α ∈ ∀ ∈ * = *α + α "

K
6 ∆ < #"

− ± ∆
4 =
− −∆ − − −∆
→ × → × 4
1 " 1
∃α α ∈ =α +α
−∆ − −∆ −

∃α α ∈ ∀ ∈ * = *α +α 1: ∀ ∈

−∆ −∆
* = *α + α * + *α − α * "

α =α " + -
"+

−∆ −∆
∃ ∈ ∀ ∈ * = * + * "

−∆ −∆ −∆ −∆
* + * = N+ N * + *
N+ N N+ N

+ β = β = " β N+β N=
N+ N N+ N
−∆ −∆ −∆ −∆
* + * = N+ N ϕ * − ϕ *

$ ϕ ∈ [#5 π [ ϕ=β ϕ = −β "


−∆ −∆ −∆
* + * = N+ N * +ϕ "
1

−∆
∃* ϕ ∈ +
× [#5 π [ ∀ ∈ * = * +ϕ "

$ 0
O/ 1 $
- # 1 J J
- # 1 - "
# 1 $ 0 ?,
- # P, - *# − # "

M
!

1 -
* − − = #
* = + " $ 0 "

% & !

# <#
* = × %* =
≥#

H
& −


+ =#⇔ + = #" * = × ∈


, ≠# × = ±∞ 0 2 "
−∞
=#" * =#

H
& +


= + ⇔ + = " * = + × ∈
. $ 0 0 "
*# − = * # + ⇔ + =#⇔ =−

# ≤#
* = −

≥#

# ≤#
= × = −

≥#

# <#
= = −
>#

#
τ=

=
=# +

τ= 4 "

+ Q
<# =#
>> τ ≈
# < < 6τ

=τ *τ = * − = E6R ×

= 6τ *6τ = MCR ×
τ "

& 0

<#
= * = × %*− =
# ≥#
H
& −


= + ⇔ + = " * = + × ∈

/ =#" * =

H
& +


+ =#⇔ + = #" * = × ∈

*# − = * # + ⇔ =

≤#
* =
− Sτ
≥#
≤#
= × = − Sτ
≥#
# <#
= = − Sτ
− >#

≥#

− Sτ
< = =
=# = +∞ <
+∞ +∞
−τ − Sτ
= * = = *− × *# − =
# #

= − × *# = *# − *+∞
* +∞
*#

.1 @ ! =# 0 0 <
"

' ! 1

≥#
− Sτ
=−
− Sτ
=
− Sτ
=
(− )
& 0 − Sτ
=
* & >> τ $ 4 "
. 1 >

+ < <
<# 1 *# 1 "
− =# = *.

= + × = *& 0 <#

≥# 1 * " =− *
0 "

1 -
× + × + =#

* +
⇔ + × =#
+

⇔ = × ∈
. 0 0 "
*# − = *# + ⇔ = − *# + " =−

6
!

* = + = × + =

* = +

*
+ =

% & !

= * = × %*

, <#
− S − Sτ
+ =#⇔ * = × = × ∈
/ =# * =#
. ! $ 1
B "

, >#
− Sτ
+ = ⇔ * = + × ∈
+ =# =−

* =# ≤#

* = * − − ≥#
# ≤#
= =
* − − Sτ ≥#
# <#
= = − Sτ
>#
τ 4 2- "

7
& 0

* = × *

<#
− Sτ
+ = ⇔ * = + × ∈
τ
* =
>#
− Sτ − Sτ
+ =#⇔ * = × = ×
τ
* = ≤#
− Sτ
* = ≥#
≤#
= − Sτ
≥#
# <#
= − Sτ
− >#

># * ≠#

+ =#⇔ + =#⇔ + =#⇔ =−

+
+∞ +∞ +∞
*#
= − = − =
# # #
.1 @ ! =# 0
1 < "

' ! 1

≥#
− Sτ
= * −
= − Sτ
− Sτ
=
& 0 − Sτ
=−

C
!
&

+ *# = # 5 *# = #
1 -
+ + =#

⇔ + + =#

+ =

1 $ + + =# + + =#
+ - "
+
= λ *λ G

ω# = *

.1 $
ω#
+ λ + ω# = # = λ *

ω#
+ + ω# = #

[λ ] = −
5 [ω # ] = −
5 [ ]=
& 1
.1 1 ' + λ' + ω # = #
∆ = 7λ − 7ω # = 7*λ − ω #

∆ > #* λ > ω# <

− λ± ∆
+ 4 ' = = −λ ± λ − ω # < #
. 1 1
* − λ + λ −ω# * − λ − λ −ω#
* = '
+ '
= +
+ "

E
4 # ≠#5 # =#

* = = ' '
+ ' '

$ 0 0 *# + = # ⇔ ' + ' =#
+
*# = # ⇔ + = #

'
= #

' −'
− #'
=
' −'
0

' ' ≈ −λ
. Sλ

-
∆ = #* λ = ω# =
− λ
+ 0 ' = = −λ = −ω #
.
− λ×
* =* + "
# ≠#5 # =#
−λ × −λ × −λ ×
* = = −* + λ = * −λ + −λ

−λ =# = # λ = # = #

* = # *λ + − λ×
" * = − #λ × − λ×

. : ∆ > #"
. $ Sλ * 0 "

6- ∆ < #* λ < ω# >

∆ = 7λ − 7ω # = 7*λ − ω # < # " + ω = ω# − λ * B


∆ = −7ω " ' = −λ ± ω ×
, *
− λ× ω× − ω×
* =α '
+β '
= *α +β
−λ ×
= * ω" + ω"
= −λ ×
*ω" + ϕ * $ = +

F
+
* = −λ − λ×
* ω" + ω" + * − ω ω" + ω ω" − λ×

= −λ ×
( ω " × * −λ + ω + ω" × *− λ − ω )
+ "
# ≠#5 # =#

− λ+ ω=# = #
λ
= # = #
ω

λ
* = −λ×
* ω" + ω"
ω
#

ω
ϕ=
ω +λ −λ × ω +λ
= *ω" + ϕ :
ω
#
λ
− ϕ=
#*
ω +λ
−λ× λ
* =− * +ω ω"
ω
#

#*

&

−ϕ π
* = #* ⇔ *ω" + ϕ = ⇔ ω" + ϕ = # [ π ] ⇔ = + ∈
ω ω
&

λ − λ * +& − λ ×&
* +& = + × *ω * + & + ϕ = *
ω
#

λ − λ * +& − λ ×&
* +& = − #* +ω × *ω * + & + ϕ = *
ω

K
+ δ = λ ×& *
&
δ = λ ×& = =
Sλ 4

δ ⇔ G !
⇔ G 0
δ ⇔ G !
⇔ G

& 1
ω#
+ >> λ= << ω # " ω = ω# − λ ≈ ω#

π π ω# π π
δ = λ ×& = λ =λ = × = <<
ω ω# ω#
+ 1 0 "

% & !

* = + + = + +

*
⇔ + + =

*
+ λ + ω# =

& H
− * =#

+ λ + ω# = # * =# * =# *

& H
+ * =

+ λ + ω# =
* = , + ,T8
* = +J λ ω# J

M
* = + −λ"
* ω" + ω" $ ω = ω# − λ
* * *# + = #
λ − λ
+ =# =− = = * $
ω ω
−λ " λ
* = − * ω" + ω"
ω
* =
→ +∞

U Sλ >> S λ

* = + +

× * = + +
, = < + % 0 +

0 * =#

+ + =#

⇔ + =− <#

* $ # $ Sλ

1 1
− λ "&
* +& = *
− λ "&
* +& = *

* +& = ×( * +& ) +
( * +& ) = * − λ "&

#
$ 1 1
* − * +& − λ "&
(= = −
*

0 * >>
π
δ= <<

$ $ =
≈ +
π
− λ "&
≈ − λ"& " ( ≈ λ "& =

( 1 $ "
>> 0
π
≈ * (≈ 1 $

1 $ 0 >>

Anda mungkin juga menyukai