concrete- mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates

admixtures- added to concrete to change characteristics

reinforced concrete- combination of concrete and steel
joseph aspden- english bricklayer, portland cement
joseph monier- frenchman, invented RC, basins/tubs/reservoirs
joseph lambot- frenchman, concrete boat

design methods
WorkingStressDesign or alternate stress design, straight-line
UltimateStrengthDesign or strength design

concrete
fc=allowable comp stress of conc= 0.45fc'
fc'=specified comp strength of conc @28 days curing=21, 25, 28 MPa
γconc=unit wt of concrete=23.54Kn/m³
Ec=modulus of elasticity of concrete = 4,700 √fc' Mpa

steel
fs=actual tensile stress of steel (MPa)
fy=yield stress of steel=275, 345, 415 MPa
γsteel=unit weight of steel= 77.01Kn/m³
Es=modulus of elasticity of steel=200,000 MPa

Bar No - Diameter
2 - 6mm -1/4"
3 - 10mm - 3/8"
4 - 12mm - 1/2"
5 - 16mm - 5/8"
6 - 20mm - 3/4"
8 - 25mm - 1"
9 - 28mm - 1 1/8"
10 - 32mm - 1 1/4"
11 - 36mm - 1 3/8"

Types of Problems
Design - given the load
Investigation - given the size

criteria for design

safety, economy, aesthetics

types of design
overreinforced - crushing of concrete
underreinforced - yielding of steel
balanced design

Resisting Moment:
Steel
MuR= ɸAsfs (d-a/2) for investigation

concrete
MuR=ɸρfybd² [1-0.59ρ(fy/fc')] for design

ACI/NSCP specs:
ρmin < ρact < ρmax

ρmin = 1.4/fy

ρact = As/bd or nbAb/bd

ρmax = .75ρb

ρb = .85 β1 fc' . [600]

fy 600+fy
β1 = 0.85 - 0.008 (fc'-30}
0.65 < β1 < 0.85
if fc' < 30Mpa, β1 = 0.85

Hooke's Law: fs = ϵsEs

Spacing between bars

ACI/NSCP specs:
Sb>1db
Sb>25mm
Sb>1 1/3 max size of coarse aggregate

Ab = area of one bar (mm²) = πdb²/4

As = total area of steel (mm²) = nbAb
a = depth of the rectangular stress block (mm)
b = width of beam (mm)
C = compressive force on concrete (KN)
c = distance from NA to outermost compression fiber of concrete (mm)
d = effective depth of beam (mm) = h-cover
E = modulus of elasticity (MPa)
ϵ = strain of steel (mm/mm)
ϵu = ultimate strain if steel = 0.003
h = total depth of beam (mm)
Mu = ultimate resisting or applied moment (KNm)
nb = number of bars (pcs)
ρ = steel ratio = As/bd
T = tensile force in steel (KN)
ɸ = capacity reduction factor = 0.90 for bending

modes of failure in beams

bending/flexure, shear, deflection

maximum moments and deflections:

simply supported beam

distributed load
M=wL²/8
y = 5w(L^4) / 384EI
concentrated load at middle
M = PL/4
y = P(L^3) / 48EI
Fully restrained beam
distributed load
M=wL²/12
y=w(L^4) / 384EI
concentrated load at middle
M=PL/8
y = P(L^3) / 192EI
Cantilever Beam
distributed load
M=wL²/2
y=w(L^4) / 8EI
concentrated load at free end
M=PL
y=P(L^3) / 3EI

Factored Load Combination (ACI/NSCP Specs)

1. D+L U=1.4D+1.7L
2. D+L+W U=0.75(1.4D+1.7L+1.7W)
U=0.9D+1.3W
3.D+L+E U=1.3D+1.1L+1.1E
 U=0.9D+1.1E
4.D+L+H U=1.4D+1.7L+1.7H

Except that where D reduces the effect of H,

0.90D shall be substituted for 1.4D and zero value shall
be used to determine the greatest required strength U.

5.D+L+T U=0.75(1.4D+1.7L+1.4T)
U=1.4(D+T)

In no case shall be U less than U=1.4D+1.7L

D = dead load
L = live load
E= earthquake load
W = wind load
T = settlement creep, shrinkage, temperature change effects
H = earth pressure

Strength or capacity reduction factor ɸ (ACI/NSCP Specs)

--flexure without axial load - 0.90
--axial tension and axial tension w/ flexure - 0.90
--axial compression and axial compression w/ flexure:
members w/ spiral reinforcement - 0.75
other reinforced members - 0.70

*for members in which fy< 415MPa, with symmetric

reinforcement, and with (h-d'-ds)/h > 0.70, ɸ shall
be permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as ɸPn
decreases from 0.10 fc' Ag to zero..
*for other reinforced members, ɸ shall be permitted
to be increased linearly to 0.90 as ɸ Pn decreases
from 0.10 fc' Ag or ɸ Pb, whichever is smaller, to zero.

--shear and torsion - 0.85

--bearing on concrete (except for post-tensioning and
anchorage zones) - 0.70
--flexure, compression, shear and bearing of structural
plain concrete - 0.65