Bab 10 Fisika Inti Dan Radioaktivitas PDF

Bab
10
Sumber: Energy: Technology and Development, 1995
Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang
suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi.
Fisika Inti dan

Radioaktivitas
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan
kehidupan sehari-hari.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
• menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas;

• mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia.
&?IJH?A C;HKF7A7D I;IK7JK N7D= I7D=7J F;DJ?D= :7B7C A;>?:KF7D A. Inti Atom
CE:;HD I;A7H7D= ?D? "7CF?H I;BKHK> 7AJ?L?J7I C7DKI?7 C;C8KJK>A7D
;D;H=? B?IJH?A &?IJH?A :?FHE:KAI? :7H? F;C87D=A?JF;C87D=A?J J;D7=7 B. Radioaktivitas
B?IJH?A ?#D:ED;I?7F;C87D=A?JB?IJH?A87DN7AN7D=8;H87>7D87A7HIEB7H C. Reaksi Inti
M7B7KFKD 7:7 I;87=?7D A;9?B N7D= C;C7D<77JA7D 7?H I;87=7? F;D==;H7A
JKH8?D *;HC7I7B7>7D N7D= J?C8KB 7:7B7> IEB7H J;HC7IKA IKC8;H :7N7 D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom
7B7CN7D=J?:7A:7F7J:?F;H87>7HK?I;>?D==7IK7JKI77JF7IJ?7A7D>78?I Nuklir, dan
$?A7 >7B ?D? J;H@7:? D;=7H7 A?J7 7A7D 8;H7:7 :7B7C AH?I?I ;D;H=? Radioisotop
-7B7> I7JK IEBKI? N7D= :?J7M7HA7D 7:7B7> C;C87D=KD *&.(
*;C87D=A?J &?IJH?A .;D7=7 (KAB?H F7A7> D:7 J7>K 87=7?C7D7
97H7DN7 KH7D?KC 7J7K FBKJED?KC :?K87> C;D@7:? ;D;H=? B?IJH?A %;D:7B7
N7D= :?>7:7F? 7:7B7> C7I?> 87DN7A F?>7A N7D= C;D;DJ7D= A;8;H7:77D
*&.( F7A7> D:7 J7>K 7B7I7D C;H;A7 *7:7 878 ?D? D:7 7A7D
C;CF;B7@7H? J;DJ7D= ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H?AKJ H;7AI?H;7AI? N7D= J;H@7:? :?
:7B7CDN7:7CF7AFEI?J?<:7D:7CF7AD;=7J?<F;D=;C87D=7D;D;H=?DKAB?H
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 257
DIUNDUH DARI: WWW.BUKUPAKET.COM

Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
Tes Kompetensi Awal
"+(+2;33+36+2'0'8/1549+6/9/1'4:/*'4!'*/5'1:/</:'91+80'1'42'.95'295'2(+8/1;:*'2'3(;1;2':/.'4
F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DDECEH7JEC:7DDECEH F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DF;BKHK>7D
C7II7 F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DH;7AI?<KI?:7DH;7AI?<?I?
F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7D?IEJEF?IE87H:7D?IEJED F78;:7DN7H;7AI?DKAB?H:7DH;7AI?A?C?7
;H?A7D9EDJE>?IEJEF
A. Inti Atom
-;F;HJ? N7D= IK:7> D:7 F;B7@7H? F7:7 78 7JEC J;H:?H? 7J7I
F7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B;B;C;DJ;HN7?JK?DJ?7JEC:7D;B;AJHED #DJ?7JECJ;H:?H?
7J7I FHEJED :7D D;KJHED *7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B ;B;C;DJ;H ?D? C;C?B?A? C7II7
N7D= I7D=7J A;9?B I;>?D==7 I7JK7D N7D= :?=KD7A7D 8KA7DB7> A?BE=H7C
7J7K =H7C C;B7?DA7D I7JK7D C7II7 7JEC N7D= :?:;<?D?I?A7D I;87=7?
I;F;H:K78;B7I A7B? C7II7 I7JK 7JEC

IC7 QC7II7I7JK7JEC
IC7QP A=
IC7';0
;H:7I7HA7D CE:;B 7JEC E>H 7JEC J;H:?H? 7J7I ?DJ? 7JEC N7D=
8;HCK7J7DFEI?J?<:7D;B;AJHEDN7D=8;HCK7J7DD;=7J?< B;AJHED8;H=;H7A
8;HFKJ7H C;D=;B?B?D=? ?DJ? /DJKA C;D=;J7>K? I?<7JI?<7J IK7JK ?DJ?
:?F;HBKA7D F;D=;J7>K7D J;DJ7D= C7II7 IK7JK 7JEC N7D= :7F7J :?KAKH
:;D=7D IF;AJHEC;J;H C7II7
1. Hipotesis Proton Elektron

'7II7IK7JK7JEC8KA7DB7>C;HKF7A7DC7II7?DJ?N7D=J;HB?>7JDN7J7
C;B7?DA7D C7II7 7JEC D;JH7B '7II7 IK7JK 7JEC @K=7 C;D97AKF C7II7
;B;AJHEDN7D=8;H=;H7AC;D=;B?B?D=??DJ? )B;>A7H;D7I7JK7DC7II7A?BE=H7C
J;HB7BK 8;I7H KDJKA KAKH7D C7II7 IK7JK 7JEC I;97H7 AEDL;DI?ED7B
:?J;J7FA7DI7JK7DC7II77JEC*&$ $))+% *7CK 7CKIC7
QP A= 7H?F;D=KAKH7DJ;H>7:7FC7II7IK7JK7JECJ;HDN7J7
J?:7A I;CK7 KDIKH C;C?B?A? C7II7 N7D= I7C7 M7BKFKD @;D?IDN7 I7C7
/DIKHKDIKH?D?B7>N7D=:?I;8KJ )&*&' -7B7>I7JK9EDJE>?IEJEFN7D=F7B?D=
I;:;H>7D7 7:7B7> >?:HE=;D '7II7 7JEC >?:HE=;D 7:7B7> 8;HJKHKJJKHKJ
IC7 IC7:7DIC7N7D=I;97H78;HKHKJ7D:?8;H?
D7C7 (&% +*( +$ :7D *( * +$ #DJ? JH?J?KC :?I;8KJ JH?JED ?DJ?
:;KJ;H?KC :?I;8KJ :;KJHED I;:7D=A7D ?IEJEF N7D= F7B?D= H?D=7D :?I;8KJ
FHEJEDN7D=C;C?B?A?C7II77JEC IC7
$?A7 :?B?>7J ?DJ? 7JEC >7H=7DN7 I;B7BK C;D:;A7J? A;B?F7J7D 8?B7D=7D
8KB7J:7H?C7II77JEC>?:HE=;DN7AD? IC7 7H?9EDJE>J;HI;8KJ
7JEC :;KJH?KC C;C?B?A? C7II7 A?H7A?H7 A7B? C7II7 FHEJED ?DJ?
>?:HE=;D I;:7D=A7D C7II7 JH?J?KC A?H7A?H7 A7B? C7II7 FHEJED
%;DN7J77D?D?F7:7CKB7DN7C;B7>?HA7DIK7JK7D==7F7D87>M7?DJ?7JEC
J;H:?H? :7H? I;@KCB7> 7JEC >?:HE=;D N7D= I7B?D= C;D=?A7J
A7D J;J7F? :7H? F;D;B?J?7D B;8?> B7D@KJ J;HDN7J7 87>M7 C7II7 ?DJ?
I;B7BK B;8?> 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 C7II7 7JEC >?:HE=;D -;87=7? 9EDJE> 7JEC
I;D=DECEH7JECDN7D7CKDI;CK7?IEJEFDN78;HC7II7B;8?>:7H?:K7
A7B? 7JEC >?:HE=;D %;DN7J77D ?D? C;DN;878A7D J?C8KBDN7 IK7JK
:K=77D 87>M7 ;B;AJHED CKD=A?D :7F7J 8;H7:7 :? :7B7C ?DJ? :7D
258 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

C;D;JH7BA7D 8;8;H7F7 8K7> FHEJED #D?B7> N7D= :?I;8KJ :;D=7D '&*) ) Informasi
'(&*&%#"*(&% "?FEJ;I?I ?D? @K=7 :?:KAKD= EB;> IK7JK A;DN7J77D 87>M7 untuk Anda
I?D7H 8;J7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> IK7JK ?DJ? 7:7B7> F7HJ?A;B N7D= C7II7
:7D CK7J7DDN7 I7C7 :;D=7D ;B;AJHED Eksperimen Rutherford menyatakan
bahwa inti atom memiliki diameter
2. Hipotesis Proton-Neutron sekitar 10–15 sampai 10–14 m. Dari
teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis
*7:7:K7EH7D=7>B? ?I?A7:7H?$;HC7D8;HD7C7&5:.+:7D Einstein tentang gerak Browman,
+)1+8 C;D;CKA7D IK7JK =;@7B7 N7D= C;D@7:? J?J?A J;H7D= :7B7C diameter atom memiliki ukuran
C;D=KD=A7FA7D H7>7I?7 ?DJ? 7JEC ';B7BK? F;H9E877DDN7 A;:K7 7>B? ?D? sekitar 10–10 m. Itu artinya elektron
akan terlihat berjarak sekitar 10.000
C;D;C87A? A;F?D= 8;H?B?KC :;D=7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7 N7D= :?F;HEB;> :7H? sampai 100.000 kali lipat ukuran inti
I7CF;BFEBED?KC *;D;C87A7D?D?J;HDN7J7C;D=>7I?BA7DF7D97H7DH7:?7I? diukur dari inti atom tersebut (jika
N7D= :7F7J C;D;C8KI 87>7D87>7D :;D=7D CK:7> A7H;D7 H7:?7I? J?:7A inti diibaratkan bola baseball, atom
8;HCK7J7D 5:.+ :7D +)1+8 C;D=7D==7F H7:?7I? ?D? 8;HKF7 I?D7H akan memiliki diameter seukuran
kota yang berdiameter beberapa
=7CC7 (7CKDJ;H:7F7JF;H8;:77D7DJ7H7:7N7J;C8KII?D7H?D?:;D=7D kilometer). Jadi, sebuah atom
:7N7 J;C8KI I?D7H =7CC7 sebagian besar berupa ruang
*7:7 '3+9 .'*=/)1 P C;D=KIKBA7D IK7JK kosong.
>?FEJ;I?I J;DJ7D= IJHKAJKH ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H:7I7HA7D F7:7 >7I?B F;H9E877D

Information for You
&5:.+:7D+)1+8 ';DKHKJ.'*=/)1H7:?7I?N7D=:?F7D97HA7D
EB;>A;F?D=8;H?B?KC7:7B7>IK7JKF7HJ?A;BN7D=J?:7A8;HCK7J7DD;JH7B Rutherford’s experiments suggested
N7D= :?D7C7A7D D;KJHED I;HJ7 C7CFK C;D;C8KI 87>7D87>7D :;D=7D that the nucleus must have a radius
of about 10–5 to 10–14 m. From kinetic
CK:7> (;KJHED C;C?B?A? C7II7 N7D= >7CF?H I7C7 :;D=7D FHEJED :7D theory, and especially Einstein’s
C;C;HBKA7D;D;H=?I;8;I7H';0KDJKA:7F7JC;D=;BK7HA7DD;KJHED analysis of Browman movement, the
:7H? A;F?D= 8;H?B?KC -?D7H =7CC7 C;C;HBKA7D ;D;H=? I;8;I7H ';0 radius of atoms was estimated to be
about 10–10 m. Thus the electrons
KDJKA C;D?C8KBA7D ;<;A N7D= I7C7 :;D=7D D;KJHED would seem to be at a distance from
"7I?B ;AIF;H?C;D C;DKD@KAA7D 87>M7 D;KJHED 8KA7DB7> F7HJ?A;B the nucleus of about 10,000 to 100,000
N7D=IJ78?B@?A78;H7:7:?BK7H?DJ?7JEC (;KJHEDC;BKHK>I;97H7H7:?E7AJ?< times the radius of the nucleus itself
(if the nucleus were the size of a
C;D@7:? FHEJED ;B;AJHED :7D ?DJ? D;KJHED :;D=7D KCKH H7J7H7J7 baseball, the atom would have the
C;D?J "7I?B F;H9E877D C;DKD@KAA7D C7II7 D;KJHED I;8;I7H diameter of a big city several
IC7 7J7K I7C7 :;D=7D Q P A= *HEJED :7D D;KJHED 7A>?HDN7 kilometers across). So an atom would
:?J;H?C7 I;87=7? F7HJ?A;B :7I7H N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC %;:K7DN7 be mostly empty space.
:?I;8KJ DKAB;ED
3. Partikel Penyusun Inti

$KCB7>DKAB;EDN7D=J;H:7F7J:?:7B7C?DJ?IK7JK7JEC:?B7C87D=A7D
:;D=7D :7D :?D7C7A7D DECEH C7II7 :7FKD @KCB7> FHEJED
:?B7C87D=A7D N7D= 8;H7HJ? DECEH 7JEC $7:? I;8K7> ?DJ? 7JEC :7F7J
:?B7C87D=A7D I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ

2 P
%;J;H7D=7D
DECEHC7II7@KCB7>D;KJHED:7DFHEJED
2 B7C87D= KDIKH
DECEH7JEC
@KCB7> D;KJHED 1
Contoh 10.1
.;DJKA7D@KCB7>FHEJEDD;KJHED:7DDECEHC7II7:7H?7JEC

'='(
?A;J7>K?JEC8EHEDJ;H:?H?:7H?FHEJEDDECEH7JEC:7D DECEHC7II7
$7:?@KCB7>D;KJHEDDN7 PD;KJHED

*7:7 I;8K7> 7JEC D;JH7B @KCB7> ;B;AJHED;B;AJHED N7D= C;D=EH8?J
:? I;A;B?B?D= ?DJ? 7JEC I7C7 :;D=7D @KCB7> DECEH C7II7 )B;> A7H;D7
?JKCK7J7DF7:7;B;AJHEDI7C7J;J7F?8;HB7M7D7DJ7D:7:;D=7DCK7J7D
I;8K7> FHEJED -?<7JI?<7J KJ7C7 IK7JK 7JEC :?J;DJKA7D EB;> @KCB7>
hidrogen
deuterium tritium ;B;AJHEDDN7 $7:? C;D;DJKA7D @;D?I 7JECDN7 #D:;AI N7D= :?87=?7D
biasa
87M7> A7:7D=A7:7D= J?:7A :?JKB?I I;>?D==7 ?DJ? :?JKB?I (
(KAB?:7 :7F7J :?AB7I?<?A7I?A7D 8;H:7I7HA7D A;IJ78?B7D :7D
A;F7:7J7DDN7 :? 7B7C I;HJ7 8;H:7I7HA7D A;I7C77D :7D
proton ;H:7I7HA7D A;IJ78?B7DDN7 DKAB?:7 J;H87=? C;D@7:? DKAB?:7 IJ78?B :7D
neutron H7:?EDKAB?:7
elektron 7 (KAB?:7 IJ78?B N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? :7D J;J7F 9EDJE>

Gambar 10.1

Isotop hidrogen 8 ,7:?EDKAB?:7 N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? :7D N7D= :7F7J
8;HK87> (KAB?:7?D?J?:7AIJ78?B:7DI;97H7IFEDJ7DC;BKHK>C;D@7:?
DKAB?:7 B7?D ,7:?EDKAB?:7 J;H:?H? 7J7I H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC FH?C;H
Nomor neutron (N) H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC I;AKD:;H H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC J;HI?;H :7D
140 H7:?EDKAB?H
130
120
;H:7I7HA7D@KCB7>:7DDKAB?:7:7F7J:?=EBED=A7DC;D@7:?
?IEJEF?IEJED?IE87H:7D?IEC;H
100 7 #IEJEF N7?JK @KCB7> DKAB?:7DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? I7C7 J;J7F?
90
Z=N 8;H8;:7 9EDJE>DN7

80
70
8 #IEJEDN7?JKDKAB?:7N7D=C;C?B?A?@KCB7>D;KJHEDI7C7J;J7F?DECEH
60 C7II7 8;H8;:7 9EDJE>DN7
(
50 9 #IE87HN7?JKDKAB?:7DKAB?:7N7D=C;C?B?A?I7C7J;J7F?8;H8;:7
40 (KAB?:7 ?D? KCKCDN7 C;HKF7A7D DKAB?:7DKAB?:7 9;HC?D
30
20
: #IEC;H ?DJ? N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? :7D I7C7 I;HJ7 I?<7J
10 A?C?7 N7D= I7C7 J;J7F? J?D=A7J ;D;H=?DN7 8;H8;:7 EDJE> -
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
C;C?B?A? J?=7 ?IEC;H N7?JK
-8 C -8 C -8
Nomor proton (Z) *;H>7J?A7D '3('8 /DJKA 7JEC >?:HE=;D 8?7I7 :?JKB?I "
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983 ?I?D?DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7I7C7A7H;D7J?:7AJ;H:7F7JD;KJHED
Gambar 10.2 #DJ? 7JEC N7D= J;H:?H? 7J7I FHEJED :7D D;KJHED :7F7J C;D;H7D=A7D
Diagram kestabilan inti (N-Z) A;7:77D ?IEJEF
4. Stabilitas Inti
-J78?B?J7I ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H=7DJKD= A;F7:7 @KCB7> FHEJED :7D @KCB7>
D;KJHED '3('8
C;CF;HB?>7JA7D>K8KD=7D7DJ7H7@KCB7>D;KJHED
PJ;H>7:7F@KCB7>FHEJEDKDJKAI;CK7DKAB?:7?DJ?7JEC8;I;HJ7
?IEJEFDN7 87?A KDJKA ?DJ? IJ78?B C7KFKD ?DJ? J7A IJ78?B :;D=7D

F;H87D:?D=7D
/DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= IJ78?B 8;HB7AK >7B>7B 8;H?AKJ
7 #DJ??DJ?7JECN7D=F7B?D=H?D=7DC;C?B?A?@KCB7>FHEJED:7DD;KJHED
N7D= >7CF?H I7C7
8 #DJ?7JECN7D=B;8?>8;H7JC;C;HBKA7DB;8?>87DN7AD;KJHED:7H?F7:7
FHEJED #DJ? 7JEC N7D= F7B?D= 8;H7J C;C?B?A? @KCB7> D;KJHED I;A?J7H
7J7K B;8?> 87DN7A
9 %;87DN7A7D :7H? ?DJ? 7JEC ?JK C;C?B?A? @KCB7> FHEJED :7D D;KJHED
8;HKF7 8?B7D=7D =;D7F EDJE>DN7 F7HJ?A;B 7B<7 :K7 D;KJHED :7D
:K7 FHEJED C;C8;DJKA AEC8?D7I? N7D= I7D=7J IJ78?B

/DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= J?:7A IJ78?B 8;HB7AK >7B>7B 8;H?AKJ
7 ;I?DJ;=H7I?9;D:;HKD=C;D=>7I?BA7D?DJ?7JEC87HKN7D=B;8?>:;A7J
A; =7H?I IJ78?B?J7I :7D J;HKI 8;HB7D=IKD= >?D==7 J;H8;DJKA ?DJ? IJ78?B
8 #DJ? 7JEC :? 7J7I =7H?I A;IJ78?B7D C;C?B?A? A;B;8?>7D D;KJHED :7D
9;D:;HKD= C;BKHK> :;D=7D C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;J7
9 #DJ? N7D= J;HB;J7A :? I;8;B7> 87M7> =7H?I IJ78?B?J7I C;BKHK> I;>?D==7
DECEH 7JECDN7 8;HAKH7D= *;H87D:?D=7D @KCB7> D;KJHED :7D
FHEJEDDN7 8;HJ7C87> 8;I7H *7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H7J ?D? J;H@7:? :;D=7D
C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7
$7:? @?A7 ?DJ? 7JEC :? I;8;B7> A?H? C;BKHK> C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B
8;J7DECEH7JEC?DJ?8;HJ7C87>I7JK:7DDECEHC7II7J;J7F

2 2

EDJE> :7H? F;D7C87>7D ?DJ? 7JEC 7A?87J F;C7D97H7D 8;J7 7:7B7>

(

-H 3
$?A7?DJ?I;8;B7>A7D7DC;BKHK>7A7DC;C7D97HA7DFEI?JHED (ECEH
7JEC ?DJ? 8;HAKH7D= I7JK I;:7D=A7D DECEH 7JEC C7II7 J;J7F

2 2
*HEJED :7D D;KJHED N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC C;D=?AKJ? FH?DI?F
")#+) B7H7D=7D ? :7B7C ?DJ? 7JEC KDJKA I;J?7F J?D=A7J ;D;H=? N7D=

:?F;H8EB;>A7D >7DN7 :7F7J :?J;CF7J? :K7 FHEJED :;D=7D IF?D :7D
I;HJ7 :K7 8K7> D;KJHED :;D=7D IF?D :7D -7C7 >7BDN7

:;D=7D J?D=A7J ;D;H=? 7JEC J?D=A7JJ?D=A7J ;D;H=? :7B7C ?DJ? :??I?
C;DKHKJ 7JKH7D J;HJ;DJK 7=7H :?F;HEB;> IKIKD7D ;D;H=? C?D?CKC
-;87=7? 9EDJE> :?F;HB?>7JA7D :?7=H7C J?D=A7J ;D;H=? 8;8;H7F7 ?IEJEF :?
7DJ7H7DN7 :7D
'3('8 C;CF;HB?>7JA7D :?7=H7C J?D=A7J ;D;H=? N7D=
:?I;:;H>7D7A7D KDJKA 8;8;H7F7 ?IEJEF 8EHED :7D A7H8ED *H?DI?F ;AIBKI?
C;C87J7I? @KCB7> F;D=>KD? I;J?7F J?D=A7J F7:7 :K7 D;KJHED 8;HIF?D mantap mantap
tidak
E mantap
8;HB7M7D7D :7D :K7 FHEJED 8;HIF?D 8;HB7M7D7D #DJ? C7DJ7F C;C?B?A?
AED<?=KH7I? :;D=7D ;D;H=? C?D?CKC
5. Energi Ikat Inti

*7:7 87=?7D 7M7B J;B7> :?87>7I 87>M7 ?DJ? 7JEC J;H:?H? 7J7I FHEJED
:7D D;KJHED N7D= :?I;8KJ I;87=7? DKAB;ED -;>7HKIDN7 C7II7 IK7JK ?DJ? 10
5 B 11
5B 125 B
7JECC;HKF7A7D@KCB7>C7II7FHEJED:?J7C87>C7II7D;KJHEDN7D=7:7
E mantap mantap
:? :7B7C ?DJ? J;HI;8KJ A7D J;J7F? :7H? F;D=KAKH7DF;D=KAKH7D N7D=
:?B7AKA7D C;DKD@KAA7D 87>M7 C7II7 IK7JK 7JEC J;HDN7J7 AKH7D= :7H?
@KCB7> C7II7 FHEJED :7D D;KJHED N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? J;HI;8KJ neutron
EDJE>DN7 7:7B7> ?DJ? >;B?KC proton
#DJ?>;B?KCJ;H:?H?7J7I FHEJED:7D D;KJHED '7II7>;B?KCI;>7HKIDN7

C7II7 QD;KJHED Q IC7 IC7 12
6 C 13
6 C
C7II7 QFHEJED QIC7 IC7 Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
Gambar 10.3
$KCB7>C7II7 "; IC7 Tingkat energi beberapa isotop

#'(+2 7H? F;D=KAKH7D J;H>7:7F C7II7 ?DJ? >;B?KC J;HDN7J7 C7II7 ?DJ? >;B?KC
'7II7;8;H7F7#IEJEF 7:7B7> IC7 #D? 8;H7HJ? J;H:7F7J A;AKH7D=7D C7II7 I;8;I7H
'99' IC7 .;H@7:?DN7 A;AKH7D=7D C7II7 ?D? :?I;878A7D EB;> DKAB;ED
'3' "/3(52
93' N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? C;C;HBKA7D ;D;H=? KDJKA I7B?D= C;D=?A7J I;IK7?
(;KJHED

) :;D=7D C7II7 :7D ;D;H=? C;DKHKJ ?DIJ;?D N7?JK $ $7:? C7II7

*HEJED 2 QC7II7FHEJEDPC7II7%C7II7;B;AJHED ;<;A

"
;KJHED
" C7II7 F7:7 F;C8;DJKA7D DKAB?:7 2 7:7B7>
.H?JED
"
";B?KC
" $
$ ' $ % $ $ 2 P

";B?KC
"

'7II7 ;B;AJHED C;D:;A7J? DEB I;>?D==7 +89'3''4 ?
:7F7J :?JKB?I
B<7

&?J>?KC
&? $ $ ' $ % $ 2 P

&?J>?KC &?
;H?BB?KC
; D;H=?N7D=:?F;HEB;>:7H?A;AKH7D=7DC7II7J;HI;8KJI;IK7?:;D=7D
;H?BB?KC
; >K8KD=7D C7II7 :7D ;D;H=? C;DKHKJ F;HI7C77D ?DIJ;?D
EHED
P
$
EHED
%;J;H7D=7D
7H8ED
;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? @EKB;
7H8ED
A;9;F7J7D 97>7N7 C
I
7H8ED
$ :;<;A C7II7 A=
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998 $?A7>?B7D=DN7C7II7F7:7FHEI;IF;C8;DJKA7D?DJ?I7C7:;D=7DIC7
8;I7HDN7 ;D;H=? N7D= >?B7D= ;A?L7B;D :;D=7D
#'(+2
IC7@P A=
IC7@ ';0
'7II7*HEJED(;KJHED:7DB;AJHED
'7II7 I;8;I7H IC7 ;A?L7B;D :;D=7D ;D;H=? ';0 @7:?
'8:/1+2 1- 93' +%
FHEJED QP P
D;KJHED QP
$ ';0
;B;AJHED QP
:7D ;D;H=? ?A7J F7:7 DKAB?:7 2 7:7B7>
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
5$'1$%$P$ 2 6';0

IC7 P
#'(+2
'7II7;8;H7F7#IEJEF $?A7 $ $' $ C7A7 F;HI7C77D J;HI;8KJ :7F7J :?JKB?I

95:56 "/3(52
'99' 5$P$%P$ 2 6';0
IC7 P
93'
%;J;H7D=7D
(;KJHED D
;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? ';0
"?:HE=;D
" $ % C7II7 D;KJHED IC7
;KJ;H?KC
" $ ' C7II7FHEJEDIC7
.H?J?KC
" $ C7II7 ;B;AJHED IC7
";B?KC
"; :7D DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7

$ 2 C7II7?DJ?7JEC
%7H8ED

D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? 8;BKC :7F7J C;D==7C87HA7D A;IJ78?B7D DKAB?:7
;I?
; *;HA?H77D J;DJ7D= A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? :7F7J :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D C;C;H>7J?A7D
.;C87=7
K >7H=7 ;D;H=? ?A7J H7J7H7J7 F;H DKAB;ED
%HNFJED
%H
7H?KC
H Contoh 10.2

/H7D?KC
/ '7II7?IEJEF " 7:7B7> IC7 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ? "@?A7C7II77JEC

Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998 " IC7:7DC7II7D;KJHEDIC7

'='(
?A;J7>K?$ " IC7$ " IC7$%IC7
5$P$%P$ "6';0
IC7
5 PP 6';0
IC7
IC7';0
IC7 ';0
$7:?;D;H=??A7JF;HDKAB;EDDN7

';0 ';0

-;C7A?D8;I7H;D;H=??A7JH7J7H7J7F;HDKAB;ED B/A, MeV

per nukleon
A;IJ78?B7DDN77A7DI;C7A?DJ?D==?A7H;D7:?F;HBKA7D 10
;D;H=? N7D= 8;I7H KDJKA C;C8ED=A7HDN7 !H7<?A
89 Y 110
35Cl Fe
56 Cd
141
20 Ne Pr
;D;H=? ?A7J F;H DKAB;ED J;H>7:7F DECEH C7II7 12C
180Hf
209
Bi
8;H87=7? ?DJ? :7F7J D:7 F;H>7J?A7D F7:7 '3('8 19
F
75
As 125Te
160Dy
;H:7I7HA7D=H7<?AJ;HI;8KJ:7F7J:?I?CFKBA7D
14 N
4 197
He Au 238 U
11 B
87>M7 9
Be
7 KDJKA >7H=7 N7D= A;9?B ;D;H=? ?A7JDN7 A;9?B 6Li
:7D D7?A 9;F7J I;IK7? :;D=7D F;HJ7C87>7D 5
8 KDJKA >7H=7 :?I;A?J7H ;D;H=? ?A7J

C7AI?CKCDN7 >7CF?H J?:7A 8;HJ7C87> N7?JK
';0:7DJKHKDC;D@7:?';0KDJKA

2H
9 KDJKA>7H=7:?7J7I;D;H=??A7JDN7JKHKD
>?D==7 C;D97F7? ';0
0 100 200
6. Gaya Inti nomor massa A
Gambar 10.4
!7N7?DJ?8;HI?<7JI7B?D=C;DEB7AF7:7@7D=A7K7DI7D=7JF;D:;A:7D Grafik energi ikat per nukleon
I7B?D= C;D7H?A F7:7 @7H7A DKAB;ED N7D= 7=7A @7K> $?A7 J?:7A :;C?A?7D terhadap nomor massa berbagai
DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? 7A7D C;DN7JK -?<7JI?<7J =7N7 ?DJ? 7DJ7H7 B7?D inti.
7 =7N7 ?DJ? C;C?B?A? FH?DI?F :7I7H N7D= 8;H8;:7 :;D=7D =7N7 =H7L?J7I?
C7KFKD =7N7 9EKBEC8 Kata Kunci
8 =7N7 ?DJ? J?:7A 8;H=7DJKD= F7:7 CK7J7D B?IJH?A I;>?D==7 8;I7HDN7 • isotop
=7N7 7DJ7H7 FHEJEDFHEJED 7J7K D;KJHED 7:7B7> I7C7 • hipotesis proton-elektron
• hipotesis proton-neutron
9 =7N7 ?DJ? 8;A;H@7 F7:7 @7H7A N7D= I7D=7J F;D:;A N7?JK I;A?J7H P • nomor atom
C7J7K<;HC? • nomor massa
: =7N7 ?DJ? I7D=7J 8;I7H I;>?D==7 :?F;HBKA7D ;D;H=? I;8;I7H ';0 •
•
nuklida
defek massa
KDJKA C;C?I7>A7D :K7 8K7> ;B;AJHED • energi ikat inti
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A

+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4
$;B7IA7D:;D=7DI?D=A7J;<;AF;D==78KD=7DDKAB;ED 7 .;DJKA7DIKIKJC7II7DN7:;<;AC7II7
J;H>7:7FC7II7?DJ?7JECN7D=J;H8;DJKA 8 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ?DN7
.;DJKA7D87DN7AFHEJEDD;KJHED:7D;B;AJHED:7B7C 7 D;H=? ?A7J
(; 7:7B7> ';0 7H?B7>
7JEC7JEC8;H?AKJ C7II77JECDN7
7 ; : ,8 8 '7D7A7>?DJ?N7D=B;8?>C7DJ7F &? 7J7K &?

8 -? ; C
; 7J7K ;

9 B 7H?B7>:;<;AC7II7;D;H=??A7J?DJ?:7D;D;H=??A7J
'7II7?DJ?
'= 7:7B7> IC7 '7II7DKAB;ED
F;HDKAB;EDKDJKA7JEC
8;87I7:7B7>C7II7FHEJEDIC7:7DC7II7D;KJHED
IC7 IC7';0

B. Radioaktivitas
1. Sejarah Penemuan Radioaktif
!;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? :?J;CKA7D EB;> +48> +)7;+8+2 F7:7
I;97H7 J?:7A I;D=7@7 #7 I;:7D= C;D;B?J? I?<7J &)&()%) :7D #+&()%)
F7:7=7H7CKH7D?KCN7D=:?I?D7H?:;D=7DI?D7H2 *&)&()%) #
('%(%/ )+*+ 0* ! " *("% (%)%% / $)" '+% (%)%%
*+ %* "% '?I7BDN7 F7:7 H7C8KH7C8K B7BK B?DJ7I N7D= 8;HI?D7H @?A7
J;HA;D7 IEHEJ7D B7CFK
!7H7C KH7D?KC N7D= :?F;H=KD7A7D +)7;+8+2 :?B;J7AA7D F7:7
8KD=AKI7DFB7J<EI<EH;I;DI?:7D:?@;CKH:?87M7>I?D7H'7J7>7H? %;J?A7
FB7J <EI<EH;I;DI? :?9K9? 7J7K :?FHEI;I F7:7 <?BC D;=7J?< J;HDN7J7 J;H:7F7J
FEB7 >?J7C I;IK7? 8;DJKA AH?IJ7BDN7 +)7;+8+2 C;DN?CFKBA7D 87>M7
H7:?7I?N7D=C;D=>?J7CA7DFB7JFEJH;J8KA7DB7>8;H7I7B:7H?97>7N7BK7H
C;B7?DA7D8;H7I7B:7H?=7H7C?JKI;D:?H? )B;>I;878?JK=;@7B7?D?:?I;8KJ
=;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ?< 7J7K H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I
2. Jenis-Jenis Radioaktif
7H? F;D;CK7D +)7;+8+2 87DN7A ?BCKM7D N7D= A;CK:?7D C;D;B?J?
J;DJ7D= I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? I7B7> I7JKDN7 7:7B7> 84+9: !;:.+8,58* *7:7
?7 :;D=7D FEIJKB7JDN7 C;DN7J7A7D 87>M7 H7:?E7AJ?< 8KA7D >7DN7
:?I;878A7D EB;> F;HK87>7D N7D= 8;HI?<7J 7JEC?I C;B7?DA7D F;C7D97H7D
H7:?E7AJ?< 8;HB7D=IKD= 8;HI7C77D :;D=7D F;HK87>7D J;HI;8KJ !;:.+8,58*
magnet kuat
C;CF;HB?>7JA7D7:7DN7:K7C797CH7:?7I?N7D=A;BK7H:7H?KH7D?KC:;D=7D
P
97H7 C;D=KAKH AK7J 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J?C8KB EB;> 7:7DN7 ?ED?I7I? K:7H7
Q
*7:7 '8/+ ;8/+ :7D IK7C?DN7 /+88+ ;8/+ C;D;CKA7D
:K7 KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= :?I;8KJ FEBED?KC :7D H7:?KC ;H:7I7HA7D
sumber
J;H@7:?DN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? C7A7 H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I :7F7J :?8;:7A7D
C;D@7:? :K7 A7J;=EH? 7DJ7H7 B7?D
7 H7:?E7AJ?< 7B7C?7> N7?JK F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= J;H@7:?
ratemeter I;97H7 IFEDJ7D 7A?87J J?:7A IJ78?BDN7 ?DJ? 7JEC
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
8 H7:?E7AJ?< 8K7J7D N7?JK F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= 8;H7I7B
:7H? ?DJ??DJ? IJ78?B N7D= :?=7D==K A;IJ78?B7DDN7 :;D=7D 97H797H7
Gambar 10.5
Pengujian pembiasan sinar
J;HJ;DJK >?D==7 C;D@7:? ?DJ? N7D= J?:7A IJ78?B
dalam medan magnet. -7B7>I7JK@;D?IH7:?7I?N7D=CK:7>:?I;H7F7:7B7>I?D7H7B<7 ,7:?7I?
B7?DN7D=C;C?B?A?:7N7J;C8KIB;8?>8;I7H:?D7C7A7DI?D7H8;J7 I;HJ7
I;8K7> F7D@7D= =;BEC87D= N7D= F;D:;A :?I;8KJ I?D7H =7CC7
D:7 :7F7J C;D=;J7>K? A7H;AJ;H?IJ?A I?D7H I?D7H :7D I?D7H
C;B7BK? F;C8?7I7D H7:?7I? :;D=7D J78KD= !' !;?=;H 'KBB;H *;H>7J?A7D
'3('8 %;J?A7 IKC8K H7:?E7AJ?< :?J;CF7JA7D F7:7 I7B7> I7JK K@KD=
C;:7D C7=D;J :7D J78KD= !' F7:7 K@KD= N7D= B7?D J;HDN7J7 I?D7H
:?8?7IA7DA;F?H?D=7DD;=7J?<:7DI?D7H 7A7D:?8?7IA7DA;F?H?D=7DFEI?J?<

$7:? :7F7J :?I?CFKBA7D 87>M7 I?D7H 8;HCK7J7D FEI?J?< 7J7K ";
I?D7H 8;HCK7J7DD;=7J?< 7J7K ; I;:7D=A7DI?D7H D;JH7B
sumber ;H?AKJ ?D? 7A7D :?@;B7IA7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H 7B<7 I?D7H 8;J7
radium radioaktif
:7D I?D7H =7CC7
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
a. Pemancaran Sinar Alfa ( )
Gambar 10.6
Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar '7II7 C7KFKD CK7J7D I?D7H 7B<7 ?:;DJ?A :;D=7D ?DJ? >;B?KC ";
yang tidak dibelokkan. $?A7 IK7JK O7J H7:?E7AJ?< C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H 7B<7 DECEH 7JEC O7J ?JK

7A7D 8;HAKH7D= :7H? DECEH 7JEC ?D:KADN7 :7D DECEH C7II7DN7 7A7D
8;HAKH7D= -;97H7KCKCH;7AI?F;C7D97H7D7B<7 :7F7J:?JKB?IA7D
– –
I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
1,015 MeV
2 2
27

/ Al*
EDJE> 2
12

0,834 MeV
b. Pemancaran Sinar Beta ( )
'K7J7D :7D C7II7 I?D7H I7C7 :;D=7D ;B;AJHED "7B ?D? A7H;D7
27
12 Al*
I?D7H 8;J7 J?:7A B7?D 7:7B7> ;B;AJHED :?8;H? B7C87D= 7J7K ;
-;IK7?:;D=7D"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEH'7II7:7D(ECEHJECIK7JK
?DJ??D:KAN7D=I;97H7IFEDJ7DC;C7D97HA7DI?D7H 7A7DC;D=>7I?BA7D Gambar 10.7
?DJ?7D7AN7D=DECEHC7II7DN7J;J7F:7DDECEH7JECDN78;HJ7C87>I7JK Pemancaran dan dalam
-;97H7 KCKC H;7AI? F;C7D97H7D :?JKB?I I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ peluruhan 27
12 Mg dan 27
13 Al .

2 3 ,

EDJE> ( ,
:;D=7D , 7:7B7> D;KJH?DE Tugas Anda 10.1
c. Pemancaran Sinar Gamma ( ) Carilah informasi mengenai
pemanfaatan sinar , , dan .
;H8;:7 >7BDN7 :;D=7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H :7D I?D7H N7D=
C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;HCK7J7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H 8KA7DB7>
8;H8;DJKA F7HJ?A;B J;J7F? =;BEC87D= ;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A $?A7 F7:7
F;C7D97H7D I?D7H :7D J;H@7:? F;HK87>7D IJHKAJKH @KCB7> FHEJED
:7DD;KJHEDF7:7F;C7D97H7DI?D7H J;H@7:?F;HK87>7DIKIKD7DF7HJ?A;B
F7HJ?A;B F;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC -?D7H J?:7A C;C?B?A? C7II7 C7KFKD sumber radioaktif
CK7J7D )B;> A7H;D7 ?JK DKAB?:7 J;H;AI?J7I? N7D= C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H

J?:7A C;D=7B7C? F;HK87>7D DECEH 7JEC C7KFKD DECEH C7II7
*;C7D97H7D I?D7H :?7M7B? EB;> ?DJ? ?D:KA N7D= I;97H7 IFEDJ7D kertas
C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H :7D C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 87HK N7D= 8;H7:7 :7B7C
A;7:77D;AI?J7I? -;B7D@KJDN7?DJ?87HK:7B7CA;7:77D;AI?J7I??D?I;97H7 aluminium
IFEDJ7D C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H KDJKA C;D@7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B FHEI;I

F;HK87>7D ?D? :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7 '3('8 ,;7AI? ?DJ? F;C7D97H7D
I?D7H ?D? 8?7I7DN7 :?JKB?I I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
timbal
2 3
EDJE>
Gambar 10.8
%;I?CFKB7D:7H?A7H7AJ;H?IJ?AI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<N7?JKI?D7H I?D7H :7D Daya tembus partikel , , dan .
I?D7H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7 #'(+2 7N7 J;C8KI I?D7H I?D7H
:7D I?D7H C7I?D=C7I?D= :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7 '3('8
#'(+2
%7H7AJ;H?IJ?A-?D7H,7:?E7AJ?<
+4/9"/4'8 +3(/'9'4*'2'3 +3'36;'4
!+'19/2'3/'. ;':'4 '99'
!'*/5'1:/, +*'4'-4+: '>'#+3(;9
B<7 #DJ?>;B?KC *EI?J?< ;I7H %;9?B %;HJ7IJ?F?I
%KB?JC7DKI?7
;J7 B;AJHED (;=7J?< ,;D:7> ;I7H BKC?D?KCCC
!7CC7 ,7:?7I?;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A .?:7A8;HCK7J7D .?:7A8;HC7II7 .?:7A:?8?7IA7D .?C87BJ?F?I

3. Pelemahan Intensitas Sinar Radioaktif
$?A7I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<:?B;M7JA7DF7:7I;8K7>A;F?D=:;D=7DA;J;87B7D
. J;HDN7J7 ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< I;8;BKC C;B;M7J? 87>7D B;8?>
8;I7H :7H?F7:7 I;J;B7> C;B;M7J? 87>7D *;B;C7>7D ?DJ;DI?J7I ?D?
C;C;DK>? F;HI7C77D
X . P
Gambar 10.9 %;J;H7D=7D
Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan
dengan ketebalan X. AE;<?I?;D F;B;C7>7D 87>7D
C
8?B7D=7DD7JKH7B
-;7D:7?DN7?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<I;J;B7>C;B;M7J?A;F?D=J?D==7B

I;F7HK> :7H? ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< I;CKB7 C7A7

+89'3''4 ? :7F7J :?I;:;H>7D7A7D C;D@7:?
.
.

Tokoh
.

Marie Curie BD BD .
(1867–1934) P .
I;>?D==7 :?F;HEB;>

. P

"7H=7 . F7:7 +89'3''4 ? :?I;8KJ # #+ /( "0& 7J7K
B7F?I7D >7H=7 F7HK>
Contoh 10.3
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998 -K7JKA;F?D=C;C?B?A?"0&9C ;H7F7A7>8;I7H?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<I;J;B7>
Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, C;B;M7J?A;F?D=I;J;87B9C
Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie '='(
Sklodowska. Ia belajar Matematika, ?A;J7>K? "0& 9CQP C
Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie . 9CQP C
bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli
fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam
meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh "0&
C
bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil C
menemukan unsur thorium yang
bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka .
C C
menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru,
yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk
keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie
$7:??DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<I;J;B7>C;B7BK?A;F?D=7:7B7>
serta Henri Becquerel mendapat
hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada
1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil
4. Peluruhan Radioaktif (Desintegrasi)
memisahkan radium murni dan *;BKHK>7D J;H@7:? I;97H7 IFEDJ7D :7D J?:7A :7F7J :?AEDJHEB I;HJ7
mempelajari sifat-sifat kimianya. Untuk
hasil kerja kerasnya ini, Marie kembali :?F;D=7HK>? EB;> F;HI;DN7M77D A?C?7 :7D <?I?A7 I;F;HJ? F;D=7HK> IK>K
mendapatkan hadiah Nobel yang kedua :7D J;A7D7D 7H? >7I?B F;D;B?J?7D :?F;HEB;> 87>M7 A;C7CFK7D IK7JK
dalam bidang kimia pada 1911. Marie KDIKHKDJKAC;BKHK>8;H8;:78;:7 :7KDIKHN7D=:7B7CM7AJKI?D=A7J
meninggal tahun 1934 akibat kanker,
yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu I;CK7 ?DJ?DN7 C;BKHK> :7D 7:7 FKB7 N7D= C;BKHK> :;D=7D B7C87J
lama berinteraksi dengan bahan- EDJE>DN7I;@KCB7>8;I7H?DJ?7JEC:7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFN7D=C;BKHK>
bahan radioaktif.
C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B :7D I;HJ7 :??AKJ? F;C7D97H7D

$KCB7> H7J7H7J7 7JEC N7D= 7A7D C;BKHK> :7B7C M7AJK * 7:7B7>
8;H87D:?D=BKHKI:;D=7D@KCB7>7JECI;>?D==7:7F7J:?8;H?A7D:7B7C
F;HI7C77D

P
*
:? C7D7 :?I;8KJ AEDIJ7DJ7 F;BKHK>7D N7D= C;HKF7A7D A7H7AJ;H?IJ?A
:7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFJ;HJ;DJK .7D:7D;=7J?<C;DKD@KAA7D87>M7@KCB7>
7JEC KDIKH ?D:KA 8;HAKH7D= $?A7 +89'3''4 ? :??DJ;=H7I?A7D
*

* * * BD *

:?F;HEB;>
; * P
%;J;H7D=7D
@KCB7> ?DJ? H7:?E7AJ?< CKB7CKB7 N0
@KCB7> ?DJ? H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= C;BKHK> F7:7 M7AJK * N
N = N0
$KCB7> N7D= C;BKHK> F;H I7JK7D M7AJK 7:7B7> :?I;8KJ @K=7
:;D=7D"* , *):7H?IK7JKO7JH7:?E7AJ?< +89'3''4 ? :7F7J
@K=7 :?JKB?I
; * 7J7K ; * P
1
2 N0
:;D=7D 7AJ?L?J7I H7:?E7AJ?< C;BKHK> F7:7 M7AJK *
a. Waktu Paruh 1
4 N0
*7:7 M7AJK 7AJ?L?J7I 8;HK87> C;D@7:? I;J;D=7> 7AJ?L?J7I CKB7CKB7 1
8 N0
1
16 N0
C7A7 M7AJK N7D= :?F;HBKA7D KDJKA F;BKHK>7D :?I;8KJ -"*+
T 2T 3T 4T 5T

'(+ # # :7D :?I?D=A7J :;D=7D $7:? KDJKA * Gambar 10.10

Peluruhan inti atom
+89'3''4 ? C;D@7:?

BD BD
Aktivitas
(103 C/menit)
I;>?D==7
16
BD
P 14

12

%EDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7D :7F7J:?HKCKIA7D:;D=7D "K8KD=7D 10

8
7DJ7H7 7AJ?L?J7I 7J7K @KCB7> 7JEC :;D=7D M7AJK F7HK> :?BKA?IA7D F7:7 6
'3('8 4
;D=7D C;C;H>7J?A7D =H7<?A F7:7 '3('8 8;H7HJ? KDJKA
* % 8;HB7AK 2
t
%
* 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
:;D=7D%
P Gambar 10.11
Peluruhan unsur 23Na dengan T 1 = jam.
2

+89'3''4 ? C;DKD@KAA7D >K8KD=7D 7DJ7H7 ?DJ? 7JEC N7D=
8;BKC C;BKHK> ?DJ? I?I7 ?DJ? CKB7CKB7 :7D A;B?F7J7D M7AJK
F7HK> $?A7 I;J?7F HK7I :?A7B?A7D 7A7D :?:7F7JA7D
%

%
P

%;J;H7D=7D
7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH I;J;B7> M7AJK *
7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH CKB7CKB7
( "':;'4 !'*/5'1:/</:'9
AJ?L?J7I =H7C ,7 :?DN7J7A7D I;87=7? I7JK7D H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I

I;8;I7HKH?;? )B;>A7H;D7=H7C ,7C;D=7D:KD=

7JEC :;D=7D B7@K F;BKHK>7D F;H :;J?A I7C7 :;D=7D @ P
C7A7

KH?; ?

@ :?I?DJ;=H7I?
I;AED

-7JK7D -# KDJKA H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I 7:7B7> ;9GK;H;B G N7D=

:?:;<?D?I?A7D I;87=7? 7AJ?L?J7I :?I?DJ;=H7I?
I;AED ;D=7D :;C?A?7D
?@G!G
Contoh 10.4
"?JKD=B7>J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D:7H?F7HJ?A;BF;D=?EDN7D=C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK>J7>KD
'='(
?A;J7>K? J7>KD

;D=7DC;D==KD7A7DF;HI7C77D :?F;HEB;>

J7>KD

$7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D7:7B7>
J7>KD
*;BKHK>7DH7:?E7AJ?<C;HKF7A7DFHEI;IN7D=797AN7?JK?DJ?J;HI;8KJ
C;BKHK> I;97H7 J?:7A 8;HA7?J7D I7JK :;D=7D N7D= B7?DDN7 ;H?AKJ ?D?
:?F;HB?>7JA7D B?C7 @;D?I F;BKHK>7D H7:?E7AJ?<
/4://4*;1 1+0'*/'4 6+2;8;.'4 /4:/'4'1
F;BKHK>7D
=7CC7
F;C7D97H7D I?D7H =7CC7
F;BKHK>7D
7B<7
F;C7D97H7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7

F;BKHK>7D
8;J7 = +
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED
EB;> D;KJHED DKAB?H
F;D7D=A7F7D
;B;AJHED + =
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED
EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H
F;D7D=A7F7D
;B;AJHED
+ =
F;D7D=A7F7D FEI?JHED
EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H
FHEJEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D P Gambar 10.12
D;KJHEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D Lima jenis peluruhan radioaktif
Contoh 10.5

AJ?L?J7II;8K7>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<8;HAKH7D= 87=?7D:7H?7AJ?L?J7I7M7BDN7:7B7C

I;B7D=M7AJK@7C .;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN7
'='(

?A;J7>K?

* @7C
/DJKAC;D;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7F7J:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D
% %

%

C7A7%
* * @7C

$7:?M7AJKF7HK>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7>@7C
/DJKAC;D;DJKA7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D

@7C

$7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN77:7B7>
@7C
4. Deret Radioaktif
7B7C F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?DJ? N7D= J;H@7:? J?:7A B7D=IKD=
C;D@7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B :7D C7I?> :7F7J C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< "7B
?D? 8;HB7D=IKD= I;97H7 J;HKIC;D;HKI I;>?D==7 :?F;HEB;> ?DJ? N7D= IJ78?B
'?I7BDN7 F;BKHK>7D Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
/ 7A7D C;BKHK> C;D@7:? ?DJ? 7JEC .> :7D
Gambar 10.13
8;H7A>?H F7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC *8 N7D= IJ78?B )B;> A7H;D7 :?CKB7? :7H? Deret uranium
KH7D?KC :;H;J ?D? :?I;8KJ :;H;J KH7D?KC

:7FKD :;H;J7D F;BKHK>7D :7D N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= :7H? ?DJ?
?D:KAC;D@7:??DJ?N7D=C7DJ7FI;87=7?>7I?B7A>?HKDJKA:;H;JKH7D?KC
:?JKD@KAA7D EB;> '3('8
*HEI;I F;BKHK>7D H7:?E7AJ?< 8;H7DJ7? C;D=?AKJ? IK7JK :;H;J H7:?E7AJ?<
:7 ;CF7J :;H;J H7:?E7AJ?< I;F;HJ? J;H97DJKC F7:7 #'(+2
#'(+2
;H;J,7:?E7AJ?<
5358 $3;8 '8;. 85*;1'4:'6
+8+: 4*;1
'99' #'.;4 1./8

D .>EH?KC .> Q *8

D (;FJKD?KC (F Q
?

D /H7D?KC / Q *8

D AJ?D?KC / Q *8
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
5. Pengertian Dosis Serapan

-;F;HJ? :?@;B7IA7D F7:7 7M7B 878 87>M7 KDJKA C;D97F7?
sinar radioaktif
A;IJ78?B7DDN7I;J?7FKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<I;B7BKC;C7D97HA7DI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<
7B7C F;H7C87J7DDN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< J;HI;8KJ C;C87M7 ;D;H=? $?A7
I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? C;D=;D7? IK7JK C7J;H? ;D;H=?DN7 7A7D :?I;H7F EB;>
m
C7J;H? J;HI;8KJ *;H>7J?A7D '3('8
7DN7ADN7;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDN7D=:?I;H7FEB;>C7J;H?F;HI7JK7D
Gambar 10.14 C7II7 J;HJ;DJK :?I;8KJ &) ) )(' -;97H7 C7J;C7J?I :?JKB?I
Energi radiasi yang diserap materi

bermassa m.
$
P
%;J;H7D=7D
:EI?II;H7F
$ C7II7 C7J;H? F;DN;H7F ;D;H=?
;D;H=? H7:?7I?
-7JK7D :EI?I I;H7F :7B7C -# 7:7B7> =H7N !N
;D=7D!N$
A=H7:
Contoh 10.6
-K7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7=H7CC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?ED8;HKF7I?D7H
=7CC7I;8;I7H QP$EKB; .;DJKA7DB7>8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK
'='(
?A;J7>K? $=H7CA=
QP$
Kata Kunci "?JKD=8;I7HDN7:EI?II;H7F:7H?IK7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7 =H7C@?A7C7J;H?
• radioaktivitas J;HI;8KJC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDI;8;I7HQP@EKB;
• fluorisensi

• eksitasi $
A=
• daya tembus $
• peluruhan
• waktu paruh QP$
A=
• aktivitas $7:?8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK7:7B7> QP@EKB;
A=7J7K QP=H7N
• dosis serap

6. Pengukuran Radioaktivitas
-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< J?:7A :7F7J :?H7I7A7D
EB;> C7DKI?7 /DJKA ?JK :?F;HBKA7D 7B7J N7D= :7F7J C;D=KAKH :7D
C;D:;J;AI? A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH 7J7K KDJKA C;D=;J7>K? 7:7 :7D
J?:7ADN7 I?D7HI?D7H H7:?E7AJ?<
-?D7HN7D=:?F7D97HA7DEB;>?DJ?KDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<:7F7JC;D=?EDA7D
7JEC :7H? O7JO7J N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 B7J KDJKA C;D:;J;AI? :7D C;D=KAKH
A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH :?8K7J 8;H:7I7HA7D I?<7J J;HI;8KJ ;8;H7F7 7B7J
:;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7>;CKBI?<?BCFEJH;JF;D9797>!;?=;H'KBB;H
A7C7H A78KJ 1?BIED :7D I?DJ?B7JEH
a. Emulsi Film Potret
-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< C;D=?EDA7D B7F?I7D Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
;CKBI? I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 :? 7J7I F;HCKA77D <?BC FEJH;J Gambar 10.15
$?A7 <?BC FEJH;J ?JK :?9K9? :7D :?9;J7A B?DJ7I7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :7F7J Pencacah Geiger-Muller
:?B?>7J :7D :?KAKH
b. Pencacah Geiger-Muller
*;D9797> !;?=;H'KBB;H :?I;8KJ @K=7 F;D9797> !;?=;H
(
&+%*( *;D9797> !;?=;H 7:7B7> 7B7J KDJKA C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?<7D KDIKH
H7:?E7AJ?< *;D9797> !;?=;H C;HKF7A7D 7B7J :;J;AI? I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= jendela tipis
F7B?D= 87DN7A :?=KD7A7D B7J F;D9797> !;?=;H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7
'3('8 gas
*;H7B7J7D ?D? J;H:?H? 7J7I I;8K7> J78KD= I?B?D:;H J;H8K7J :7H? BE=7C
kawat elektrode
? :7B7C J78KD= :?F7I7D= I;8K7> A7M7J AED:KAJEH N7D= >7BKI %7M7J (anode)
?JK 8;HJ?D:7A I;87=7? A7JE:; :7D J78KD= I;87=7? 7DE:; .78KD= ?JK :??I?
isolator
:;D=7D =7I 7J7K 97CFKH7D =7I :;D=7D J;A7D7D H;D:7> 9C"= tabung dari
.78KD= :7D A7M7J :?8;H? 8;:7 FEJ;DI?7B A?H7A?H7 LEBJ KDJKA logam (katode)
C;CF;H9;F7J?ED:7H?=7IN7D=J;H8;DJKA:?:7B7CJ78KD= -?D7HH7:?E7AJ?< –
N7D= C7IKA C;B7BK? @;D:;B7 J?F?I F7:7 I7B7> I7JK K@KD= J78KD= 7A7D +
C;D=?EDA7D=7IN7D=8;H7:7:?:7B7CJ78KD= HKIB?IJH?AN7D=:?>7I?BA7D + –
EB;> ?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA ?JK I7D=7J B;C7> A7D J;J7F? 8;:7 J;=7D=7D 103 V
LEBJ7A7DC;CF;H9;F7J?ED?JK #EDN7D=:?F;H9;F7J?JKC;D=?EDA7D
B7=? 7JEC7JEC =7I N7D= B7?D I;>?D==7 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J;H@7:? 9KAKF Sumber: Physics for Scientist and
Engineers, 2000
8;I7H 7B7C M7AJK N7D= I?D=A7J 7HKI J;HFKJKI J;J7F? I;J?7F A7B? F7HJ?A;B
Gambar 10.16
H7:?E7AJ?< C7IKA A; :7B7C J78KD= J?C8KB FKBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A :7B7C Bagian-bagian alat
H7D=A7?7D *KBI7 ?D? :?F;HAK7J I;>?D==7 :7F7J :?F7A7? KDJKA C;DN7B7A7D pencacah Geiger-Muller
H7D=A7?7D F;D9797> ;B;AJHED?A
c. Kamar Kabut Wilson
%7C7HA78KJ1?BIED7:7B7>7B7JKDJKAC;B?>7J:7DC;CEJH;JB?DJ7I7D
F7HJ?A;B7B<7N7D=C;B7BK?=7I B7J?JKJ;H:?H?7J7II?B?D:;HJ;HJKJKF:;D=7D
F?IJED 8;H?I? K:7H7 8;H97CFKH K7F 7?H @;DK> 7J7K D?JHE=;D sumber
jejak ion radioaktif (R)
*;H>7J?A7D '3('8 *7:7 :?D:?D= 87=?7D :7B7C :?B;J7AA7D keping
KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< *7HJ?A;B 7B<7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH ?JK 7A7D gelas
cahaya
C;D=?EDA7DCEB;AKBCEB;AKB=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H -;C;DJ7H7?JKF?IJED
uap
:?J7H?A A;BK7H I;>?D==7 K7F @;DK> J7:? 7A7D C;D:?D=?D I;97H7 J?87
J?87I;>?D==78KJ?H8KJ?HK7F7?H:?:7B7CI?B?D:;HC;D@7:?@;DK> #ED?ED pengisap (P)
N7D= J;H8;DJKA I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7 C;D7H?A 8KJ?H8KJ?H K7F Gambar 10.17
7?H:7D:7F7J:?B?>7J7J7K:?FEJH;J@?A7=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H:?IEHEJ:;D=7D Kamar kabut Wilson
97>7N7 B7CFK

partikel datang kristal sintilasi d. Sintilator (Detektor Sintilasi)
fotokatode *H?DI?F A;H@7 I?DJ?B7JEH ) %* ##* &% &+%*( 8;H:7I7HA7D <BKEH;I;DI?
foton
O7J N7D= :?J?C8KBA7D EB;> I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< -?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :?@7JK>A7D
A; F;HCKA77D B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI? 7>7N7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> B7N7H
+200 V
+400 V
<BKEH;I;DI? :?@7JK>A7D A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C I;>?D==7 F;HCKA77D
+600 V BE=7C J;HI;8KJ C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED %;CK:?7D ;B;AJHED J;HI;8KJ
+800 V :?@7JK>A7D A;C87B? A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C A;:K7 &E=7C A;:K7
+1000 V C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED B;8?> 87DN7A :7H?F7:7 ;B;AJHED N7D= A;BK7H :7H?
+1200 V
+1400 V
F;HCKA77D BE=7C F;HJ7C7
+1600 V %;F?D=A;F?D= BE=7C N7D= :7F7J C;B?F7J=7D:7A7D ;B;AJHED J;H:7F7J
:? :7B7C I;8K7> 7B7J N7D= :?I;8KJ <EJECKBJ?FB?;H '&*&$+#* '# (
fotomultiplier EJECKBJ?FB?;H7:7B7>7B7JKDJKAC;CF;HAK7JFKBI77HKIB?IJH?A HKIB?IJH?A
pulsa keluaran
J;HI;8KJ 8;H7I7B :7H? J;C87A7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :? 7J7I B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI?
*KBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A A;CK:?7D :?I7BKHA7D A; 7B7J F;D97J7J I;F;HJ? F;D=;H7I
Gambar 10.18
Diagram sintilator yang dilengkapi IK7H7 C;J;H IA7B7 :7D B7?DB7?D
dengan fotomultiplier
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4
*;H>7J?A7DH;7AI?F;BKHK>7D8;H?AKJ -K7JK87>7DC;C?B?A?"0&9C $?A7J;87B87>7D9C
8;H7F7?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<N7D=:?I;H7FEB;>87>7D
/

/

*7

J;HI;8KJ
.;DJKA7DF7HJ?A;B:7DN7D=:?F7D97HA7D -;IK:7> @7CI;F;H;D7C8;B7I87=?7DIK7JKKDIKH
H7:?E7AJ?<C7I?>J;HI?I7 "?JKD=M7AJKF7HK>KDIKH
7 -K7JKKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK>

C;D?J "?JKD=AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DDN7 J;HI;8KJ
-;8K7><EI?BJKB7D=8?D7J7D=:?J;CKA7DEB;>I;EH7D=
8 $?A7AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DIK7JK87>7DH7:?E7AJ?<
7HA;EBE= -;J;B7>:?J;B?J?J;HDN7J7C;D=7D:KD=I?I7
@ P A;@7:?7D
I;AED 8;H7F7A7> M7AJK
A7H8EDI;8;I7H :?87D:?D=A7DA7H8EDF7:7
F7HK>DN7
JKB7D=8?D7J7D=N7D=C7I?>>?:KF $?A7M7AJKF7HK>
17AJKF7HK>:7H?H7:ED>7H? ;H7F7M7AJKN7D=
A7H8EDP?JK J7>KDJ;DJKA7DKCKH<EI?B?JK

:?F;HBKA7D7=7HJ;HI?I7 :7H?CKB7CKB7 '7II7KDIKH K H7:?E7AJ?<N7D=C;BKHK>7:7B7>

QPA= $?A77AJ?L?J7IKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<?JK Q
GJ;DJKA7D8;I7HAEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DDN7
C. Reaksi Inti
!;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ?< 7:7B7> 7AJ?L?J7I IK7JK ?DJ? C;D@7:? ?DJ? B7?D
*7D97H7D I?D7H >7DN7 C;D=KH7D=? DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? :;D=7D :K7
FHEJED :7D :K7 D;KJHED :7FKD F7D97H7D I?D7H >7DN7 C;D=K87>
I7JKD;KJHED:7B7C?DJ?C;D@7:?FHEJED )H7D=F;HJ7C7N7D=C;D=7C7J?
H;7AI??DJ?7:7B7>84+9:!;:.+8,58* *7:7!;:.+8,58*C;CF;B7@7H?
=;@7B7 JKC8KA7D 7DJ7H F7HJ?A;B :;D=7D 7JEC7JEC =7I D?JHE=;D
:7D C;D?C8KBA7D IK7JK H;7AI? N7D= :?I;8KJDN7 H;7AI? ?DJ? "7I?B H;7AI?
?DJ? :?JKB?I :;D=7D

"; ( ) "
*;H>7J?A7D87>M7@KCB7>DECEH7JEC:7D@KCB7>DECEHC7II7HK7IA?H?
I7C7:;D=7D@KCB7>DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7HK7IA7D7D
$KCB7>DECEH7JECI;8;BKCH;7AI?
$KCB7>DECEH7JECI;IK:7>H;7AI?
$KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;8;BKCH;7AI?
$KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;IK:7>H;7AI?

Pada setiap reaksi inti selalu berlaku hukum kekekalan berikut ini. Tokoh
"KAKC %;A;A7B7D 'EC;DJKC N7?JK @KCB7> CEC;DJKC I;8;BKC
:7D I;IK:7> JKC8KA7D 7:7B7> I7C7
"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEHJECN7?JK@KCB7>DECEH7JECI;8;BKC Enrico Fermi
:7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7 (1901–1954)
"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEH'7II7N7?JK@KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;8;BKC
:7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7
"KAKC %;A;A7B7D D;H=? .EJ7B N7?JK ;D;H=? JEJ7B I;8;BKC :7D
I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7
*7HJ?A;B FHEJED 11 P :7D :;KJHED 12 D @K=7 :?=KD7A7D KDJKA
C;D==7D==K A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? 7=7H ?DJ? ?JK J;HKH7? 7J7K 8;H:?I?DJ;=H7I?
C;D@7:??DJ?B7?D 5)185,::7D&'2:54F7:7 C;B7FEHA7D>7I?BH;7AI?
?DJ? ?D? :;D=7D FHEJED N7D= :?F;H9;F7J C;B7BK? C;:?7 B?IJH?A :;D=7D
F;HI7C77D H;7AI? ?DJ?

" &? "; ";
1. Energi yang Dihasilkan dari Reaksi Inti Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan
,;7AI? ?DJ? :7F7J :?JKB?IA7D :7B7C IK7JK F;HI7C77D kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia
7J7K P pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk
bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal
%;J;H7D=7D karena menggunakan neutron untuk
menembak atom yang dapat
?DJ? I7I7H7D F7HJ?A;B N7D= :?>7I?BA7D menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi
?DJ? 87HK N7D= :?>7I?BA7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?>7I?BA7D mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938.
Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai
F7HJ?A;B F;D;C87A nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh
"7H=7 IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? :?:;<?D?I?A7D I;87=7? F;H8;:77D 7DJ7H7 sebuah tim ilmuwan yang
;D;H=?:?7C:7D;D;H=?:?7C dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses
ini bertempat di lapangan Squash
5$.$P$/$6Q';0
IC7 P Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat.
Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai
%;J;H7D=7D penyalaan korek api. Panas yang
dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu
H;7AI? ;AIEJ;HC?A J;H:7F7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?8;87IA7D mematik korek api menyebabkan
H;7AI? ;D:EJ;HC?A J;H:7F7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?I;H7F sebagian atom terbakar dan
melepaskan lebih banyak panas
sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terus-
Contoh 10.7 menerus berlangsung.
"?JKD=B7>>7H=7KDJKAH;7AI? % &? "; @?A7$DIC7

$ IC7$&?IC7$"; IC7
'='(
5$.$P$/$6@';0
IC7
5 P 6IC7@';0
IC7
IC7';0
IC7 ';0
Contoh 10.8
$?A7C7II7 " IC7 " IC7 "; IC7:7D D IC7
$?A7IC7';0>?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DF7:7H;7AI?

Kata Kunci
"; " "; D
'='( • energi reaksi inti
D;H=?H;7AI?I7C7:;D=7D;D;H=?H;7AJ7D:?AKH7D=?;D;H=?FHE:KA • reaksi eksotermik
• reaksi endotermik
D;H=?H;7AJ7D ';0 ';0 • reaksi berantai
D;H=?FHE:KA';0 ';0 • reaksi fisi
D;H=?H;7AI? P ';0 • reaksi fusi

2. Pembuatan Isotop Radioaktif dari Reaksi Inti
,7:?E7AJ?< :7F7J :?FHE:KAI? C;B7BK? IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? FHEI;I
F;C8;DJKA7D ?IEJEF 87HK N7D= H7:?E7AJ?< ?JK :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D
F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF N7D= IJ78?B :;D=7D IK7JK F7HJ?A;B -;87=7? 9EDJE>
?IEJEF H7:?E7AJ?<
K :?F;HEB;> :7H? F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF IJ78?B K
EB;> D;KJHED :;D=7D H;7AI? D
K K
3. Reaksi Berantai
*;D;C87A7D D;KJHED F7:7 KH7D?KC ?DJ? N7D= J;H8;DJKA :7H?
inti bulatan F;D7D=A7F7D D;KJHED J;HI;8KJ J?:7A IJ78?B I;>?D==7 I;=;H7 J;H8;B7>
n
C;D@7:? ?DJ??DJ? N7D= B;8?> H?D=7D "7I?B F;C8;B7>7D 7:7B7> I;87=7?
U 8;H?AKJ

D / 2; -H D D+
#IEJEF
2; :7D -H 7:7B7>?IEJEF?IEJEFN7D=J?:7AIJ78?B:;D=7D
C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H ;CF7J A7B? 8;HJKHKJJKHKJ ?IEJEF 2; 7A>?HDN7

8;HK87> C;D@7:? ; N7D= IJ78?B ;C?A?7D @K=7 -H C;D@7:? ?IEJEF
IJ78?B
2; :;D=7DC;C7D97HA7DI?D7H :K7A7B?8;HJKHKJJKHKJ ,;7AI?
Gambar 10.19 N7D= :;C?A?7D :?I;8KJ (") (%* C;HKF7A7D ;D;H=? N7D=
Diagram reaksi berantai :?B;F7IA7D :7B7C 8;DJKA A7BEH
*7:7H;7AJEHDKAB?HD;KJHED9;F7J:?A;D:7B?A7DI;>?D==7J?:7AJ;HB7BK
87DN7AD;KJHEDN7D=J;HB?87J:7B7CH;7AI??DJ? (7CKD:7B7C8EC7JEC
D;KJHED9;F7J?D?J?:7AJ;HA;D:7B?I;>?D==7J;H8;DJKAB;:7A7DN7D=I7D=7J
:7>IN7J
4. Reaksi Fisi
reaksi fisi kedua
menghasilkan 4 neutron
*;D;CK7DH;7AI?<?I?DKAB?H8;H7M7B:7H?;AIF;H?C;D?DJ;H7AI?D;KJHED
:;D=7DKH7D?KC .?=7A;BECFEAA;H@7N7D=8;H>7I?BC;D;CKA7D<?I?DKAB?H
inti U-235 7:7B7> 48/)5 +83/ ;2/+: ;88/+"'</: :7D ::' '.4":8'993'4
F7:7 ';H;A7C;D=7J7A7D87>M7F;D7D=A7F7DD;KJHEDEB;>IK7JK
neutron ?DJ? KH7D?KC 7A7D C;C8;H?A7D =7N7 F7:7 ;D;H=? F;HCKA77D I;>?D==7
pertama
?DJ? 7A7D J;H8;B7> :K7 :;D=7D C7II7 I;87D:?D= %;CKD=A?D7D B7?D ?DJ?
J;H;AI?J7I? :7D C;D=>7I?BA7D F;BKHK>7D =7CC7 "7B ?D? :?I;8KJ (")
reaksi fisi U-235 ) *;H>7J?A7D '3('8

memunculkan
2 neutron '3('8
C;CF;HB?>7JA7D ?DJ? N7D= J;H8;DJKA / J?:7A
IJ78?B :7D I;=;H7 J;H8;B7> C;D@7:? ?DJ??DJ? B;8?> H?D=7D N7D= IJ78?B
Gambar 10.20 *7I7D=7DF7I7D=7D N7D= J;H@7:? F7:7 <?I? / J?:7A C;DKD@KAA7D
Pada reaksi pembelahan inti,
jumlah neutron bertambah F7I7D=7D N7D= A>7I J;J7F? C;HKF7A7D I7JK :7H? A;CKD=A?D7D N7D=
pada setiap tingkatan. J;H@7:? :? 7DJ7H7DN7

/ %H
7 D

/ -H
7 D

/ 4H .; D :7D I;J;HKIDN7
*7:7 >7CF?H I;CK7 H;7AI? <?I? J;H@7:? F;D=KH7D=7D C7II7 I;A?J7H
IC7 8;H7HJ? Q B;8?> 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 C7II7 N7D= >?B7D= F7:7 I;CK7
@;D?IH;7AI?F;BKHK>7DDN7I;87=7?9EDJE><?I? /:;D=7DD;KJHEDB7C87J
C;D=>7I?BA7D ?DJ? 'E :7D &7 '7II7 N7D= >?B7D= :7D ;D;H=? N7D=
:?>7I?BA7D :?>?JKD= I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ


/ D
'E
&7 D
1
1H 1
1H

$ $K$DP$'E$&7 $D
3
2 Hc 4
1 1 2 Hc
1H 1H

$ P IC7
2
1H
D;H=? <?I?DN7 ';0

IC7$ 3
2 Hc

2
1 1 1H
1H 1H
';0
IC7 IC7
1
1H

';0
"7I?B F;C8;B7>7D ?DJ? KH7D?KC C;D=>7I?BA7D D;KJHED N7D= 87HK

1
1H
I7CF7?D;KJHEDC7A77A7D:7F7JJ;H@7:?FHEI;I<?I?8;H7DJ7? (;KJHED
Gambar 10.21
D;KJHED >7I?B F;C8;B7>7D ?DJ? 7A7D C;D=;D7? / P N7D= B7?D :7D Penggabungan empat inti hidrogen
C;D?C8KBA7D H;7AI? N7D= I7C7 I;97H7 8;H7DJ7? membentuk inti helium disertai
pelepasan energi.
5. Reaksi Fusi
") +) 7:7B7>F;D==78KD=7D:K7?DJ?H?D=7DC;D@7:?I;8K7>?DJ?
N7D=B;8?>8;H7J:?I;HJ7?:;D=7DF;B;F7I7D;D;H=? D;H=?N7D=:?B;F7IA7D
B;8?> 8;I7H :?87D:?D=A7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?F;HBKA7D KDJKA C;D==78KD=A7D
A;:K7 ?DJ? D;H=? <KI? N7D= 9KAKF 8;I7H :?F;HEB;> :7H? '7J7>7H? :7D
8?DJ7D= N7D= C;HKF7A7D IKC8;H ;D;H=? :? 7B7C I;C;IJ7 ?D?
,;7AI? <KI? C;D=K87> ?DJ? >?:HE=;D C;D@7:? ?DJ? >;B?KC !;@7B7 ?D?
J;H@7:? :7B7C AED:?I? 8?DJ7D= C;DKHKJ I?ABKI FHEJEDFHEJED H;7AI?DN7
7:7B7> I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
7 *7:7J7>7F7M7BH;7AI?FHEJED8;H=78KD=:;D=7DFHEJEDC;C8;DJKA
:;KJ;H?KC

* * ';0 H–2
helium
8 ;KJ;H?KC 8;H=78KD= :;D=7D FHEJED C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? JH?J?KC "; (deuterium)
+
+
* "; ';0 +
9 #DJ? "; 8;H;7AI? C;D=>7I?BA7D "; +

+

"; "; * * ';0
+ reaksi fusi
,;7AI? <KI? N7D= J;H@7:? :? '7J7>7H? 7:7B7> H;7AI? F;D==78KD=7D H–3 neutron
>?:HE=;D " C;D@7:??DJ?>;B?KC "; I7C8?BC;C8;87IA7D;D;H=?N7D= (tritium)
I7D=7J8;I7H ,;7AI?F;D==78KD=7D?DJ?:?F;HB?>7JA7DF7:7'3('8
Gambar 10.22
EDJE> H;7AI? <KI? N7D= J;H@7:? :? '7J7>7H? 7:7B7> I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ Reaksi fusi di Matahari

" " " ; :;D=7D ';0

" " "; :;D=7D';0

"; "; "; " " :;D=7D';0
EDJE> B7?D :7H? H;7AI? <KI? 7:7B7> 8EC >?:HE=;D *7:7 CKB7DN7
8EC >?:HE=;D :?8K7J I;J7H7 :;D=7D B;:7A7D C;=7JED .(. A?H7A?H7
A7B? ;D;H=? 8EC 7JEC F;HJ7C7 7>7D 87AK 8EC >?:HE=;D 7:7B7>
?DJ? :;KJ;H?KC :7D JH?J?KC N7D= A;CK:?7D 8;H=78KD= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? medan
ruang vakum magnetik
>;B?KC toroid toroid
,;7AI? <KI? N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= IFEDJ7D >7DN7 J;H@7:? F7:7 IK>K :7D
J;A7D7DN7D=I7D=7JJ?D==? 7H7C;D=;D:7B?A7DH;7AI?<KI?J;HI;8KJIKA7H arus listrik
luar medan
:?B7AKA7D A7H;D7 C;C;HBKA7D IK>K I;A?J7H % *7:7 IK>K J;HI;8KJ medan magnetik
I;CK7 C7J;H? 7A7D 8;H8;DJKA FB7IC7 F7D7I I;>?D==7 I7D=7J IKA7H magnetik
arus
poloid
total
C;D97F7? F7HJ?A;B % N7D= 9KAKF F7D7I plasma plasma
-7B7>I7JKKI7>7N7D=:?B7AKA7DKDJKAC;C;H7D=A7FFB7IC7H;7AJ?< Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
:7B7C C;:7D C7=D;J?A :?H7D97D= EB;> ,KI?7 N7D= :?I;8KJ *&"$" Gambar 10.23
:;D=7D C;:7D C7=D;J?A 8;H8;DJKA AK; :ED7J JEHKI Tokamak

Contoh 10.9
"?JKD=B7>;D;H=?:7B7C';0N7D=:?8;87IA7DEB;>F;D==78KD=7D:K7FHEJED:7D
:K7D;KJHEDKDJKAC;C8;DJKAI;8K7>?DJ?>;B?KC ?A;J7>K?C7II7 "
IC7 "; IC7 D IC7:7DIC7';0
'='(
*;HI7C77DH;7AI?F;D==78KD=7D?DJ?DN77:7B7>
" D ";;D;H=?
D;H=?I;8;BKCH;7AI?
5 6Q';0';0
D;H=?I;IK:7>H;7AI?
';0 ';0
D;H=?H;7AI? ;D;H=?I;8;BKCH;7AI?P;D;H=?I;IK:7>H;7AI?
P ';0
$7:?;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DI;8;I7H ';0
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4
.;DJKA7DD7C7F7HJ?A;B2:7H?H;7AI??DJ?8;H?AKJ?D?
.;DJKA7D ;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? -? ( N7D=

7 &? " 2
C7II7DN78;HJKHKJJKHKJ7:7B7> IC7
8
( 2 " IC7:7DIC7

*7:7H;7AI??DJ?D;KJHED:;D=7DJH?J?EDC;D=>7I?BA7D

9 B *2 I;8K7>F7HJ?A;B7B<7 ;H7F787DN7ADN7;D;H=?N7D=
: " " ";2 :?A;BK7HA7DF7:7H;7AI??DJ?J;HI;8KJ.KB?IF;HI7C77D
"?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DF7:7H;7AI??DJ? H;7AI?DN7 '7II7 &? IC7:7DC7II7:;KJHED

; D " &? ;D;H=?@?A7:?A;J7>K?C7II7 IC7
*;H>7J?A7DH;7AI??DJ?8;H?AKJ

; IC7 &? IC7 D
" &? +
IC7:7DIC7';0
.;DJKA7D;D;H=?N7D=:?B;F7IA7DF7:7H;7AI?<?I?8;H?AKJ "?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?>7I?BA7D@?A7:?A;J7>K?C7II7

?D? " IC7 &? IC7 IC7

/ D

%H :7DIC7';0
7 D;D;H=?
$7M78B7>F;HJ7DN77D8;H?AKJ
$?A7 :?A;J7>K? C7II7 / IC7 C7II7

7 7=7?C7D7 H;7AI? <?I? :7F7J :?A;D:7B?A7D
D IC7C7II7 %H IC7C7II7 $;B7IA7D

7 IC7:7DIC7';0

8 F7 N7D= C;DN;878A7D A;HKI7A7D KDJKA
/DJKAH;7AI?8;H?AKJ C;D=7:7A7DIK7JKH;7AI?<KI?
. 9 F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DH7:?7I?:7D87=7?C7D7
7 B D / * J;DJKA7DDECEHC7II7.:7D/
H7:?7I? :7F7J 8;H87>7N7 I;HJ7 8;HC7D<77J 87=?

8 2 * J;DJKA7DDKAB?:7. C7DKI?7

9 (7 2 '= J;DJKA7DB7>F7HJ?A;B.

D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop Informasi
untuk Anda
1. Reaktor nuklir
+:6@IDG CJ@A>G 696A6= I:BE6I I:G?69>CN6 G:6@H> 7:G6CI6> N6C< Beberapa jenis limbah reaktor nuklir
B:CN6C<@JI;>H>CJ@A>GN6C<I:G@:C96A>+:6@IDGCJ@A>GB:GJE6@6CHJB7:G bersifat radioaktif. Limbah ini meng-
hasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan
:C:G<> H6C<6I :;>H>:C C:G<> N6C< 9>A:E6H@6C 96A6B 7:CIJ@ @6ADG 96C yang merusak sel-sel hidup. Beberapa
96E6I 9>6B7>A 9:C<6C B:C<6A>G@6C O6I 86>G 6I6J <6H H:76<6> E:C9>C<>C jenis limbah radioaktif dapat
B:A6AJ> 76<>6C76<>6C 96A6B G:6@IDG >IJ bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena
itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat
-67JC< N6C< 7>6H6 9>E6@6> I>C<<>CN6
B 7:G9>6B:I:G 96A6B B dalam peti kemas tertutup harus
96C I:76A 9>C9>C<CN6
8B + / 696A6= E:G6C86C<6C 96H6G dipendam di bawah tanah. Untuk
G:6@IDG CJ@A>G 6>GI:@6C >G 7:GA6@J H:76<6> BD9:G6IDG 96C E:C9>C<>C menangani limbah nuklir maka
orang harus menggunakan pakaian
JCIJ@ I:G6H 6A6B G:6@IDG 6>G 9>9>= J6E 6>G 9>7>6G@6C I:G?69> 9>96A6B seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut.
I67JC<G:6@IDG96C@:BJ9>6C9>E6@6>JCIJ@B:C<<:G6@@6CIJG7>C6A6B
G:6@IDG 6>G I:@6C 6>G N6C< B:C<6A>G B:A:L6I> I:G6H 9>E:GI6=6C@6C Information for You
7:GI:@6C6C I>C<<> H:@>I6G
6IB >G N6C< B6HJ@ @: 96A6B I67JC< Some kind of the nuclear reactor
7:GI:@6C6CI>C<<>B:B>A>@>HJ=J
Q96CB:C>C<<6A@6CCN6E696HJ=J waste is radioactive material. This
waste produce deadly nuclear

Q B:A6AJ> E:CJ@6G @6ADG N6C< B:C<=6H>A@6C J6E H:=>C<<6 96E6I radiation that damage living cells.
B:BJI6G H:7J6= IJG7>C Some kind of radioactive waste can
last for thousand years. So, nuclear
reactor waste placed in shielded box
sistem utama sistem kedua must be buried underground.
Overcoming nuclear waste, people
air panas must wear suit like you have seen this
bahan bakar dan turbin uap
uap air picture.
moderator
generator
kondensor
batang
pengendali
pelindung pompa Gambar 10.24

Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000 air-tekan.
6=6C 76@6G G:6@IDG 6>G G>C<6C 696A6= JG6C>JB D@H>96 .( N6C<
I:GIJIJE96A6BI67JC<E6C?6C<96CH:BE>I+:6@H>9>BJA6>9:C<6CH:7J6=
C:JIGDC N6C< B:CJB7J@ >CI> H:=>C<<6 B:CN:767@6C E:B7:A6=6C >CI>
9>H:GI6> 9:C<6C I:GA:E6HCN6 9J6 6I6J I><6 C:JIGDC ':JIGDC B:C<6A6B>
E:GA6B76I6C 7:7:G6E6 &:/ B:C?69> :C:G<> I:GB6A B:A6AJ> IJB7J@6C
9:C<6C >CI> BD9:G6IDG @:BJ9>6C 9>I:GJH@6C 9:C<6C ;>H> ,:A6C?JICN6 A6?J
G:6@H>7:G6CI6>96E6I9>@DCIGDAB:C<<JC6@6C76I6C<@DCIGDAN6C<I:G7J6I
96G> @69B>JB 6I6J 7DGDC N6C< BJ96= B:CN:G6E C:JIGDC $:I>@6 76I6C<
>C> 9>B6HJ@@6C A:7>= 96A6B @: 96A6B G:6@IDG A6?J G:6@H>CN6 9>G:96B
J6EN6C<@:AJ6G96G>IJG7>C9>9>C<>C@6CB:C?69>6>GDA:=@DC9:CHDG96C
DA:= EDBE6 H:@JC9:G 9>B6HJ@@6C @:B76A> @: 6A6I E:CJ@6G E6C6H
+:6@IDGCJ@A>GE:GI6B69>76C<JCDA:=,/'!-#/+'
SE696
9> .C>K:GH>I6H =>86<D B:G>@6 ,:G>@6I ,6BE6> H66I >C> I:A6=
9>76C<JC7:G76<6>?:C>H96CJ@JG6CG:6@IDGCJ@A>G+:6@IDGG:6@IDGCJ@A>G
Gambar 10.25
I:GH:7JIB:B>A>@>7:7:G6E6@DBEDC:C96H6G9>6CI6G6CN6:A:B:C:A:B:C Reaktor nuklir dengan
76=6C 76@6G 76I6C< @:C96A> BD9:G6IDG 96C E:G>H6> ' " A:B:C moderator air

76=6C 76@6G 96C 76I6C< @:C96A> I:GA:I6@ 9> 96A6B HJ6IJ I:BE6I N6C<
9>C6B6@6CI:G6HG:6@IDG$DBEDC:C@DBEDC:CI:GH:7JI9>IJC?J@@6CE696
+ /

aliran panas
(4)
(5) uap ke turbin
(3)
(6)
Gambar 10.26 (1) (2)
Komponen-komponen dasar
sebuah reaktor atom: (1) teras aliran dingin air dingin
reaktor; (2) elemen bahan bakar;
(3) moderator; (4) batang kendali;
(5) shielding; (6) pendingin.
pompa Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
A:B:C:A:B:C76=6C76@6GG:6@IDGCJ@A>G7:G7:CIJ@76I6C<76I6CE>H 6=6C 76@6G N6C< 9>E6@6> E696 JBJBCN6 696A6= JCHJGJCHJG N6C<

B:B>A>@>H>;6I96E6I7:G:6@H>H:86G6;>H>B>H6ACN6 .
. 96C
)J
&D9:G6IDG7:G;JC<H>JCIJ@B:BE:GA6B76I@:A6?J6CC:JIGDCC:JIGDC
N6C< 9>7:76H@6C H:A6B6 EGDH:H E:B7:A6=6C >CI> ;>H> 7:GA6C<HJC<
&:C<6E6 A6?J C:JIGDC =6GJH 9>E:GA6B76I ,:7J6= >CI> . 6@6C A:7>=
BJ96= B:C6C<@6E C:JIGDC A6B76I 96G>E696 B:C6C<@6E C:JIGDC 8:E6I
@6C I:I6E> C:JIGDCC:JIGDC N6C< 9>E6C86G@6C H:A6B6 EGDH:H G:6@H> ;>H>
7:GA6C<HJC<7:G<:G6@9:C<6C@:A6?J6CI>C<<>(A:=@6G:C6>IJ9>E:GAJ@6C
BD9:G6IDG &D9:G6IDG N6C< E6A>C< JBJB 9><JC6@6C 696A6= 6>G 7:G6I
Informasi (,6A6=H6IJ@:JC<<JA6CBD9:G6IDG6>G7:G6I696A6=96E6I7:G;JC<H>
untuk Anda
H:76<6> E:C9>C<>C I:G6H G:6@IDG
Sebuah reaktor nuklir tidak dapat
$:I>@6H:7J6=C:JIGDC7:G:C:G<>I>C<<>@:AJ6G96G>H:7J6=:A:B:C76=6C
meledak seperti bom atom. Akan 76@6GC:JIGDCI:GH:7JIB:B6HJ@>6>G96C7:GIJB7J@6C9:C<6CBDA:@JA
tetapi, suatu kecelakaan pada pusat BDA:@JA 6>G ':JIGDC 8:E6I 6@6C @:=>A6C<6C H:76<>6C :C:G<>CN6 H:A6B6
tenaga nuklir dapat menimbulkan
akibat yang merusak sejumlah besar B:CJB7J@6IDB6IDB6>GH:=>C<<6A6?JC:JIGDCI:GH:7JIB:C?69>A6B76I
wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 1986, terjadi 6I6C< @:C96A> 7:G;JC<H> JCIJ@ B:CN:G6E @:A:7>=6C C:JIGDC N6C<
kecelakaan nuklir terbesar di pusat 9>=6H>A@6C 96G> G:6@H> E:B7:A6=6C >CI> ;>H> H:=>C<<6 G:6@H> ;>H> 7:G6CI6>
tenaga nuklir Chernobyl di Ukraina.
Kecelakaan ini melepaskan zat N6C<I:G?69>9>96A6BG:6@IDG96E6I9>@:C96A>@6C6I6C<@:C96A>7>6H6CN6
radioaktif ke dalam atmosfer dan I:G7J6I 96G> @69B>JB 6I6J 7DGDC
mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan
yang hebat pada penduduk di sekitar
6I6C< @:C96A> B:C?6<6 6<6G H:I>6E E:B7:A6=6C >CI> =6CN6
Chernobyl. Penduduk di Eropa pun B:C<=6H>A@6CH6IJE:B7:A6=6CI6B76=6CH6?6#>@6C:JIGDCC:JIGDC96G>
mendapatkan dampak yang tidak I>6E E:B7:A6=6C B:C<=6H>A@6C E:B7:A6=6C I6B76=6C N6C< A:7>= 7:H6G
kecil.
96G> H6IJ E:B7:A6=6C 76I6C< @:C96A> 6@6C 9>I:@6C B6HJ@ @: 96A6B
Information for You G:6@IDG H:=>C<<6 @:A:7>=6C C:JIGDC =6H>A G:6@H> 9>H:G6E DA:= 76I6C<
@:C96A> ,:76A>@CN6 ?>@6 C:JIGDCC:JIGDC 96G> I>6E E:B7:A6=6C
A nuclear reactor can not explode like
atom bomb. But, an accident in centre B:C<=6H>A@6C E:B7:A6=6C I6B76=6C N6C< A:7>= @:8>A 96G> H6IJ
of the nuclear power can cause a E:B7:A6=6C 76I6C< @:C96A> H:76<>6C 9>I6G>@ B:C?6J=> I:G6H G:6@IDG
large destruction. In 1986, the biggest
nuclear accident happened in the
H:=>C<<6 C:JIGDC N6C< 9>H:G6E A:7>= H:9>@>I
Chernobyl nuclear power plant, "CI> 6IDB =6H>A E:B7:A6=6C 96E6I B:C<=6H>A@6C G69>6H> <6G E6G6
Ukraine. This accident released E:@:G?6 9> H:@>I6G G:6@IDG 96E6I 7:GIJ<6H 9:C<6C 6B6C 96G> G69>6H> >C>
radioactive material to the
atmosphere and caused severe health 9>7J6IE:G>H6>7:IDCJCIJ@B:C6=6CG69>6H>N6C<9>=6H>A@6CH:A6B6EGDH:H
disorder to civilians near by some G:6@H> ;>H> 7:GA6C<HJC<
European also got the serious effect. C:G<> N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C E696 EGDH:H G:6@H> ;>H> 7:GJE6 E6C6H ,>HI:B

E:B>C96=6C E6C6H BJIA6@ 9>E:GAJ@6C E696 HJ6IJ G:6@IDG CJ@A>G !6A
Tokoh
I:GH:7JI 7:GIJ?J6C B:B>C96=@6C E6C6H N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C G:6@H> ;>H> 96G>
BD9:G6IDG E:C9>C<>C EG>B:G @: E:C9>C<>C H:@JC9:G ):B>C96=6C E6C6H
>C> H6C<6I E:CI>C< @6G:C6 E:C9>C<>C EG>B:G 7>6H6CN6 B:GJE6@6C HJ6IJ Otto Hann
G6C<@6>6C I:GIJIJE ):C9>C<>C 9>@:B76A>@6C A6<> @: G:6@IDG H:I:A6= E6C6H
N6C< 9>76L6CN6 96G> I:G6H G:6@IDG 9>E>C96=@6C @: E:C9>C<>C H:@JC9:G
:G96H6G@6C @:<JC66CCN6 G:6@IDG CJ@A>G 96E6I 9>7:96@6C B:C?69>
6 +:6@IDG 6N6
+:6@IDG96N6696A6=G:6@IDGN6C<96E6IB:C<=6H>A@6CI:C6<6A>HIG>@
+:6@IDG96N6E696JBJBCN6B:GJE6@6CG:6@IDG@DB:GH>6A&>H6ACN6
9>B6C;66I@6C JCIJ@ )%-' ):B76C<@>I %>HIG>@ -:C6<6 'J@A>G
7 +:6@IDG )GD9J@H> "HDIDE
+:6@IDGEGD9J@H>>HDIDE696A6=G:6@IDGN6C<B:C<=6H>A@6CG69>D>HDIDE
N6C< 76CN6@ 9><JC6@6C 96A6B 7>96C< @:9D@I:G6C >C9JHIG> 7>DAD<>
96C ;6GB6H> Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
8 +:6@IDG ):C:A>I>6C Otto Hahn lahir di Frankfurt, Jerman. Ia
+:6@IDG E:C:A>I>6C 696A6= G:6@IDG N6C< 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ E:C:A>I>6C mendapatkan gelar Ph.D dari
Universitas Marburg pada 1901. Hahn
9> 7>96C< E:GI6C>6C E:I:GC6@6C >C9JHIG> @:9D@I:G6C 96C H6>CH mempelajari beberapa unsur radioaktif,
"C9DC:H>6 B:B>A>@> I><6 G:6@IDG E:C:A>I>6C 96C EGD9J@H> >HDIDE N6C< termasuk aktinium dan thorium. Pada
1917, ia dan Lise Meitner berbagi
7:G696 9> 6C9JC< 2D<N6@6GI6 96C ,:GEDC< +:6@IDG N6C< 7:G696 9> penghargaan atas penemuan logam
6C9JC< 9>7:G> C6B6 -G><6 &6G@ "" &"" '& "
'#(#$ radioaktif yang diberi nama protak-
&#)(#", "& (#!
9>2D<N6@6GI69>7:G>C6B6G:6@IDG$6GI>C> tinium. Pada 1944, Hahn mendapatkan

hadiah Nobel bidang kimia untuk
H:96C<@6C N6C< 7:G696 9> ,:GEDC< 9>7:G> C6B6 &)+
) ( )&$#' keberhasilannya dalam penemuan
(#& N6C< B:B>A>@> 96N6
&L6II pembelahan inti. Proses pembelahan
,:E:GI> I:A6= 9>76=6H H:7:AJBCN6 H6A6= H6IJ E:B6C;66I6C CJ@A>G inti itu disebut fisi nuklir. Para ilmuwan
di Amerika Serikat menggunakan hasil
696A6= JCIJ@ )%-' ):B76C<@>I %>HIG>@ -:C6<6 'J@A>G penemuan Hahn ini untuk membuat
:G96H6G@6C ?:C>H E:C9>C<>CCN6 696 9J6 ?:C>H )%-' N6>IJ )%-' bom atom pada awal 1940-an. Sejak saat
itu penggunaan fisi nuklir untuk tujuan
9:C<6C H>HI:B )0+ &'')&- (& (#& 96C 0+ # " (& damai pun dikembangkan.
(#&
a. PLTN dengan Sistem PWR
6<6C )%-' 9:C<6C H>HI:B )0+ 9>IJC?J@@6C
E696 + / >G N6C< B:C<6A>G B:A:L6I>
I:G6H G:6@IDG 9>E:GI6=6C@6C 6<6G 7:GI:@6C6C I>C<<> generator generator

6IB !6A >C> 7:GIJ?J6C B:C8:<6= I:G pembangkit
pipa uap
uap
?69>CN6 E:C<J6E6C 6>G N6C< 7:GHJ=J
Q 6A6B reaktor PWR

G:6@IDG 9:C<6C H>HI:B )0+ E6C6H N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C
96G>G:6@H>>CI>9>6C<@JI@:AJ6GDA:=E:C9>C<>CEG>B:G
9:C<6C 86G6 9>EDBE6 I:GJHB:C:GJH 96C 9>6A>G@6C
pompa
B:CJ?J <:C:G6IDG E:B76C<@>I J6E H:=>C<<6 E696
E:B76C<@>I J6E 9>=6H>A@6C J6E 7:GI:@6C6C I>C<<> pompa
.6E7:GI:@6C6CI>C<<>>C>9><JC6@6CJCIJ@B:BJI6G kondensator
IJG7>C N6C< 9>@DE:A 9:C<6C <:C:G6IDG A>HIG>@ =>C<<6
9>=6H>A@6C :C:G<> A>HIG>@ ,:I:A6= @:AJ6G 96G> IJG7>C
J6E 9>9>C<>C@6C @:B76A> DA:= @DC9:CH6IDG =>C<<6 Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001
B:C?69> 6>G @:BJ9>6C 9>@:B76A>@6C A6<> JCIJ@ B:C<6C<@JI E6C6H Gambar 10.27
@:B76A> Bagan PLTN dengan sistem PWR
b. PLTN dengan Sistem BWR

)696 H>HI:B0+I:@6C6C6>GN6C<B:C<6A>G B:A:L6I> I:G6H G:6@IDG
A:7>=G:C96=96G>E696H>HI:B)0+N6>IJH:@>I6G
6IB>G>C>9>J6E@6C
96A6B I67JC< G:6@IDG 96C 9>6A>G@6C JCIJ@ B:BJI6G IJG7>C H:=>C<<6

9>=6H>A@6C :C:G<> A>HIG>@ .6E E6C6H N6C< B6HJ@ @: GJ6C< IJG7>C >C>
Tantangan 9>B6HJ@@6C @: 96A6B @DC9:CH6IDG H:=>C<<6 7:GJ76= B:C?69> 6>G
untuk Anda @:BJ9>6C9>EDBE6@:B76A>B:B6HJ@>GJ6C<I:G6HG:6@IDG6<>6C)%-'
Mengapa molekul dari uranium
9:C<6C H>HI:B 0+ 9>IJC?J@@6C E696 + /
(U–235) lebih cepat bergerak jaringan distribusi
daripada molekul U–238 pada tenaga listrik
suhu yang sama?
air mendidih uap

reaktor transformator
pemindah
panas turbin generator
Gambar 10.28
Bagan PLTN dengan sistem BWR
pompa
kondensator
2. Bom Nuklir
C96E6HI>HJ96=H:G>C<B:C9:C<6G>HI>A6=7DB6IDB6I6J7DBCJ@A>G
DBCJ@A>GB:GJE6@6C7DBN6C<B:C<<JC6@6C:C:G<>96G>I:C6<6CJ@A>G
DB CJ@A>G I:G9>G> 6I6H 9J6 B686B N6>IJ 7DB ;>H> CJ@A>G 96C 7DB ;JH>
CJ@A>G
DB ;>H> CJ@A>G B:B6C;66I@6C :C:G<> H6C<6I 7:H6G N6C< 9>A:E6H@6C
Kata Kunci H:HJ96= G:6@H> E:B7:A6=6C >CI> 6=6C 76@6G N6C< 9><JC6@6C 696A6=
• reaktor nuklir JG6C>JB . 6I6J EAJIDC>JB )J .G6C>JB 96E6I 9>I:BJ@6C 9>
• reaktor daya 6A6B I:I6E> EAJIDC>JB =6CN6 96E6I 9>E:GDA:= 96G> G:6@H> ;>H> 9> I:G6H
• reaktor produksi isotop
• reaktor penelitian G:6@IDG CJ@A>G
• sistem PWR )G>CH>E@:G?67DB;>H>=6BE>GH6B69:C<6C)%-'6=6C76@6G7:GJE6
• sistem BWR
. 6I6J )J B:B7:A6= B:C?69> 7:7:G6E6 >CI> 7:7:G6E6 C:JIGDC
96CH:?JBA6=:C:G<><6GG:6@H>E:B7:A6=6CCN6I>96@I:G@:C96A>76=6C
76@6G I:GH:7JI =6GJH 7:G696 96A6B B6HH6 @G>I>H N6>IJ B6HH6 B>C>BJB
N6C<B:CN:767@6CG:6@H>I6@I:G@:C96A>#>@6B6HH676=6C76@6G9>76L6=
B6HH6 @G>I>H ?JBA6= C:JIGDC N6C< 7D8DG A:7>= 76CN6@ 96G> C:JIGDC N6C<
B:B7:A6= 96EJC 96A6B B6HH6 @G>I>H G:6@H> E:B7:A6=6C 96E6I I:G?69>
H:86G6 H:G:CI6@ GI>CN6 L6@IJ ?:96 6CI6G G:6@H> =6CN6 7:GDG9:
B>@GD9:I>@ 6I6J B>A>9:I>@ @>76I G:6@H> E:B7:A6=6C N6C< H:G:CI6@ >C>
:C:G<> N6C< 9>A:E6H@6C 96E6I I:G6@JBJA6H>
$:I>@6 I:G?69> A:96@6C H:76<>6C 7:H6G :C:G<> N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C
7:GJE6:C:G<>@>C:I>@,:A6>C>IJ9>=6H>A@6C?J<6G69>6H>E6C6H@>A6I6C
86=6N6 96C :B>H> G69>D6@I>; 6@I6 I:CI6C< 96=HN6ICN6 @:@J6I6C 7DB
Tugas Anda 10.2 ;>H> CJ@A>G >C> I:GA>=6I ?:A6H 9> @DI6 !>GDH>B6 96C '6<6H6@> #:E6C<
Apakah Anda pernah mendengar
tragedi Chernobyl? Chernobyl 3. Radioisotop
merupakan pembangkit listrik
tenaga nuklir di Ukraina yang
a. Pembuatan Radioisotop
mengalami kebocoran. Carilah #'#(#$ '#(#$'#(#$,"('( "HDIDEN6C96@HI67>A
informasi dari berbagai sumber, H:A6AJ B:B6C86G@6C H>C6GH>C6G G69>D6@I>; JCIJ@ B:C?69> >HDIDE>HDIDE
mengapa kebocoran ini bisa terjadi?
HI67>A )696 JBJBCN6 G69>D6@I>; N6C< 9><JC6@6C 96A6B 7:G76<6>

@:E:GAJ6C I>96@ I:GH:9>6 9> 6A6B @6G:C6 L6@IJ E6GJ= 96G> CJ@A>96 6@I>; Informasi
HJ6IJ G69>D6@I>; I>96@ I:GA6AJ A6B6 (A:= @6G:C6 >IJ G69>D>HDIDE I:GH:7JI untuk Anda
=6GJH 9>7J6I 96G> CJ@A>96 HI67>A 6A6B>6= 9:C<6C G:6@H> >CI> 6G6 N6C<
76CN6@ 9>E6@6> 696A6= 9:C<6C B:C:B76@ >CI> HI67>A 9:C<6C E6GI>@:A
C:JIGDC DCID= G69>D>HDIDE 7J6I6C )JH6I ):C:A>I6C -:C6<6 'J@A>G
))-'696A6= '6 ) G -896C "
b. Penggunaan Radioisotop
):C<<JC66C G69>D>HDIDE 6CI6G6 A6>C H:76<6> 7:G>@JI
*+ '",% .#/1,',
> "C9DC:H>6 696C -:C6<6 'J@A>G '6H>DC6A -' H:76<6>
A:B76<6 E:C:A>I>6C I:A6= B:A6@J@6C E:C:A>I>6C 96A6B 7>96C< E:GI6C>6C
9:C<6C I:@CDAD<> BJI6H> G69>6H> &JI6H> G69>6H> 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@
B:C96E6I@6C I6C6B6C 9:C<6C K6G>:I6H 76GJ N6C< JC<<JA
*+ '",% ',"201/'
6A6B 7>96C< >C9JHIG> G69>D>HDIDE 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ B:C<J@JG Kedua tangan ini memegang
@:I:76A6C B6I:G>6A N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C DA:= HJ6IJ E67G>@ &>H6ACN6 G69>6H> sebongkah uranium–235. Isotop dari
uranium yang digunakan sebagai
H>C6G 7:I6 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ B:C<6IJG @:I:76A6C @:GI6H 9> E67G>@ @:GI6H bahan dalam reaktor nuklir. Uranium
96C H>C6G <6BB6 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ B:C<6IJG @:I:76A6C 76?6 merupakan salah satu logam berat,
sebongkah kecil uranium ini
>"C9DC:H>6G69>D>HDIDEI:A6=9><JC6@6C96A6BI:@C>@EDA>B:G>H6H>G69>6H> massanya 4,5 kg dan harganya lebih
&>H6ACN696A6BKJA@6C>H6H>A6I:@H6A6B96CE:A6E>H6CE:GBJ@66C@6NJ dari 200.000 dolar. Sebelum
*+ '",% &'"/-*-%' memegang uranium, tangan harus
dilindungi dengan sarung tangan
6A6B7>96C<=>9GDAD<>G69>D>HDIDE9><JC6@6CJCIJ@B:C<J@JGA6?J khusus.
6A>G6C 6I6J 9:7>I 6A>G6C ;AJ>96 96A6B E>E6 H6AJG6C I:G7J@6 HJC<6> H:GI6
6>G 96A6B I6C6= +69>D>HDIDE 96E6I ?J<6 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ B:C9:I:@H> Information for You
@:7D8DG6C E>E6 E:CN6AJG N6C< 9>I6C6B 9> 96A6B I6C6= This two hand hold a slab of
*+ '",% )#"-)1#/, Uranium-235. It is uranium isotop
used as material in nuclear reactor.
676C< >ABJ @:9D@I:G6C N6C< B:B6C;66I@6C <:ADB76C< Uranium is one of the heavy metal,
:A:@IGDB6<C:I>@ E:C9:@ H:E:GI> H>C6G 9>H:7JI G69>DAD<> +69>DAD<> that small uranium slab weights 4,5
9>B6C;66I@6C JCIJ@ B:CJC?6C< 9>6<CDH>H E:CN6@>I kg and the price is more than 200.000
dollars. Before holding uranium,
6A6B 9JC>6 @:9D@I:G6C CJ@A>G EG>CH>E G69>DAD<> 9>B6C;66I@6C hands must be covered by a special
9:C<6C B:B6@6> >HDIDE G69>D6@I>; N6C< 9>HJCI>@@6C @: 96A6B IJ7J= handgloves.
$:BJ9>6C>HDIDEI:GH:7JI9>I6C<@6EDA:=9:I:@IDG9>AJ6GIJ7J=H:=>C<<6
9>E:GDA:= <6B76G6C N6C< B:CJC?J@@6C 9>HIG>7JH>CN6 9> 96A6B IJ7J=
,:76<6> 8DCID= JCIJ@ B:C<:I6=J> A:I6@ E:CN:BE>I6C E:B7JAJ= 96G6=
E696 E:C9:G>I6 E:CN6@>I E:CN:BE>I6C E:B7JAJ= 96G6= 9><JC6@6C
G69>D>HDIDE C6IG>JB $:BJ9>6C ?:?6@ G69>D6@I>; I:GH:7JI 9>GJCJI 9:C<6C
B:C<<JC6@6C E:C8686= :><:G %:I6@ E:CN:BE>I6C E:B7JAJ= 96G6=
9>IJC?J@@6C 9:C<6C I:G=:CI>CN6 6A>G6C C6IG>JB
,:A6>C 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ B:C9>6<CDH>H E:CN6@>I G69>D>HDIDE ?J<6
9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ I:G6E> G69>6H> -:G6E> G69>6H> 696A6= 86G6 E:C<D76I6C
9:C<6C B:B6@6> G69>6H> -:G6E> H:E:GI> >C> 7>6H6CN6 9><JC6@6C 96A6B
E:C<D76I6C@6C@:G):B7:G>6CI:G6E>96E6IB:CN:B7J=@6CB:C<JG6C<>
<:?6A6 6I6J B:C8:<6= E:CN:76G6C @6C@:G 7:G<6CIJC< E696 ?:C>H 96C Tugas Anda 10.3
HI69>JB @6C@:G
Carilah foto-foto tentang kondisi
*+ '",% .*#-1-%/$' kota dan warga Hiroshima dan
,:A6>C96A6B7>96C<7>96C<N6C<I:A6=9>H:7JI@6C9>6I6HG69>D>HDIDE Nagasaki setelah pengeboman oleh
?J<6 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ B:C:CIJ@6C JBJG 76IJ6C ;DH>A 96C 7:C967:C96 Amerika Serikat. Diskusikanlah
bersama teman sekelas Anda
EJG76@6A6 ):C:CIJ6C JBJG B:B>A>@> E:G6C6C E:CI>C< 6CI6G6 A6>C JCIJ@ tentang dampak negatif bom atom.
B:C<:I6=J> JBJG ;DH>A 96G> B6H6 G>7J6C I6=JC N6C< A6AJ .CIJ@ Diskusikan juga apakah ada dampak
positif dari bom atom.
B:C:CIJ@6C JBJG ;DH>A 9><JC6@6C G69>D>HDIDE @6G7DC N6C<
7>6H6 9>H:7JI G69>D@6G7DC

Gambar 10.29
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
"HDIDE@6G7DC6A6B>6==6CN6B:B>A>@>CDBDGB6HH66IDBI:I6E>
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B:C67G6@6IDB6IDB9>6IBDH;:G76<>6C6I6H@>76ICN66@6CI:G7:76H@6C
:A:@IGDCEGDIDCC:JIGDC96CE6GI>@:AA6>C#>@66IDBC>IGD<:CB:C6C<@6E
C:JIGDC >IJ 6IDB C>IGD<:C 6@6C 7:GJ76= B:C?69> 6IDB H6B7>A
B:A:E6H@6C EGDIDC +69>D@6G7DC >C> 7:G696 9> 6IBDH;:G H:76<6> @6G7DC
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H:=>C<<6 E696 6@=>GCN6 H:AJGJ= B6@=AJ@ =>9JE 6@6C B:C<6C9JC<
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B:C:GJH B:C<=>A6C< @6G:C6 B:AJGJ=
6A6B B6@=AJ@ =>9JE N6C< HJ96= B6I> @696G G69>D@6G7DC 6@6C
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' 5 E696 6C
DCID= E:C6C<<6A6C 9:C<6C B:C<<JC6@6C >HDIDE @6G7DC 696A6=
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<J6 9> %6JI &6I>
Gambar 10.30
Karbon dapat digunakan
untuk menentukan usia
sebuah gulungan perkamen
yang ditemukan di sebuah
gua di Laut Mati. Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001
Mari Mencari Tahu

Tantangan ):GC6=@6= C96 B:C9:C<6G 6I6J B:B7686 I:CI6C< ) & #"# &(#"
untuk Anda &(!"("IJ696A6=E:G?6C?>6CI:CI6C<E:B76I6H6CE:CN:76G6C96CE:C<JG6C<6C
7DBCJ@A>G9>9JC>66G>A6=>C;DGB6H>96G>7:G76<6>HJB7:GI:CI6C<E:G?6C?>6C
Apakah radioisotop yang I:GH:7JI':<6G6B6C6H6?6@6=N6C<I:GB6HJ@C:<6G67:G@:@J6I6CCJ@A>GJ6IA6=
disuntikkan ke dalam tubuh pasien IJA>H6C96G>>C;DGB6H>N6C<C9696E6I@6C$JBEJA@6CIJA>H6CI:GH:7JI@:E696
untuk mendiagnosis penyakit, <JGJ C96 -JA>H6C N6C< E6A>C< 76<JH 6@6C 9>EG:H:CI6H>@6C DA:= H>HL6 N6C<
membahayakan pasien itu sendiri?
7:GH6C<@JI6C9>9:E6C@:A6H

Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
#/(),*&." 2)2*1'&,
,:7JI@6C 76<>6C76<>6C JI6B6 96G> H:7J6= G:6@IDG ,:7JI@6C?:C>H?:C>HG:6@IDG7:G96H6G@6C@:<JC66CCN6
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7 76I6C<@:C96A> @:9D@I:G6C
8 E:G>H6>
Rangkuman
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7:GBJ6I6C EDH>I>; H:96C<@6C C:JIGDC I>96@ B:B7:76H@6C:C:G<>H6C<6I7:H6G
7:GBJ6I6CA>HIG>@ +:6@H>;>H>696A6=G:6@H>E:B7:A6=6CHJ6IJ>CI>7:G6I
.CIJ@B:B7:G>@6CHE:H>;>@6H>I:G=696E@DBEDH>H>>CI> @:I>@69>I:B76@>DA:=E6GI>@:A7:G:C:G<>I>C<<>N6C<
9><JC6@6C>HI>A6=CJ@A>96N6C<9>CN6I6@6C9:C<6C @:AJ6G96G>H>C@ADIGDC6I6J@:I>@6B:CN:G6EC:JIGDC
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06@IJE:CJ= 696A6=L6@IJN6C<9>7JIJ=@6C +69>D>HDIDE9><JC6@6C96A6BI:@CDAD<>BJI6H>G69>6H>

I:@C>@ EDA>B:G>H6H> G69>6H> I:@CDAD<> E:C9:I:@H>
H:?JBA6=JCHJGG69>D6@I>;JCIJ@B:AJGJ=B:C?69> @:7D8DG6CI:@CDAD<>G69>DAD<>I:@CDAD<>E:C:CIJ
H:I:C<6=?JBA6=H:BJA6 JBJGHJ6IJ76=6C96CA6>CA6>C
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IDB96C'DBDG&6HH6H:GI6!J@JB$:@:@6A6C
C:G<>96C&DB:CIJB

Peta Konsep
'0'),1'",
"'-)1'3'10
B:B76=6H
"CI>IDB +69>D6@I>K>I6H +:6@H>"CI> +:6@IDG'J@A>GDB

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):CNJHJC"CI> ,>C6GA;6
,>C6G:I6 +:6@H>>H> 76<>6C76<>6CCN6
B:B76=6H ,>C6G 6BB6
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan
memahami bagian-bagian penyusunan inti dan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
bagaimana pengaruh rekayasa penyusun inti tersebut. Banyak sekali manfaat mempelajari Fisika Inti dan
Anda juga tentu telah memahami mengenai Radioaktivitas. Salah satunya adalah dibangunnya PLTN
radioaktivitas dan peluruhan serta perhitungan- yang hemat bahan bakar. Coba Anda cari manfaat lain
perhitungan yang ada di dalamnya. Dari keseluruhan mempelajari bab ini. Diskusikan hasilnya bersama teman-
materi yang ada pada bab ini, bagian mana yang menurut teman Anda.

Tes Kompetensi Bab 10
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Kunci Jawaban 299

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Bab 10 Fisika Inti Dan Radioaktivitas PDF

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Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

• menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas;

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 257

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1. Hipotesis Proton Elektron

258 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 259

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260 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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5. Energi Ikat Inti

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 261

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262 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 263

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264 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 265

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266 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 267

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268 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 269

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5. Pengertian Dosis Serapan

270 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

DIUNDUH DARI: WWW.BUKUPAKET.COM

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 271

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Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

272 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 273

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274 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 275

DIUNDUH DARI: WWW.BUKUPAKET.COM

Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

276 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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pelindung pompa Gambar 10.24

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