CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY
Van de Graaf
1. What is a Van de Graaff generator? Fill in each of the boxes the name of the part shown.
A device that ……………….. and ………………….. at high voltage on its dome
+ + +
+ + dome
+ +
+
+
+
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2. How are electrical charges produced by a Van de Graaff generator? And what type of
charges is usually produced on the dome of the generator?
When the motor of the Van de Graaff generator is switched on, it drives the
………………………..
This causes the rubber belt to against the …….……… and hence becomes …..……
…
The charge is then carried by the moving belt up to the …………… ……….
where it is collected.
A large amount of ……………. is built up on the dome
……………………. charges are usually produced on the dome of the generator.
+ + +
3. What will happen if the charged dome of + +
+ +
the Van de Graaff is connected to the earth
via a micrometer? Explain.
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Electric Current
I= where I = …………………….
…
Q = …………………….
…
t = ………
….....................
4. If one coulomb of charge flows past in one second, then the current is ………………….
ampere.
5. 15 amperes means in ………………second, …………….. coulomb of charge through a
cross section of a conductor.
6. In a metal wire, the charges are carried by………………….
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Electric Field
a) An electric field is a ………………. in which an……………… experiences a…………..
b) An electric field can be represented by a number of lines indicate both the…………….
and ……………….. of the field
c) The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :
(i) electric field lines always extend from a ……………… - charged object to a
………………..-charged object
(ii) electric field lines never ………………….. each other,
(ii) electric field lines are ……………….. in a ………………….. electric field.
Demo: To study the electric field and the effects of an electric field.
Apparatus & materials
Extra high tension (E.H.T) power supply (0 – 5 kV), petri dish, electrodes with different
shapes (pointed electrode and plane electrode), two metal plates, talcum powder, cooking oil,
polystyrene ball coated with conducting paint, thread and candle.
Method
DEMO
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A)
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Observation:
The polystyrene ball oscillated between the
two plates, touching one plate after
another.
Explanation:
When the polystyrene ball touches the
negatively charged plate, the ball
receives negative charges from the plate
1. Place the polystyrene ball between the and experiences a repulsive force.
two metal plates. The ball will then move to the positively
2. Switch on the E.H.T and displace the charged plate.
polystyrene ball slightly so that it When the ball touches the plate, the
touches one of the metal plates ball loses some of its negative charges
to the plate and becomes positively
charged.
It then experiences a repulsive force. This
process continues.
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C) Observation:
The candle flame splits into two portions in
opposite direction. The portion that is
attracted to the negative plate is very much
larger than the portion of the flame that is
attracted to the positive plate.
Explanation:
1) Switch of the E.H.T and replace the
The heat of the flame ionizes the air
polystyrene ball with a lighted candle.
molecules to become positive and
2) Sketch the flame observed when the
negative charges.
E.H.T. is switched on.
The positive charges are attracted to the
negative plate while the negative
charges are attracted to the positive
plate.
The flame is dispersed in two opposite
directions but more to the negative
plate.
The positive charges are heavier than
the negative charges. This causes the
uneven dispersion of the flame.
Conclusion
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Exercise 7.1
1. 5 C of charge flows through a wire in 10 s. What is the current in the wire?
2. A charge of 300 C flow through a bulb in every 2 minutes. What is the electric
current in the bulb?
3. The current in a lamp is 0.2 A. Calculate the amount of electric charge that passes
through the lamp in 1 hour.
4. If a current of 0.8 A flows in a wire, how many electrons pass through the wire in one
minute? (Given: The charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C)
An electric current of 200 mA flows through a resistor for 3 seconds, what is the
(a) electric charge
(b) the number of electrons which flow through the resistor?
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Y
P Q
⇒
Pressure at point P is ……………… Gravitational potential energy at X is ……………
than the pressure at point Q than the gravitational potential energy at Y.
Water will flow from ……to …… The apple will fall from …… to …… when the
when the valve is opened. apple is released.
This due to the ……………….. in the This due to the …………………….. in the
pressure of water gravitational potential energy.
(c) Similarly,
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voltmeter Switch
Constantan wire //
connecting wire eureka wire
bulb
resistance
rheostat
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2. (a) What is the SI unit for current? 2. (a) What is the SI unit for potential
difference?
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(a) (b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different
readings? Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Referring to the figure (a) and (b) complete the following table:
(a) Inference The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it.
(b) Hypothesis
To determine the relationship between current and potential difference for a
(c) Aim
constantan wire.
Apparatus /
materials
Method :
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Tabulation of :
data Current,I/A Volt, V/V
0.2 1.0
0.3 1.5
0.4 2.0
0.5 2.5
0.6 3.0
0.7 3.5
2. The resistance, R, of the constantan wire used in the experiment is equal to the
gradient of the V-I graph. Determine the value of R.
Conclusion : The potential difference, V across a conductor increases when the current, I passing
through it increases as long as the conductor is kept at constant temperature.
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Ohm’s Law
(a)
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Resistance is ………………….
proportional to the length of a
conductor
The cross-sectional
Resistance is ……………...……..
proportional to the cross-sectional
area of a conductor
the conductor,
of the
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Exercise 7.2
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True False
I t
2. i) Electric charge, Q = ( It / / )
t I
V Q
ii) Work done, W = (QV / / )
Q V
iii) Base on your answer in 2(i) and (ii) derive the work done, W in terms of I, V and t.
W = QV
= ItV
3. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted
into heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.
W = QV
2.5 = 5.0 (V)
V = 0.5 V
4. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges
passed through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What
is the potential difference across the bulb?
W = QV
20 = 6 (V)
V = 3.33 V
5. The potential difference of 10 V is used to operate an electric motor. How much work is
done in moving 3 C of electric charge through the motor?
W = QV
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= 3 (10)
= 30 J
W = VIt
= 20 (3) (50)
= 3000 J
V = IR
= 0.5 (5)
= 2.5 V
V = IR
3.0 = 2.0 (R)
R = 1.5 Ω
V = IR
2.0 = 0.5 (R)
R = 4Ω
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V = IR
3.0 = 6 (R)
R = 0.5 Ω
V = IR
= 0.5 (3)
R = 1.5 Ω
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V = IR
12 = I (5)
I = 2.4 A
Q = It
= 2.4 (30)
= 72 C
W = QV or W = VIt
= 72 (12) = 12(2.4)(30)
= 864 C = 864 C
V = IR
3.0 = 0.3(R)
I = 10Ω
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= 1Ω
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= 0.75 A
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21. Figure shows the circuit used to investigate the relationship between potential
difference, V and current, I for a piece of constantan wire. The graph of V against I
from the experiment is as shown in the figure below.
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1 the current flows through each bulb/resistor is 1 the potential difference is the same across each
the same. bulb/resistor
I = I 1 = I2 = I3 V = V1 = V2 = V3
2 the potential difference across each bulb / 2 the current passing through each bulb / resistor is
resistor depends directly on its …………………. inversely proportional to the resistance of the
The potential difference supplied by the dry cells resistor. The current in the circuit equals to the
is shared by all the bulbs / resistors. sum of the currents passing through the bulbs /
resistors in its parallel branches.
V = V1 + V2 + V3 where V is the potential
difference across the I = I1 + I2 + I3 where I is the total current
battery from the battery
3 If Ohm’s law is applied separately to each bulb / 3 If Ohm’s law is applied separately to each bulb /
resistor, we get : resistor, we get :
V = V1 + V2 + V3 I = I 1 + I2 + I3
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 V V V V
R = R1 + R2 + R3
If each term in the equation is divided by I, we If each term in the equation is divided by V, we
get the effective resistance get the effective resistance
1 1 1 1
R = R1 + R2 + + R3 = R + R + R
R 1 2 3
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Effective resistance, R
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (f)
(h)
(g)
(i) (j)
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Exercise 7.3
(b) the main current, I in the circuit (c) the potential difference across each bulb.
V = IR 2Ω: V = IR = (0.5)(2) = 1V
2.5 =I(5) 3Ω: V = IR = (0.5)(3) = 1.5 V
= 0.5 A
2. There are two resistors in the circuit shown. Resistor R1 has a
resistance of 1Ω. If a 3V voltage causes a current of 0.5A to flow
through the circuit, calculate the resistance of R2.
V = IR
3=0.5(1+R2)
R2 = 5Ω
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(c) the main current, I in the circuit (d) the current passing through each resistor
V = IR 5Ω: V = IR 20 Ω: V = IR
3 =I(4) 3 =I(5) 3 =I(20)
= 0.75 A I = 0.6 A I = 0.15 A
5. In the circuit shown, what is the reading on the ammeter
when switch, S
Effective R = 6 Ω Effective R = 4 Ω
V = IR V = IR
12 =I(6) 12 =I(4)
I=2A I=3A
(b)
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7.
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8.
The electrical components in our household appliances are connected in a combination of series and
parallel circuits. The above figure shows a hair dryer which has components connected in series and
parallel. Describe how the circuit works.
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Voltmeter reading,
Voltmeter reading, potential difference, V < e.m.f.,
e.m.f. E
E,r
R
Current flowing
No current flow
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= VR + Vr where VR = IR and Vr = Ir
= IR + Ir
= I (R + r)
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3.
i. Why is the potential difference across the resistor not the same as the e.m.f. of the battery?
Since E = V + Ir
Since V = IR
1.1 = 0.5 R
R = 2.2 Ω
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Voltmeter
V
Internal resistance
+ -
Dry cell
Ammeter
Switch
Rheostat
Tabulation of :
data Current,I/A Volt, V/V
0.2 2.6
0.3 2.5
0.4 2.4
0.5 2.2
0.6 2.0
0.7 1.9
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Analysis of data :
Based on the
above data,
draw a graph of
V against I
Discussion : 1. From the graph plotted, state the relationship between the potential difference, V
across the cell and the current flow, I?
The potential difference, V across the cell decreases as the current flow increases.
2. A cell has an internal resistance, r. This is the resistance against the movement of
the charge due to the electrolyte in the cell. With the help of the figure, explain the
result obtained in this experiment.
When the current flowing through the circuit increases, the quantity of charge
flowing per unit time increased. Hence, more energy was lost in moving a larger
amount of charge across the electrolyte. Because of this, there was a bigger drop in
potential difference measured by the voltmeter.
3. By using the equation E = V + Ir
(a) write down V in terms of E, I and r.
V = -rI + E
(b) explain how can you determine the values of E and r from the graph plotted in
this experiment.
E = the vertical intercept of the V – I graph
R = the gradient of the V – I graph
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Exercise 7.4
1 A voltmeter connected directly across a battery gives a reading of 1.5 V.
The voltmeter reading drops to 1.35 V when a bulb is connected to the
battery and the ammeter reading is 0.3 A. Find the internal resistance of
the battery.
2. A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistor has a value of 10.0
Ω and the potential difference across it is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the circuit and the internal
resistance, r.
E = 3.0 V, R = 10 Ω, V = 2.5 V
Calculate current : V = IR
Calculate internal resistance : E = I(R + r)
r = 2.0 Ω
3 A simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5Ω. When the switch is
closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.
Calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading in open circuit
The voltmeter reading = e.m.f. = 2 V
(b) the resistance, R (c) the voltmeter reading in closed circuit
E = I(R + r) V = IR
2 = 0.4(R + 0.5) = 0.4 (4.5)
R = 4.5 Ω = 1.8 V
V = IR
e.m.f. 11.4 = 0.5 (R)
R = 22.8 Ω
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5
A cell of e.m.f., E and internal resistor, r is connected to /V
1.5
a) Sketch a circuit diagram for the experiment
0.2
1/A
5
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Electrical Energy
1. Energy Conversion
2. When an electrical appliance is switched on, the flows and the .............................. energy
supplied by the source is ................................... to other forms of energy.
3. Therefore, we can define electrical energy as :
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E = VQ P = VQ
; where Q = It
t
Hence, ; where V = IR
E = VI t P = VI
2
Hence, E = I2R ; where I = V P= I R
R t
2 P = I2 R
Hence, E= V t
R
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1. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given period of time can be calculated by
Energy consumed = Power rating x Time
E = Pt where energy, E is in Joules
power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
2. The unit of measurement used for electrical energy consumption is the
………………………………………...
1 kWh = 1000 x 3600 J
= 3.6 x 106 J
= 1 unit
3. One kilowatt-hour is the electrical energy dissipated or transferred by a ….. kW device in
……... hour
4. Household electrical appliances that work on the heating effect of current are usually
marked with, ……………… and …………………..
5. The energy consumption of an electrical appliance depends on the ……………… and
the………………………., , E = Pt
Cost of energy
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Energy
Appliance Quantity Power / W Power / kW Time Consumed
(kWh)
Bulb 5 60 8 hours
= 16.58 kWh
= RM 4.64
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(a) R = 10Ω
5V
(b) R = 10Ω
R = 10Ω
5V
2.
V= 15V I
R1=2Ω R3=4Ω
R2=4Ω
Calculate
(a) the current, I in the circuit (b) the energy released in R 1 in 10 s.
2. A lamp is marked “12 V, 24 W”. How many joules of electrical energy does it consume
in an hour?
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4. An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW. Calculate the resistance of its heating element and
the current at normal usage.
(b) How much energy will be transferred to the water in the kettle in 2 minutes?
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7. Table below shows the power rating and energy consumption of some electrical appliances
when connected to the 240 V mains supply.
Calculate
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= RM 108.43
8. A vacuum cleaner consumes 1 kW of power but only delivers 400 J of useful work per
second. What is the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner?
9. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply
voltage is 12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
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A.
C.
B.
C.
D.
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A. 2.5 x 10-7 C
B. 1.5 x 10-5 C
7. Why is the filament made in the
C. 6.0 x 10-5 C
shape of a coil?
D. 3.6 x 10-3 C
A. To increase the length and produce
E. 2.2 x 10-1 C
a higher resistance.
B. To increase the current and produce
6. Which of the following circuits can be
used to determine the resistance of the more energy.
bulb? C. To decrease the resistance and
A. produce higher current
D. To decrease the current and produce
a higher potential difference
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energy is supplied by the heater to motor is 80%, how long does it take
the water in this period of time? to lift a load of 600 N through a
A. 1.2 x 106 J vertical height of 4 m
B. 1.8 x 106 J A. 20 s
C. 2.4 x 106 J B. 40 s
D. 3.6 x 106 J C. 60 s
E. 4.8 x 106 J D. 80 s
E. 100 s
15. All bulbs in the circuits below are
identical. Which circuit has the 17. The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of
smallest effective resistance? measurement of
A. A. Power
B. Electrical energy
C. Electromotive force
B.
C.
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The figure above shows a graph of electric current against potential difference for three
different conductors X, Y and Z.
(a) Among the three conductors, which conductor obeys Ohm’s law?
Conductor Y
(b) State Ohm’s law.
The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current that
flows through it, if the temperature and other physical quantities are kept constant.
(c) Resistance, R is given by the formula R = V/I. What is the resistance of X when the
current flowing through it is 0.4 A? Show clearly on the graph how is the answer
obtained.
From the graph I against V;
resistance, R = reciprocal of gradient, 1/gradient
1
=
0.11
= 9.09 Ω
(d) Among X, Y and Z, which is a bulb? Explain your answer.
X, because as I increases, the gradient decreases. Hence, the resistance X increases
as I increases which is a characteristic of a bulb.
2. The figure below shows an electric kettle connected to a 240 V power supply by a
flexible cable. The kettle is rated “240 V, 2500 W”.
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The table below shows the maximum electric current that is able to flow through
wires of various diameters.
0.80 8
1.00 10
1.20 13
1.40 15
(a) What is the current flowing through the cable when the kettle is switched
on?
P = IV
I = P/V = 2500 / 240 = 10.4 A
(b) Referring to the table above,
i. What is the smallest diameter wire that can be safely used for this
kettle?
1.20 mm
ii. Explain why it is dangerous to use a wire thinner than the one selected
in b(i)
As resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area,
a thinner wire will have a higher resistance thus the wire will
become very hot. This could probably cause a fire to break
out.
(c) State one precautionary measure that should be taken to ensure safe usage of
the kettle.
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(d) Mention one fault that might happen in the cable that will cause the fuse in the
plug to melt.
Short circuit might occur if the insulating materials of the wires in the cable are
damaged.
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The figure above shows a dry cell operated torchlight with metal casing
(i) What is the purpose of the spring in the torchlight?
(ii) Why it is safe to use the torchlight although the casing is made of metal?
(iii) What is the purpose of having a concave reflector in the torchlight?
Answer
1. (a) The work done by a battery to move a unit charge around a complete circuit.
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(c)
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Four different cables and their characteristic of the cables were given. The length and
diameter of all the cables are similar.
Maximum load
Resistivity / Density / Rate of
before breaking/
Ωm kgm-3 expansion
N
(c) Suggest how three similar bulbs are arranged effectively in a domestic circuit.
Draw a diagram to explain your answer. Give two reasons for the arrangement.
(d) An electric kettle is rated 2.0 kW.
(i) Calculate how long would it take to boil 1.5 kg of water from an initial
temperature of 280 C.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 0C-1]
(ii) What is the assumption made in the calculations above?
Answer
2.(a) Resistance is the ratio of potential difference to current flowing in an ohmic conductor.
(b)
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Characteristics Explanations
A low density Cable will not slag when it heated during transmission
Cable A is chosen because it has low resistivity, high max load before breaking, low
density and low expansion rate.
END OF MODULE
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