ELEC3105 – ELECTRICAL

ENERGY

Electro-mechanical Energy conversion

Dr Rukmi Dutta
Outline
• Fundamentals of Energy conversion
• Linear electro-mechanical system
• Rotating electromechanical system
Continuous Energy Conversion
Generator :
Mechanical Energy
gy
to Electrical energy Motor : Electrical
Energy to Mechanical
Energy

•Actuators such as solenoid, relays and electromagnets can also convert

electrical energy to mechanical or vice versa when necessary ( not
continuously).
  
•Lorentz’s equation of force    dl  is the basis of mechanical force
F  i B
( d also
(and l torque in
i case off rotational

i l system))
   B  .dl is the basis of induced EMF or voltage.

•Faraday’s equation e  u
Energy Balance

Heat due to Heat due to

i2r loss field loss
Heat due to
mechanical
i r loss
Coup g of
Coupling o
electric and Mechanical
magnetic energy
field

Field ckt

Field
Fi ld loss
l includes
i l d core losses
l

Mechanical loss includes windage

g and friction losses.
Linear loss
loss-less
less Electro
Electro-mechanical
mechanical system
• Plunger is fixed at x and current i flows,
d d  i
Mean path
v  e  N 
dt dt Spring
• Electrical energy input is N

We   eidt
idt   id   W fld
• All losses(iron and copper) are neglected.
Ni  H c lc  H g lg and d  Nd  N  SdB 
i
H c lc  H g lg B B Plunger
W fld   NSdB   dB( Slc )   dB( Slg )
N  0 v e N
B2 B2
  Volume of magnetic core+  Volume of air-gap
2 2 0
=W fc  W fg x

• For infinitely permeable core Wfc is zero.

• Generally, energy stored in air-gap is much Electrical Mechanical
larger than energy stored in the core
Energy and Co
Co-energy
energy
• The λ-i characteristic of an electromagnetic
system depends
d d on :
▫ Air-gap length
▫ B-H characteristic of core

• λ-i characteristic becomes linear with

increasing air-gap
air gap length.
length
•Stored energy of the field is the area ‘A’
shown
h in
i the
th figure
fi W   id 
fld

•The area ‘B’ between i-axis and λ-i

characteristic is called co-energy and given

as W     di
fld

•This quantity has no physical significance

0

q
but useful tool to calculate force and torque
of electro-magnetic devices.
Mechanical Force in linear system
• When the plunger moves from x1 to i
Plunger
x2 where
h x2>x1, theh current andd flux
fl v e N
linkage changes from i1 to i2 and λ1
to λ2. x
• Area ‘OADO’ : initial stored energy
Wfd1
• Area ‘OBCO’ : stored energy after 
x2>x1
the plunger moved to x2 , Wfd2. 2 C B

1 x1
• Difference between these two areas D E A

(Wfd1-Wfd2) indicated by shaded O i2 i1 i

‘OABO’ is the total energygy used for
the movement of the plunger.
• It is also the mechanical work done
to move the plunger from x1 to x2
Contd…
dWmech  fdx
• Thus, for a small displacement of dx,
dWe  dWmech  dW fld  ffdx  dW fld  id 
 fdx  id   dW fld
•HHowever, λ and d Wfld are function
f ti off two t independent
i d d t
variables i and x.
  W fld W fld
• Hence, d   i di  x dx and dW fld  i di  x dx
• Therefore, fdx    i  W fld  dx    i  W fld  di
 x x   i i 
  W fld 
•FFor constant
t t currentt di  0, f   i  
 x x 
• For constant flux linkage
W fld
W fld di
  0, f   
x i dx
Mechanical force using co
co-energy
energy
• Force calculation becomes far simpler
by use i of co-energy, 
    di  area OABO =dWmech  fdx
dW fld 2 C B x2>x1
0 x1
1

dW fld D E A
f 
d
dx
O i2 i1 i
• This equation can be written in several
ways by using   N ,   Li,   Ni , MMF  Ni
i i
1 2

W fld    di   Lidi  Li
 For linear magnetic circuit i.e.
i e when L does not vary
0 0
2 with current i.

dW fld 1 dL
f   i2
dx 2 dx
 MMF   MMF 
Also,
i
d  MMF 
    di 
W fld  N    d  MMF  ( MMF )
0 0
N 0


dW fld d
f    MMF 
dx dx
Contd..
 MMF   MMF 
d  MMF   MMF 
i 2
MMF
    di 
W fld  N   d  MMF  
0 0
N 0
 2

f 
1
dW fld
  MMF 
2    1  d  1   
d 1 2
2
d
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2 dx
Negativee sign indicates that developed
Negati de eloped force tends to minimize
minimi e rel
reluctance
ctance
of the circuit.
Thus we have force equations :
i 2 dL
f  , N
2 dx
d
f =  MMF  , N
d
dx
 MMF 
2
d (1/ )  2 d
f=  ,N
2 dx 2 dx
Translatory Generator
i
N1
v e N f

d
e1   N1
dt
Rotational system
• Rotational system flux linkage λ is function of i and θ.

 
W fld dW fld
• Developed torque T i  Nm
  d

• Also
Al
i 2 dL
T , N
Nm
2 d
d
T=  MMF  , Nm
d
 MMF 
2
d (1/ )  2 d
T=  , Nm Rotating part
2 d 2 d
Rotating machines
• Conventional motor and generator both are rotating
electromagnetic system.
• Thee fixed
ed part
pa t iss called
ca ed stato
stator aandd moving
ov g part
pa t iss called
ca ed
rotor.
• Rotor and stator both could be electromagnet i.e. i e coil
wound over a ferromagnetic core or one of them could be
permanentt magnet. t
A basic configuration
• When there is no mechanical output, i1 N1

dW fld  e1i1dt  e2i2 dt  i1d 1  i2 d 2

• Flux linkages in terms of self and mutual N2 
inductances, 1  L11i1  L12i2
2  L22i2  L21i1 i2

 dW fld  i1d  L11i1  L12i2   i2 d  L22i2  L21i1 

1 1 In a linear system, L12 = L21 
  L11i12  L22i22  L12i1i2
W fld
2 2
1 2 dL11 1 2 dL22 dL12
T  i1  i2  i1i2
2 d 2 d d Cylindrical stator
Cylindrical Rotor Machines
• When rotor is cylindrical, the air-
gap is uniform everywhere. In such
machine self inductances does not
very with rotor position θ.
• Hence Torque equation is
dL12
T  i1i2 Both rotor and stator cylindrical
y

d
Two types of magnetic field
When magnetic field B is a square wave- When magnetic field B is a sin wave-
form form

Example: DC machine Example : AC machine such as

synchronous machine and Induction
machine
Torque and Induced EMF for square-wave
square wave B
B
Byy Lorentz’s law, force on a conductor, F
   rB
F
F   i ( B  dl )  Bli , N
In rotating conductor,
conductor T  F .r  Blir , Nm r
l
i F
Torque in a turn(of a coil),T  2 Blir , Nm B

Torque on Z number of conductors or coil

sides, T  2ZBlir , Nm
Induced EMF in a moving conductor,
e  Blv, V
If the conductor is rotating with an angular
d e  Blm r , V
speed, B v

For Z number of conductors in a coil, v = r

e  2 ZBlm r , V
Torque and Induced EMF for sine-wave
sine wave B
• Magnet field B  Bmax sin  and AC current i  I max sin(   )
where,   st  0
• As before Torque by Lorentz
Lorentz’ss law
law,
T  2 ZBlir , Nm
Butt now B andd i are time
B ti varying,
i hence
h instantaneous
i t t
torque will also be time varying and need to find its average
value, T  1   2ZBlird
 0

2Zl
2Zlr 

 0 Bmax sin  I max sin    d
2Zl Bmax I max   1
2ZlrB 

 
 0 cos  d    1
cos  2    d  
 2 0 2

2  Zero
T  ZBmax I max lr cos   ZBmax I max lr cos 
 2
Point to remember
• Force and torque is produced by Lorentz’s law
• Voltage or EMF is induced by the Faraday’s law
• Electrical and mechanical energy must be balanced in the
system by the principle of conservation of energy.
• Co-energy
Co energ does not haveha e any
an physical
ph sical significance but
b t use
se
of it simplifies calculation of force and torque .
• Linear system – linear displacement and force
• Rotational system
y – angular
g displacement
p and torque
q
• Square wave B for DC system
• Sine wave B for AC system
system.