ELEC3105 – ELECTRICAL

ENERGY

Synchronous Machine
Dr Rukmi Dutta
Introduction
• Unlike induction machine, rotor of the synchronous
machine rotates at the same speed (i.e. synchronous speed)
of the rotating
g magnetic
g field produced
p byy the three pphase
current in the sinusoidally distributed stator.

• Rotor field is produced by a separate DC supply or by

permanentt magnett whereas
h in
i the
th induction
i d ti machine
hi rotor
t
field is induced from the stator supply.
Application
pp
• Primarily use as generators – known as synchronous
generator or alternator.
• They
ey are
a e usually
usua y very
ve y large
a ge machines
ac es anda d can
ca be found
ou d at
any hydro, nuclear or thermal power stations.
• MW or MVA power rating is quite common
common.
• Range of number of poles is from 2 to 120.
• Synchronous machine also operates as industrial motor,
specially
p y for constant speed
p applications.
pp
Types
yp of Synchronous
y machine
• Non-salient-pole
p ((also known as cylindrical-rotor
y or
round-rotor )synchronous machine – High speed/low pole
numbers,,

• Salient-pole
Salient pole (non
(non-cylindrical
cylindrical ) synchronous machine –
Low speed/high pole numbers.
Non-salient and salient pole rotor
Steel
retaining Slip
ring rings
Shaft
Shaft

Pole

Wedges
DC excitation
DC
DCcurrent
currentterminals winding
terminals Non-salient
Non salient pole Fan
Salient pole

•Non-salient-pole rotors have distributed windings in the rotor,

and the air-gap
air gap is uniform around the rotor.
rotor Rotors are long with
smaller diameter
•Salient pole rotors ha
•Salient-pole havee concentrated winding
inding and non-uniform
non niform
air-gap. Short length , bur larger diameter
Stator

a

c’ b’
Axis of
phase a
b c

a’

The stator has a sine distributed three-phase winding.

Synchronous
y generator:
g Basic pprinciple
p
• Generator: converts mechanical power to electrical power

+ 

2-pole NSP rotor 4-pole SP rotor

• When a field current If flows in the rotor winding from a

DC source
source, a sinusoidally distributed magnetic flux
establishes in the air gap.
• If rotor is now rotated by a prime mover(turbine),
mover(turbine) the
magnetic field of the rotor will rotate with it. Thus, the
rotor flux linking the stator winding aa
aa’, bb
bb’ and cc’
cc will
change .
Contd.
• Rate of change of flux-linkage will induce voltages in the
three phase windings by Faraday’s law,
 2   4 
eaa'  2E sin t; ebb'  2E sin  t   ecc'  2E sin  t  
 3   3 
Three voltages have equal magnitude, but are phase shifted by 120 electrical deg.
The frequency of the induced voltage and speed of the rotor are related by
fs
nsync  rev/s or   2 f s rad/s (Electrical)
p

RMS value of generated voltage,

4 44K w N f f s ,
E  Ea  Eb  Ec  4.44K
N a  Nb  Nc  N
K w : winding
i di factor
f
Stator g
generated field
• When stator terminals are connected
to a three
h phase
h lload,
d the
h stator Ea Ia

current of frequency fs will flow. a

• These three phase currents will  
establish a rotating magnetic field f
(same way as it did in the induction
motor)
• Net air-gap flux (or mmf) is    f  a
• The net flux also rotates at
synchronous speed.
• Because the flux linkagesg of stator
windings, currents and induced
voltages
g are all sinusoidal,, these can
be drawn in a single phasor diagram
The infinite bus – Grid
• In a power system, many
synchronous generators are
T
Transformer
f T
Transformer
f T
Transformer
f T
Transformer
f

250kV

connected in pparallel to form a

grid

Transformer

grid or infinite bus.

Other
Load
Centers 33kV

Transformer
L
3.3kV
N

• The grid voltage and Transformer

L

f
frequency are ffairly
i l fixed
fi d 415V

regardless of how much power Industrial

loads

is drawn from or supplied to

it.
Paralleling
g with infinite bus
• The generators are connected or disconnected from the
grid according to demand.
• Process
ocess oof co
connecting
ect g a generator
ge e ato to infinite
te bus iss known
ow
as Paralleling with infinite bus.
• Before the generator can be connected to the grid,
grid it must
have same voltage, frequency, phase and phase sequence
( b ) as the
(a-b-c) th grid.
id
• A special instrument –Synchronoscope or a set of lamps
called synchronizing lamps are used to check the above
co d o s.
conditions.
Synchronous
y Motor: Basic principle
p p
• Electrical power is converted to mechanical power.
• For motoring operation, the stator need to be connected to
tthree
ee phase
p ase power
powe sou
source,
ce, rotor
oto st
still co
connected
ected to the
t e DC
C
source. Now induced voltage is called Back EMF.

The rotor field current If produces the rotor

magnetic field.
Three phase current of the stator produces the
rotating
t ti magnetic ti field
fi ld off the
th stator.
t t
The rotor field tends to line up with the rotating
magnetic field of the stator i.e. rotor chase the
rotating magnetic field of the stator which
produces the torque .
Tdev  k  Br  Bs 
Starting
g of Synchronous
y motor
• Unlike induction motor, rotor field of the synchronous
motor is stationary until rotor turns.
Tdev  k  Br  Bs   k Br Bs sin  rs
• Synchronous motor is not self-starting.
Br
Br
Bs

Bs Torque in one electrical cycle

Tdev =counter
clockwise

Br
Br Due
ue too rotor
o o inertia,
e , rotor
o o can
c not
o move
ove
with stator field.

Bs Tdev =clockwise

Bs
Contd.
• Starting can be achieved :
1. Reduced the speed of the stator magnetic field to low
enoughg value so that rotor can accelerate and lock in with
it in one half cycle. This can be achieved by using variable
q
frequency y supply.
pp y – Expensive
p
2. Use a prime-mover to make the rotor rotate at synchronous
speed and once rotor is locked in with the stator field,
removed the prime-mover. –Complicated.
3 Start as induction motor using damper winding in the rotor.
3. rotor
- Most popular
Synchronous Machine
Analysis
y
• Electro-magnetically synchronous generator and motor are
the same device. Henceforth both of them will be analysed
as one –Synchronous
y machine.

▫ Equivalent circuit
▫ Parameter determination
▫ Ph
Phasor di
diagrams – Uniform
U if air-gap
i andd salient
li t pole
l rotor
t
▫ Performance characteristic
Equivalent
q circuit
a
Ra

Xs
If
Ea
n
n
Ec Eb
Xs Xs
Ra Ra
b
c
Per phase Equivalent Circuit

Three phase circuit stator circuit and the rotor field circuit

• Ra: Resistance
R i off phase
h winding
i di
• Ea : Induced pphase voltage
g
• Xs: Synchronous Reactance
Synchronous
y reactance Xs
• We have to look at various flux –linkages

• There are 3 stator windings and one rotor windings.

windings

• 3 phase
h currentt in
i the
th stator
t t windings
i di produces
d the
th
rotating magnetic field of stator and DC current in rotor
winding produces rotor magnetic field.

• We have to look at various flux-linkages to understand

synchronous reactance . Recall flux linkage of a winding
is   N  Li
Flux linkage
g in stator windings
g
Self flux linkage of winding a-a’
ia a

aa  leakege  gap
aa
 Lal ia  Laao ia
 Laa ia
ia a’
Note that normally, Laa = Lbb = Lcc
Also, Laao = Lbbo = Lcco

Mutual flux linkage between windings `a’ a

bb 
andd `b’
b’
ab  Lab ib
120 


ab  Lbbo cos 120  ib   12 Lbbo ib b
a’
  Laao ib
1
2
Contd.
Mutual flux linkage between windings c-c’ and a-a’

ac  Lacic
a
ac  Lcco  cos 240  ic
ic 

cc’ 120

  21 Lccoic c

  21 Laaoic cc
a’
ic
Stator flux linkages
g due to rotor field
Rotor flux along the winding axis a
The flux linkage af of winding a-a’ due to 
tthee rotor
oto field
e d iss
aff  I f Laff cos    f cos 
where, a’
If : the current in the rotor field winding
Laff : the mutual inductance between
a-a’ winding and the rotor winding
Total Flux linkage
g of stator windings
g
• Neglecting effects of slots, magnetic saturation, and
assuming that the air gap is uniform, the flux linkages of
the three stator windings
g are:

a   Lall  Laao  ia  Labb ib  Lac ic  aff

b ia   Lbl  Lbbo
b  Lba bb  ib  Lbc
b ic  bf

c  Lca ia  Lcb ib   Lcl  Lcco  ic  cf

Synchronous
y Inductance (L
( s)
• The total flux linkage of winding “a” is thus
a   Laao  Laal  ia  Labib  Lac ic  af
 Laaoia  Laal ia  21 Laaoib  21 Laaoic  af
  Laaoia  Laal ia  21 Laao  ib  ic   af In a balance three phase system,
ia  ib  ic  0  ( ib  ic )  ia
  32 Laao  Laal  ia  af
 Ls ia  af

where L  L  L is the synchronous inductance of the

s
3
2 aao al

machine.
hi
Synchronous reactance X s  2 f s Ls  s Ls
Machine voltage
g equation
q for each phase
p
• The voltage equations of each phase of the machine is
d a dia d af d af
va  Ra ia   Ra ia  Ls   Ea
dt dt dt dt

Note that ib and ic are not present in the voltage equation for phase a, even though they
g of winding
contribute to the total flux linkage g ‘a’.

In phasor form,
Va  Ra I a  jX s I a  Ea   Ra  jX s  I a  Ea  Z s I a  Ea
Synchronous impedance Zs  Ra  jX s
Lecture 15
Parameter determination
Phasor diagram
Synchronous
y machine p
parameters
• Equivalent circuit consists of three quantities : Ea, Ra and
Xs .
• These
ese parameters
pa a ete s can
ca be found
ou d from
o two simple
s p e tests:
▫ 1. Open circuit test
▫ 2. Short circuit test

Va   Ra  jX s  I a  Ea
Open
p circuit test
• Synchronous machine is driven at
rated synchronous speed and the open
circuit terminal voltage Va(=Ea) is
measured while rotor field current is
varied.
• The plotting of the open circuit
voltage
lt against
i t field
fi ld currentt is
i called
ll d
Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC).
• From OCC generated voltage for any
field current can be found.
4 44K w N f f s
Va  Ea  4.44K
Ea  K f , f  I f
•Non-linearity of the OCC represents saturation of magnetic circuit.
i h line
•Straight li passing
i through
h h the
h linear
li portion
i off the
h OCC isi called
ll d air
i gap
line.
Short circuit test
• For this test, the stator terminals are
short circuited through a ammeter. The
machine is driven at rated synchronous
y
speed. The field current is now varied
and the ammeter measures Ia current in
the circuit.
• The
Th variation
i ti off th
the stator
t t currentt with
ith
rotor field current is known as Short-
circuit characteristic (SCC).
• It is a straight
g line because under short
Ea
circuit condition magnetic circuit does Ia 
Ra  jX s
not saturate as air gap flux is low
low.
Determination of Xs

Ea E
Ia   Xs  a
Ra  jX s Ia

• Thus if Ea and Ia are known, approximate value of Xs can

be calculated.
• Process is
▫ Find Ea from OCC at a field current If
▫ Find a Ia from SCC corresponding
p g to the same field current
▫ Find Xs from above equation.
• However, this approach is not entirely correct. Since Ea
comes from OCC and Ia from SCC, they do not
correspond to the same saturation level of the machine for
the same field current.
Contd.
• Under short circuit condition,
Eda
Z s ,( unsat )   Ra  jX s ,( unsat )
I ba
Eda
• If Ra is neglected, X s ,( unsat ) 
I ba
• Machine ggenerally y operates
p at
rated voltage. Eac  Va ,rated
• The air-gap
air gap line corresponding to
the rated voltage is called
modified air-gap
air gap line.
Eca
Z s ,( sat )   Ra  jX s ,( sat )  jX s ,( sat )
I ba
Ea E
• Saturated Xs is smaller than Ia 
Ra  jX s
 Xs  a
Ia
unsaturated Xs
Variation of Xs

• Approximate value of Xs varies according to saturation of

OCC.
• Variation of Xs is shown in the above figure.
Stator winding
g resistance Ra
• Ra can be measured by applying a dc voltage to the
winding and measuring the resulting current while the
machine is stationary.
y

• Application of dc voltage makes the reactance to be zero.

zero
Typical
yp value of some parameters
p

Parameters
P t S ll SMs
Small SM L
Large SMs
SM
in pu (
(tens of kVA)) ((tens of MVA))

Ra 0.05 – 0.02 0.01 – 0.005

Xs 0.5 – 0.8 1.0 – 1.5
Example
p 1
• A 200 kVA, 430V, 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous
machine with rated field current of 5A was tested under
open
p circuit and short circuit conditions. Followingg data
are obtained :
• The terminal voltage at the rated If is 430V at open circuit
• Line current at the rated If is 300A from the short circuit
t t
test.
• Air-gap line voltage is 485V
• When a dc voltage of 10V was applied across the two
terminals, a current of 25 A was measured.
Find Ra, and Xs,(unsat), Xs,(sat) in pu
Hint
10
2Ra   0.4,R 02 
0 4 Ra  0.2,
25
485
Ed a   280,V
280 V
3
I ba  300 A
280
Z s ,( unsat )   Ra2  X s2,( unsat )
300
X s ,unsat  0.91 ,
430 / 3
X s ,sat  0.80  , Z s ,( sat )   Ra2  X s2,( unsat )
300
Vbase  430 / 3V ,I base  270 A,
Z base  0.92
Phasor diagram for generator operation
• Generator
▫ From convention, positive current leaving the positive
g source means ppositive output
terminal of a voltage p ppower
delivered to a load.
Ea  Va 0  I a Ra  jI a X s  Ea 

Generator equivalent circuit

1. Current Ia lags
g Va 2. Current Ia leads Va

Ea  Va , over-excited Ea  Va , under-excited
Phasor diagram
g for motor operation
p
• Motor:
▫ From convention, positive current entering the positive
terminal of a back emf means p positive developed
p output
p
power (torque) which is converted from electrical to
mechanical form.
Va 0  Ea   I a Ra  jI a X s
Ea  Va 0  I a Ra  jjI a X s  Ea   
Negative δ means Ea lags Va
Motor equivalent circuit
1. Current Ia lags Va
2. Current Ia leads Va

Ea  Va , under-excited Ea  Va , over-excited
Lecture 16
Performance Characteristics
Power and Torque
q characteristic
• Synchronous machine is normally connected to a fixed
voltage bus and operates at constant speed.

• There is a limit on the power a synchronous generator can

deliver to infinite bus and on the torque that can be applied
to synchronous machine without loosing synchronism.
Developed
p Power in Synchronous
y Machine
• From the per phase equivalent circuit of generator,
Ea   Va 0 Ea Va
Ia       s     s
Z s  s Zs Zs
 Xs 
Z s  Ra  jX s , Z s  R  X ,  s  tan  
2
a
2
s
1

 Ra 

For Ra  X s , Z s  X s ,  s  90 o
Ea Va
Ia     90     90
Zs Zs

Real power P and reactive power Q per phase are,

 Ea Va  Va Ea
P  Va I a cos   Va  cos   90    
cos 90   sin  W/ph
 Xs Xs  Xs
 Ea Va  Va Ea Va2
Q  Va I a sin   Va  sin   90   sin  90    cos   VAR/ph
 Xs Xs  Xs Xs
Total real power
p
• For the three phases,
Va Ea
PTotal 3 sin  , Watts
Xs

• The maximum power occurs when   900

Va Ea
 Pmax 3
Xs
Developed
p torque
q
• Because the synchronous machine rotates at a mechanical
2 f
synchronous speed 
m  s
p
rad/sec, where p is the number
of ppole-pairs
p of the machine,, the developed p mechanical
torque is
PTotal 3 pV
Va Ea 2 f s s
T  sin  , m  
m s X s p p

3 pVa Ea
Tmax 
s X s
 g 
Angle
• The angle  is called the load, power or torque angle of
the machine. The maximum developed power or torque by
the machine occurs when  = 90° (electrical).
( )
• Recall for motoring  is negative.
• The machine can be loaded gradually up to Pmax or Tmax
• If  >90° , the machine loses synchronism
3 pVa Ea 3 pVa Ea
T sin  ,Nm Tmax 
s X s s X s
P, Watts
Lost of synchronism can be prevented by increasing T, Nm
the Ea through increased field current .
Recall: E  4.44K N f  K
a w f s f Motor
90 180
f  I f  180  90 
 90
Generator 

The p
physical
y g of 
meaning
• The angle  is the phase angle between Ea and Va phasors.

• Br produces the Ea and Bs is related to Va . Hence,

Hence it may
also be viewed as the angular displacement between the
stator revolving field Bs and the rotor revolving field Br

T  kBr  Bs  kBr Bs sin 

Contd.
• For a generator,  > 0°, i.e. positive, and Va lags Ea. This
i li that
implies h theh magnetici field
fi ld createdd by
b stator currents
rotate behind or follow the field created by the rotor
excitation. In other words, the rotor poles pull the stator
poles along against the torque developed by currents in
the stator windings and thereby converting mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
• For a motor,  < 0°, i.e. negative, and Ea lags Va. This
p
implies that the magnetic
g ppoles created by y stator currents
rotate ahead of the poles created by the rotor excitation.
In other words,, the stator ppoles ppull the rotor poles
p alongg
against the torque applied by the mechanical load and
thereby converting electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Torque
q – Speed
p characteristic
• Speed of the synchronous machine is constant.
• Torque is a straight line parallel to the Torque axis.
Example
p
• A 3 phase, 10kVA, 430V, four pole, 50Hz, star-connected
synchronous machine has negligible Ra and Xs is 4
ohms/phase
p at rated voltage.
g The machine is operating
p g as
generator.
(i) Determine Ea, power angle δ when it is delivering rated
kVA at 0.8 PF lagging.
(ii) If field
fi ld currentt is
i increased
i d by
b 20% , what
h t is
i the
th power
factor ?
(iii) Also find the Pmax and Tmax for the field current
condition
co d o of o (i).
( ).
Hint
• Use per phase equivalent circuit to calculate Ea
430
Va   248,V
3
10e3
Ia   13.43,A
3  430
  cos1 0.8  36.80
Ea  Va0  jIa X s  2480   13.43 36.80  4900   283.58.75

• For (ii) recall

Ea  4.44K w N f f s  K f
f  I f
and assume machine is not saturated.
Effect of load change : Synchronous generator
• Behaviour under load depends on :whether the generator is
▫ stand alone
▫ connected to infinite bus (g
(grid)) i.e. in parallel
p with other
generators
▫ PF of the load
Stand-alone Synchronous
y Generator
• Before the load is connected, field
current If is adjusted to make terminal
voltage Va =Ea = rated value.
• Under this condition, it is neither over
nor under excited and Ia =0.
• The speed is fixed at synchronous speed
p
corresponding g to the frequency.
q y
• Now if load is added, Ia will flow
▫ for lagging PF,
PF Va decreases
▫ for leading PF, Va increases
▫ for unity PF
PF, Va decreases very slightly
• A constant terminal voltage is desirable
for the load
load. It can be achieved by
changing the Ea through If.
Example
p
• A 415V, 50 Hz, Delta connected , four pole OCC
y
synchronous generator
g has OCC as shown 700

Open circuit tterminal voltage , V

in the figure. 600

500

Xs = 0.1 Ohms, Ra = 0.015 Ohms. 400

(i) What is the speed of rotating of this 300

generator? 200

100

(ii) How much field current is required to 0

makek the
th terminal
t i l voltage
lt V = 415 att
Va 0 2 4 6
Field Curret, A
8 10 12

no load?
((iii)) If the ggenerator is now connected to a
load that draws 1200A at 0.8 PF
lagging, how much field current will be
q
required to keepp Va = 415V.
(iv) If the load is 1200A with 0.8PF leading
then how much field current will be
required to keep Va = 415 V?
(v) If the load is 1200A with unity PF, what
is the field current to keep Va = 415V
Hint
2 f s
(i) m   157 rad/s  1500 rpm
p
(ii) At no load, Va  Ea  415 V
 from the OCC I f  3.5 A
(iii) For -connected machine,
1200
Ia   692.8 A
3
Ea  Va 00  I a  Ra  jX s   41500  692.8   36.86 0  0.10184.2890  465.516.36 0
 I f  4.2 A

• Which type of the load needed higher field current –

l di or lagging??
leading l i ??
Operation
p with infinite bus (grid)
(g )
• When connected to grid, the Grid Loads

frequency and terminal voltage of the

incoming g generator
g must be same as Generator

the grid. Recall: paralleling process.

• The mechanical power input through
the prime-mover controls the real
power supplied
li d by
b the
th generator
t to t
the grid.
• The field current (i.e. Ea) controls the
reactive ppower supplied
pp byy the
generator to the grid.
• With negligible Ra , Ea  Va 0 o  jX s I a
Effect of load change on a Synchronous motor
• If a mechanical load is attached to the shaft of the motor ,
it will develop enough torque to keep the load running at
synchronous
y speed.
p
• If the mechanical load of the shaft increases, the rotor
initially slows down,
down hence angle δ becomes larger and so
does the developed torque. (Recall: angle δ is also angle
b t
between rotor
t (magnetic
( ti field)
fi ld) andd stator
t t magneticti field).
fi ld)
Increase in torque eventually speeds the rotor up to its
synchronous speed but now with a larger torque angle.
Contd.
• During load change, magnitude of Ea remains constant.
 Ea  4.44N f s 

• Terminal voltage Va is fixed by the supply

supply.
• Current Ia varies along with angle δ.
• Power
P ffactor
t angle l also
l changes.
h
Power factor control: Effect of field current change
• Power factor can be controlled by the
field current i.e. by adjusting If, Ia can
be made leading g or lagging
gg g to Va .
• For constant power operation,
P  Va I a cos 
• Va is from a fixed supply. Hence , I a cos 
(i.e the component of Ia which is in Ra is neglected
phase with Va ) must remain constant . Ea  Va  jjI a X s
OB  I a1 cos 1  I a 2  I a3 cos 3
Va Ea
• Power in terms of δ angle,
angle P
Xs
sin 

• For constant power Ea sin  must

remain
i constant.
t t
AC  Ea1 sin  1  Ea 2 sin  2  Ea3 sin  3
Contd
• Ea changes with field current If according to OCC (open
circuit characteristic) and will follow its locus shown in
the figure.
g
• Any change in Ea, results in a change of Ia according to
Ea  Va  jI a X s
• Ia will follow its locus as shown in the figure. It is obvious
that this will lead to change of PF angle and hence PF.
V-curves of Synchronous
y machine
• The plot of Ia versus If is called V-
curve.
• Several V-curves corresponding to
different real power levels are shown
in the figure. For each curve, the
minimum Ia occurs at unity PF.
• For the If less than the value giving
minimum Ia, the stator current is
lagging i.e. the machine consumes
reactive power Q (inductive).
• For the If g
greater than the value ggiving
g
minimum Ia, the stator current is
leadingg i.e. the machine supplies
pp
reactive power Q (capacitive).
Example
p
• A 230V, delta connected 50Hz Synchronous motor is
supplying
l i a 10kW load l d with
i h PF off 0.85
0 85 lagging.
l i The Th field
fi ld
current at this condition is 4A and input power found to be
14kW Ra
14kW. R is
i neglected
l d andd Xs
X =2.5
2 5 Ohms.
Oh
(i) Find Ia and Ea.
(ii) If the flux is increased by 25%, what are Ea and Ia and
new PF. Is it leading or lagging?
Hints:
• Find Ia from inputp ppower P  3V I cos 
in a a

• Find Ea from E  V  jI X  E 
a1 a a s a1 1

• Flux increased means Ea increased by 25%. 25% But power

remains unchanged. Ea1 sin  1  Ea 2 sin  2
• find Ia2 and new PF angle from E  V  jI X a2 a a2 s
Power factor correction through Synchronous motor
• Over-excited synchronous motor (Ea>Va) provides
leading PF i.e. can supply reactive power (VAR).

• Having one or more such motors on the system can

improve the overall power factor of a system
system.

• In industry ,constant speed drives are sometime run by the

over-excited synchronous
y machine solelyy for this purpose.
p p

• It should be noted here that over-excited

over excited synchronous
machine requires high field current which causes
significant
i ifi t rotort heating.
h ti
Synchronous
y capacitor
p or condenser
• When synchronous machine is used as PF correction
device only, it is called synchronous capacitor. Such
synchronous
y machine are not use to run any
y mechanical
load. The are floated in the system under no load
condition More or less it behaves like a capacitor
condition.
Load kVA S L  P  jQL
Synchronous motoro kVA Sm   jQm
Net kVA ST  P  j  QL  Qm 

 P 2   QL  Qm 
2

P
Load
d PF=
SL
P
PF after ti 
ft correction
ST
Lecture 17
Salient ppole Synchronous
y machine
Salient Pole (non-uniform air-gap) synchronous motor
• The salient-pole machine does not have an uniform air-
gap.
• Thee air-gap
a gap length
e gt iss short
s o t along
a o g the
t e pole
po e axis
a s (d-axis)
(d a s) aandd
long along the inter-pole axis (q-axis). Magnetic
reluctance is low along the poles and high between poles.
poles
Hence, more flux can pass the air-gap along d-axis than q-
axis.
i
q-axis

d-axiss

4-pole 2-pole
Synchronous
y reactance Xd and Xqq
• The different constants of
proportionality (Ld and Lq) between
flux and current along the two axes
implies that the synchronous
reactances along the two axes are
different.
q-axis
X d  Ld s and X q  Lqs
Xd  Xq d-axis
Phasor diagrams
g and reference frames
• The phase current Ia can be
thought
h h off as hhaving
i two
components: Id producing an mmf q-axis
along
l the
h d-axis
d i (or( pole l axis)
i ) andd Ia
Iq producing an mmf along the q- Iq
axis
i (inter-pole
(i l axis).
i ) The
Th vector
sum of these two fields (which are
d-axis
d axis
90o apart)) accounts ffor the
h net Id

mmf produced by the stator Ia  Iq  j Id

current Ia.
• Resolving Ia into Id and Iq in this
way helps to analyse the salient-
pole (non cylndrical) synchronous
machine.
Phasor diagram
g and voltage
g equation
q
q- axis Ra is neglected for the analysis.
jIqXq
Equations and phasor diagram is given for
jIdXd
motoring operation
Ea
Va Iq Ia


d- axis
Id

• Voltage
V lt Equation
E ti is, i
Va  Ea  jjI a X d  jI
j a Xq Ia  Iq  j Id
Va sin 
X q I q  Va sin   I q 
Xq
Va cos   Ea
Ea  X d I d  Va cos   I d 
Xd
Power equation
q
• It can be shown that per phase power of the salient pole
machine is
Va Ea Va2  X d  X q 
P sin     sin 2
Xd 2  X d X q 

• Note here, if Xd = Xq = Xs , the second term disappears

and we have the power equation of the non-salient pole
synchronous
y machine.

• Also note
note, now Pmax does not occur at δ = 90 degree.
degree
Developed
p torque
q equation
q
• Developed torque of the machine is
3P 3P
T  Nm
m s / p

3 pVa Ea 3 pVa2  Xd  Xq 
 sin     sin 2 Nm
s X d 2s X X
 d q 

Due to interaction between Due to difference in reluctance

rotor and stator field Reluctance torque
Cylindrical Torque
 q vs  characteristics
Torque

T, Nm
Ea = 2.0 ppu
1.5
1.0
.0
0.5
0
 100 

 140  80  60  40  20 0

 180


3 ppVa Ea 3 ppVa2  X d  X q 
T i 
sin  i 2
 sin Nm
s X d 2s  X d X q 

N t that
Note th t the
th maximum
i torque,
t Tmax for
f thi
this motor f  < 90.
t occurs for 90
Special
p type
yp of Synchronous
y machine
• Permanent magnet Synchronous machine : PM in the
rotor. No rotor field loss , more efficient.
• Reluctance
e ucta ce machine
ac e : No electromagnet
e ect o ag et or
o PM in the
t e
rotor.

Surface PMSM Interior PMSM Reluctance Machine

Xd =Xq Xd <Xq Xd is not equal to Xq
Cylindrical torque only Similar to salient pole SM R l
Reluctance torque torque only
l