- ASSIGNMENT –

on
“HOW INDUSTRY 4.0 WILL IMPACT ON
ACCOUNTING”
Hand-in date:
25.02.2018

Prepared by:
Phạm Quang Minh
Nguyễn Minh Hảo
Nguyễn Linh Vân
Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo
Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Nhi
Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc
Nguyễn Linh Chi

Course title:
Principles of Accounting
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Objectives of the study. .............................................................................................................. 2
LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 2
1. Industry 4.0 ................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Accounting.................................................................................................................................. 4
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS AND METHOD ..................................................................................... 6
1. Research hypothesis ................................................................................................................... 6
2. Research method......................................................................................................................... 6
3. Assessment Method .................................................................................................................... 6
4. Measurement Scale ..................................................................................................................... 7
5. Questions .................................................................................................................................... 7
RESULTS................................................................................................................................................. 8
1. Overview of results ..................................................................................................................... 8
2. T test ........................................................................................................................................... 9
3. Cronbach Test ........................................................................................................................... 10
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 11
1. Benefits of Industry 4.0 ............................................................................................................ 11
2. Challenges of Industry 4.0 ........................................................................................................ 14
3. Government policies and corporation solutions ....................................................................... 15
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 17
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................ 17
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 23

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 HOW INDUSTRY 4.0 WILL CHANGE ACCOUNTING

Phạm Quang Minh, Student

Nguyễn Minh Hảo, Student
Nguyễn Linh Vân, Student
Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo, Student
Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Nhi, Student
Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc, Student
Nguyễn Linh Chi, Student
Foreign Trade University
91 Chùa Láng Street, Dong Da District, Hanoi

ABSTRACT
Along with opportunities, the industrial revolution 4.0 also poses many challenges for countries
around the world. Specifically, with the countries developing like Vietnam, the challenge is greater
when the condition of the technology and the human resource has a lot of limitation. We have done
this research using sources of previous reseach thereby building a list of questions and adopting
the questionnaire method and personal interview as a data collection technique.

In principle, based on current development, Industry 4.0 could come to affect every country and
organization in the world in the not too distant future. The fourth industry revolution is said to have
begun in the last few years, focusing on smart manufacturing based on breakthrough achievements
in information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology. This makes it possible to simulate the
results in full by changing the accounting system. If properly implemented Industry 4.0 will
drastically improve the efficiency of business and organizations. It will also help to regenerate the
natural environment through better asset management. Industry 4.0 will not only impact upon the
business operation, it will impact on all areas of the business, finance included. Therefore, this
paper is trying to investigate how 4.0 industrial revolution makes a great impact on accounting and
give some suggestions which accountants should learn to operate in order to successfully meet the
challenge of Industry 4.0. We used two main research methods: qualitative research method and
quatitative research method to do research this. This assignment has shown the multi-effects of the
industrial revolution 4.0 and the new applications in accounting system to adapt to modern
technology and ensure that the accounting takes place in sequence.

Key words: accounting, Industry 4.0, impact, challenges, benefits.

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction
Firstly, the impact of Industry 4.0 in the information age is obviously well recognized by business
and government and is completely woven in the organizational structures and strategic planning
process. The Industry 4.0 affect every single aspects of our lives, unexceptionally including
accounting. According to Chia. 2015, “Technological systems [in accounting] have become more
prevalent over the past five year”.

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Secondly, the desire to undertake a systematic investigation on the impact of Industry 4.0 on
accounting origins from difficulties faced by firms in the business performance. One of the urgent
problems in the next coming years to firms is how to adapt to Industry 4.0, besides, prepare to
changes in the information era. To that end recent data indicate this is now 4.6% are now serverless
cloud firms and 60% of firms currently have no plans whatsoever to move their business fully to
cloud technology. The remaining 36% are split between actively moving toward this technology,
to passively taking a ‘wait and see’ approach (Spalding, 2014 p. 85).

Thirdly, accounting plays a vital role in the operation of corporations. The mission of accounting
is to record the accounting transaction and events of a business and account for them in a way that
complies with its policies and procedures. Accounting information is a vital evidence for making
decisions and management.

Therefore, we realise the importance of Accounting and Industry 4.0 in our lives. Our assignment
is aimed at the impacts of Industry 4.0, especially Information Technology on accounting.

2. Objectives of the study.

The objective of the study is to examine how Industry 4.0 impacts on accounting system affects
accounting. We pointed out basic terms related to Industry 4.0 and Accounting, therefore answer
the following issues:

1. Does Industry 4.0 affect accounting in the positive sides or negative sides? We are managing
to prove the questions by collected data in many countries all over the world and base on
literature reviews and previous researches.
2. We investigate in to the extent of effectiveness or loss of efficiency in corporations after the
introduction of Industry 4.0. We solve a question:” How does Industry 4.0 impact on
Accounting?”.
3. Finally. we suggest to implement policies to government as well as measurements to
corporations. Thereby, we will help corporations easily adapt to changing conditions in the era
of Industry 4.0.

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Industry 4.0
1.1. Overview of Industry 4.0
According to Davies, 2015; Kagermann, 2015, “Industry 4.0 is an umbrella term used to describe
a group of connected technological advances that provide a foundation for increased digitisation
of the business environment”.

Baur and Wee (2015) recognise four characteristics of and disruptions stemming from Industry
4.0:

“...the astonishing rise in data volumes, computational power, and connectivity, especially
new low-power wide-area networks; the emergence of analytics and business-intelligence
capabilities; new forms of human-machine interaction such as touch interfaces and
augmented-reality systems; and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the
physical world, such as advanced robotics and 3-D printing”.

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Industrie 4.0 is currently one of the most frequently discussed topics among practitioners and
academics. (Dais, 2014, p. 625; Drath & Horch, 2014, p. 56).

1.2. Definition of Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a term often used to refer to the developmental process in the management of
manufacturing and chain production. This term was first publicly introduced in 2011 as “Industrie
4.0” by a group of representatives from different fields (such as business, politics, and academia)
under an initiative to enhance
the German competitiveness in
the manufacturing industry.
The German federal
government adopted the idea in
its High-Tech Strategy for
2020. Subsequently, a Working
Group was formed to further
advise on the implementation
of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0
refers to the fourth of these 4
periods of technological
revolution:

 1st: The first industrial revolution was the introduction of mechanical production facilities
starting in the second half of the 18th century and being intensified throughout the entire
19th century
 2nd: From the 1870s on, electrification and the division of labor (i.e. Taylorism) led to the
second industrial revolution
 3rd: The third industrial revolution, also called “the digital revolution”, set in around the
1970s, when advanced electronics and information technology developed further the
automation of production processes.
 4th: Smart production systems base on the remarkable accomplishment of artificial
intelligence which merging the real and virtual worlds.

The fourth industrial revolution takes the automation of manufacturing processes to a new level by
introducing customized and flexible mass production technologies.This means that machines will
operate independently, or cooperate with humans in creating a customer-oriented production field
that constantly works on maintaining itself. The machine rather becomes an independent entity that
is able to collect data, analyze it, and advise upon it. This becomes possible by introducing self-
optimization, self-cognition, and self-customization into the industry. The manufacturers will be
able to communicate with computers rather than operate them.

1.3. Components of Industry 4.0

Although “Industry 4.0” is the common term referring to the fourth industrial revolution,
academics still struggle to properly define the approach. This makes it even harder to distinguish
the main components of such an approach.

In the Literature Review of Hermann, Pentek, and Otto, they take it upon themselves to find out
the main components of the industry.Given the fact that the term originated in a German-speaking
area, they set out to find out the most frequently cited terms and definitions relating to the industry.

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In their research, of course, the German equivalent of each term (or perhaps the English equivalent)
was used. The results were as follows (Source: “Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Principle” by
Hermann, Pentek, and Otto):

Search Term (Group) Number of Publications in

Which Search Term (Group)
Occured
Cyber-Physical Systems, Cyber-Physikalische Systeme, 46
CPS
Internet of Things, Internet der Dinge 36
Smart Factory, intelligente Fabrik 24
Internet of Services, Internet der Dienste 19
Smart Product, intelligentes Produkt 10
M2M, Machine-to-Machine 8
Big Data 7
Cloud 5
Cyber-Physical Systems, Internet of Things, Smart Factory, and Internet of Services are the most
common four terms cited in academic research publications related to the industry. Consequently,
and given its initial stage, these are the four main components of the industry.

 Cyber – Physical Systems: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is the speciality of Industry

4.0, in which the sensor devices on “smart produtions” can “tell” what to do, processes that
have "autonomous" rights in a hierarchical module system, smart embedded devices that
work together over a wireless network or "cloud”.
 Internet of Things: Internet of Things (IoT) enables objects and machines such as
cellphones and sensors to “communicate” with each other as well as human beings to
operate. By integrating of such technology, objects are able to work and solve problems
independently. Of course, this is not entirely true as human beings are also allowed to
intervene. (Martin, 2017)
 Smart Factory: The smart factory is a flexible system that can self-optimize performance
across a broader network, self-adapt to and learn from new conditions in real or near-real
time, and autonomously run entire production processes. Smart factories can operate within
the four walls of the factory, but they can also connect to a global network of similar
production systems, and even to the digital supply network more broadly. (Rick Burke,
2017)
 Internet of Services : Internet of Services (IoS) aims at creating a wrapper that simplifies
all connected devices to make the most out of them by simplifying the process. This is the
solution for smarts devices that are becoming more and more interconnected that lead to
the added value of the last device becomes unrecognizable.

2. Accounting
2.1. Origin and growth of Accounting
According to Dr. Mahesh Chand Garg, accounting is as old as money itself. However, the act of
accounting was not as developed as it is today because in the early stages of civilisation, the number
of transactions to be recorded were so small that each businessman was able to record and check
for himself all his transactions. Accounting was practised in India twenty three centuries ago as is
clear from the book named "Arthashastra" written by Kautilya, King Chandragupta's minister. This

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book not only relates to politics and economics, but also explain the art of proper keeping of
accounts. However, the modern system of accounting based on the principles of double entry
system owes it origin to Luco Pacioli who first published the principles of Double Entry System in
1494 at Venice in Italy. Thus, the art of accounting has been practised for centuries but it is only
in the late thirties that the study of the subject 'accounting' has been taken up seriously.

2.2. Definition
Accounting is the process of systematically recording, measuring, and communicating information
about financial transactions. Accounting is the systematic and comprehensive recording of
financial transactions pertaining to a business, and it also refers to the process of summarizing,
analyzing and reporting these transactions to oversight agencies and tax collection entities.
Accounting is one of the key functions for almost any business; it may be handled by a bookkeeper
and accountant at small firms or by sizable finance departments with dozens of employees at large
companies.

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has defined the Financial Accounting as:
"the art of recording, classifying and summarising in as significant manner and in terms of money
transactions and events which in part, at least of a financial character, and interpreting the results
thereof". Whereas, American Accounting Association defines accounting as: "the process of
identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements
and decisions by users of the information.

2.3. Roles of Accounting

2.3.1. Accounting in Activities of Corporates.
 Helping the company keep track of its production and business activities: production,
market monitoring, etc. Thus, the managers easily take the operations, a good internal
control, manage costs based on detailed budget planning and budgeting, minimize
unnecessary costs, risk thereby taking insurance measurements for businesses.
 Providing materials for enterprises as a basis for planning action programs for each stage,
period. As a result, the manager is able to calculate the performance, outline the future.
Implement and implement information management systems to promote the
implementation of strategy, planning and decision-making by the board.
 Accounting is a legal basis for resolving litigation as evidence of commercial conduct, a
solid foundation in trading. Moreover, t]it is the basis for the manager to make the
appropriate decisions.
 Regular updating of financial information and related information to shareholders inside
and outside the company (new rights and responsibilities, legal documents, creditors, banks,
investors ...). This is the way to create the highest trust from partners for business.

2.3.2. Accounting in Activities of Governments.

 To monitor the development of production and business sectors, to synthesize the
development of the national economy.
 Accounting is a means to provide information to find the best way to calculate taxes, limit
tax losses, limit mistakes, thereby taking measurements related to tax policies.
 Accountants provide useful data for economic, political and social issues ... identify the
roles, responsibilities, management positions and provide useful data for determining the
ability of the team. leadership and leadership.

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  For the national economy, accountants support the government in drafting and
promulgating tax laws, establishing economic policies to suit the current state of the
economy and trade. Based on the results of the financial reports of the sector, the
government can know the prosperity of the economy, know the success or failure of
industries and businesses and know the source. The tax benefits will be paid to the state
budget.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS AND METHOD

1. Research hypothesis
Hypotheses are ideas or working statements put forward as a starting point for reasoning or
expectation which may be accepted or rejected after testing. Allan,(2004). In analyzing the
hypotheses, two options are analyzed which are the Null Hypotheses (H0) and the Alternative
Hypotheses (H1). According to objectives of the study, research hypothesizes are as following:

HO: There is no significant impact of Industry 4.0 on Accounting.

HA: There is a significant impact of Industry 4.0 on Accounting.

 If HO is accepting, we come to conclusion that “There is no significant impact of Industry

4.0 on Accounting”.
 If Ho is rejecting, hypothesizes are set:

H1 : There is a relationship between Industrial Automation Technology and Accounting.

H2 : There is a relationship between Cloud Computing Technology and Accounting.
H3 : There is a relationship between Blockchain Technology and Accounting.
H4 : There is a relationship between Artificial Intelligience Technology and Accounting.
2. Research method
Our assignment used two main research methods, they are: qualitative research method and
quatitative research method. In order to satisfy the objectives of the assignment, a quantitative
research was held. The main characteristic of quantitative research is that it is mostly appropriate
for big samples, while its outcomes are measurable and quantifiable. Data is in the form of numbers
and statistics. This research is similar to inductive research. The instruments applied is
questionaires and interview. We use different kinds of tools to collect data from around 100
undergraduate and postgraduate students in Foreign Trade University and in National Economy
University, especially those who are specialized in accounting or working in this field. Afterwards,
we based on empirical knownledge to explain the impact of each factor on accounting.

3. Assessment Method
With a sample of 200, we take 95% as a confidence
interval percentage. Moreover, we also take Alfa Cronbach's alpha Internal consistency
test (Cronbach) into consideration to test the 0.9 ≤ α Excellent
reliability of questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha will 0.8 ≤ α < 0.9 Good
generally increase as the intercorrelations among 0.7 ≤ α < 0.8 Acceptable
test items increase, and is thus known as an internal 0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 Questionable
consistency estimate of reliability of test scores. 0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Poor
Because intercorrelations among test items are α < 0.5 Unacceptable
maximized when all items measure the same construct, Cronbach's alpha is widely believed to

6
indirectly indicate the degree to which a set of items measures a single unidimensional latent
construct.

4. Measurement Scale
In order to assess the results of research, we use a Likert scale of from 1 to 5 for each question:
1 = strongly disagree
2 = somewhat disagree
3 = neutral
4 = somewhat agree
5 = strongly agree
After that, we calculate the average score related to the hypothesis. And we are seeking whether
the average score is higher than 3 or not. In other words, we are managing to find out whether over
half of participants agree or disagree with the hypothesis. Hypothesis describe whit following
model:

HO: If the mean of sample is smaller than 0.5, null hypothesis is not rejecting.
H1: If the mean of sample is equal to or greater than 0.5, null hypothesis is rejecting.
5. Questions
Code Description
H1 Automation Technology
IAT 1 In the Industry 4.0 world, there is no need for documents’ and reports’ printouts.
IAT 2 Business – conducting process can be sped up and does not depend on the geographic
location of business partners and company.
IAT 3 Industrial Automation Technology changes accounting in terms of means of
payment e.g Bitcoin.
H2 Cloud Computing Technology
CCT 1 The first investment in Cloud Computing Technology is low.
CCT 2 With the support of cloud computing, we can cut down on the cost of purchasing,
installing a great number of computers
CCT 3 Accounting software stores a unlimited amount of your payroll information, tax
records and specialized data for your business.
H3 Blockchain Technology
BT 1 There is a redundancy of accountants in the Blockchain techonoly world.
BT 2 The accuracy of a company’s financial information is also guaranteed.
BT 3 Blockchain Techonlogy establish a safe system because rather than maintaining
separate records, businesses can only keep a single, joint register.
H4 Artificial Intelligience Techonoly
AIT 1 The standard of accounting systems will be affected.
AIT 2 With Aritificial Intelligience Techonology, we can lessen the time of accounting.
AIT 3 The means of payment is more and more flexibile with Artificial Intelligience
Techonology.

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 RESULTS

1. Overview of results
Hypothesis 1
Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

IAT 1 200 1 5 3.77 .895

IAT 2 200 1 5 3.90 .880
IAT 3 200 2 5 4.02 .937
Valid N (listwise) 200
It could be figured that Automation Technology impacts on Accounting most in terms of means of
payment. The highest mean is of IAT 3, which is 4.02, whereas the lowest one is of IAT 1, which
is 3.77. That in the Industry 4.0 world, there is no need for documents’ and reports’ printouts seems
unclear in the present. In general, criterias to evaluate the relationship between Automation
Technology and Accounting are greater than three, fluctuate from 3.7 to 4.1 and agreed by most of
participants in the sample. The standarb deviations are quite high, however, they are still below,
accepted. In average, participants agree that Automation Technology impacts on Accounting.
Hypothesis 2
Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

CCT 1 200 1 5 3.64 .796

CCT 2 200 1 5 3.79 .787
CCT 3 200 2 5 4.10 .897
Valid N (listwise) 200

The mean of criteria varies from 3.64 to 4.1. It could be figured that Cloud Computing Technology
impacts on Accounting most in terms of availability. The highest mean is 4.1 and of information
storage. This seems to be easy to understand. Facts have shown that information availability is
improved due to Internet access in any time and from any place. In average, participants agree
that Cloud Computing Technology impacts on Accounting.
Hypothesis 3

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

BT 1 200 1 5 3.27 1.158

BT 2 200 1 5 3.30 1.037
BT 3 200 1 5 2.98 1.207
Valid N (listwise) 200
Blockchain Technology is believed to be a new term in the Industry 4.0. Therefore, the level of
agreement in this hypothesis is quite lower than others. The mean varies from 2.98 to 3.30. The
lowest is 2.98, which is of accuracy. It could be figured out that people still take the accuracy,
safety and privacy of information into consideration as a disadvantage of Industry 4.0. In average,
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participants agree that Blockchain Technology impacts on Accounting; however, the accuracy of
information should be considered.
Hypothesis 4

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

AT 1 200 1 5 3.12 .902

AT 2 200 1 5 3.06 .834
AT 3 200 1 5 3.36 .914
Valid N (listwise) 200
It could be figured that Artificial Intelligience Technology impacts on Accounting the lowest in
terms of the time of accounting. However, this is partly accepted but quite neutral. Because it is
thought that in addition of advantages, Industry 4.0 would attach with new works, tasks and roles
of accounting. The highest mean is of AT 3, which is 3.36 and of means of payment, whereas the
lowest one is of AT 2, which is 3.06. In average, participants agree that Artificial Intelligience
Technology impacts on Accounting.

2. T test
95% Confidence Interval of the
Sig. Mean
Name t df Difference
(2-tailed) Difference
Lower Upper
Hypothesis 1
IAT 1 59.568 199 .000 3.770 3.65 3.89
IAT 2 62.697 199 .000 3.900 3.78 4.02
IAT 3 60.722 199 .000 4.025 3.89 4.16
Hypothesis 2
CCT 1 64.673 199 .000 3.640 3.53 3.75
CCT 2 68.126 199 .000 3.790 3.68 3.90
CCT 3 64.664 199 .000 4.100 3.97 4.23
Hypothesis 3
BT 1 39.866 199 .000 3.265 3.10 3.43
BT 2 45.004 199 .000 3.300 3.16 3.44
BT 3 34.916 199 .000 2.980 2.81 3.15
Hypothesis 4
AT 1 49.001 199 .000 3.125 3.00 3.25
AT 2 51.807 199 .000 3.055 2.94 3.17
AT 3 52.049 199 .000 3.365 3.24 3.49
Based on the P- value, we come to the conclusions as following:
Hypothesis Result
There is a relationship between Industrial Whit 95% degree of certainty the null hypotheses
Automation Technology and Accounting. is rejected and research hypotheses is accepted.

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 There is a relationship between Cloud Whit 95% degree of certainty the null hypotheses
Computing Technology and Accounting. is rejected and research hypotheses is accepted.
There is a relationship between Blockchain Whit 95% degree of certainty the null hypotheses
Technology and Accounting. is rejected and research hypotheses is accepted.
There is a relationship between Artificial Whit 95% degree of certainty the null hypotheses
Intelligience Technology and Accounting. is rejected and research hypotheses is accepted.
3. Cronbach Test
Hypothesis 1
Item-Total Statistics Reliability Statistics
Scale
Mean if Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha if Cronbach's N of
Item Item Deleted Total Correlation Item Deleted Alpha Items
Deleted
IAT 1 7.93 2.452 .482 .652 .701 3
IAT 2 7.80 2.576 .445 .696
IAT 3 7.67 2.031 .634 .449

Hypothesis 2
Item-Total Statistics Reliability Statistics
Scale
Mean if Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha if Cronbach's N of
Item Item Deleted Total Correlation Item Deleted Alpha Items
Deleted
CCT 1 7.89 2.078 .491 .631 .696 3
CCT 2 7.74 2.043 .523 .592
CCT 3 7.43 1.774 .528 .588

Hypothesis 3
Item-Total Statistics Reliability Statistics

Scale
Mean if
Item Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha if Cronbach's N of
Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation Item Deleted Alpha Items
BT 1 6.28 3.137 .556 .386 .641 3
BT 2 6.25 4.075 .385 .627
BT 3 6.57 3.423 .421 .588

Hypothesis 4
Item-Total Statistics Reliability Statistics

Scale
Mean if
Item Scale Variance Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's N of
Deleted if Item Deleted Total Correlation if Item Deleted Alpha Items
AT 1 6.42 2.174 .489 .591 .680 3
AT 2 6.49 2.221 .552 .515
AT 3 6.18 2.239 .444 .652

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In general, the reliability of statistic varies from 68% to 70%. This suggests that the items have
relatively high internal consistency, which is around 69%. Internal consistency describes the extent
to which all the items in a test measure the same concept or construct and hence it is connected to
the inter-relatedness of the items within the test. It is recommended that the minimum coefficient
of Cronbach alpha is 0.65. Our results are not really strong but accepted in this case. Moreover, all
of the Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted are lower than the current ones, which is very good.
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

1. Benefits of Industry 4.0

1.1. Industrial Automation Technology
The application of information technology significantly affects the operations of the organization.
It is obvious that traditional accounting system, its input, data processing and output have been
changed because of information technology. In that sense, some survey results show that
companies change their accounting information systems, especially in the field of cost accounting,
as a response to the changes in environment and as a response to the new technologies. Similar
changes have happened in the field of managerial accounting. Empirical survey results in
Slovenia show that certified accountants connect information technology with the changes in the
role and tasks of managerial accountants. Among many features, information technology has been
showed as the most significant feature of the changes in managerial accountants’ role and tasks
(73% in case of British managerial accountants and 72% of Slovenian managerial accountants). In
that sense, accounting can be recognized as accounting through virtual office and as paperless
accounting. Accounting through virtual office can speed up the business – conducting process and
does not depend on the geographic location of business partners and company. Paperless
accounting implies electronic input and output and there is no need for documents’ and reports’
printouts.

An example is “Bitcoin”, which has changed many payment manners because its benefits bring to
consumers. All the banks and firms have to change according to the payment procedures; therefore,
the management of bitcoin in information accounting systems become an advantages due to all the
transactions can be made online or without using real paper and intricate procedures.

Facts have shown that the total number of bitcoins that have already been mined increases
tremendously over years.

Year Total number of Bitcoins

2009 154,961,900
2010 598,551,500
2011 1,208,605,600
2012 1,714,894,975
2013 2,071,266,575
2014 2,371,712,125
2015 2,610,330,275
2016 2,862,452,675
2017 3,005,796,975

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 BITCOINS CIRCULATION
The total number of bitcoins that have already been mined; in other words, the
Bitcoins supply in the network.

3,500,000,000

3,000,000,000

2,500,000,000

2,000,000,000

1,500,000,000

1,000,000,000

500,000,000

0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Moreover, the implement of smart accounting system – cyber-physical systems can create an
imaginary spaces to exchange information, figures, data on company or others together, without
using outside links or applications. It also combines many systems in the same time and filters or
compares the data we need without taking time to re-find in the storage system. Although, today
many business transactions are documented, processed and reported paperlessly, still paperless
accounting has not been put in live on a global level. Integrated business applications contribute
this new modern approach of accounting. The traditional sources of documents e.g. purchase
orders, invoices, cheques have been changed with the wide spread of using e-mails and accounting
evidence (journal, general ledger, subsidiary ledgers) has become electronic.

1.2. Cloud Computing Technology

In addition, The industry 4.0 provides us cloud computing connecting all the branch computer with
the host without using many software applications. Instead of installing each software in each
computer, now we just have to set up one programme for computer. This programme will allow
accounters to sign in the host system in the web basis which includes all the necessary information
and tasks serving for their work. Host computer operates remote systems which belongs to the
partner firms could have the abilities to dispose of anything from transfering e-mails to text
documets or to analyze other complicated data.

Here are two of the most undeniable changes this technology has brought to Accounting:

1.2.1. Improved information availability

Information availability is improved due to Internet access in any time and from any place. Before
the introduction of computer, we have to store all the data into paper, which cause lots of trouble
about storage. Now we can transfer all the data in electronic smart data managing center by using
algorithm in internal systems of each firm. You may already use computer for data storage for
business, inventory, sales, receivables’ and payable stored in excel, and open office or a similar
program keeps these figure at your fingertips. Accounting software stores your payroll information,
tax records and specialized data for your business.
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1.2.2. Economic Efficiencies
The advantage of cloud computing is recognized in the process of hardware and software
procurement. As a result, costs of development and maintenance of accounting information system
decrease. With the support of cloud computing, we can cut down on the cost of purchasing,
installing a great number of computers or connecting machines serving for recoding and
exchanging accounting data.

Besides, implementing the advanced information technology in accounting can reduce the cost of
hiring accounting- human resources. When we store accounting data in online space, we also cut
down the cost of materials like papers, delivering expenses...etc. On the other hand, we can using
emails to interconnect with customers or partners instead of using live phone-call, therefore, we
can make cost-saving.

1.3. Blockchain technology

Recording transactions through blockchain virtually eliminates human error and protects the data
from possible tampering. Keep in mind that records are verified every single time they are passed
on from one blockchain node to the next. In addition to the guaranteed accuracy of your records,
such a process will also leave a highly traceable audit trail.

Of course, the entire accounting process also becomes more efficient on a foundational level.
Rather than maintaining separate records, businesses can only keep a single, joint register. The
integrity of a company’s financial information is also guaranteed.

The companies would benefit in many ways: Standardisation would allow auditors to verify a large
portion of the most important data behind the financial statements automatically. The cost and time
necessary to conduct an audit would decline considerably. Auditors could spend freed up time on
areas they can add more value, e.g. on very complex transactions or on internal control
mechanisms.

Finally, blockchain technology allows for smart contracts, i.e. computer programs that may execute
under certain conditions. Think of an invoice paying for itself after checking that delivered goods
have been received according to specifications and sufficient funds are available on the company’s
bank account.Challenges of Industry 4.0.

This effect is shown by the increase in the revenue of Data processing, hosting services Industry in
the US from 2006 to 2017.

1.4. Artificial Intelligence Technoloy

1.4.1. Accuracy
The use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) Technologies in accounting system is a revolution to this
field. All the accounting activities need accurate figures, maybe human could make mistakes in the
process of recording and reporting it into the accounting systems. The use of this technology not
only helps minimum the manual errors which is always a risk for any firms to avoid. Control the
mistake will lessen the posibility of the money loss, moreover, the legal responsibility and
unexpected consequences on accounters.
1.4.2. Fastness
Instead of recording or reporting respectively small transactions, using smart accounting systems
or AI can help accounters to record a large amount of financial activities at the same time and
13
continuously. In each specific time period like the end of month or year, it can lessen the time of
drawing balancesheets, because at that time, accounter always have to work with higher level to
collect and classify lots of financial statement and report, thus, we can save time and money paying
for incurring salaries expenses.

1.4.3. Flexibility
The introduction of “Bitcoin” in the future will change many payment manners because its benefits
bring to consumers. All the banks and firms have to change according to the payment procedures,
therefore, the management of bitcoin in information accounting systems become an advantages
due to all the transactions can be made online or without using real paper and intricate procedures.
Moreover, the implement of smart accounting system – cyber-physical systems can create an
imaginary spaces to exchange information, figures, data on company or others together, without
using outside links or applications. It also combine many systems in the same time and filter or
compare the data we need without taking time to re-find in the storage system.

2. Challenges of Industry 4.0

2.1. Redundant employees
In the Industry 4.0, automatic accounting system is absolutely a risk to make employees in
accounting field unemployed. Almost the accounting activities just need a few workers to supervise
or repair when necessary, all the process is coded and operated in available settings. Maybe some
duties such as adding the data in and import the data out, calculating figures, building
transactions… will be replaced by robots. This is called paperless accounting. Paperless accounting
implies electronic input and output and there is no need for documents and reports printouts.
Although, today many business applications contribute this new modern approach of accounting.
The traditional sources of documents e.g. purchase orders, invoices, cheques hae been changed
with the wide spread of using e mails and accounting evidence (journal, general ledger, subsidiary
ledgers) has become electronic. Data entering should generally have the form of electronic inputs,
moreover, accounting records should be conducted as electronic records. This replaces the
traditional accounting process where records are still conducted manually and printed at the end of
the prerequisites. Simulanteously, conducting and distributing output in most cases have to be in
electronic in order to duly deliver up to date and reliable information to users, accounting
information would be performed when needed.

2.2. High-cost installation

Although it can not be denied that the modernization and its real applications on accounting system,
we also see that investing on this advanced accounting system is not cheap. We have to import all
the latest technology from foreigner firms to operate efficiently our system. Our staff may not know
this new technology, therefore, we may have pay more for hiring outside engineers to install this
system or pay money for our staff to go oversea to study about this technology. In addition, this
high quality system have to update in a more advancing versions, so that, the expense will be much
than the first.

2.3. Incomplete policies for the new manner

We all know that the coming of new technology does not go together with proper and up-to-date
governmental policies to control and manage them, which may cause thexz trouble when we apply
the modern accounting management. For example, Vietnam still does not have the official illegal
proclamation about publishing and circulating a type of digital currency (in which encryption
techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds,
14
operating independently of a central bank). Therefore, accounting transaction can not add “bitcoin”
in the systematic table.

2.4. Unsafe security

In the age of Industry 4.0, security is one of the main threats that are supposed to be against the
safe of corporations. In order to gain long-term benefits from the huge opportunities offered by
Industry 4.0, manufacturing companies must establish an effective and efficient security
management system for their “smart factories”. Traditional protection strategies such as firewalls,
antivirus software and network monitoring software only ever protect specific, small parts of the
IT infrastructure from potential attacks. Attackers, on the other hand, focus on detecting new and
unknown security holes. However, that set demand on a urgent solution in Industry 4.0 dominated
world. There are mainly 3 scenarios that attackers can expoilt to dig a hole into security systems of
corporations:
 Scenario 1: Attackers install malicious programs and block all production and logistics
operations. Production and capacity utilisation data are inspected, and application and
system data manipulated. In a worst-case scenario, a misdirected machine could cause
physical damage in its vicinity.
 Scenario 2: Commands to industrial robots are sent via embedded systems, which are
usually connected to a programmable logic controller. The control components are linked
to the Internet. An attacker can therefore read application 4 and system data, install data
packets designed to sabotage the production lines, related systems or even the entire
corporate IT infrastructure.
 Scenario 3: Social engineering: attackers exploit human characteristics, such as
helpfulness, trust, curiosity or fear, to manipulate employees and gain access to data, to
circumvent security precautions or to install malicious code on their computers. Their
objective is to spend time undisturbed inside the company’s network.
3. Government policies and corporation solutions
3.1. Government policies
Firstly, it is suggested that promoting the renewal and application of modern technologies through
the elaboration and strategic planning of information technology development in the financial and
banking sector, in which the main mission is to research and apply modern technology
achievements was invented from the industry 4.0.

Secondly, financial institutions in particular and financial institutions in general should focus on
promoting development, creating a breakthrough in technological infrastructure supporting the
development of the whole system. Specifically, the government focuses on financial investment to
develop technology infrastructure (especially national payment infrastructure) serving the
development of products and services of financial institutions and institutions finance. At the same
time, policies should be developed to encourage financial institutions and financial institutions to
develop digital banking products and services based on digital technology.

Third, we should strengthen the application of intelligent supply chain. The principle of the
industry 4.0 is to create a new supply chain model that is more closely linked to the needs of
customers. This new supply chain will create an unique database that will make the supply chain
smarter, more transparent and more efficient at all stages of the supply chain until the delivery of
the service,product. Therefore, banks and financial institutions in the country should quickly plan

15
strategies, seek comprehensive solutions for financial services and banking through the use of data
Intelligent and collaborative with many industries.

Fourthly, gorvenments should accelerate the development and finalization of the Comprehensive
Financial Strategy, which emphasizes the role of applying information technology, encouraging
the development of cooperation between banks and financial technology companies.

Fifth, focusing on network security management should be of concern. The industry 4.0 has pushed
up the level of information sharing which created a huge demand for network security.
Accordingly, banks and financial institutions need to pay attention to building a Disaster Recovery
Center; upgrading the security system, high security, ensuring the expansion of activities is stable,
safe, bring long-term effectiveness.

Sixthly, to formulate a strategy for human resource development in the finance and banking sector,
the importance should be attached to the training of hi-tech human resources. We should increase
the ability to apply information technology.

3.2. Corporation solutions

3.2.1. Infrastructure improvement and IT intergration
In order to adapt to the Industrial Revolution 4.0, domestic enterprises need to start right from
infrastructure to information technology applications. They need to process and digitize the
important production and business activities of enterprises, creating a connection, security and
safety environment, so that they can apply more intelligent and useful applications. IoT, Cloud,
Robot. The vertical networking of industry 4.0 requires new IT solutions. In many cases existing
IT infrastructures are very fragmented and result in poor networking. New, combined solutions
need to be developed from a range of components from suppliers or sensors, modules, control
systems, communications networks, business applications and customer-facing applications.
Enterprises need to study the advanced technologies of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and apply
them to improve their position in the value chain. In the future, technological innovation will create
a miracle for the supply service, improving productivity and productivity in the long run.
Enterprises have to flexibly adjust their products according to consumers' demands, integrate
advanced technologies to simplify production processes, reduce delivery time and shorten product
life cycles but still ensure the management capability. Produce and quality products, increase
competitiveness ...

3.2.2. Investment in researching

Promote the pioneering and leading role of information technology and telecommunication
enterprises in order to support fast-changing domestic enterprises to catch up with the Industrial
Revolution 4.0. In addition to providing comprehensive solutions for information technology and
telecommunications, information technology companies need to invest in researching new
applications following the inevitable trend of technology such as IoT, Cloud, AI, Big Data, security
trends, virtual reality trends ... In particular, the highest objective is to help the competitiveness of
enterprises maintained and developed in a faster, smarter, more environmentally-friendly and safer
way.

3.2.3. Human Resource Development and Training

Companies need to develop new specialists skills in the areas of analytics and efficient data
management, and put new bunsiness processes in place on the basis of the insight that this analysis
16
reveals. Companies who set themselves apart from their competitors in this respect will overtake
existing sector leaders. Industry 4.0 will generate enormous quantities of data. Gathering, analysing
and processing such big data will generate new insight, support decision-making and creat a
competitive advantage.
CONCLUSION
Through the study, the impact of information technology on accounting system is proved to be
clear. The statistical tool adopted in testing hypothesis was analyzed using Cronbach alpha and t
test to evaluate the reliability of statistic as well as the significance of each item. The findings of
this research revealed that, the positive impact of information technology outweighs the negative
impact and all people benefit from it. The prospect of the Industry 4.0 era arriving is both credible
and intriguing and professional accountants need to anticipate its potential. Despite claims from
some that careers will be lost, professions destroyed and accounting and audit services made
redundant by new digital technologies, there are unknown opportunities for those with knowledge
of new cyber-physical systems. Accounting for the integration of these systems and boundary
riding will likely be at a premium, as will engagement with local accounting issues in global
business settings operating on high levels of connectivity.

APPENDIX
(Answers of questions)
IAT 1 IAT 2 IAT 3 CCT 1 CCT 2 CCT 3 BT 1 BT 2 BT 3 AT 1 AT 2 AT 3
5 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 2 4 4 4
5 5 3 4 5 5 3 5 2 3 3 2
2 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 3 4 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 2 3 3 2
5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 2 3 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 2 3 3
5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 2 3 3 4
5 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 2 3 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 2 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 2 3 3 3
5 2 5 5 2 5 4 2 2 3 3 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 2 3 4 2
5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 3 2 3 5
5 3 5 4 5 5 4 2 4 3 3 4
5 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 3 3 4 4
2 5 2 2 5 2 2 5 3 2 5 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 3
5 3 5 5 5 5 2 4 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 3 4 4

17
4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 3 4 4
5 3 5 4 3 3 1 3 1 2 2 3
5 5 5 4 5 5 3 4 4 2 3 3
5 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 2 3 2
5 5 5 4 4 5 5 1 2 4 4 4
5 5 5 4 5 5 3 4 2 4 4 3
5 2 5 4 2 5 5 5 3 3 3 2
5 4 5 4 5 5 2 3 4 4 2 3
5 4 5 4 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 3
5 4 5 4 5 5 4 2 1 4 3 4
5 3 5 4 3 5 5 4 3 4 3 2
5 5 5 4 5 5 3 4 5 3 3 5
5 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 5 4 3 3
5 5 5 4 4 5 5 2 3 4 3 3
3 5 5 3 4 5 5 3 2 2 2 3
1 5 3 1 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 3
4 5 5 4 4 5 5 3 5 3 1 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 4 2 3 3 4 3
4 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 3 2 2 4 3 4
5 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 4 4 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 2 1 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 5 3 4 5 4 1 5
5 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 2 3 3 3
2 3 2 2 3 2 5 4 3 3 3 3
4 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 4 5
4 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4
4 3 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 2 4 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 2 2
4 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 2 4 5
4 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 3 2 3 3
5 3 5 3 3 5 4 4 3 1 3 2
5 3 5 3 3 5 5 4 3 1 2 2
5 4 5 3 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 3 2 4 3

18
5 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2
3 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 3
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 5 3 2 3
4 3 3 4 3 5 5 5 4 3 3 2
4 4 5 4 4 5 2 3 2 2 2 3
4 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 5 4 4 5
4 3 5 4 3 5 4 4 2 3 2 3
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 3 5 4 3 4
2 3 3 2 3 5 5 4 4 3 3 3
3 4 3 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 2 3
4 4 3 4 4 5 5 3 5 5 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 5 4 5 5 2 3 3
4 3 5 4 3 4 3 5 2 4 3 4
3 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 3
2 5 3 2 4 3 3 2 5 3 2 3
4 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 3 3 5
3 5 5 3 4 5 2 1 3 3 2 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 3 4 5 4 4 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4
3 5 5 3 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 3
3 5 3 3 4 5 4 2 5 4 3 2
4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 3
4 5 5 4 5 5 2 2 5 4 3 4
3 5 5 3 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 5
3 5 5 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 3 3
3 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 5
4 5 5 4 4 5 3 4 3 3 4 5
3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 4
4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 2 4 3 4
3 5 5 3 5 5 3 4 5 5 3 3
3 5 3 3 4 3 5 3 5 2 3 4
5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 1 2
5 3 4 4 3 4 4 2 5 1 2 5
5 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 3

19
4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 3 3 4
3 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 5 3 3 5
4 3 3 4 3 5 5 2 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 5 2 5 5 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 4 5 5 3 5 5 5 5
4 3 3 4 3 5 3 4 2 3 3 4
5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 2
3 4 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 4
4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 4
4 4 5 4 4 4 1 3 1 2 3 2
4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2
4 4 5 4 4 4 2 3 2 3 2 1
4 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2
4 4 5 4 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
4 3 5 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 3
3 4 5 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4
3 4 5 3 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 2
4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 2 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 3
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4
2 4 4 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 3
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 1 4 4 5
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4

20
3 3 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 3
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4
4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 2 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
4 3 4 4 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 2 3 3 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 4 5 4 3 3 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
5 4 4 5 4 4 1 3 2 4 4 5
3 2 4 3 2 4 2 1 1 2 2 3
4 3 3 4 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 3 4 5 5
4 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 2 4
3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 4 3 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 1 1 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 4
3 4 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 2 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
3 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 1 2 3 3
4 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
4 3 4 4 3 4 1 2 1 3 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 4 3 3

21
3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 1 2 2
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3
3 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 4 3
3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 4 4 5
3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 4
4 5 5 4 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 4 4
4 5 5 4 5 5 3 3 2 5 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 2 4 2
4 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 2
4 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 1 3 3 3
4 5 4 4 5 4 2 3 2 3 4 4
5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 5 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 5 4
4 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 2 3 3 4
3 4 5 3 4 5 1 2 1 3 4 3
5 4 4 5 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 5
3 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 1 3 2 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 1 1 1 5 4 5
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4
4 4 5 4 4 5 4 3 4 1 1 1
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 2
3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 2

22
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24