viii

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN .................................................................................. i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... ii
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN .............................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. v
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR.............................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 4
1.3 Batasan Masalah ....................................................................................... 4
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 5
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................... 5

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI

2.1 Bahan Bakar ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Nilai kalor tinggi atau High heating value (HHV) ...................... 7
2.1.2 Nilai kalor rendah atau Low heating value (LHV) ...................... 7
2.2 Pengertian Boiler ...................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Boiler Berdasarkan Fluida dalam Tube........................................ 8
2.2.2 Boiler Berdasarkan Sirkulasi Air ................................................. 9
2.2.3 Boiler Berdasarkan Tekanan Uap Air .......................................... 9
2.2.4 Boiler Berdasarkan Bahan Bakar ................................................. 10
2.3 Pengertian Air Heater ............................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Ljungstrom Air Heater ................................................................. 15
2.3.2 Recuperative Air Heater .............................................................. 17
2.4 Pengertian Flue Gas ................................................................................. 19
2.5 Pengertian Primary Air ............................................................................ 20
2.6 Pengertian Elemen Pemanas Air Heater .................................................. 22
2.7 Pengertian dari Sistem Perapat ................................................................ 25
2.8 Pengetian Break Event Point .................................................................... 27
2.8.1 Menghitung BEP dengan Pendekatan Matematis ........................ 27
2.8.2 Menghitung BEP dengan Pendekatan Grafik .............................. 28

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Deskripsi Penelitian .................................................................................. 29
3.1.1 Tempat Penelitian ........................................................................ 29
3.1.2 Waktu Penelitian .......................................................................... 30
3.2 Alat dan Bahan ......................................................................................... 30
3.2.1 Alat ............................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Bahan ........................................................................................... 32
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3.3 Metode Penelitian yang Digunakan ......................................................... 32

3.3.1 Studi Literatur .............................................................................. 33
3.3.2 Penetuan Variabel ........................................................................ 33
3.3.3 Perumusan Hipotesis .................................................................... 34
3.3.4 Pengumpulan Data ....................................................................... 34
3.3.5 Prosedur Penelitian ...................................................................... 35
3.4 Diagram Alir Penelitian............................................................................ 36
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Data Hasil Penelitian ................................................................................ 38
4.2 Perhitungan Bahan Bakar dan Udara yang Dibutuhkan ........................... 40
4.2.1 Nilai Kalor Tinggi atau High Heating Value (HHV)................... 41
4.2.2 Nilai Kalor Rendah atau Low Heating Value (LHV) ................... 41
4.2.3 Konsumsi Bahan Bakar................................................................ 41
4.2.4 Kebutuhan Udara Pemabakaran ................................................... 42
4.3 Menghitung Efisiensi ............................................................................... 43
4.3.1 Efisiensi Sebelum dan Sesudah Dilakukan Pemeliharaan Tahun
2016............................................................................................. 44
4.3.1.1 Penghitungan Efisiensi Air Heater .................................. 44
4.3.1.2 Penghitungan Efisiensi Boiler ......................................... 47
4.3.2 Efisiensi Sebelum dan Sesudah Dilakukan Pemeliharaan Tahun
2019............................................................................................. 53
4.3.2.1 Penghitungan Efisiensi Air Heater .................................. 53
4.3.2.2 Penghitungan Efisiensi Boiler ......................................... 56
4.4 Hasil Perhitungan Efisiensi ...................................................................... 62
4.5 Penghitungan Break Event Point .............................................................. 64
4.5.1 Biaya Produksi ............................................................................. 64
4.5.2 Hasil Penjualan Produk ................................................................ 65
4.5.3 Break Event Point dari Pemeliharaan Air Heater Tahun 2016 .... 65
4.5.4 Break Event Point dari Pemeliharaan Air Heater Tahun 2019 .... 67
4.5.5 Break Event Point dalam Grafik .................................................. 69
BAB V KESIMPULAN
5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................... 71
5.2 Saran ......................................................................................................... 72
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................. 73
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 75