CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
NAME : Ronit Bakshi

CLASS: XII-B

ROLL NO: 26

SESSION: 2019-2020

OBJECTIVE: To determine the amount of acetic acid

present in different types of vinegar using

TITRATION with a coloured PH indicator to

determine the end point

 CONTENTS
S. No. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1) Certificate 1
2) Acknowledgement 2
3) Introduction 3
4) Chemistry of Acids and Bases 4
5) Theory 5
6) Material and Equipment 6
7) Calculations 7
8) Experiment 8-12
9) Result 13
10) Precautions 13
11) Bibliography 14
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that of
class 12-B has completed the Chemistry Project
entitled ‘To determine the amount of acetic acid
present in vinegar using TITRATION with
colored pH indicator’ himself and under my
guidance. The progress of the Project has been
continuously reported and has been in my
knowledge consistently.

(In charge Chemistry)

DPS, Mathura Road
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my Chemistry teacher MS Sarika Saluja for her
vital support guidance and encouragement
without which this project would not have come
forth.
I would like to express my gratitude to my
chemistry lab assistant sir.
I would like to thank my parents and my peers
for providing me all necessary help and
information.
INTRODUCTION
Vinegar is a solution made from the fermentation of ethanol
(CH3COOH) which in turn was previously fermented from
sugar. The fermentation of ethanol results in the production of
acetic acid (CH3COOH). There are many type of vinegar , each
starting from a different original sugar source (e.g. rice, wine,
malt etc.). The amount of acetic acid in vinegar can vary,
typically between 4-6% for table vinegar but up to three times
higher (18%) for pickling vinegar.

In this project, we will determine the amount of acetic acid in

different types of vinegar using titration, a common technique
in chemistry. Titration is a way to measure the unknown
amount of chemical in a solution (the titrate) by adding a
measured amount of chemical with its known concentration (the
titrating solution). The titrating solution reacts with the titrate
and the end point of the reaction is monitored in some way. The
concentration of titrate can now be calculated from the
amount of titrating solution added and the ratio of the two
chemicals in the chemical equation for the reaction.
CHEMISTRY OF ACIDS AND BASES
Lets go through the process with a specific example: the
titration of acetic acid. But before we go for titration here is a
quick review of the chemistry of acids and bases.
It all has to do with Hydrogen ions (abbreviated with the
chemical symbol H+). In water, a small number of molecules
dissociate. Some of the water molecules lose Hydrogen and
become hydroxyl ions (OH-). The lost Hydrogen ions join up
with water molecules to form hydronium ions (H3O+). By
convention (and for simplicity in writing chemical equations),
hydronium ions are referred to as hydrogen ions (H+). In pure
water, there are equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl
ions. The solution is neither acidic nor basic.
An acid, like acetic acid, is a substance that donates hydrogen
ions. When acetic acid dissolve in water, a balance between
hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions is shifted. Now there are more
hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in the solution. This kind of
solution is acidic.
A base is substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When a base
dissolves in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and
hydroxyl ions shifts the opposite way. Because the base ’’sooks
up” hydrogen ions, the result is a solution with is more hydroxyl
ions than hydrogen ions. This kind of solution is alkynes.
To measure the acidity of vinegar solution, you can add up
enough hydroxyl ions to balance out the added hydrogen ions
from acid. The hydroxyl ions will react with the hydrogen ions to
produce water.
THEORY
In order for titration to work, you need four things:
1) A titrated solution (contains hydrogen ions with a precisely
known concentration)
2) A method for delivering
3) A precisely measured volume of the titrated solution
4) A mean of indicating when the end point has been reached.
For the titrating solution, you will use a dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH). NaOH is a strong base which means that it
dissociates almost completely in water. So for every NaOH
molecule that you add to the solution, you can expect to
produce a hydroxyl ion.
To dispense an accurately measured volume of the titrating
solution, you will use a burette. A burette is a long tube with a
valve at the bottom and graduated markings on the outside to
measure the volume contained in the burette. The burette is
mounted on the ring stand, directly above the titrating solution
(shown in illustration).
Solution in the burette tends to creep up the sides of the glass
at the surface of the liquid. This is due to the surface tension of
water. The surface of the liquid thus forms a curve, called
meniscus. To measure the volume of the liquid in the burette,
always read from the bottom of the meniscus.
In this experiment, you will use an indicating solution called
phenolphthalein. It is colorless when the solution is acidic or
neutral. When the solution becomes slightly basic it turns pink
and then light purple as the solution becomes more basic. So
when your vinegar solution starts to turn pink you know the
titration is complete.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
1. Vinegar
Tip: It will be easier to see the indicator change with light-
colored vinegar.
2. Distilled water
3. Small funnel
4. 125ml Erlenmeyer flask
5. 25 or 50 ml burette
6. 10 ml graduated cylinder
7. Ring stand
8. Burette clamp
9. 0.5%phenolphthalein solution in alcohol(pH indicator)
10. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution

-Sodium hydroxide is caustic, which means it will

cause a chemical burn on bare skin.

-This solution is fairly dilute and relatively safe to use

with proper chemical safety precautions (chemical
safety goggles, lab coat and rubber gloves)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
PERFORMING THE TITRATION

1. 50ml of distilled water

Pour 1.5 ml of vinegar in the flask. Dilute the vinegar with
about
2. Add 3 drops of 0.5% of phenolphthalein solution.
a) Phenolphthalein is colorless acidic pH and turns light
purple
b) The vinegar solution is acidic, so it should remain
colorless.
3. Use the burette clamp top. Attach the burette to ring
stand. The opening at the bottom of the burette should be
just above the height of the Erlenmeyer flask you use for
vinegar/water/phenolphthalein solution.
4. Use the funnel to fill the burette with a 0.1 M sodium
solution of sodium hydroxide.
5. Note the starting level of NaOH solution in the burette.
Remember to read the bottom of the meniscus.
6. Put the vinegar solution to be titrated under the burette.
At the start of the titration, the phenolphthalein is
colorless.
7. Slowly dip the solution of the sodium hydroxide to the
vinegar solution swirl the flask gently to mix the solution,
while keeping the opening under the burette.
At some point you will see a pink color in the vinegar
solution when the sodium hydroxide is added, but the
color will quickly disappear as the solution is mixed.
8. When the vinegar solution turns pink and remains that
color even with mixing, the titration is complete. Close the
tap of burette.
The end point of the titration is reached when the
phenolphthalein in the solution turns pink.
9. Note the remaining level of the sodium hydroxide solution
in the burette. Remember to read from the bottom of
meniscus.
Subtract the initial level from the remaining level to figure
out how much titrating solution you have used.
10. For each solution that we test, the titration is
repeated at least 3 times. If you are careful with all of your
Volume Measurement, the result of your 3 repeated trials
should agree within 0.1mL.
CALCULATIONS
To figure out how much acetic acid was in each sample-
1. Number of moles of sodium hydroxide used to titrate the
vinegar
2. Multiply the volume of added (in liters) by the
concentration (in moles/liter)
3. The number of moles of acetic acid =0.00125. Divided by
0.0015L gives 0.833 moles of acetic acid per liter
concentration=0.833M
4. We can also calculate the concentration in terms of grams
of acetic acid per liter.

 To do this, multiply the molar concentration of acetic

acid by the molecular mass of acetic acid, which is
60.
For e.g. concentration =0.833X60=50g/L or 5.0%
EXPERIMENT
Take the in the conical flask and
do the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as mentioned.
OBSERVATIONS
SERIAL VOLUME BURETTE READING VOLUME
NUMBER OF OF NaOH
VINEGAR INITIAL FINAL SOLUTION
SOLUTION USED

1.

2.

3.

4.

CONCORDANT READING =
CALCULATIONS:
MCH3COOHVCH3COOH=MNaOHVNaOH
MCH3COOH=
Strength of acetic acid=
RESULT
1. Strength of acetic acid in
2. Strength of acetic acid in
3. Strength of acetic acid in
4. Order of amount of acetic acid in different samples of
vinegar is

PRECAUTIONS
1. Transfer of measured vinegar into flask should be done
very carefully
2. All measurements must be made carefully
3. Look at the meniscus of solution at eye level to avoid
parallax
4. Look at the lower meniscus in the light colored solution
and the upper meniscus in the dark colored solution
because of visibility
5. Do not forget to add distilled water to the vinegar
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BOOKS CONSULTED:

Practical Chemistry
Comprehensive chemistry for class 12th
Pradeep chemistry for class 12th