Migration

Bhavya Dhingra Report

Acknowledgement
I owe a great thanks to the people who have helped and supported me to make
this project report on Migration and its impact on the Apparel industry.

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I would also thank our institution and faculty members without whom the report
would have been a distant reality. Special thanks to Mrs.Nandita Abraham and
Mr.Sumit Mandol for helping me in this research.

This report has been insightful and erudite experience that I have undergone. The
credit for the completion of this report goes to Mrs. Nandita Abraham who has
taught us and made us competent of understanding the intricacies. Without her
help this report could not have been possible.

Aim of the Project

The aim of this project was to understand and analyze any issue faced by the
world and its affect on the apparel industry by using the research techniques
taught to us.

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Another aim was also to enable us to induct an appreciation of significance of
research habit in current business practice, build foundation of self-reflection,
reasoning, questing and the ability to comprehend complex problems , analyze
and make decisions.

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 Table of Content
Particulars Page Number

Introduction
Migration 5
Impact of Migration 6
Research Objectives 7
Research Methodology 8
Findings of Objectives 9
Conclusion 13
Recommendations 14

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 Introduction
Migration
Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another,
sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations
in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within
one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration (which includes the
slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate
are called migrants or more specifically, emigrants, immigrants, or settlers,
depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective.

 The movement of people from one place to another.

 Migration occurs at different scales: intercontinental (between continents),

intercontinental (between countries on a given continent), and
interregional (referred as internal migration within a country or region).

 One of the most significant migration patterns has been from rural to urban
areas.

People Migrate for different reasons which are categorized under push and pull
factors of migration.

 Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a

difficulty (such as food shortage, war, flood, etc.).
 Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of
something desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom,
etc.).

Internal migration is now recognized as an important factor in influencing social

and economic development, especially in developing countries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration

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Impact of Migration

Human migration affects population patterns and characteristics, social and

cultural patterns and processes, economies, and physical environments. As
people move, their cultural traits and ideas diffuse along with them, creating and
modifying cultural landscapes.

Internal migration of laborers often involves longer working hours, poor living and
working conditions, social isolation and poor access to basic amenities.

Most migrant laborers in India are employed in the unorganized sector, where the
lack of regulation compounds their vulnerability and they are largely ignored by
government.

The need for further study is required in this area

because …
Migration is not very often taken as a global issue and less emphasis is laid on this
topic.
Internal Migration in India is a very common phenomenon and majority of people
in the unskilled working class are migrants from remote villages from different
states. These migrants are generally poor and uneducated so we need to
understand the problems faced by them so as to make our economy and nation
grow.

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 Research Objectives

 To explore and map the problems faced by migrant workers and factories
employing migrant workers.

 To understand the advantages of migrant labor over the local labor

 To build the relationship between Apparel Industry and the internal

migration happening in India.

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 Research Methodology

Data Collection is process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data

collection is to obtain information to keep on record, to make decision about
important issues, to pass information on to others. Primarily, data is collected to
provide information regarding a specific topic.
Various types of Data Collection Methods

 Using available information

 Observing
 Interviewing (face –to-face)
 Administering written questionnaires
 Focus group discussion
 Projective techniques , mapping

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection

On this project I have collected and analyzed data available on the internet and
interpreted in my own words. I also interviewed labor contractors to know the
insight problems of the migrant labors.

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 Findings of Objectives
Objective 1 - To explore and map the problems faced by migrant
workers and the factories employing migrant workers.

Problems Faced by Migrant workers…

Working Conditions
They are employed in low paid and unskilled jobs that often carry greater health
hazards and the working conditions of such jobs are generally bad. Living
conditions for workers in industries are particularly gruesome. Eight or ten
individuals are crammed into a tiny room. Accommodation provided by
employers is often totally lacking in ventilation or sanitary facilities.

Education
Due to lack of their knowledge and being illiterate they are paid less and are not
appointed in managerial tasks which pay better. Lack of p[roper education
restricts to grow and prosper in life.

Exploited in terms of laws

There are different laws to protect migrants from being exploited but the chances
of an individual being protected by the laws are higher if she or he has her own
house and has been living in the state/region for a while which is rare in the case
of migrants.

Uncertainty
Migrant workers generally belong to agricultural backgrounds and most of them
are seasonal migrants they cannot apply for permanent jobs as they have to go
back to their villages for harvesting seasons and feed their families as well.

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Problems Faced by Factories employing migrant labors…

Absenteeism
Migrant labors often affect the factories productivity because of their
absenteeism on festivals or different occasions depending upon the respective
castes they belong to.

Training and Development

A lot of time and money is wasted on these migrant workers for training and
developing them for making them perform their role in the factory as they are
unskilled and uneducated as compared to the skilled worker.

Uncertain
Migrant workers are very unstable and get easily attracted to places where they
get more money. If they work under contractors get easily influenced and only
listen to them due to lack of knowledge and understanding.

http://planningcommission.nic.in/popup/shdr/punjab/08-Migrant.pdf

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Objective 2- To understand the advantages for migrant labors.

Advantages for Migrant Labors

 The local labor are very demanding in nature as compared to the migrants
and factories prefer migrants because they are new and can be molded to
perform any type of task depending upon their learning skills.

 Preference is given to migrant labors as the perception of migrant labor is

honest, obedient, reliable, simple and unaware of their rights.

 As the new laws are being enforced in order to protect the labors in the
country, fixed wage rates helps migrant labors reduce their risk of earning
which is involved when they work on the fields.

 They get to learn more about different jobs through the in house training
practiced by the factories which helps in building their job profiles.

 They tend to work overtime as they get attracted to money this is beneficial
to both the factories and the workers.

http://planningcommission.nic.in/popup/shdr/punjab/08-Migrant.pdf

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Objective 3- To build the relationship between the apparel industry and
the internal migration happening.

 Apparel industry does have an impact because of these migrant workers. A

lot of garment manufacturing factories located in Delhi appoint migrant
cheap workers and they generally turn out to be from Bihar.

 Capital and labor involved in the handloom industry became increasingly

mobile and Migration from rural regions towards new points of trade, and
towards the railways and spinning mills increased. The most important
example is a migration into textile towns in western India such as Sholapur,
Malegaon, Bhiwandi, Burhanpur and Surat. The workers as well as the
capitalists were handloom weavers who came from depressed and
overpopulated regions like eastern UP and the Hyderabad state.

 In some factories (Tirupur Knitwear and apparel cluster) the level of labour
migration is high and there are no efforts to make housing available for the
growing demand, many of the workers are living in, peripherals and nearby
villages, with less sanitation facilities.

 India’s success in the global garments market has been at the cost of the
basic rights of this industry’s predominantly female and migrant labor force
which cost less.

 But India’s niche in the global garments market has been carved out at the
cost of lakhs of workers in this industry’s predominantly female and
migrant labor force. Roughly 80% of garment workers are women between
the ages of 21 and 25. Most are semi-skilled migrant workers and the sole
earning members in their families.

www.iisg.nl/research/india.doc

www.msmefdp.net/ResourceBank/Diagnostic%20Study/Tirupur-DS.pdf

www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=13530

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 Conclusion

Nearly all the studies discussed in this report show that migration has emerged as
an important livelihood option for poor rural labouring households in low
agricultural productivity situations yet this reality is not reflected accurately in
national level statistics.

The critical conclusion is to adopt a holistic view of the local rural economy and its
changing mix of livelihood opportunities rather than taking a purely sectoral
approach. There is a need to recognise that livelihoods are multi-locational and
provide people with an environment where they can make informed choices.

Migration and Apparel industry affect and support each other in many ways.

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 Recommendation

 The state could attempt to create awareness of migrants’ rights and set up
mechanisms of redressal by encouraging them to form trade unions and co-
operative societies to enhance their bargaining power.

 Migrants should be freed from harassment, perhaps issued temporary

ration cards so that they can benefit from the public distribution system .

 Schools should be set up in areas where migrant workers are concentrated.

 Decent working conditions and proper contract systems, providing basic

health care for migrant families together with education opportunities
should be ensured.

 Government must ensure the factories are following the laws and strict
actions must be taken if they are not.

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 Report Check List
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