Topic 8: Exogenic Processes on Earth Topic 9: Endogenic Processes on Earth

I. Weathering
I. Internal Heat of the Earth
 Shaping the Earth’s surface involves a geological
 Mantle convection is the movement of the mantle as
process called weathering. Weathering is the process
heat is transferred from the core to the crust.
of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces
 The principal contributors to the heat of the core come
called sediments.
from the decay of radioactive elements and from the
 All rocks undergo weathering, and it takes a long
heat of the molten outer core which solidifies near the
period. There are three different types of rock
inner core
weathering:
 Earth’s heat budget drives most of the geological
1. Mechanical weathering
processes on Earth.
- a process wherein rocks are broken down into
 This measures the flow of thermal energy coming from
smaller pieces without changing its chemical
the core, passing through the mantle, and up to the
composition due to different temperatures
atmosphere, which is mainly due to the mantle
and water.
convection.
2. Chemical weathering
 This, however, is counteracted by the solar radiation.
- a process wherein rock materials are
changed into other substances that have
II. Magmatism
different physical and chemical compositions.
 Magmatism is the activity or the motion of the magma.
- Some agents of chemical weathering include
Rocks that are subjected to high temperature and
water, strong acids, and oxygen
pressure melt and become the magma.
3. Biological weathering
 Magma is a semi-liquid molten rock mixture that can
- A process when living things, such as insects
be found in the lower portion of the crust and the upper
and roots of the trees, contribute to the
part of the mantle.
disintegration of rock materials.
 Depending on the temperature, pressure, and
II. Erosion
formations in the crust and the mantle, the magma can
 Erosion is the transportation of weathered rocks.
be formed in different ways
Agents like running water or rivers, wind, gravity,
groundwater, wave currents, and glaciers contribute to
III. Plutonism
erosion.
 On 1788, James Hutton developed the idea
 Types of Erosion:
about plutonism.
1. Water erosion is a type of erosion where the
 He stated that the formation of intrusive igneous rocks
water carries the sediments to different parts of or plutonic rocks came from the solidification of
the bodies of water such as rivers.
magma beneath the Earth’s surface.
2. Wind erosion happens when light materials, such  These rocks will reach the Earth’s surface through the
as small rocks and pebbles, are carried by wind to
process of uplifting - a force that pulls the crust apart
different places. and lets the rocks from the underground to be brought
3. Glacial erosion happens when the ice moves
up.
downhill and plucks out chunks of rocks and  When the hot molten magma does not solidify, it will
causes scraping between the ice and the rock.
be brought up to the Earth’s surface through uplifting.
Plucking and scraping can lead to the
 When the magma reaches the surface, it
development of other landforms if, for example,
becomes lava - streams of molten rocks that cool and
the glaciers hit a mountain and erode it. solidify to form extrusive igneous rocks.
4. Soil erosion happens when the top soil is
removed and leaves the soil infertile. This is IV. Volcanism
caused by wind or flood in an area.
 Magma is being brought up to the surface through a
III. Deposition
volcano.
 Deposition is the laying down of sediments to its
 Volcano is any opening in the Earth’s crust that allows
depositional environment or final destination. The
magma and gases to be released in the upper crust.
depositional environment can be continental, coastal, or
 This process of bringing up the magma is
marine.
called volcanism.
- Continental deposition includes streams, swamps,
caves, and deserts.
- Coastal deposition includes lagoons, estuaries, and
deltas.
- Marine deposition includes slopes and bottom of the
ocean or abyssal zone.

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