Textbook problem 12.18: In the system of Fig. 12.9(a), consider that machine 2 is a motor drawing a
load equivalent to 80MVA at 0.85 power factor lagging and nominal system voltage of 345kV at bus 3.
Determine the change in voltage at bus 3 when the transmission line undergoes (a) a one-open
conductor fault and (b) a two-open conductor fault along its span between buses 2 and 3. Choose a
base of 100MVA, 345kV in the transmission line. Consult examples 12.1 and 12.2 for Zbus(0), Zbus(1)
and Zbus(2).
Y YY YY Y
X0Mach := 4% XnMach := 5%
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 2/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
SBase := 100MVA
VLV
VBLine := 345kV VB_mach := VBLine⋅ VB_mach = 20 kV
VHV
No change of base calculations are needed for this system.
magSpre := 80MVA pfpre := 0.8 lagging θ pre := acos ( 0.85) θ pre = 31.788 deg
magSpre j ⋅ θ pre
Spre := ⋅e Spre = 0.68 + 0.421i pu Spre = 0.8 pu
SBase
V3 := 1.0
Spre
Iload := Iload = 0.68 − 0.421i Iload = 0.8 pu arg ( Iload) = −31.788 deg
V3
Internal voltage on the motor (since we don't know steady-state synchronous reactance, use X1):
Ptrans :=
(
E1 ⋅ E2 ⋅ sin φ 1 − φ 2 ) Ptrans − Re ( Spre) = 0
2⋅ X1Mach + 2⋅ XT + XL1
E1 − E2
Itrans := Itrans − Iload = 0
j ( 2⋅ X1Mach + 2⋅ XT + XL1)
E1 E2 Z1total = 0.71ipu
Z1FF' := Z1total
N1
Vequiv := E1 − E2
• Negative sequence equivalent circuit:
j0.08pu F F' j0.15pu j0.20pu
Find total impedance counterclockwise around loop from F to F'
Z2FF' := Z2total
N2
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 4/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
Z0FF' := Z0total
N0
Now solve for the single phase open circuit currents and voltages:
Vequiv
F0 F0' I1 := I1 = 0.427 − 0.264i pu
−1
Z1FF' +
1 1
+
arg ( I1) = −31.788 deg
N0
Z2FF' Z0FF' I1 = 0.502 pu
F1 F1' Z0FF'
I2 := −I1⋅ I2 = −0.253 + 0.157i pu
Z2FF' + Z0FF'
arg ( I2) = 148.212 deg
N1
I2 = 0.298 pu
Z2FF'
F2 F2' I0 := −I1⋅ I0 = −0.173 + 0.107i pu
Z2FF' + Z0FF'
I0 = 0.204 pu arg ( I0) = 148.212 deg
N2
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 5/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
I0
→
0
→
90
Iabc := A012⋅ I1 Iabc = 0.757 pu arg ( Iabc ) = −145.575 deg
I 0.757 81.998
2
V3new1 := E2 + I1⋅ j ⋅ ( X1Mach + XT) V3new1 = 0.959 pu arg ( V3new1) = −4.246 deg
V3new0 := 0 + I0⋅ j ⋅ ( X0Mach + XT + 3⋅ XnMach) V3new0 = 0.055 pu arg ( V3new0) = −121.788 deg
V3new0
→
0.903
→
−12.06
V3newABC := A012⋅ V3new1 V3newABC = 0.971 pu arg ( V3newABC) = −119.947 deg
V 1.014 118.579
3new2
1
→
0.222
→
58.212
∆VABC := 1.0⋅ a2 − V3newABC
∆VABC = 0.029
0.029
( )
arg ∆VABC = −121.788 deg
a −121.788
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 6/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
Solve using the method suggested in the book. First get the Zbus matrices for the positive, negative and zero sequence networks:
1 1 −1
+ 0 0
j ⋅ X1Mach j ⋅ XT j ⋅ XT
−1 1 1 −1
+ 0
j⋅ XT jXT jXL1 j ⋅ XL1
Ybus1 := −1
−1 1 1 −1 Zbus1 := Ybus1
0 +
j ⋅ XL1 jXT jXL1 j⋅ XT
−1 1 1
0 0 +
j⋅ XT j ⋅ X1Mach j ⋅ XT
1 1 −1
+ 0 0
j ⋅ X0Mach + 3⋅ j⋅ XnMach j⋅ XT j⋅ XT
−1 1 1 −1
+ 0
j ⋅ XT jXT jXL0 j ⋅ XL0
Ybus0 :=
−1 1 1 −1
0 +
j ⋅ XL0 jXT jXL0 j⋅ XT
−1 1 1
0 0 +
j ⋅ XT j ⋅ X0Mach + 3⋅ j ⋅ XnMach j ⋅ XT
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 7/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
−1
Zbus0 := Ybus0
−( j ⋅ XL1)
2
Z1pp' := Z1pp' = 0.71ipu Same as calculated above
Zbus1 + Zbus1 − 2⋅ Zbus1 − j ⋅ XL1
2,2 3,3 2,3
Z2pp' := Z1pp'
−( j ⋅ XL0)
2
Z0pp' := Z0pp' = 1.04ipu Same as calculated above
Zbus0 + Zbus0 − 2⋅ Zbus0 − j ⋅ XL0
2,2 3,3 2,3
Z1pp'
I1aopen := Itrans⋅
−1 I1aopen = 0.502 pu arg ( I1aopen ) = −31.788 deg
Z1pp' +
1 1
+
Z0pp' Z2pp' same as above.
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Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
Z0pp'
I2aopen := −I1aopen ⋅ I2aopen = 0.298 pu arg ( I2aopen ) = 148.212 deg
Z2pp' + Z0pp'
Z2pp'
I0aopen := −I1aopen ⋅ I0aopen = 0.204 pu arg ( I0aopen ) = 148.212 deg
Z2pp' + Z0pp'
Sequence voltages across the open circuit using equation (12.38) or Figure 12.19.
Z2pp' ⋅ Z0pp'
V1Aopen := I1aopen ⋅ V1Aopen = 0.212 pu arg ( V1Aopen) = 58.212 deg
Z2pp' + Z0pp'
Since the positive, negative and zero sequence voltages are equal for the phase A open case:
V2Aopen := V1Aopen
V0Aopen := V1Aopen
Then the change in voltage at Bus 3 can be found using equation (12.27):
Zbus13 , 2 − Zbus13 , 3
∆V3_1aopen :=
j ⋅ XL1
⋅ V1Aopen ∆V3_1aopen = 0.0835 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_1aopen = −121.788 deg
Zbus23 , 2 − Zbus23 , 3
∆V3_2aopen :=
j ⋅ XL2
⋅ V2Aopen ∆V3_2aopen = 0.0835 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_2aopen = −121.788 deg
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Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
Zbus03 , 2 − Zbus03 , 3
∆V3_0aopen :=
j ⋅ XL0
⋅ V0Aopen ∆V3_0aopen = 0.055 pu (
arg ∆V3_0aopen = −121.788 deg)
∆V3_0aopen
→
0.222
→
−121.788
∆V3ABC_book := A012⋅ ∆V3_1aopen
∆V3ABC_book = 0.029 pu (
arg ∆V3ABC_book = 58.212 deg )
0.029 58.212
∆V3_2aopen
Then using the books method, the voltage at bus 3 would be:
1
→
0.903 −12.06
V3ABC_aopen := 1.0⋅ a2 + ∆V3ABC_book V3ABC_aopen = 0.971 pu arg ( V3ABC_aopen) = −119.947 deg
1.014 118.579
a
Note the plus sign instead of the minus sign as in the circuit based case above.
0.7
Ib := 0.757 1.0
0.6
Ic := 0.757 0.8
0.5 Van := 0.90
Vbn := 0.97
0.4 0.6
0.3
0.4 Vcn := 1.01
0.2
0.1 0.2
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50 0.0
(f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: IARMS t: IBRMS t: ICRMS
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50
(f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: V3ARMS t: V3BRMS t: V3CRMS
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 10/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
Now solve the two phase open circuit below for the sequence currents:
F1 F1'
N1
Vequiv
I1 := I1 = 0.196 − 0.122i pu
Z1FF' + Z2FF' + Z0FF'
I1 = 0.231 pu arg ( I1) = −31.788 deg
F2 F2'
N2 I2 := I1 I0 := I1
I0
→
0.693
→
−31.788
F0 F0'
Iabc := A012⋅ I1 Iabc = 0 pu arg ( Iabc ) = −95.222 deg
I 0 −95.222
N0
2
V3new0
→
0.983
→
−1.603
V3newABC := A012⋅ V3new1 V3newABC = 0.905 pu arg ( V3newABC) = −132.155 deg
V 0.901 107.93
3new2
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 11/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
1
→
0.032
→
58.212
∆VABC := 1.0⋅ a2 − V3newABC
∆VABC = 0.223 pu
0.223
( )
arg ∆VABC = −61.274 deg
a 177.698
Using the method from the book:
Find the voltage across the two phase open fault using right side equation (12.43)
−Z1pp' ⋅ Z2pp'
V2bcopen := Itrans⋅ V2bcopen = 0.164 pu arg ( V2bcopen ) = −121.788 deg
Z1pp' + Z2pp' + Z0pp'
−Z1pp' ⋅ Z0pp'
V0bcopen := Itrans⋅ V0bcopen = 0.24 pu arg ( V0bcopen ) = −121.788 deg
Z1pp' + Z2pp' + Z0pp'
Zbus1 3 , 2 − Zbus1 3 , 3
∆V3_1bcopen :=
j ⋅ XL1
⋅ V1bcopen ∆V3_1bcopen = 0.1593 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_1bcopen = −121.788 deg
Zbus2 3 , 2 − Zbus2 3 , 3
∆V3_2bcopen :=
j ⋅ XL2
⋅ V2bcopen ∆V3_2bcopen = 0.0647 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_2bcopen = 58.212 deg
Zbus0 3 , 2 − Zbus0 3 , 3
∆V3_0bcopen :=
j ⋅ XL0
⋅ V0bcopen ∆V3_0bcopen = 0.0623 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_0bcopen = 58.212 deg
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 12/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
∆V3_0bcopen
→
0.032
→
−121.788
∆V3ABC_bcopen := A012⋅ ∆V3_1bcopen
∆V3ABC_bcopen = 0.223 pu ( )
arg ∆V3ABC_bcopen = 118.726 deg
0.223 −2.302
∆V3_2bcopen
Then using the books method, the voltage at bus 3 would be:
1
→
0.983 −1.603
:= 1.0⋅ a2 + ∆V3ABC_bcopen arg ( V3ABC_bcopen )
V3ABC_bcopen V3ABC_bcopen = 0.905 pu = −132.155 deg
0.901 107.93
a
Note the plus sign instead of the minus
sign as in the circuit based case above.
ATP Simulation Results:
0.7 1.0
0.6 Ia := 0.692
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50 0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50
(f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: IARMS t: IBRMS t: ICRMS (f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: V3ARMS t: V3BRMS t: V3CRMS
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 13/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
4. For the following system with all quantities shown in per unit:
a. Develop the each of the sequence networks for a fault at location F.
b. Develop the sequence network connections for single-phase to ground, phase-phase to
ground, phase-phase, and three-phase faults.
c. Determine the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence currents and voltages at location F
for a single-phase to ground fault.
Z1L1 = 0.3pu @ 90 degrees
Z0L1 = 1.2pu @ 90 degrees
VS = 1pu @ 0 degrees VR = 1pu @ 0 degrees
LINE 1
Solution for 4a: Develop the each of the sequence networks for a fault at location F.
N
j0.05
NEGATIVE j0.1 Z2 := Z1
j0.3 j0.4
N
N N
j0.05
NEGATIVE j0.1
j0.1 j0.1 F
F F
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 15/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
N N N
j0.05 j0.2
j0.1 F F
j0.3 j0.4
F
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Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
POSITIVE j0.05
j0.1
j0.3 j0.4
j0.05
NEGATIVE j0.1
j0.3 j0.4
j0.2
ZERO j0.3
j1.2 j1.5
F
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 17/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
c. Determine the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence currents and voltages at location F
for a single-phase to ground fault.
1.0
I0F := I0F = −2.773i pu I1F := I0F I2F := I0F
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
5. For the system shown in 4, develop the sequence connection diagram for a single-phase open on Line 1.
N Z1L1 −1 Z1L1
+
1 1
Z1equiv := + +
2 Z1S + Z1R Z1L2 2
+ j0.4
Z1equiv = 0.409ipu
j0.1 j0.05
j0.15 j0.15
j0.1 j0.05
j0.15 j0.15
−1
Z0equiv := Z0L1 +
1 1
0 J1.5 +
Z0S + Z0R Z0L2
j0.3 j0.2
j0.6 j0.6 Z0equiv = 1.575ipu
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 19/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
6. Using the sequence diagram from problem 5, calculate the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence currents on Line 2
with VR = 1pu @ 20 degrees.
j ⋅ 0deg
VS := 1pu⋅ e
j ⋅ 20deg
VR := 1pu⋅ e
VS − VR
Isourceprefault := Isourceprefault = 1.08 pu arg ( Isourceprefault) = −170 deg
−1
Z1S + Z1R +
1 1
+
Z1L1 Z1L2
Z1L2
IL1_prefault := Isourceprefault⋅ IL1_prefault = 0.617 pu arg ( IL1_prefault) = −170 deg
Z1L1 + Z1L2
Z1L1
IL2_prefault := Isourceprefault⋅ IL2_prefault = 0.463 pu arg ( IL2_prefault) = −170 deg
Z1L1 + Z1L2
1
→
0.617
→
−170
IABCL1_prefault := IL1_prefault⋅ a2 IABCL1_prefault = 0.617 pu arg ( IABCL1_prefault) = 70 deg
0.617 −50
a
1
→
0.463
→
−170
IABCL2_prefault := IL2_prefault⋅ a2 IABCL2_prefault = 0.463 pu arg ( IABCL2_prefault) = 70 deg
0 463 50
a
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 20/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
a 0.463 −50
Vf
I1L1_open := I1L1_open = 0.344 pu
−1
Z1equiv +
1
+
1
Z2equiv Z0equiv arg ( I1L1_open) = −170 deg
(I ) 10 d
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 21/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
arg ( I2L1_open) = 10 deg
Z2equiv
I0L1_open := −I1L1_open⋅
Z2equiv + Z0equiv I0L1_open = 0.071 pu arg ( I0L1_open) = 10 deg
I0L1_open
→
0
IABC_Line1 := A012⋅ I1L1_open
I
2L1_open
IABC_Line1 = 0.545 pu
0.545 (
arg IABC_Line1
2 ) = 88.74 deg
(
arg IABC_Line1
3 ) = −68.74 deg
Note that the magnitude on phase A is 0 and a little smaller on the unfaulted phases. There i
also a phase shift compared to prefault
Now to fine the line 2 current, we need to do another current divider on each of the sequence currents from line 1, since the sequnce
currents could either pass through the sources or line to to return to line 1.
Z1S + Z1R
I1L2 := −I1L1_open⋅ + ILineA2 I1L2 = 0.538 pu arg ( I1L2) = −170 deg
Z1S + Z1R + Z1L2
Z1S + Z1R
I2L2 := −I2L1_open⋅ I2L2 = 0.075 pu arg ( I2L2) = −170 deg
Z1S + Z1R + Z1L2
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 22/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
Z0S + Z0R
I0L2 := −I0L1_open⋅ I0L2 = 0.018 pu arg ( I0L2) = −170 deg
Z0S + Z0R + Z0L2
I0L2
→
0.63
→
−170
IABC_Line2 := A012⋅ I1L2 IABC_Line2 = 0.494 pu arg ( IABC_Line2 ) = 64.287 deg
I 0.494 −44.287
2L2