Integrais
Antiderivada
f(x) é o integrando
dx é o diferencial
① dx = x + k
② k ⋅ f(x) dx = k ⋅ f(x) dx
④ xn dx = + k ("n" um racional, n ≠ – 1)
⑤ x– 1 dx = ln | x | + k
Exemplo:
Calcular a integral da funçã o f(x) = 3 x2 + 5 x
f(x) dx = (3 x2 + 5 x) dx
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = 3 x2 dx + 5 x dx
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = 3 ⋅ x2 dx + 5 ⋅ x dx
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = 3 ⋅ ( + k₁ ) + 5 ⋅ ( + k₂ )
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = 3 ⋅ ( x3 + k₁ ) + 5 ⋅ ( x2 + k₂)
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = 3 ⋅ ⋅ x3 + 3 k₁ + 5 ⋅ ⋅ x2 + 5 k₂
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = x3 + x2 + 3 k ₁ + 5 k ₂
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = 1 x3 + x2 + k
(3 x2 + 5 x) dx = x3 + x2 + k
Seja " g " uma funçã o diferenciá vel em um intervalo aberto I, e seja,
uma funçã o " f " de inida em I, cuja antiderivada é " F ", entã o:
f [ g(x) ] ⋅ [ g′(x) dx ] = F [ g(x) ] + k
Exemplo:
Encontre a integral: 3 x2 ⋅ (10 + x3)5 dx
u′ = du/dx = 3 x2
du = 3 x2 dx
3 x2 ⋅ (10 + x3)5 dx = ⋅ u6 + k
Como u = 10 + x3 tem-se:
3 x2 ⋅ (10 + x3)5 dx = ⋅ (10 + x3)6 + k
Equação diferencial
Como:
dy = y + k₁
f(x) dx = F(x) + k₂
Entã o:
y + k₁ = F(x) + k₂
y = F(x) + k₂ – k₁ ( k₂ – k₁ = k )
y = F(x) + k
u v – v du = u dv
Exemplo:
Obtenha a integral (ln x) dx
Tomando:
u = ln x entã o du = dx e,
dv = dx entã o v = x
u dv = u v – v du
ln x dx = ln x ⋅ x – x ⋅ dx
ln x dx = ln x ⋅ x – 1 dx
ln x dx = x ⋅ ln x – dx
ln x dx = x ln x – x + k
Integral de inida
F '(x) = f(x)
f(t) dt
Exemplo:
Encontre (6 x2 + 8 x) dx
F(x) = 6 ⋅ x2 dx + 8 ⋅ x dx
F(x) = 6 ⋅ ( + k₁ ) + 8 ⋅ ( + k₂ )
F(x) = x3 + x2 + 6 k₁ + 8 k₂
F(x) = 2 x3 + 4 x2 + k
F(3) = 2 ⋅ 33 + 4 ⋅ 32 + k
F(3) = 2 ⋅ 27 + 4 ⋅ 9 + k
F(3) = 54 + 36 + k
F(3) = 90 + k
F(1) = 2 ⋅ 13 + 4 ⋅ 12 + k
F(1) = 2 ⋅ 1 + 4 ⋅ 1 + k
F(1) = 2 + 4 + k
F(1) = 6 + k
Observação:
A constante sempre se anulará , já que se trata de uma diferença.
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = (6 x2) dx + (8 x) dx
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 6 ⋅ x2 dx + 8 ⋅ x dx
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 6 ⋅ [ ] + 8 ⋅ [ ]
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = ⋅ [ x3 ] + ⋅ [ x2 ]
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 2 ⋅ [ x3 ] + 4 ⋅ [ x2 ]
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 2 ⋅ (27 – 1) + 4 ⋅ (9 – 1)
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 2 ⋅ 26 + 4 ⋅ 8
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 52 + 32
(6 x2 + 8 x) dx = 84
Exercícios Resolvidos
(2 x3 + 5 x – 9) dx = 2 ⋅ x3 dx + 5 ⋅ x dx – 9 ⋅ dx
(2 x3 + 5 x – 9) dx = x4 + x2 – 9 x + k
(2 x3 + 5 x – 9) dx = x4 + x2 – 9 x + k
R02 — Calcule
Como = x– 3 tem-se:
dx = x– 3 dx
dx = + k
dx = + k
dx = – ⋅ x– 2 + k
dx = – ⋅ + k
dx = – + k
Assim:
√x² – 1 = √u = u e du = x dx
x √x² – 1 dx = u ⋅ du
x √x² – 1 dx = ⋅ u du
x √x² – 1 dx = ⋅ [ + k₁ ]
x √x² – 1 dx = ⋅ [ + k₁ ]
x √x² – 1 dx = ⋅ [ ⋅ u + k₁ ]
x √x² – 1 dx = ⋅ ⋅ u + ⋅ k₁
x √x² – 1 dx = ⋅ u + k
Assim:
1 + x2 = u e du = x dx
x2 = u – 1
x3 = x2 ⋅ x
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = x2 ⋅ x ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = x2 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 ⋅ x dx
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ (u – 1) ⋅ u4 du
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ ( u5 – u4 ) du
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ [ u5 du – u4 du ]
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ [ – + k₁ ]
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ [ ⋅ u6 – ⋅ u5 + k₁ ]
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ ⋅ u6 – ⋅ ⋅ u5 + k
x3 ⋅ (1 + x2)4 dx = ⋅ u6 – ⋅ u5 + k
R05 — Calcule dt
dt = dt + dt
Tomando t – 1 = u entã o dt = du
Assim:
t = u + 1 logo t2 = (u + 1)2
dt = du
dt = du
dt = du + du + du
dt = u du + 2 ⋅ du + du
dt = + 2 u + ln u + k₁
dt = u2 + 2 u + ln u + k₁
Na 2ª parcela:
dt
Tomando t – 1 = u entã o dt = du
dt = du
dt = 3 ⋅ du
dt = 3 ⋅ (ln u + k₂)
Tomando:
u = ln x e dv = x dx entã o:
du = dx e v = x dx = (desprezando a constante)
u dv = u v – v du
(ln x) x dx = (ln x) ⋅ – ⋅ x2 ⋅ dx
(ln x) x dx = ⋅ ln x – ⋅ x dx
(ln x) x dx = ⋅ ln x – ⋅ ⋅ x2 + ⋅ k₁
(ln x) x dx = x2 ⋅ ln x – x2 + k
Tomando u = x2 entã o du = 2 x dx
e
dv = e x dx entã o v = e x dx = e x
u dv = u v – v du
x2 e x dx = x2 ⋅ e x – e x ⋅ (2 x dx)
x2 e x dx = x2 ⋅ e x – 2 x ⋅ e x dx
x2 e x dx = x2 ⋅ e x – 2 ⋅ x e x dx (I)
Tomando p = x entã o dp = dx
e
dq = e x dx entã o q = e x
p dq = p q – q dp
x e x dx = x ⋅ e x – e x dx
x2e x dx = x2 ⋅ e x – 2 ⋅ x e x dx
dy = (x2 + 3 x + 1) dx entã o:
dy = (x2 + 3 x + 1) dx
y = x2 dx + 3 x dx + dx
y = + 3 ⋅ x dx + x + k
y = ⋅ x3 + 3 ⋅ + x + k
y = x3 + 3 ⋅ ⋅ x2 + x + k
d2y/dx2 = = 5 x + 7
= 5 x + 7
= (5 x + 7) dx
= (5 x + 7) dx
= 5 ⋅ + 7 x + k₁
= 5 ⋅ ⋅ x2 + 7 x + k₁
dy = [ x2 + 7 x + k₁ ] dx
dy = [ x2 + 7 x + k₁ ] dx
y = x2 dx + 7 x dx + k₁ dx
y = ⋅ x2 dx + 7 ⋅ x dx + k₁ ⋅ dx
y = ⋅ x3 + ⋅ x2 + k₁ ⋅ x + k₂
= 6 x + 4
= (6 x + 4) dx
= (6 x + 4) dx
= 6 x dx + 4 dx
= 6 ⋅ x dx + 4 ⋅ dx
= 6 ⋅ + 4 ⋅ x + k₁
= 6 ⋅ x2 + 4 x + k₁
= 3 x2 + 4 x + k₁
Substituindo = y′ = 3 quando x = – 1
= 3 x2 + 4 x + k₁
3 = 3 ⋅ (– 1)2 + 4 ⋅ (– 1) + k₁
3 = 3 ⋅ 1 – 4 + k₁
3 = 3 – 4 + k₁
3 – 3 + 4 = k₁
4 = k₁
Assim, tem-se:
= 3 x2 + 4 x + k₁
= 3 x2 + 4 x + 4
dy = [ 3 x2 + 4 x + 4] dx
dy = [ 3 x2 + 4 x + 4] dx
y = 3 x2 dx + 4 x dx + 4 dx
y = 3 ⋅ x2 dx + 4 ⋅ x dx + 4 ⋅ dx
Substituindo y = 2 quando x = – 1
Cmg = C′(x) = 5 x – 7
C′(x) dx = (5 x – 7) dx
C(x) = 5 x dx – 7 dx
C(x) = 5 ⋅ x dx – 7 ⋅ dx
Tomando u = x2 – 5 entã o du = 2 x dx
dx = ⋅ 2 x dx
dx = du
dx = ln u + k
Assim:
F(5) – F(3) = ln 20 + k – (ln 4 + k)
F(5) – F(3) = ln 20 – ln 4
F(5) – F(3) = ln ( )
F(5) – F(3) = ln 5
Daı́:
dx = ln 5
Como u = x2 – 5 logo:
quando x = 3 entã o u = 9 – 5 = 4
quando x = 5 entã o u = 25 – 5 = 20
du = 2 x dx
dx = ⋅ 2 x dx
dx = du
dx = [ ln u ]
dx = ln 20 – ln 4
dx = ln
dx = ln 5
Exercícios Propostos
P02 — Calcule dx
P03 — Calcule dt
P04 — Calcule x2 √x + 1 dx
P20 — Calcule dt