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 1. Binary Phase Shift Keying
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a type of phase modulation using 2 distinct carrier
phases to signal ones and zeros. It is used to convert a digital signal to an analogue signal that
can be used for transmission purposes in different frequency domains. The following figure
of BPSK compares the input with the output after going through modulation and
demodulation with AWGN Noise.

BPSK Modulation of random data and its detection

Scatter Diagrams
1. Es/No[dB]=2 & BER = 0.0385
 2. Es/No[dB]=15 & BER = 0

3. Es/No[dB]=30 & BER = 0.0

Es/N0 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4
0.058 0.053 0.048 0.043 0.038 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.014 0.012
BER 0.035 0.0307 0.022
5 8 4 8 5 9 5 8 5 3

With increase of the Es/No the scatter plots gives the more accurate output. This is because
with increase of the Es/No, the noise power reduced and the variation of the output is reduced and
scatter diagrams gives the more precise output. Therefore, error free transmission can be achieve with
high Es/No value.

2. 8-PSK Modulation
8 Phase shift keying is a modulation method which is used to modulate digital signals.
Instead of using two-phase values as in BPSK, this uses 8 phase values. Therefore, it can
represent more than one bit per phase. So it reduce the required bandwidth.

Scatter Diagrams

1. Es/No[dB]=2 & BER = 0.4931

 2. Es/No[dB]=15 & BER = 0.021

3. Es/No[dB]=30 & BER = 0

Es/No
3 3.75 4.5 5.25 6 6.75 7.5 8.25 9 9.75 10.5 11.25 12
[dB]
Eb/No
1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4
[dB]
0.536
BER 0.527 0.5161 0.5026 0.4931 0.4819 0.4691 0.455 0.444 0.4313 0.418 0.4054 0.3916
9
As similar to BPSK, this gives fewer errors when Es/No increases. Similarly, with higher
level of Es/No we can obtain error free communication with higher data rate.
 3. Plot of BER against Eb/N0

For the same value of the Eb/N0 8-PSK gives the higher BER than BPSK. Therefore
BPSK has less noise tolerance than 8-PSK. This means that BPSK has higher accuracy than
8-PSK . However, in both methods, BER is decrease with the increase of the Eb/N0. This is
because the effect of noise in the output signal gets lower when the signal to noise ratio is
increased.
Discussion
Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate the digital signal with analogue
carrier to transmit over a channel. Usually most high bandwidth channels are analogue. So
these methods used to transmit a digital signal over an analogue carrier. In those methods,
binary digital signal is modulating with analogue signal. Phase Shift Keying is the one of
simplest method to modulate the digital signal. It shifts the phase of the analogue carrier
signal according to modulating binary signal.

BPSK is the most basic method in Phase Shift Keying. In this method, it shifts its
phase according to the input binary string. It uses a phase for binary value 0 and get another
phase which has π phase difference with previous one for represent the binary value 1. so in
this method input binary signal processed single bit at once. However, it requires less
accuracy of the system. Therefore, it is easier to get higher accurate communication with
BPSK because there is π phase difference between two phases. Therefore, the level of noise
that can be added to the signal without causing error is higher in this method. Since it process
single bit at once, the data rate of the BPSK is less than other Phase Shift Keying methods.

In order to increase the data rate MPSK is introduced. M is referred to M number of

different phases using in the modulation. M could take the values of 4,8,16 etc. When M is
increased the bits represented by a one phase would also be increased resulting higher data
rates. since the domain is limited to 2 π , increase with M number required the higher
accuracy than lower values of M. According to our practical we have seen that the 8-PSK has
higher Bit Error Rate than the BPSK. It shows that with higher value of M, tolerance of the
noise is higher. To overcome this issue it is possible to increase the Eb/N0 value to reduce the
effect of noise and achieve the accurate transmission with higher data rate. However,
practically this may involve several problems. As the signal power is increased some other
impurities could be added and also high power transmission is very expensive as well as
hazardous in some situations. Therefore, it is important to consider balance between high and
low input powers when deciding on transmission power.

Considering those facts, it is important to have a balance of those parameters

with regarding the application of the modulation. If it uses for E-mail or Web page it is
essential to have higher accuracy than the data rate. If it is used to transmit a video, data rate
is more important than the accuracy. So when deciding on a modulation methods for a
system, the requirement of the system should be considered to chose the best alternative ,
taking in to account the tradeoffs with their weaknesses.