1 Lifestyle, health and risk

End-of-topic test
1 Read through the following account and then write in the spaces provided the most
appropriate word or words to complete each statement.
(8)
The water molecule is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen,
combined by __________ electrons (__________ bonding). However, the water molecule is
__________ rather than linear, and the nucleus of the oxygen atom draws __________
(negatively charged) away from the hydrogen nuclei (positively charged) – with an
interesting consequence. Although overall the water molecule is electrically neutral, there is
a net __________ charge on the oxygen atom and a net __________ charge on the hydrogen
atoms. In other words, the water molecule carries an __________ distribution of electrical
charge within it. This arrangement is known as a __________ molecule.
2 The diagram below shows the structure of two monosaccharide sugars, glucose and fructose.
glucose CH2OH
CH2OH
H C O H O OH

C H C C H OH C
OH H
OH C C OH H C C CH OH
2

H OH HO H
fructose

a Draw a diagram to show the structure of the disaccharide formed when these two molecules bond.

(2)
b What type of reaction has occurred, and what type of bond has been formed?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(2)
3 The table below refers to three polymers. In each box, place a tick to show if the statement is
correct for that polymer. Place a cross to indicate if the statement is incorrect.
(6)

Statement Glycogen Amylose Amylopectin

polymer of glucose monomers
found in cells of plants
built from unbranched chains only
formed by condensation reaction
energy store found in muscles
glycosidic bonds present

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

2 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

4 Explain in your own words the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated lipid.

(3)
5 The graph below represents the changing blood pressure throughout the circulation, as it is
often shown in medical sources. Note that pressure falls as the blood flows through the
arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins, and that pressure is recorded in ‘millimetres of
mercury’ (mmHg).

capillaries
arteries arterioles veins
120

100 90
blood pressure/mmHg

80

60

40
32
20
12

a The kilopascal (kPa) is generally used by scientists to measure pressure. Given that
1 mmHg ⫽ 0.13 kPa, express in kilopascals:
i the highest pressure recorded in the arteries
_________________________________________________________________________
ii the fall in pressure that occurs whilst blood flows through the capillaries.
_________________________________________________________________________
b Explain fully the reason for the changes in blood pressure as blood flows through:
i the arteries

ii the capillaries.

c Explain how backflow of blood in the veins is prevented, despite the low pressures there
and the external pressures imposed by surrounding body tissues such as the contracting
muscles.

(6)

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

3 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

6 In the following account certain words have been omitted. Read the text and then fill in the
blanks.
(6)
The molecules that make up a substance are constantly on the move in a __________ way. It
is these movements that cause molecules to be dispersed from areas of __________
concentration to areas of __________ concentration, a process called diffusion. We say that
molecules diffuse along a concentration gradient. Diffusion occurs freely across thin,
__________ membranes, too. Each type of molecule diffuses along its concentration gradient;
diffusion in one direction is __________ of diffusion of other molecules in an opposite
direction. An example of this process is the inward diffusion of __________ into a respiring
cell and outward diffusion of __________. Another molecule constantly on the move across
cell membranes is water. Movement of water is by __________, a special case of diffusion, due
to the presence of a __________-permeable membrane. Free water molecules diffuse across
such a membrane unhindered. Dissolved substances attract a group of the __________
molecules around them, held by __________ bonds, and their free movements are
__________.
7 In an experiment to investigate whether a particular concentration of caffeine will increase
the heart rate of a water flea such as Daphnia, describe what control you would require as part
of your procedure, and why.

(6)
8 The blood-clotting mechanism may be represented by a simple flow diagram.

damaged blood vessel

platelets collect also required

and release A from plasma
B

C thrombin

D E

E+F blood clot

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

4 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

a From the list below, select substances that are the essential components of the blood-
clotting process identified in the flow diagram by the letters A–F.
cholesterol prothrombin glucose fibrin fibres
adrenalin calcium ions ⫹ vitamin K blood cells
thromboplastin amino acids prothrobin insulin
fibrinogen vitamin C
A ____________________ B ____________________
C ____________________ D ____________________
E ____________________ F ____________________
b Suggest an advantage to the body of the complexity shown by the clotting mechanism.

(8)
9 For an adult male, the estimated average daily energy requirement is about 10 600 kJ. The
table shows the composition of a typical meal eaten by an adult male with a sedentary
lifestyle, found to have a Body Mass Index of over 30.

Carbohydrate/g Protein/g Fat/g Saturated fatty acids/g Energy/kJ

roast chicken 0.0 24.8 5.4 1.6 621
chips 49.2 5.3 6.9 3.0 1134
peas 6.8 4.2 0.6 0.1 204
canned pineapple in juice 9.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 160
ice cream 7.7 1.1 2.9 1.5 249
coffee 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 8
semi-skimmed milk 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 59
jam tart 19.5 1.1 4.3 1.6 517

a What was the total energy content of this meal, and what percentage of the estimated total
daily requirement does it represent?

b Bearing in mind this person’s BMI and lifestyle, identify three changes that a dietician
might recommend concerning his choice of food items, and explain what the chief
advantages of such changes would be.
1.

2.

3.

(8)

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

5 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

10 Studies of the incidence of conditions such as cardiovascular disease include investigations of

the risks of contracting the condition in different populations.
a In the design of statistically significant studies, explain why the following are given special
attention.
i Size of samples:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
ii Composition of samples:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
b Given the establishment of a statistically significant association between a particular
factor and the incidence of a disease, outline two types of study that are necessary to
confirm the existence of a causal relationship.
1.

2.

(8)
11 The incomplete equation below contains the structure of a molecule of a monoglyceride.

H C

H C O (CH2)nCH3
hydrolysis reaction ( + H2O)
H C OH +

H C OH

a Draw a line around that part of the molecule described as an ester linkage.
b Complete the equation to show the structure of the products of hydrolysis.
c Write in the names of the products of the hydrolysis reaction.
d Explain how a molecule of triglyceride differs in structure from the monoglyceride molecule
shown above.

(6)

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

6 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

12 The diagrams A and B show the left side of the heart in two stages of the cardiac cycle.
X

Z Y

A B

a Identify the stages in the cardiac cycle represented by diagrams A and B.

A ______________________________________________________________________
B ______________________________________________________________________
b Name the labelled structures X, Y and Z.
X ______________________________________________________________________
Y ______________________________________________________________________
Z ______________________________________________________________________
c Describe the events of the stage of the cardiac cycle shown in B, referring to the
conditions generated in all parts of the structures shown, and explaining how these are
brought about.

(10)
13 Atherosclerosis is an unhealthy condition of blood vessels, particularly of arteries.
a In describing this disease, explain what is meant by the following terms:
i plaque

ii thrombus

iii embolus

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

7 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

b The following are factors that are statistically correlated with a raised incidence of
coronary heart disease. For each, suggest how they may directly contribute to a diseased
heart condition.
i A condition of severe hypertension:

ii The practice of smoking cigarettes:

(7)
14 The data below shows the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the
incidence of death per 10 000 people per year.

Diastolic pressure/mmHg
70–79 80–89 90–99
Systolic pressure/mmHg 120–139 13 14 17
140–159 25 25 26
>160 40 35 37

a By means of a histogram, display this data to show the relationship between systolic
pressure (x axis) and deaths per 10 000 people per year (y axis), at the three diastolic
pressures quoted.

b Compare the effects of systolic and diastolic pressure on death rate.

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008

8 LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK – END-OF-TOPIC TEST

c If the data had been recorded for males and females separately, what do you anticipate this
would have established?

(8)
15 High levels of blood cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of CHD.
a What are the chief sources of blood cholesterol in the healthy body?

b What do you understand by the term ‘lipoprotein’ and why is the density of these
substances found to vary?

c Blood cholesterol levels are measured in blood samples collected from patients who have
not eaten for at least 12 hours. Suggest why this condition is necessary.

d Explain what you understand by the heart condition known as angina, and how a diet with
a high cholesterol content may cause this condition.

e Persistent serum levels of cholesterol above 5 mmols l⫺1 are considered to be potentially
dangerous. What treatment is typically prescribed for this condition?

(9)

Edexcel Biology for AS Dynamic Learning CD-ROM © Hodder Education 2008